Project on the topic “Animals of Russia” Prepared by a student of grade 3b Zernov Nikita Teacher: Aleksandrova I.V. MOU gymnasium No. 4, Ozyory

Goals and objectives To form an idea about the animal world of Russia: the patterns of its distribution throughout the country, species under protection. Develop the ability to analyze thematic maps. Work with additional sources of information. Predict and draw conclusions. Education of respect for nature, love for the small and large Motherland.

The fauna of Russia is many-sided and diverse. Here you can find a wide variety of landscapes: polar snowy deserts, hot southern deserts, broad-leaved forests, coniferous taiga expanses, high mountain regions, sea and ocean coasts. Over 300 species of mammals, more than 700 species of birds, about 30 species of amphibians and 80 species of reptiles live in these vast expanses.

Animals in our area. Elk. Among the deer, this is the largest animal. Its height reaches 235 cm, weight - almost 600 kg. The old male, decorated with large spade horns, looks especially impressive. In Siberia, elk is often called elk. It is huge, awkward), humpbacked, the head is large, ugly, with horns sticking out to the sides. Three subspecies of moose live in our country: European, East Siberian, or American, and Ussuri. In the mountains of Altai, as well as in all of Western Siberia, the European elk lives, an animal of medium size. The mass of large males reaches 500 kg, height - 215 cm. Females are smaller. The color is brown of varying intensity: from dark to light brown. The legs are usually light, the belly is the same color. Moose calves in the first 3-4 months are red, in August - September they molt and become brown, like adults. Horns that only males have. The older, healthier and stronger the animal, the more massive, wider and with a large number of processes its horns. The growth of the horns begins in April - May, ends in August, and by the middle of winter the horns are shed.

Moose calves, there are usually two of them (singles and triplets are not uncommon), appear in May - early June. They grow very quickly - the daily weight gain can reach 1.5-2 kg, sometimes more. At birth, they weigh 8-12 kg, after six months - 120-140 kg, and the most developed - 170-180. Moose calves grow quickly only in summer, in winter they lose a lot of weight. In captivity, moose live up to 20-25 years. Under natural conditions, individuals older than 12-15 years are rarely found. Elk meat is significantly superior to beef in terms of vitamins and microelements contained in it. Elk, especially from young ones, is recommended as a dietary food for people who, for health reasons, are unable to eat the meat of most domestic animals.

Bear. Bears are among the most intelligent and smart animals. It is well known that they are easier to train than other animals and achieve great success in this. The bear's greatest fear is the smell of humans. The species alone is sometimes not afraid, the cause of which may be poor eyesight. It happens that he sometimes even approaches a person, while (fukat) - he makes a sharp hissing, rather loud sound, which is typical for an alarmed beast. With such behavior, he may be trying to scare a person - run away, they say, in front of you is "the owner of the taiga!" But as soon as he smells a person at such a moment, he himself runs away as fast as he can in a panic. The brown bear is a forest animal. Its usual habitats in Russia are continuous forest tracts with windbreak and burnt areas with dense growth of deciduous species, shrubs and grasses; can enter both the tundra and alpine forests. The bear usually keeps alone, the female - with cubs of different ages. The boundaries of the site are marked with scent marks and "bullies" - scratches on conspicuous trees. Sometimes makes seasonal migrations; so in the mountains, a brown bear, starting from spring, feeds in the valleys, where the snow melts earlier.

The brown bear is omnivorous, but its diet is 3/4 vegetable: berries, acorns, nuts, roots, tubers and grass stalks. In lean years for berries in the northern regions, bears visit oat crops, and in the southern - corn crops; in the Far East in autumn they feed in cedar forests. Its diet also includes insects (ants), worms, lizards, frogs, rodents (mice, marmots, ground squirrels, chipmunks). In summer, insects and their larvae sometimes make up to 1/3 of the bear's diet. Although predation is not the primary strategy of brown bears, they also prey on ungulates - roe deer, fallow deer, deer (caribou, red deer, pampas deer), ibex, wild boars and elk. Grizzlies sometimes attack baribal bears, and in the Far East, brown bears can prey on Himalayan bears and tigers. The brown bear loves honey; eats carrion and sometimes takes prey from tigers, wolves and cougars. Fish during spawning (anadromous salmon) also serve as a common food object. In years that are poor in food, bears sometimes attack livestock and ruin apiaries. The brown bear is active throughout the day, but more often in the mornings and evenings. By winter, the bear builds up subcutaneous fat (up to 180 kg) and lies in the den in autumn. Lairs are located in a dry place, in most cases in pits under the protection of windbreak or under uprooted tree roots. In different areas, winter sleep lasts from 75 to 195 days. Depending on climatic and other conditions, bears are in dens from October - November to March - April, that is, 5-6 months. Contrary to popular belief, the brown bear's winter sleep is shallow; his body temperature during sleep fluctuates between 29 and 34 degrees. In case of danger, the animal wakes up and leaves the den, setting off in search of a new one. Sometimes the bear does not have time to properly fatten during the fall, so in the middle of winter it wakes up and begins to wander in search of food; such bears are called rods. Clumsy in appearance, the brown bear runs exceptionally fast - at a speed of over 55 km / h, swims excellently and climbs trees well in youth (he does this more reluctantly in old age). With one blow of the paw, a seasoned bear is able to break the back of a bull, bison or bison.

Females bring offspring every 2-4 years. A mother bear brings 2-3 (up to 5) cubs weighing 340-680 g and up to 25 cm long, covered with short sparse hair, blind, with an overgrown ear canal. Their ear passages open on the 14th day; they mature in a month. By the age of 3 months, the cubs have a full set of milk teeth and begin to eat berries, herbs and insects. At this age, they weigh about 15 kg; by 6 months - 25 kg. The father is not engaged in offspring, the cubs are brought up by the female. Often, last year's cubs, the so-called pestuns, keep together with the cubs. They finally separate from their mother at 3-4 years of age. Life expectancy in nature is 20-30 years, in captivity - up to 47-50 years.

Wolf. One species lives in our country - the gray wolf. In appearance, it resembles an East European Shepherd Dog, but it has a broad-browed head and a short muzzle. The ears are smaller, wider apart, the neck is shorter, thicker, the chest is more developed, deep, lowered low (unlike a dog, the tail of a wolf is always lowered - note by the author of the website). The mass of males is on average 35-40 kg. The largest individuals caught in our country reached 80, females - 25-30 kg, rarely more (the body length of a wolf reaches 160 cm - note by the author of the website). The color is lighter than that of a shepherd dog, more uniform. There are great individual differences in color - some individuals are lighter, others are darker, some have a "strap" on the top of the back, others do not, but the hair on the neck - mane - or on the cheeks - "sides" may be better developed. In the Altai Mountains, wolves live almost everywhere. There are few of them in the snowy North-Eastern Altai and in the highlands.

These predators live in families, or packs. Usually there are 6-9 wolves in a pack, sometimes less or more. It consists of animals of three generations: a pair of adults, mothers; 2-3 young wolves born in the spring of last year - pereyarkov; 3-4 puppies born in the current year - profitable. The leader of the family is usually an adult female - mother. When hunting for an elk, deer or other large animal, the main role is given to the mother, who is larger, stronger and more experienced than the rest of the family. The rut of wolves takes place in January-February. Pairs are formed for a long time, sometimes for life. In late April, early May, a she-wolf brings from 3 to 10, on average 5-6, dark, almost brown wolf cubs, blind, helpless. In the first days, she does not leave them, she takes care of them, carefully licks them, massages their tummies with her tongue. They only sleep, suck milk and grow quickly. On the 12-13th day, their eyes open, they become more mobile, and begin to crawl out of the hole.

In snowless time, wolves feed mainly on all forest and field living creatures - mice, voles, ground squirrels, hamsters, which are considered pests of forestry and agriculture, as well as birds, frogs, lizards. A lot of animals from this list fall to them in winter. In addition, wolves willingly eat nuts, berries, some herbaceous plants - lungwort, rhubarb, eat various fruits. They love watermelons. A wolf that is wounded or caught in a trap is dangerous for a person. It is not safe to approach him. He will defend himself, he has considerable opportunities - good weight, trained muscles, powerful jaws. Experienced wolf cubs know that it is impossible to joke with the beast in such cases. In most European countries (where wolves are still preserved) and in America, hunting for this beast is prohibited. In a number of countries, the wolf has been released or is about to be released, people are striving to preserve the species

Boar. Wild boars are the most ancient ungulates of Altai. They have been living in Asia for about 10 million years. They differ from domestic pigs in higher (up to 1 m) growth (body length up to 2 meters - note by the author of the website). The mass of old billhooks reaches 200-250 kg, females are lighter and smaller. Adult animals are covered with dark brown, sometimes gray, brown or light brown dense and long bristles. Under it is a well-developed dense undercoat. Boars are extremely agile, mobile animals. They run fast, swim well, are excellent at hiding, have a good sense of smell and hearing. Their eyesight is poor. Males have long, sharp fangs in both jaws that protrude outwards. The upper ones are steeply curved upwards, their length is 10–12, sometimes up to 20–23 cm. Wolves rarely dare to attack old boars. Attacks of billhooks on hunters after an unsuccessful shot are known, and the consequences were the most severe. Attacks by recently farrowed females are also possible. For humans and predators, only billhooks and old large females are dangerous.

Wild pigs live in family groups. Each may have several adult females, of which one, usually the oldest and largest, is the leader. Males are allowed to live in the family herd for no more than 1.5 years. After reaching this age, the females drive them away and they are forced to lead an independent lifestyle. The female in the spring brings an average of 5-6 piglets, maximum 10. Piglets are born well developed, sighted. They are very mobile and playful. Already 2-3 hours after birth, they start games and fights. They are colored in a peculiar way - well-defined dark stripes run along the body. This coloring masks them in thickets of reeds or reeds. After 4-5 months, it gradually changes to the usual plain dark one. By autumn, the mass of piglets reaches 20-30 kg.

Boars are omnivorous, but plant foods predominate in their diet. In Altai, they eat green grass (dry in winter), branches and shoots of shrubs, the bark of young trees, rhizomes, roots, bulbs and other underground parts of plants, all kinds of insects and their larvae, earthworms, from vertebrates - lizards, snakes, frogs, mice, voles, chicks and eggs of birds, dead wild and domestic animals. During harvest years, pine nuts serve as the main food for boars from autumn to spring. Saving up to 10-15 kg of fat in the warm period of the year, wild pigs are able to live through the harsh winter time, eating poor feed. If there are no nuts, they dig in non-freezing areas in snowdrifts and near springs, and also look for carrion. An adult wild boar is able to plow the soil frozen by 15-17 cm with its powerful snout. Under the permafrost layer, it will always find something edible. soil).

Common fox, or red fox (lat. Vulpes vulpes) - predatory. Body length 60-90 cm, tail - 40-60 cm, weight - 6-10 kg. The color and size of foxes vary in different localities; in total there are 40-50 subspecies, not taking into account smaller forms. The most common color: bright red back, white belly, dark paws. Often foxes have brown stripes on the ridge and shoulder blade, similar to a cross. Common distinguishing features: dark ears and a white tip of the tail. Outwardly, the fox is a medium-sized animal with a graceful body on low paws, with an elongated muzzle, sharp ears and a long fluffy tail. The fox is a sedentary animal. In most areas, it is not characterized by regular migrations. Cases of such are noted only in the tundra, deserts and mountains. In the wild, foxes rarely live more than seven years, often life expectancy does not exceed three. In captivity, animals live up to 20-25 years.

Reproduction Like the wolf, the fox breeds only once a year. Even in winter, foxes begin to search for places to hatch their young, and zealously protect them. There are practically no ownerless burrows at this time; in the event of the death of one female, her dwelling is immediately occupied by another. The female is often courted by two or three males, bloody fights occur between them. Foxes are good parents. Males take an active part in the upbringing of offspring, and also take care of their girlfriends even before the appearance of foxes. They improve burrows, even catch fleas from females. In the event of the death of the father, another single male takes his place, sometimes the foxes even fight among themselves for the right to become a stepfather. In a brood there are from 4-6 to 12-13 puppies covered with dark brown hair. Outwardly, they resemble wolf cubs, but differ in the white tip of the tail. At the age of two weeks, the cubs begin to see and hear, their first teeth erupt. Both parents take part in the upbringing of foxes. The father and mother are extremely careful at this time, and in case of a threat they will immediately transfer the cubs to the spare hole. They also have to hunt around the clock to feed their offspring. Growing puppies begin to leave the "home" early and are often found far from it, while still very small. For a month and a half, the mother feeds the cubs with milk; in addition, parents gradually accustom the cubs to ordinary food, as well as to obtaining it. Soon, the grown foxes begin to go hunting with their father and mother, playing among themselves, pestering the elders, sometimes endangering the whole family.

The protection of wild animals, in my opinion, is one of the most complex and urgent problems of our time. And her decision is a matter of worldwide importance! In the field of nature conservation, Russia is a good example for many countries. Over 130 reserves have been created to preserve the most valuable species of animals and study them in natural conditions! In Russia, a lot of work is being done to enrich and protect nature. The success of this largely depends on each of us. Thanks to the measures taken recently to protect wild animals, tangible results have been obtained. Almost everywhere the number of deer, elk, wild boars and other hunting animals has increased. Many valuable animals (for example, sable, saiga, beaver), once on the verge of extinction, have now increased in numbers. And yet, the number of some species of animals in a number of places is declining. First of all, this concerns the Amur tiger, muskrat, European mink, bison. All of them are included in the Red Book. It is necessary to tighten measures to protect these species of animals.

Animals listed in the Red Book Red wolf Amur tiger

Amur Forest Cat West Siberian Beaver

Dahurian hedgehog And others.....

In order for animals not to disappear, reserves, wildlife sanctuaries and national parks have been created.

Reserves Reserves - samples of untouched, wild nature - are rightly called natural laboratories. The exclusive role of reserves in the conservation and restoration of the rarest animals, plants, unique landscapes, and other nature reserves. Thanks to the activities of the reserves, some rare animals have become commercial animals; they now provide us with furs, medicinal raw materials, and other valuable products. The brightest and most interesting studies on the ecology of animals and birds were carried out in nature reserves. Vodlozersky National Park Kenozersky National Park Zabaikalsky National Park And others

Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve A real pearl of nature in the southern Moscow region, thanks to the unique combination of flora and fauna protected by the reserve. The impressive area of ​​4900 ha is inhabited by 54 species of mammals: elks, wild boars, martens, weasels, badgers, hares, ..., occasionally wolves and lynxes come. In the rich bird fauna of the Prioksko-Terrasny Reserve, there are 137 species: finches, warblers, black grouse, capercaillie, hazel grouses, hawks, kites, kestrels, tawny owls, little owl, ... and even stroke bison and bison. Bison is a "wild forest bull" - the largest ungulate animal of the European continent, which is rightfully considered a contemporary of the mammoth

If we do not protect nature. If we also behave as now, then they will disappear.

Touching the grass with hooves, A handsome man walks through the forest, Walks boldly and easily, Elk spreading its horns wide

Like a royal crown, He wears his horns. Eats lichen, green moss. Likes snow meadows.

beauties deer

Where the blizzard is angry in the tundra, Where the big earth ends, Almost a fox lives there, It is called ...

Tail with a fluffy arc, do you know such an animal? Sharp-toothed, dark-eyed, Likes to climb trees. He builds his house in a hollow. To live warm in winter.

And our other close friends

ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT

ANIMAL KINGDOM

Members:

Children of the senior group, teacher Yaroslavtseva Tatyana Vasilievna, parents, specialists of the preschool educational institution

PROJECT:

1 According to the dominant method: information-creative.

2 By the nature of the content: the child and the living world

3. By the nature of the child's participation in the project: a participant from the inception of an idea to obtaining a result.

4. By the nature of contacts: within the same age group

5. By the quality of the participants: group.

6. By duration: long-term (1 year or more)

Project relevance:

In modern conditions, the problem of environmental education acquires particular urgency and relevance. It is during the period of preschool childhood that the formation of the human personality, the formation of ecological culture takes place. Therefore, it is very important to awaken in children an interest in wildlife, to cultivate love for it, to teach how to protect the world around us.

Children are insufficiently aware of the way of life, habits, nutrition and dwellings of wild animals of our forests, animals of hot countries, animals of the north, animals of the seas and oceans. Also, children are not sufficiently aware of the geographical location of the habitat of these animals. Give children a concept of the geographical location of the habitat of different types of animals.

Children are not sufficiently versed in such concepts as "time", "past". Give an idea of ​​time using the example of the very first extinct animals on Earth - dinosaurs.

To educate children in curiosity, the desire to receive elementary knowledge about nature, to maintain interest in the knowledge of the world around them. To develop ethical ideas in children, the ability to empathize with living beings.

Tasks:

Educational:

- Give ideas about animals (external features, needs for their growth and development, habitat features).

- To make it clear to children how geographical location, climate, ecological state of nature affects the habits, habits and lifestyle of animals.

- To teach how to classify animals, divide them into groups according to various criteria: according to their living environment (wild, domestic), according to nutrition (predators, herbivores, omnivores); mammals, birds, reptiles.

- To give an idea of ​​endangered and endangered species of animals, what is the Red Book of Nature.

- To develop a cognitive interest in the animal world.

Developing:

- to give an idea of ​​the diversity of the animal world;

- deepen children's knowledge of the animal world through reading works about animals;

- develop the ability of children to negotiate, share, help, support in work, show interest in the completed task;

- develop creative activity, attention, imagination, memory;

Educational:

- through personal communication with animals, to promote the upbringing of good feelings, interest and love for animals in children;

- foster sympathy for cubs, sick and injured animals;

- educate the desire to care for animals;

- create conditions for search and research activities,

- support children's initiative, inquisitiveness, activity in cognitive and other activities,

- to develop the physical, personal and intellectual qualities of the child;

- to expand the knowledge of children about the animals of central Russia, tropical, animals of the north, seas and oceans;

- to teach children safe behavior in the forest, field, swamp, when dealing with pets.

-to teach children to find causal relationships (why some birds fly to other countries and others do not, why some animals hibernate and others do not, etc.)

Expected Result:

-Kids will develop knowledge about the animals of central Russia, tropical forests, animals of the north, seas and oceans. Children recognize extinct animals (dinosaurs, mammoths)

-Children will develop a steady interest in wildlife,

-Children will be able to apply the acquired knowledge in various activities.

For teachers:

Generalization of pedagogical experience, introduction of innovative technologies and new forms of work on environmental education of preschoolers.

Raising the theoretical and professional level of teachers through mastering the project method in working with children.

For parents:

Education of parents in this direction, transferring them the necessary information on a particular issue (individual and subgroup counseling, information sheets, leaflets, etc.). Family uniting in search of answers to questions about the life of various animals.

The project is being carried out in three phases:

Stage 1 - organizational

Stage 2 - planning

Stage 3 - final

ORGANIZATIONAL STAGE

Planning

Final

Literature

1. Ageeva S.I. Learning with passion. Parts 1 and 2. M.: Laida, 1995.
2. Skorolupova O.A. Wild animals. Moscow: Scriptorium Publishing House, 2006.
3. Sladkov N. Talk about animals. M.: “Dragonfly – Press”, 2002.
4. Soboleva A.V. Riddles are smart. A practical guide for speech therapists, educators and parents. M.: Publishing house "Gnome and D", 2000.
5. “On different continents. Tyrannosaurs": Dragonfly-Press Publishing House, 2007.
6. "An interesting atlas. Animals. Dinosaurs: EPITION ATLAS Publishing House, 2007
7. "Atlas of the Earth".: I. Svetlova., Publishing house EKSMO, Moscow, 2012
8. "An interesting atlas. Seas and oceans, Atlas Publishing House, 2007
9. "The Big Book of Animals", : Bely Gorod LLC, Moscow, 2009.
10. "An interesting atlas. Wild Animals, Atlas Publishing House, 2007.
11. "Who lives in Africa": OOO "Publishing House" Satori ", Tver, 2008.
12. "Who lives in Russia": OOO "Publishing House" Satori ", Tver, 2008
13. "Who lives in America": OOO "Publishing House" Satori ", Tver, 2008
14. “Who lives at the Pole” LLC “Publishing House “Satori”, Tver, 2008
15. "Who lives in Asia": OOO "Publishing House" Satori ", Tver, 2008
16. "Who lives in Australia": Satori Publishing House LLC, Tver, 2008
17. T.D. Nuzhdin, Encyclopedia for kids. Miracle is everywhere. The World of Animals and Plants": Publishing House "Academy of Development", Yaroslavl, 1998

Q4.features.

A) the flowers are large, brightly colored, with a strong smell.

B) the flowers are small, odorless, collected in inflorescences

C) pollen is large and heavy

D) pollen is small, dry and light.

D) flowering occurs in early spring before the leaves bloom

E) bloom throughout the summer.

pollination type:

• by the wind
• insects.

Think about what we are talking about?

A living organism, a creature that has the ability to move and feeds on ... ready-made organic substances.

Subject: Kingdom Animals. The main signs of animals.

Target: Consider signs of animals.

Work with the textbook.

Page 88

The founder of zoology is Aristotle, who was the first to think about dividing animals into groups.

He divided them into animals with blood and bloodless.

Living environments and habitats

The main habitats of animals are water, land-air and soil. We must not forget about the organism's habitat

NUTRITION

HETEROTROPHIC

MOVEMENT

MOVABLE THAT IS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY FOR FOOD PROCESSING

GROWTH

LIMITED

BODY SYMMETRY

BILATERAL

RADIATION

STRUCTURE OF CELLS

No rigid cell wall

No chloroplasts and plastids

Vacuoles are small

Organ systems

Respiratory, nervous, excretory, etc.

irritability

regulated by hormones and

nervous system

signs

Plants

Nutrition

autotrophic

Cell structure

Animals

There is a cellulose membrane, vacuoles, plastids.

Ability to grow

heterotrophic

activity in search of food

Unlimited

No cell center

There is no vacuole (with the exception of digestive protozoa), plastids.

Not active

Has a cell center

storage substance

Limited

Organs

body symmetry

Starch

In most cases active

Vegetative

Generative

Glycogen

Somatic. Sexual

Organs form organ systems

bilateral

Radiation

The flower was sleeping and suddenly woke up - (trunk to the right - to the left)

I didn't want to sleep anymore.

(body forward, back)

Moved, stretched

(arms up, stretch)

Soared up and flew.

(hands up, left, right)

The sun will only wake up in the morning, the butterfly is circling and winding (circling)

Distribute signs.

Autotrophic type of nutrition.

Unlimited growth.

The storage carbohydrate is starch.

They are consumers in the food chain.

Finish the phrase.

I found out)…….

Homework

1)p. 88

Page 88 fig.

2) Creative task: prepare facts from the life of animals.

Stage 1 Ancient Greek scientists and doctors - Aristotle, Hippocrates. Stage 2 Ancient Roman scientists and naturalists - Claudius Galen. Stage 3 Renaissance scientists Stage 4 of the century Basic ideas about the structure of the circulatory system of animals - A. Vesalius. Stage 5 Dutchman A. Leeuwenhoek discovery of unicellular animals and microorganisms. Stage 6 "System of Nature" - Carl Linnaeus 1735 Stage 7 18th century Italian physicist L. Galvani discovered "animal electricity". Stage 8 The emergence of paleontology - J. Cuvier.

Stage 9 An outstanding contribution to the development of zoology was made by domestic scientists: A.N. Formozov, V.A. Dogel, A.A. Zenkevich, K.I. Scriabin, M.S. Gilyarov. Comparative Morphological Genetic Zoogeographic Historical Paleontological Physiological Ecological

1. In the biosphere, there are ... .. animal species. 2.Zoology is a science……… 3.The Animal Kingdom is divided into two….:….. and…. Determine the type of body symmetry of animals: Butterfly, cork sponge, dragonfly, octopus, crucian carp, snake, Anemone, starfish, chicken, jellyfish, cat. Classify the proposed animals: beetle, mouse, octopus, snake, hare, snail, frog, fish, bird, jellyfish, starfish, butterfly, bee.