One-part definitely personal common full. Types of one-part sentences

Let's start with general data. Sentences can be either two-part (the presence of a subject with a predicate is required), or one-part (here, according to the name, there is only one main member of the sentence: either the subject or the predicate).

One-component sentences are divided into two types (or groups). In one group there is one main member - the subject, and in the second group - the predicate. The second group of sentences, due to the dissimilarity of the structure, is divided into types of impersonal and nominal ones.

Now consider each type separately and in more detail.

One-component, called nominal), report the existence of a certain object or express emotional and evaluative attitudes towards it. For example:

Fragrant strawberries!

Nominative sentences containing particles "out" or "here" usually have a demonstrative meaning. For example:

Out the tree!

Here is a sample.

Here is the book!

Uncommon nominal sentences consist of one word, which is also the main member, and common ones include several members of the sentence:

Great depth below us.

Strange expression in the eyes.

Pacific Ocean at the feet.

As a subject, nominal sentences usually contain pronouns, numerals or nouns:

Second of January.

One-part impersonal sentences consist of a predicate in the third person singular future or present time. It is possible to use the verb in (neuter). Examples:

It's dawn.

The state in them is involuntary, independent of anyone and nothing.

In impersonal sentences, the predicate is expressed in different ways:

1. An impersonal verb:

It was getting dark.

2. Personal verb in the third person singular (with impersonal usage):

Already sent to the pharmacy for medicine.

You feel good?

4. Infinitive:

Be a quarrel!

5. An auxiliary impersonal verb (with an infinitive):

I wanted to take a walk.

6. (with the same infinitive):

Interesting to watch.

7. Negatives - no, no (colloquial), no:

There is no justice in the world!

Impersonal sentences are able to convey a range of feelings and colors, revealing the state of people or the beauty of nature, conveying the meanings of inevitability, significance, delight, etc.

Definitely personal one-part sentences as the main member contain a predicate expressed in a personal form (first or second person), or in an imperative mood by a predicate (a person is defined):

I love noisy parties!

Let's call after...

How do you live?

In interrogative sentences, as in narrative ones, the action is expressed (of the interlocutor, interlocutors, speaker, speakers):

I'm going to sea tomorrow.

What do you prefer to listen to?

Incentive sentences encourage the interlocutor to act:

Offers are independent.

Indefinitely personal one-part sentences contain as the main member the predicate expressed by the verb in the third person, in the plural, future or present tense, or in the plural and past tense. Person and action undefined:

Today they announced that...

Sentences do not need a subject.

Generalized-personal one-part sentences are expressed by the predicate in the second person, singular (or in the third person and plural) in the future, present tense. Possible use in (plural) and in the second person singular:

Since you love to ride, you love to carry sleds!

One-part and two-part sentences are sometimes confused. For example:

What happened?

The ravine, which is located behind the forest.

Here the subject is expressed by pronouns (interrogative in the first example and relative in the second). Attention and a clear knowledge of the definitions of the parts of speech will ensure correct answers.

One-part sentence- a sentence that has only one main member.

There are five types one-part sentences: nominative, definitely-personal, indefinitely-personal, generalized-personal and impersonal.

One-part sentence type

Name offer Main member- subject. Expressed by a noun in the nominative case.

Definitely a personal offer The main member is the predicate. The agent is not named, but is conceived as certain person. The predicate is a verb of the 1st and 2nd person of unity. and sets. indicative and imperative numbers.

Indefinite personal offer The main member is the predicate. The figure is not named and is conceived as an indefinite person. Predicate - 3rd person verb plural present, past or future tense.

Generalized personal offer The main member is the predicate. The figure is not named and is conceived as a generalized image. The predicate is a verb of the 2nd person singular and plural of the present or future tense or a verb of the imperative mood. You can't cook porridge with him.

impersonal offer The main member is the predicate. Action and state are not created by the actor. Predicate: 3rd person singular verb;

impersonal verb;

personal verb in an impersonal sense;

infinitive;

the invariable verb form of the particle "no";

participle;

Definitely personal suggestions

Definitely personal sentences - one-part sentences denoting the actions or states of the direct participants in the speech - the speaker or the interlocutor. The predicate (main member) in them is expressed in the form of the 1st or 2nd person of the verbs, singular or plural.

The category of a person is in the present and future tenses of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definite personal sentences can be expressed in the following forms: tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, let's tell; go, go, go, go, I will go, you will go, we will go, you will go.

These sentences are very close in their meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, the relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence, substituting the subjects I, we, you, you into the sentence. in. h.

Indefinitely personal sentences

Indefinitely personal sentences are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an indefinite person; the actor in the grammatical basis is not named, although it is thought personally, but the emphasis is on the action. The verb in these forms expresses an action that is important in itself, and it does not matter who performs this action.

The role of the main member of such sentences is the form of the 3rd person plural (present and future tense, indicative mood and imperative mood) or the plural form (verbs of the past tense and conditional mood or adjectives): they say, they will say, they said, let them say, they would say; (im) satisfied; (he) are happy. For example:

"An elephant was led through the streets..."

“And let them talk, yes, let them talk, but - no, no one dies in vain ...”

The specificity of the meaning of the agent in indefinite personal sentences is that in reality it exists, but is not called in the grammatical basis ...

The form of the 3rd person plural of the verb-predicate does not contain information about either the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express:

group of people: The school is actively solving the problem of academic performance.

one person: They brought me this book.

and one person, and a group of people: They are waiting for me.

face known and unknown: Somewhere in the distance they shout. I got a 5 on the exam.

Indefinitely personal sentences most often have secondary members, i.e. indefinitely personal sentences, as a rule, are common.

As part of indefinite personal sentences, two groups of secondary members are used:

Circumstances of place and time that usually indirectly characterize the figure:

“They sang in the hall. There is noise in the next class. In youth, they often strive to imitate someone. »

These distributors usually characterize the figure indirectly, designating the place and time associated with the person's activity.

Direct and indirect additions made to the beginning of the sentence:

“We were invited into a room; He is welcome here; Now he will be brought here. »

When these minor members are excluded from the composition of the sentence, the sentences are incomplete two-part with a missing subject:

“In the morning we went to the forest. We stayed in the forest until late in the evening. »

Generalized personal sentences

Generalized personal sentences are one-part sentences in which the verb-predicate denotes an action performed by a wide, generalized circle of people.

The verb-predicate in a generalized personal sentence is in the same form as in definite personal and indefinite personal sentences. A prime example are proverbs.

You can't even catch a fish from a pond without effort.

Business before pleasure.

You never know where you'll find the real word. (paust.)

Don't be born beautiful, but be born happy.

Generalized personal sentences are used in cases where it is important to name the action itself, and not the persons who perform it.

Generalized personal sentences - sentences in which the action is timeless, refers to any, every person, to a group of persons.

Common in proverbs, sayings, aphorisms.

Definitely personal and indefinitely personal sentences can have a generalized meaning, that is, the action referred to in the sentence applies to all persons in general.

One-part sentences are called impersonal, the main member of which names a process or state that is independent of the active agent (or a sign that is independent of its carrier). For example: dawn; I can not sleep; It's cold outside.

The semantic basis of impersonal sentences is the absence of an active agent (or carrier of a feature), since an indication of the agent (or carrier of a feature) in the sentence can still be, however, in such a form that does not allow a grammatical subject. Wed examples: I sing easily and I sing easily. In an impersonal sentence I sing easily there is an indication of actor(to me), however, the form of the verb-predicate does not allow the nominative case and the action is presented as proceeding independently of the agent. - The street is dark and It is dark outside. In a two-part sentence The street is dark the carrier of the sign (street) is indicated, and in the impersonal It is dark outside the attribute appears as existing without regard to its bearer, and the attribute somewhat changes its quality: it passes into a state.

In impersonal sentences (as opposed to two-part sentences), the predicative sign does not depend on the subject, although it correlates with it. Formally, this is expressed in inadmissibility in impersonal sentences of the form of the nominative case: main member of impersonal sentences fundamentally incompatible with nominative case. Incompatibility the main member of an impersonal sentence with the form of the nominative case is the main and common formal feature of impersonal sentences.

Semantic types of impersonal sentences

Verbal impersonalproposals are divided into three groups:

As the main member of the impersonal sentence is usedimpersonal verbs

(no suffix -sya and with the suffix - Xia): dawn, drizzle, shiver, feel sick; unwell, sleeping, wanting, getting dark, dozing etc. These verbs have the grammatical form of the 3rd person singular. numbers, and in the past tense - the form cf. kind of unit numbers: dawn - dawn, shiver - shiver, dusk - dusk etc. Verbs are not allowed to be used with them. noun or pronouns in them. case.

- the action occurs independently of the actor, i.e. the semantics of such verbs is incompatible with the notion of an active agent.

Impersonal verbs can mean:

- state of nature environment: It was colder than in the morning(G.); It was already getting dark when the troops arrived at the place of lodging for the night. (L.T.); He was shivering and breaking (L. T.);

- obligation, necessity and other modal shades (such a verb is most often used with an infinitive): She could talk more calmly about her fate and what she had to do.(P.); I miss your tenderness, you miss my care(Thorn.).

2. As the main member of the impersonal sentence is usedpersonal verb in impersonal usage. These verbs freeze in the form of the third person singular or in the form of the neuter gender. Wed: The air is fresh.–It's fresher outside; The wind howls.–Howls in the pipe; The sun warmed the earth.–Warm at noon.

Personal verbs can mean:

- state of nature natural phenomena and the state of the environment: Quiet a little at night(Gonch.);Snow fell less often, a little lighter(Leon.);Creaked, whistled and howled in the forest(Ill.);

My ears are blocked(Gr.);It's still pounding in my head(G.);Pavel Vasilyevich even took his breath away(M.-Sib.);

- sensory perceptions : From the hut breathed dampness(L.);... Strong, stuffy smell of ink and paints(Ch.);

- actions of mythical, unreal power: I haven't been lucky forever(N.);...He was carried into ancient world, and he talked about the Aegina marbles(T.);

- an action performed by an indirect subject : And the wind finally knocked down the tree(Cr.);The stars were shrouded in mist(A.N. T.);

3. The main member of an impersonal sentence can be expressedshort passive participle with suffix - n-, -en- or -t-.

– the value of the state is transmitted as a result of the completed action: Tushin's battery was forgotten(L. T.); Already sent in pursuit(P.);

- In cases where the participle has a modal meaning, the predicate necessarily includes the infinitive: Why was I meant to die, just as now I am meant to live?(Yu. Germ.).

4. Adverbs impersonalsuggestions are presented in modern Russian primarily by sentences with impersonal predicative words as the main member. These are "state-meaning adverbs", the category of state: easy, fun, comfortable, ashamed; sorry, hunting, lack of time, it's time. Can be a form of comparative degree: It's getting warmer(Shuksh.).

Impersonal sentences with state category words on-aboutmay mean:

– the state of nature or the environment: The room gets quiet(M. G.);Look, it's too late, it's cold(L.);

- mental or physical state Living creatures: Why is it so painful and so difficult for me?(L.);You are a little cold(T.);I am ashamed of your congratulations, I am afraid of your proud words!(Bruce); Such sentences as part of the predicate often have an adjoining infinitive: It's good to swim at night on the river(M. G.);

- visual or auditory perception: For a long time, neither the sound of a bell, nor the sound of wheels on a flinty road was heard.(L.);

- the meaning of obligation, necessity, possibility and other modal shades are conveyed by special words ( need, need etc.) in combination with the infinitive: I have to go to the commandant(L.);

Impersonal sentences with impersonal predicative words morphologically coinciding with nouns ( sin, shame, disgrace, horror, pity, it's time, time, leisure, laziness, hunting, reluctance), in combination with the infinitive denote:

- assessment of the action from the moral and ethical side: Laughing at old age is a sin(Gr.);

- the emotional state of a person: And to tell the truth I was sorry(Fet);

- obligation in relation to the time of the action: I had a good friend– where better to be–Yes, everything happened, we didn’t have time to talk to him(Sim.); modal-volitional shades: I would love to dance(A.N.T.).

Among the impersonal sentences, a peculiar group stands out impersonally genitiveproposals, whose structural feature is:

- the presence of a negative word in combination with the genitive case. For example, a negative word no, no: There is no longer any position in society, nor the former honor, nor the right to invite to visit(Ch.);

- impersonal form of verbs to be, to become, to appear with negation: There was not a penny, but suddenly Altyn(last);There was a hoarse dull barking, but even the dog did not seem to(T.);

– a noun in the genitive case with the negation of neither: Not a sound!.. And you see the blue dome of the sky...(N.);No letters, no news. No matter how you ask them, they forgot(Sim.);

- negative pronouns nothing, no one and etc.: - It looks like someone is there... –no one(Ch.).

Infinitive sentences

The main member of a one-part sentence can be expressed by an infinitive that does not depend on any other member of the sentence and denotes an action that is possible or impossible, necessary, inevitable.

Infinitive sentences cannot contain an impersonal verb or an impersonal predicative word, since if they are present, the infinitive takes a dependent position, being an adjoining part of the main member of the impersonal sentence. Wed: I want to go to Crimea(impersonal sentence, infinitive depends on the verb want). - To go to the Crimea!(infinitive sentence, infinitive in independent position).

The semantic specificity of infinitive sentences is their designation of a potential action, i.e. an action that is destined to take place, which is desirable or undesirable, possible or impossible, necessary, expedient or inappropriate, etc. In some classifications, such proposals are combined with impersonal ones. Indeed, they have a common syntactic feature of being subjectless, incompatibility of the main member-infinitive with the nominative case.

Infinitive sentences have different modal meanings:

- obligation, necessity, possibility and impossibility, inevitability of action, etc.: Can't see face to face(Ec.); Friends do not count with us(Pinch);

- the meaning of motivation to action, command, command: Canes, umbrellas and suitcases are not to be placed!; Do not lean on the handrails! –Be silent!–thundered the forester and stepped twice(T.);

- the impulse can be addressed to the subject of speech itself: Tomorrow or, if circumstances permit, tonight we will meet with the command

- infinitive sentences with an interrogative particle whether convey an indecisive assumption, a doubt: What, why don't I get out?

– infinitive sentences with a particle would acquire the value of desirability: Would you like to live here until autumn(Ch.);

- particle would often combined in infinitive sentences with particles only, only, even if etc. In such sentences, the meaning of desirability is conveyed more mildly: Just to sleep(Fet); ... If only with one eye to look at Moscow!(Ch.);

- infinitive sentences are synonymous with impersonal sentences with modal impersonal-predicative words must, must not, must, must and others. They are more expressive, concise, and tense. Hey, Azamat, don't blow your head off!(L.); They shouldn't listen to this speech (Sim.).

- Structurally, such impersonal sentences differ from infinitive ones in that the modal meanings in them are transmitted lexically (in words need, need, need etc.), while in infinitive sentences, modal meanings are contained in the very form of the infinitive and in the general intonation of the sentence. Wed: You need to get busy. - You should do business!

In Russian, there are two groups of syntactic units, divided by the presence or absence of a subject or predicate in them: two-part and one-part sentences. How many main members are in such constructions, and what types of one-part sentences are there (table with examples)? This article will tell.

Concept definition

A one-part sentence is a complete speech statement, where grammatical basis has only a subject or only a predicate.

For example: “Shall we buy products in the store?”. Analyzing the offer parsing, you can see that the main member there is the predicate - “we will buy”, expressed by the verb, and the secondary ones are the addition of “products” and the circumstance “in the store”, expressed by nouns.

There is no subject in this sentence, but you can easily pick it up: “Will we buy products in the store?”. You can substitute here only the pronoun "we" - 1 person singular.

In this case, the subject was not specifically removed, but it is simply absent.

Important! One-part sentences should not be confused with a two-part incomplete sentence with a missing subject.

For example: “The trees grew tall, slender. They rustled in the wind with their green foliage. Determine the type of one-part sentence. Or is it still two-part?

In this example, without context, it is impossible to understand the meaning of the second sentence, so it is a two-part incomplete sentence with a missing subject.

Types of one-part sentences (table with examples)

So. The easiest way is to put the types of one-part sentences in a table with hint examples:

What is the difference between them from each other? It is worth considering in more detail.

Denominative or nominative sentences

The following syntactic constructions are called denominative or nominative sentences. Everything is pretty simple. One main member of a one-part sentence is the subject, expressed by a noun. It always stands in such complete speech utterances in the nominative case.

In such a syntactic unit there are no and cannot be secondary members, for example, additions or circumstances, since they relate to the predicate, it is from him that a question will be asked to such members of the sentence.

In nominative sentences, only a definition can be used, since it always refers to the subject.

For example: "Morning. Summer day. Winter."

In all these sentences there is only a subject, the predicate is not provided there.

In addition to the noun, denominative sentences can contain a phrase in which one noun is in the nominative case, and the second in the genitive case.

For example: "Time of warmth and sun. Songs of fun and joy."

One-part definite-personal sentences

In these syntactic constructions, there is only a predicate in 1 and 2 litres. units and many others. h. The predicate is in the indicative or imperative mood depending on the person and is expressed by the verb.

These constructions are always called one-part definite-personal sentences, since the grammatical basis is equal to one main member of the sentence.

For example:

1. "I go up the stairs, look out the windows."
2. "Shall we play together?"
3. "Give me, please, this piece of cake!".
4. "Do me a favor."

Indefinitely personal sentences

The following syntactic units also contain a predicate expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural. The predicate can be in the past or future tense, and also have an indicative or subjunctive (conditional) mood.

For example:

1. "I was told from the cancellation of lessons."
2. "Give me a discount at this store!"
3. "Let them first tell about all the nuances of the work!".

In these constructions, it is possible to pick up only the personal pronoun "they" and substitute it for the subject.

Generalized personal sentences

Such syntactic units of speech are a real alloy of definitely and indefinitely personal speech statements, however, in generalized personal sentences, the predicate has a generalized, not a specific meaning. That is why this type of one-piece constructions is used most often in proverbs and sayings, where it is impossible to make a reference to a specific person.

For example:

1. "If you love the tops, love the roots."
2. "You can't even catch a fish out of a pond without work."
3. "Seven times measure cut once".

impersonal proposals

These offers are separate and very interesting view- they do not and cannot have a subject, therefore only one predicate remains, which can be expressed in various categories:

• A verb without a face: "Dawn." "Evening". "It was getting dark."
• A verb that used to be personal, but then turned into an impersonal form: "My nose itches." "He can't sleep at all." "It got dark in the distance."
• A category of state, or an impersonal predicative word: "It was quiet in the garden." "Very sad at heart." "Stuffy and hot."
• The negative particle “neither” or the negative word “no”: “You have no conscience!”. "Not a star in the sky."

Infinitive sentences

The last category of one-component sentences also has only a predicate in its grammatical basis, expressed by the infinitive- the initial form of the verb. The infinitive is very easy to recognize - it answers the questions "what to do / what to do?".

This part of speech has neither a number nor a person, since it is immutable.

1. "You don't have to listen to anyone!"
2. "Why lie on the beach for a long time under the scorching sun?".
3. "Why not dance at the party?"

To easily remember the types of one-part sentences (a table with examples), it is best to learn which main member is missing in them. If this is a predicate, then you have a nominative sentence, etc.

Thus, one-part sentences - special kind syntactic constructions, the grammatical basis of which has only one main member. Subject or predicate. In addition, there are several types of one-part sentences. Each of them uses either only the subject in the nominative case, or only the predicate in different faces and numbers.

Definitely personal

Indefinitely personal

Impersonal

out, here

Gorgeousweather! That'sriver Today hot day.At my brother's exam

I'm in a hurry We hurry hurry up

On the radioannounce announced landing (pl., past tense)

to meunwell (impersonal verb).It's getting light . (impersonal verb).blows come in large numbers No . This doordo not open . To be didn't have to go . It was hot . About the examsreported .

Types of one-part sentences table with examples

Definitely personal

Indefinitely personal

Impersonal

The main member is the subject expressed by the entity in names. case. May be distributed only by agreed and inconsistent definitions; may contain pointing particlesout, here

Verbs of the 1st and 2nd person in singular. and pl. indicative and imperative moods. The subject in such sentences is easily restored by introducing, substituting personal pronouns I, you, we, you

3rd person plural verbs numbers present. or future tense; past time plural

The predicate in impersonal sentences does not and cannot indicate the actor. The predicate is expressed impersonal verbs, an impersonal form of a personal verb, there were no words (it didn’t turn out. Failed, etc.), indefinite form verb, indefinite form combined with impersonal auxiliary verb; status words; brief passive participles in the form of the middle gender with or without the word to be

Gorgeousweather! That'sriver . !!! If there is a circumstance or an addition in the sentence, then some scientists consider such sentences to be two-part incomplete (with the omitted auxiliary verb), while others consider them to be one-part nominal.Today hot day.At my brother's exam

I'm in a hurry home (1st sheet, expressive infl.)We hurry to school (1st sheet expressive incl.)hurry up to school! (2nd l. imperative incl.)

On the radioannounce landing. (3rd l. pl.) On the radio alreadyannounced landing (pl., past tense)

to meunwell (impersonal verb).It's getting light . (impersonal verb).blows breeze. ( impersonal form personal verb).come in large numbers guests. (impersonal form of a personal verb cf. genus, past tense). FriendsNo . This doordo not open . To be bull on a string. To Lake Ivanudidn't have to go . It was hot . About the examsreported .