It performs its specific functions. The verb makes our speech move, the noun, on the contrary, makes it static. But our language has a unique beauty thanks to the adjective. With its help, any boring text comes to life, images begin to play with new colors. We will analyze the signs of the adjective and its other characteristics in more detail.

Entertaining adjective

When a text is created, for example, an essay, you want to diversify it and make it colorful. The description of vivid pictures of nature cannot do without the use of adjectives. The main function of this part of speech is to add a characteristic feature to any object, whether it be external data or character traits. On its basis, epithets (bright adjectives) are built, which give figurativeness to our speech.

With its help, we will be able to characterize any thing by size (large), weight (light), physical properties (sweet, hot), qualities (kind, ruddy, adult) and other signs, so we can’t talk about the indispensability of this part of speech.

Permanent signs

True, we will talk about only one thing - about the discharge. Only he is constant for this part of speech. Let's understand what a category is.

According to their meaning, it is customary to divide into three groups. Each of them has special grammatical characteristics. Groups of such adjectives are called a category.

• Quality.

This type, based on its name, shares adjectives denoting a quality. For example, beautiful (appearance), kind (character trait), green (color), round (shape). This group is the most numerous and easily distinguished from others. Only qualitative adjectives can vary in (small - less - smallest). Another distinguishing feature is that they can have a short form, which other discharges cannot (good is good).

• Relative.

Such a group of adjectives denotes a sign that expresses different attitudes to an object: to a place (swimming), to a season (winter), to materials (stone, cotton), to a number (double).

This category does not have, in contrast to the qualitative ones, a short form and is not compared by degrees.

• Possessive.

They have an important difference: such adjectives are the only ones that answer the question “whose?”. This applies to both people (mother, sisters) and animals (bear, wolf).

Inconstant signs of the adjective

But there are many more of them. For all ranks, the following will be common:

1. Genus. As you know, there are three of them in Russian: male, middle and female. Each of the adjectives will have all three forms, for example, yellow - yellow - yellow (qualitative); wooden - wooden - wooden (relative); hare - hare - hare (possessive).
2. Number. Singular (smart) and plural (rich) are in all ranks.
3. Case. Adjectives easily change in cases. Only possessives have special.

For qualitative adjectives, such features of the adjective as the degree of comparison, as well as the short form, are added.

Participle and adjective: how not to confuse?

Many still have difficulty distinguishing these parts of speech. And all because they have one common question "what?" and other similar features. What are the signs of an adjective in participle, we will find out in detail.

In addition to the question that unites them, they have a common type of declension. Since outwardly they are practically indistinguishable and have a common appearance (smart - adjective, thinking - participle), then they will change equally in cases, numbers and all three genders. That is, we conclude that the participle took over all the inconstant signs of the adjective.

In addition, both parts of speech are distinguished by the presence of a short form: dark - dark (adjective), done - done (participle). Short forms, like full ones, change not only by gender, but also by numbers.

If we consider not only the signs of the adjective and the participle, but also their syntactic function, then we can say with confidence that their roles in sentences are very similar. In full form, both parts of speech will be definitions, and their short forms will play the role of a predicate or be part of it.

Conclusion

Knowing what signs an adjective has, everyone can easily fulfill this part of speech. It will be very easy if you know a few simple rules described in our article.

Do not forget that the adjective is outwardly similar to the participle. In order not to confuse them, remember that the latter is formed from the verb. And the adjective most often takes its origins from nouns.

It performs its specific functions. The verb makes our speech move, the noun, on the contrary, makes it static. But our language has a unique beauty thanks to the adjective. With its help, any boring text comes to life, images begin to play with new colors. We will analyze the signs of the adjective and its other characteristics in more detail.

Entertaining adjective

When a text is created, for example, an essay, you want to diversify it and make it colorful. The description of vivid pictures of nature cannot do without the use of adjectives. The main function of this part of speech is to add a characteristic feature to any object, whether it be external data or character traits. On its basis, epithets (bright adjectives) are built, which give figurativeness to our speech.

Permanent signs

True, we will talk about only one thing - about the discharge. Only he is constant for this part of speech. Let's understand what a category is.

According to their meaning, adjectives are usually divided into three groups. Each of them has special grammatical characteristics. Groups of such adjectives are called a category.

• Quality.

This type, based on its name, shares adjectives denoting a quality. For example, beautiful (appearance), kind (character trait), green (color), round (shape). This group is the most numerous and easily distinguished from others. Only qualitative adjectives can change in degrees of comparison (small - less - smallest). Another distinguishing feature is that they can have a short form, which other discharges cannot (good is good).

• Relative.

Such a group of adjectives denotes a sign that expresses different attitudes to an object: to a place (swimming), to a season (winter), to materials (stone, cotton), to a number (double).

This category does not have, in contrast to the qualitative ones, a short form and is not compared by degrees.

• Possessive.

They have an important difference: such adjectives are the only ones that answer the question “whose?”. This applies to both people (mother, sisters) and animals (bear, wolf).

Inconstant signs of the adjective

But there are many more of them. For all ranks, the following will be common:

1. Genus. As you know, there are three of them in Russian: male, middle and female. Each of the adjectives will have all three forms, for example, yellow - yellow - yellow (qualitative); wooden - wooden - wooden (relative); hare - hare - hare (possessive).
2. Number. Singular (smart) and plural (rich) are in all ranks.
3. Case. Adjectives easily change in cases. Only possessives have a special type of declension.

For qualitative adjectives, such features of the adjective as the degree of comparison, as well as the short form, are added.

Participle and adjective: how not to confuse?

Many still have difficulty distinguishing these parts of speech. And all because they have one common question "what?" and other similar features. What are the signs of an adjective in participle, we will find out in detail.

In addition to the question that unites them, they have a common type of declension. Since outwardly they are practically indistinguishable and have a common appearance (smart - adjective, thinking - participle), then they will change equally in cases, numbers and all three genders. That is, we conclude that the participle took over all the inconstant signs of the adjective.

In addition, both parts of speech are distinguished by the presence of a short form: dark - dark (adjective), done - done (participle). Short forms, like full ones, change not only by gender, but also by numbers.

If we consider not only the signs of the adjective and the participle, but also their syntactic function, then we can say with confidence that their roles in sentences are very similar. In full form, both parts of speech will be definitions, and their short forms will play the role of a predicate or be part of it.

Conclusion

Knowing what features an adjective has, everyone can easily perform a morphological analysis of this part of speech. It will be very easy if you know a few simple rules described in our article.

Do not forget that the adjective is outwardly similar to the participle. In order not to confuse them, remember that the latter is formed from the verb. And the adjective most often takes its origins from nouns.

There are three constant features of adjectives in Russian. They do not change under any circumstances and indicate the characteristic features of nouns. For a better understanding of the topic, the article provides examples of constant signs of adjectives.

What are permanent adjectives?

Permanent morphological features of the adjective are invariable grammatical categories. They are inherent in adjectives, regardless of which nouns they agree with and what role they play in the sentence. The permanent features of the adjective indicate the features (shades) of their meanings, as well as what part of the sentence this adjective can be.

Examples of adjectives with permanent features: gently sloping, dark, windy, exciting, kind, wide, slippery, yellow.

What are the permanent features of adjectives?

In Russian, there are three constant features of adjectives:

• Rank by value- a sign indicating the lexical (speech) and grammatical features of adjectives.
  • quality - denote external and qualitative features of objects that can manifest themselves to a greater and lesser extent. (Examples: hot, quiet, needed).
  • relative - indicate the property of an object through its relation to another object (phenomenon, person, time frame, locality, etc.). (Examples: night, french, steel).
  • Possessive - indicate the belonging of an object to a person or animal. (Examples : falcon, sisters, damocles).
• Completeness-brevity of form- a feature is inherent only in qualitative adjectives.
  • Full adjectives - change by gender, number and case, in a sentence they act as a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate. (Examples: complex, sticky, distant).
  • Short adjectives - change by gender and number, in a sentence they are used as a nominal predicate. (Examples: stingy, happy, limited).
• Degree of comparison- a category peculiar only to qualitative adjectives. The sign indicates the degree of expression of the quality called by the adjective.
  • Positive - the original form of adjectives. (Examples: nice, cute, smart).
  • Comparative – used to compare between two or more items (Examples: better, cuter, smarter, more cute, less smart).
  • excellent - names the highest degree of manifestation of quality (Examples: best, nicest, cutest, cutest, smartest, smartest).

Russian language

MORPHOLOGY

4. Adjective

Definition.

Adjective is an independent part of speech that indicates a sign of an object and answers questions which? whose?

Signs.

initial form adjective - nominative singular masculine.
Permanent signs: qualitative, relative or possessive.
Irregular symptoms: for qualitative adjectives - the degree of comparison, short or long form. In addition, adjectives change in cases, numbers, genders (only in the singular).

Adjectives agree with nouns, that is, they are placed in the same gender, number and case as the nouns they refer to.

syntactic role.

In a sentence, an adjective can be:

1. definition, for example: Everyone remembers the famous Gagarin smile
2. predicate, for example: Gait careless and lazy;
3. the nominal part of the compound predicate, for example: Further from the shore it [water] seems blue (V. Volsky).

Discharges.

According to the meaning and form, the categories of adjectives are distinguished: quality (White snow), relative (pewter spoon), possessive (bear trail).

Qualitative adjectives denote such a feature (quality) of an object that can be expressed in this object to a greater or lesser extent, for example: bright clothes, dirty window, smart person. Qualitative adjectives form degrees of comparison, for example: dirtier, dirtiest; and short form, for example: dirty. Qualitative adjectives can be combined with adverbs very, extremely, too and etc.

Relative adjectives denote such a feature of an object that cannot be expressed in this object to a greater or lesser extent, for example: pewter spoon, granite pebble. Usually relative adjectives denote the material from which the object is made ( clay, sand), spatial, temporal features of the object ( rural, March, sentry, local), purpose of the subject ( sport shoes) etc. Relative adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, a short form and cannot be combined with an adverb very.

Possessive adjectives indicate that something belongs to a person or animal and answer questions whose? whose? whose?, for example: wolf, fox, fathers. Possessive adjectives have suffixes -ov-(-ev-), -in-(-yn-) -iy-(and in oblique masculine cases and in all feminine and neuter cases -th-), for example: fathers, sisters, foxes.

Possessive masculine adjectives in the nominative and accusative singular have a zero ending ( fox_, mother _), while the neuter and feminine singular and plural have short adjective endings ( fox, fox, mother's, mother's); in other cases, these adjectives have the same endings as in qualitative and relative adjectives.

In Russian, there are cases when adjectives change meanings. For example, a relative adjective can become qualitative ( fox hat, i.e. fox hat - fox cunning, i.e. like a fox).

Brief and complete.

Qualitative adjectives have two forms - full and short, for example: white - white, kind - kind, cunning - cunning. Short adjectives do not decline, but change by number, and in the singular - by gender. In a sentence, a short adjective is usually a predicate, for example: Poplar was silver and bright .

Relative adjectives have only the full form. And possessive adjectives in different cases can have both short and full forms.

Declension types.

To correctly write the ending of an adjective, you need to find in the sentence the noun on which it depends, and ask a question to the adjective from it. The ending of the question will indicate which ending to write in the word:

how them? - th (-them),
(oh, on, in) how ohm? - -ohm (-eat)

For example: in (as ohm?) syn eat sky; (how them?) syn them flame.

1) In the endings of masculine and neuter adjectives in the instrumental case of the singular, letters are written s(and), and in the prepositional - letters about (e), for example: in xing e m sky, winter and m in the evening, for Friday s m lantern.

2) adjectives suburban, intercity, suburban written with endings -th, -th, -th, -th, and adjectives out-of-town, boundless- with endings -y, -ya, -her, -ye.

Note. Adjectives that end in -yny, have a short form in the nominative singular masculine -en, for example: sultry - sultry en, calm - calm en.

Spelling not with adjectives.

Not with adjectives it is written together:
1) if the word is not used without not, for example: not sleazy, not traveling, not people, not satiating;
2) if the word can be replaced by a synonym without not or a similar expression, for example: not kind angry), not clear (vague) not modest (disrespectful).

Not with adjectives are written separately:
1) if the sentence has an opposition with a union a, for example: not polite, a rude; not kind, a evil;
2) if the sentence contains words far from, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all and others, for example: not at all strict teacher; far from affectionate person.

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Adjective

The adjective is an independent significant part of speech that combines words that

1) indicate a non-procedural feature of the subject and answer questions which?, whose?;

2) change by gender, number and case, and some - by completeness / brevity and degrees of comparison;

3) in a sentence there are definitions or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Ranks of adjectives by meaning

Three categories of adjectives are distinguished by meaning: qualitative, relative, possessive.

quality adjectives denote the quality, property of an object: its size ( big), shape ( round), color ( blue), physical characteristics ( cold), as well as the propensity of the object to perform an action ( talkative).

relative adjectives designate a sign of an object through the relation of this object to another object ( book), action ( reading room) or another feature ( yesterday's). Relative adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs, and adverbs; the most common suffixes for relative adjectives are the suffixes - n- (forest), -ov- (hedgehog), -in- (poplar-in-th), -sk- (warehouse), -l- (fluent).

Possessive adjectives denote the belonging of an object to a person or animal and are formed from nouns by suffixes - in- (mum-in), -ov- (father-ov), -uy- (fox). These suffixes are at the end of the stem of the adjective (cf. possessive adjective fathers and relative adjective paternal).

Qualitative adjectives differ from relative and possessive adjectives at all language levels:

1) only qualitative adjectives denote a feature that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent;

2) quality adjectives can have antonyms ( deep - shallow);

3) only qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative, relative and possessive ones are always derived from nouns, adjectives, verbs;

4) qualitative adjectives form nouns with the meaning of an abstract attribute ( rigor) and adverbs in - about(strictly), as well as adjectives with a subjective assessment suffix ( blue-yenky-y, evil-yushch-y);

5) only qualitative adjectives have a full / short form and degrees of comparison;

6) qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of measure and degree ( very big, but not * very readable).

Thus, we see that qualitative adjectives are grammatically opposed to relative and possessive adjectives, which, in turn, are grammatically very similar. The difference between relative and possessive adjectives is manifested only in the type of their declension (see declension of adjectives), which gives reason to many researchers to combine them into one group of relative adjectives, which, with sequential grammatical selection of parts of speech, also includes ordinal numerals and pronominal adjectives.

Declension of adjectives

Adjectives of all ranks have non-permanent signs kind(singular) numbers and case in which they agree with the noun. Adjectives also agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the form of V. p. plural, and for the masculine - and singular (cf .: I see beautiful shoes and I see pretty girls) - see the animation of the noun.

Changing an adjective by gender, number and case is called adjective declension.

quality and relative adjectives decline the same way. This type of declension is called adjective.

In Russian, there are indeclinable adjectives that mean:

1) colors: beige, khaki, marengo, electric;

2) nationalities and languages: Khanty, Mansi, Urdu;

3) clothing styles: pleated, corrugated, flared, mini.

Invariable adjectives are also words (weight) gross, net, (hour) peak.

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have a non-constant morphological sign of degrees of comparison.

School grammar indicates that there are two degrees of comparison - comparative and superlative. It is more correct to single out three degrees of comparison - positive, comparative and excellent. The positive degree of comparison is the original form of the adjective, in relation to which we are aware of other forms as expressing a greater / lesser or greater / lesser degree of attribute.

comparative adjective indicates that the feature is manifested to a greater / lesser extent in this subject compared to another subject ( Petya is taller than Vasya; This river is deeper than the other) or the same item in other circumstances ( Petya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper here than there.).

The comparative degree can be simple and compound.

Simple comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the trait and is formed as follows:

base of positive degree + formative suffixes -her(s), -e, -she/-same (quicker, higher, earlier, deeper).

If there is an element at the end of the base of a positive degree to /OK, this segment is often truncated: deep - deep.

Some adjectives have suppletive, i.e., formed from another stem, forms: bad - worse, good - better.

When forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be attached on- (newer). Simple comparative degree with a prefix on- is used if the adjective occupies the position of an inconsistent definition ( Give me a new newspaper) and does not require the introduction into the sentence of what the given feature is compared with. If there is in the sentence both what is being compared and what is being compared, the prefix on- introduces a colloquial tone ( These shoes are newer than those).

Morphological features of a simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. it

1) immutability,

2) the ability to control a noun,

3) use mainly in the function of the predicate ( He is taller than his father). A simple comparative degree can occupy the position of definition only in a separate position ( Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult) or in a non-isolated position with a prefix on- in position after a noun ( Buy me fresher newspapers).

Composite comparative degree denotes both a greater and a lesser degree of manifestation of a trait and is formed as follows:

element more / less + positive degree ( more / less high).

The difference between a composite comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:

1) the composite comparative degree is wider in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a feature;

2) the composite comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (initial form), i.e. by gender, number and case, and can also be in short form ( more handsome);

3) a composite comparative degree can be both a predicate and a non-isolated and isolated definition ( A less interesting article was presented in this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one..)

Superlatives comparison indicates the largest / smallest degree of manifestation of the trait ( highest mountain) or to a very large / small degree of manifestation of the trait ( kindest person).

The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative one, can be simple and compound.

simple superlatives Comparison adjective denotes the highest degree of manifestation of the attribute and is formed as follows:

basis of positive degree + formative suffixes -aysh- / -aysh-(after k, g, x, causing alternation): good-eysh-th, Supreme

When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be used nai-: kindest.

The morphological features of a simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives are the same as those of a positive degree, i.e., variability in gender, number, cases, the use of a definition and a predicate in the syntactic function. Unlike the positive degree, the simple superlative adjective does not have a short form.

Compound Superlative comparison of adjectives denotes both the greatest and the least degree of manifestation of a feature and is formed in three ways:

1) element the most + positive degree ( the cleverest);

2) element most / least+ positive degree ( most/least smart);

3) simple comparative degree + element total / all (He was smarter than everyone).

The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed by the first and second methods, have morphological features characteristic of a positive degree, i.e. they change according to gender, numbers and cases, they can have a short form ( most convenient), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Compound superlative forms formed in the third way are invariable and act mainly as a nominal part of the predicate.

Not all qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.

The absence of a simple comparative and superlative degree may be due to

1) with the formal structure of the adjective: if the adjective has a suffix that matches the suffixes of relative adjectives, it may not have a simple comparative degree ( emaciated - * thinner, * thinner, advanced - * more advanced);

2) with the lexical meaning of the adjective: the meaning of the degree of manifestation of the attribute can already be expressed in the basis of the adjective - in its root ( barefoot - *barefoot) or in suffix ( fat-enn-th - * thicker, evil-shinning - * furious, white-oval - * whitish, blue-enk-th - * bluer).

Compound forms of degrees of comparison are not formed only for words with a semantic restriction, that is, in the second case. Yes, no forms. *more feisty, *less whitish, but there are forms less emaciated, more advanced.