Infinitive in Russian questions. Infinitive. The use of the infinitive without the particle to
Infinitive(from Latin infinitus - indefinite) - an indefinite form of a verb that names an action or a procedural state without indicating the time of the action, its relation to reality and to the subject of the action. The infinitive answers the questions what to do? what to do?: love, be, say.
As the most abstract, most generalized verb form, infinitive opposed to a complex of personal forms. is the most "pure" representative of the lexical meaning. He expresses the general grammatical meaning of the verb(action value) and has only those morphological features, which are constant for all verb forms: recurrence, transitivity, form, conjugation.
In relation to personal forms, it is characterized by a high degree of regularity: in Russian there are almost no personal forms of the verb from which it is impossible to form an infinitive and vice versa.
contrasted with the personal forms of the verb, because it has no number, no person, no mood, no tense. It has only categories of the form ( write - write), grammatical meanings of recurrence ( build - build) and transitivity ( paint, lay) associated with the collateral category.
means of forming the infinitive, as a verb form are suffixes -т(do, sleep, live, saw) and -ti (carry, crawl, go).
Most infinitives with stems ending in a vowel have suffix -th. For some verbs, this suffix can also be placed after the consonant: gnaw, put. Suffix -ty(more ancient) can be found in a small group of verbs with a consonant stem. This suffix is always stressed. Some forms from -ti have options with -t:carry - carry(were common in the literary language in the nineteenth century). Suffixes -th and -ty shaping and therefore are not included in the stem of the infinitive.
The Russian language has verb infinitives ending in on -ch(keep, guard, bake). In these verbs, -ch is part of the root. Such infinitives are formed from personal forms of verbs in -g, -k, -x with alternation: shore - protect, bake - oven. The ancient forms of these verbs are take care, pekti. As a result of historical changes, the combinations [gt] and [kt] formed the sound [h]. In ancient forms, the morphemic composition is clear: [g] and [k] are part of the root, and [t] is part of the suffix.
In addition to the formative suffixes -ty and -ty, the infinitive is characterized by the suffixes -a-, -e-, -i-, -yva-, -iva-, -ova-, -eva-, -nu-, etc.: hear, sit, saw, use, grieve, relax, etc.
In a sentence, the infinitive can perform the function of any member of the sentence. Most often it is part of the predicate.
The girl began to write poetry at the age of 6 at the same time in Russian, German and French (predicate).
And the queen laugh and shrug her shoulders (predicate).
Smoking is prohibited (subject).
Another attempt to rest was unsuccessful (inconsistent definition).
I suggest you sit and be silent (addition).
We went to some kind of ditch to shoot and to swim in a small river (a circumstance).
As the subject can be an independent infinitive. Usually it is in front of the predicate and is separated from it during pronunciation by a pause, and in writing by a dash.
, included in the predicate, denotes the action of the person named subject.
An infinitive that performs the syntactic function of an adverb goal, refers to the verbal predicate denoting movement. In some cases, such an infinitive can be replaced by a noun.
The infinitive as a complement denotes the action of another person, sometimes not named at all.
All verb forms are formed from two stems: stems of the infinitive and stems of the present tense.
From the stem of the infinitive the infinitive itself, the past tense and the subjunctive mood, the participle and the past participle, are formed, from present tense basics- present tense, imperative mood, participle and participle of the present tense.
To find the stem of the infinitive, from the feminine singular form of the past tense, we subtract the final -la: to say, said - the basis of the infinitive skaz -a-.
To find the basis of the present tense, from the form of the 3rd person plural of the present tense we subtract -at or -ut: to say, they will say - the basis of the present tense is say-.
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Infinitive in English is an impersonal form. Like the verb, the infinitive names the action, but unlike the verb, it does not indicate the person and number. In its basic form (Simple Infinitive), the infinitive answers the questions: what to do? what to do?
to purchase - purchase.
The infinitive is also called the "indefinite form of the verb" or "the initial form of the verb."
Table: forms of the infinitive in English (briefly)
The infinitive can have 4 forms in the active voice and 2 in the passive voice.
However, the most common and relevant for study is the form “simple infinitive in active voice” (to ask). In fact, when they say “infinitive”, usually, in most cases, I mean exactly this form - most of this article is devoted to it.
Below we will look at the same table again and analyze each form in detail, but first we need to clarify two more points:
- The infinitive comes with and without the particle to.
- How is the negative form of the infinitive formed?
After that, we will return to the analysis of each form.
Infinitive with to and without to
The infinitive can be used with or without to:
- I want to help you. - I want to help you.
- I must help you. - I have to help you.
Most often, the infinitive is used with to, however, there are a number of cases when the infinitive is used without the to particle, they apply to all forms of the infinitive(i.e. all forms from the table above). I note that most often the infinitive without to occurs after modal verbs, other cases are quite rare.
1. After modal verbs (most common)
Negative form of the infinitive
The negative form is formed by a particle not- it is placed before the infinitive. If the infinitive is with the particle to, the negation of not is placed before it.
I decided not to go to London. I have decided not to go to London.
He asked me not to be late. He asked me not to be late.
I might not come. - I may not come.
All forms of the infinitive in English (detailed)
Let's look at all the forms of the infinitive again:
There are six forms in the table:
1. Simple Infinitive:
I want to ask you - I want to ask you.
2. Simple Infinitive Passive:
I want to be asked- I want to be asked.
3.Continuous Infinitive:
I happened to be asking her about you when you came in. “It so happened that I asked her about you when you came.
4. Perfect Infinitive:
You could have asked me first - You could ask me first.
5. Perfect Infinitive Passive:
She could have been asked by anybody - Anyone could ask her.
6. Perfect Continuous Infinitive:
He seems to have been asking wrong people - Looks like he was asking questions to the wrong people.
Please note that the most common, necessary and important form for studying is Simple Infinitive. In second place - Simple Infinitive Passive. Other forms are used less frequently.
Forms Perfect and Perfect Continuous(i.e. those where there are have) – largely overlap with the topics “ and . If you already know these topics, you will see familiar things, but just from a different angle - everything is explained in more detail below.
Simple Infinitive - simple infinitive (the most necessary form)
The most common and important form of the infinitive for learning is the simple infinitive in the active voice (Infinitive Indefinite Active or Simple Infinitive Active). It is used to refer to an action that:
1. Occurs simultaneously with the action of the main verb:
tell him to stop. - Tell him to stop.
2. Refers to the future tense:
I want you to come with me tomorrow. - I want you to come with me tomorrow.
3. Regardless of the time of commission:
To know such tricks are useful. – Knowing such tricks is useful.
Let's name the main cases of its use.
1. With verbs that do not give the full meaning
The infinitive is often used in combination with verbs that do not make the full sense without it, for example:
- tell- to say / order something,
- Begin- start,
- Continue- continue,
- want- to want,
- Intend- to intend
- try- try, try
- Hope- to hope
- Promise- to promise
- Decide- to decide, to make a decision.
I want to see your permission. - I want to see your permission.
Do you promise to quit smoking? Do you promise to quit smoking?
Nina decided not to sing the agreement. Nina decided not to sign the agreement.
I'll try to help you. - I'll try to help you.
These verbs include modal verbs. I remind you that after them the infinitive is used without the to particle:
I must see your permission. - I need to see your permission.
Can you quit smoking? - Can you quit smoking?
2. To indicate the purpose of the action
In Russian, when it is necessary to express the purpose of an action, we say “to” or “with a purpose”. In English we use the infinitive:
she came to collect her letter. She came (to) pick up her letter.
We came to help you. We have come (to) help you.
I am calling to ask you about dad. - I'm calling you (to) ask about dad.
You sister has gone to finish her homework. Your sister left to finish her homework (left to finish).
In this case to can be replaced by union in order to(with a purpose), the meaning will be the same, but sentences with in order to sound more formal.
You sister has gone in order to finish her homework. Your sister left to complete her homework.
3. Infinitive as subject
As a subject, the infinitive is used in formal speech, more often written.
to be or not to be, that is the question. To be or not to be, that is the question.
To know her is to love her. To know her is to love her.
To visit the Grand Canyon is my life-long dream. “Visiting the Grand Canyon has been my lifelong dream.
to understand statistics, that is our goal. “Understanding statistics is our goal.
4. To indicate the purpose of the subject
If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake. If I had known that you were coming, I would have baked a pie.
You could have helped him. You could have helped him (but you didn't).
In the case of the verb should there is a hint of regret or reproach:
What should have taken more gas. - We should have taken more gasoline (but, unfortunately, we did not take it).
You should have been prepared for anything! You should have been ready for anything! (but you weren't and that's why you let us down)
Perfect Continuous Infinitive - an infinitive denoting a long-perfect action
Scheme: to have been + Present Participle. Example: to have been talking.
This form is used in the following cases:
1. Long completed action
The infinitive denotes a long action that was performed, but ended before the action expressed by the verb.
The woman seemed to have been crying. The woman looked like she was crying.
He pretended to have been working all day. He pretended to work all day.
2. After modal verbs must, may, should
An assumption is expressed that a certain long-term action took place, but has already ended.
You must have been waiting hours! You must have been waiting for hours!
They might have been talking before you came in. They must have been talking before you came in.
In the case of a modal verb should there is a hint of regret or reproach that some long-term action could occur, but in reality did not occur.
You should have been studying for your test. You should have studied for the test (but you didn't).
Note:
Please note that in all Perfect forms of the infinitive, that is, in forms where there is have, the word itself have never takes shape has, as is the case with the verb in the personal form. Word have in this case, it is part of the infinitive, therefore it cannot be related to a person and a number, therefore it cannot take a personal form has(has = 3rd person, singular).
He has fox. - He has a fox.
The has form is used, because it is a personal form (3rd person, singular) of the verb.
He might have fox. He may have a fox.
Here have- infinitive, it has no person and number.
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Infinitive(from Latin infinitus - indefinite) - an indefinite form of a verb that names an action or a procedural state without indicating the time of the action, its relation to reality and to the subject of the action. The infinitive answers the questions what to do? what to do?: love, be, say.
As the most abstract, most generalized verb form, infinitive opposed to a complex of personal forms. is the most "pure" representative of the lexical meaning. He expresses the general grammatical meaning of the verb(action value) and has only those morphological features, which are constant for all verb forms: recurrence, transitivity, form, conjugation.
In relation to personal forms, it is characterized by a high degree of regularity: in Russian there are almost no personal forms of the verb from which it is impossible to form an infinitive and vice versa.
contrasted with the personal forms of the verb, because it has no number, no person, no mood, no tense. It has only categories of the form ( write - write), grammatical meanings of recurrence ( build - build) and transitivity ( paint, lay) associated with the collateral category.
means of forming the infinitive, as a verb form are suffixes -т(do, sleep, live, saw) and -ti (carry, crawl, go).
Most infinitives with stems ending in a vowel have suffix -th. For some verbs, this suffix can also be placed after the consonant: gnaw, put. Suffix -ty(more ancient) can be found in a small group of verbs with a consonant stem. This suffix is always stressed. Some forms from -ti have options with -t:carry - carry(were common in the literary language in the nineteenth century). Suffixes -th and -ty shaping and therefore are not included in the stem of the infinitive.
The Russian language has verb infinitives ending in on -ch(keep, guard, bake). In these verbs, -ch is part of the root. Such infinitives are formed from personal forms of verbs in -g, -k, -x with alternation: shore - protect, bake - oven. The ancient forms of these verbs are take care, pekti. As a result of historical changes, the combinations [gt] and [kt] formed the sound [h]. In ancient forms, the morphemic composition is clear: [g] and [k] are part of the root, and [t] is part of the suffix.
In addition to the formative suffixes -ty and -ty, the infinitive is characterized by the suffixes -a-, -e-, -i-, -yva-, -iva-, -ova-, -eva-, -nu-, etc.: hear, sit, saw, use, grieve, relax, etc.
In a sentence, the infinitive can perform the function of any member of the sentence. Most often it is part of the predicate.
The girl began to write poetry at the age of 6 at the same time in Russian, German and French (predicate).
And the queen laugh and shrug her shoulders (predicate).
Smoking is prohibited (subject).
Another attempt to rest was unsuccessful (inconsistent definition).
I suggest you sit and be silent (addition).
We went to some kind of ditch to shoot and to swim in a small river (a circumstance).
As the subject can be an independent infinitive. Usually it is in front of the predicate and is separated from it during pronunciation by a pause, and in writing by a dash.
, included in the predicate, denotes the action of the person named subject.
An infinitive that performs the syntactic function of an adverb goal, refers to the verbal predicate denoting movement. In some cases, such an infinitive can be replaced by a noun.
The infinitive as a complement denotes the action of another person, sometimes not named at all.
All verb forms are formed from two stems: stems of the infinitive and stems of the present tense.
From the stem of the infinitive the infinitive itself, the past tense and the subjunctive mood, the participle and the past participle, are formed, from present tense basics- present tense, imperative mood, participle and participle of the present tense.
To find the stem of the infinitive, from the feminine singular form of the past tense, we subtract the final -la: to say, said - the basis of the infinitive skaz -a-.
To find the basis of the present tense, from the form of the 3rd person plural of the present tense we subtract -at or -ut: to say, they will say - the basis of the present tense is say-.
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From English the word ‘ infinitive' translates as "indefinite". In fact, the very concept of the infinitive is fixed in the language as an impersonal form of the verb, which is devoid of any tense, person, number and mood:
In Russian, the indefinite form is also represented:
Tell him to SPEAK louder - you can't hear anything.
Tell him TO SPEAK louder, I can hear nothing.
It should be noted that in English, unlike Russian, we meet six forms of the infinitive - simple, objective, infinitive turns and complex forms of the infinitive. In this article we will talk about a simple infinitive, consider its functions in a sentence, features of use and translation.
Simple infinitive in English
Let's see how the use of infinitive forms in English helps to implement grammatical relationships in a sentence.
The infinitive answers the question “What (c) to do?”, However, it will never be used as an independent predicate. A distinctive feature of the infinitive is the presence of a particle to and the complete absence of endings:
Infinitive vs. verb (verb)
He likes to travel abroad. - He travels abroad.
He loves to travel abroad. - He travels abroad.
In some cases, a particle to may be missing. For example, paired with a modal verb in English, you should use an infinitive (initial form) without a particle to:
Can you feel the love tonight? - Can you feel the touch of love tonight, - sings Elton John in the soundtrack to the cartoon "The Lion King".
The simple form of the infinitive is dictionary and is used much more often than complex forms. They are addressed to avoid the duality of meaning, in order to avoid distortion of the intention.
Using the English infinitive in a sentence
Speaking of a verb group, it can express part of a compound predicate, be determined by an adverb and have a direct object. As a representative of a noun group, the infinitive is often used as a subject, object, and even a definition.
Verb functions
Noun functions
In formal speech, it usually appears at the beginning of a sentence, while in more informal communication, introductory constructions like ‘ it is well-known’, ‘it is difficult' and others:
To talk like that was very rude of you. It was very rude of you to speak in that tone.
It was very rude of you to talk like that. It was rude to speak in that tone.
Very often the infinitive can be found after the transitive verb. In this case, it expresses the addition in the sentence and is translated into Russian through the initial form:
My husband decided to take us to Paris on holiday. - My husband decided to take us to Paris on vacation.
We offer you a list of verbs, after which the infinitive can act as an object.
As a direct object, the simple infinitive can also be used with question words ( how, when, what, etc.) and after constructions with verb forms to be:
I'm glad to meet you. - Glad to meet you.
Don't look at me. I don't know what to do. - Do not look at me. I do not know what to do.
In the role of a definition, a simple infinitive answers the question “what?” and stands after the defined word in English:
I need a new house to live in. - I need a new house where I can live (to live there).
We cannot put the infinitive after the verb. This will no longer be a definition, but an addition and the sentence will lose its meaning:
Word order is very important here, otherwise you can often get nonsense and you will not be understood.
Very often, as a definition, a simple infinitive comes after pronouns. something, somebody, anything, anybody, nothing, nobody or after ordinal numbers:
I have nothing to wear. - I have nothing to wear.
In conclusion, we want to add that we have only told you about the simple infinitive. In our future publications, we will definitely return to this phenomenon of English grammar.
We wish you success in your studies and interesting practice!
Victoria Tetkina
Infinitive in English is an impersonal form of the English verb, which denotes only an action, indicating neither a person nor a number. The infinitive answers the questions: what to do? what to do?
To speak - speak
In Russian, the infinitive is often called indefinite form of the verb. It is the infinitive that is given in dictionaries as the initial form of the verb.
The formal sign of the infinitive in English is the particle to, which is omitted before the infinitive in some cases.
I was happy to see the car stop.
I was glad to see that the car had stopped.
He must leave before 11 a.m.
He must leave before 11 am.
Infinitive forms
The infinitive in English has four forms in the active (active) voice and two in the passive (passive). Passive forms have only a simple and perfect infinitive of transitive verbs, i.e. verbs used with an object:
- Simple infinitive in the active voice:
pauline likes to write letters.
Polina loves to write letters.
- Continued infinitive:
What is Pauline doing? She must be writing a letter.
What is Polina doing? She must be writing a letter.
- Perfect infinitive in the active voice:
Pauline is glad to have written that letter.
Polina is glad that she wrote this letter.
- Perfect Continuous Infinitive:
Pauline must have been writing that letter since morning.
Polina must have been writing a letter since morning.
- Simple passive infinitive:
This letter seems to be written in pencil.
It looks like this letter was written in pencil.
- Perfect infinitive in the passive voice:
The forms of the infinitive clearly reflect the relationship with the verb-predicate in the sentence.
A simple infinitive in the active and passive voice is used when the action that it expresses either occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the verb-predicate in the personal form, or is irrelevant to the time of the action:
I am happy to see you. (simultaneous action)
I'm glad to see you.
I like to be given gifts.(action irrespective of time)
I like it when they give me gifts.
To show that an action is in the future, the simple infinitive is used after modal verbs. may, must, should, ought to and after verbs to expect- expect, to intend- to intend to hope- hope to want- want, etc. For example:
You may come tomorrow.
You can come tomorrow.
He must do it immediately.
He must do it immediately.
You should put on a warm hat.
You should wear a warm hat.
I expect to see you next week.
I expect to see you next week.
I intend to go to the seaside this summer.
I intend to go to the sea this summer.
I hope to find him at home.
I hope to find him at home.
Continuous infinitive emphasizes the duration of the action, simultaneous with the verb-predicate:
The form perfect continuous infinitive indicates that the action expressed by the infinitive began before the action expressed by the verb-predicate, and continues to this day:
She seems to have been cooking since morning.
She seems to have been cooking since morning.
Infinitive in perfect form is used to denote an action preceding the action expressed by the verb-predicate:
I'm sorry not to have told you about it earlier.
I'm sorry I didn't tell you about this earlier.
Perfect infinitive after modal verbs must and may expresses the assumption that the action has already taken place:
After modal verbs should, ought to, could, might, was/ were The perfect infinitive denotes an action that should have or could have taken place, but did not actually happen.