The indefinite pronouns each and every. Pronouns both, all, whole, each, every, either, neither, other. Pronouns little and few
Hello my dears.
Indefinite pronouns in English play an important role in our speech. Without them, we would sound boring, monotonous and not at all interesting. But the English language is so beautiful - its beauty. Therefore, today we will enrich your speech with new words.
Believe me, there are so many pronouns in English that you can sort them out for hours. Today, let's cover the rule for each as much as possible and see examples.
Some any no
There has already been a very long and detailed discussion about these friendly brothers. But so that you don’t look for it for a long time - I have a table with the pronouns “some, any, no”, where you will learn everything in detail.
Much Many Little Few
It's the same with these "beauties". You can get to know them in as much detail as possible. But for the big picture, let's remember:
- Much - lot - used with uncountable items.
- Many- lot - with countable.
- Little - few - also used with uncountable items.
- Few-few- with countable.
I got little time. I have many contracts to sign. —At me few time. I need to sign a lot of contracts.
There are few free tables today. It will take too much time to wait.- Today free few tables. The wait will take too long.
All - All
This pronoun refers to a group of people or things and gives positive coloration. It is important to remember that the noun after it is always plural.
All the books were sold out. -All books were sold out.
All the students got good test results. - All students got good test results.
And here is the combination all + that gives the value " the only thing».
All that he did was to call me. The only thing he did was call me.
None - not at all
This pronoun also refers to a group of people or things, but gives negative coloration. That is, if something is more than two - we can use none. In addition, it can be used as a complete opposite of the word "all".
-Are there any guests left? - No, none.
- Are there any other guests? - No, none.
We can also use the phrase " none of ».
None of the skirts fits me. None of the skirts fit me.
Both - Both, both
Often two objects similar in some characteristics can be combined with a simple pronoun both. We always use the plural after it.
Both my parents are doctors.- Both my parent - doctors.
It is also important to remember the stable structure « both … and… » . It is very often used in various international tests and exams.
Both Jane and Kate graduated from college this year.- And Jane, and Kate in this year finish college.
Each Every - Each
Both of these pronouns mean everyone". But the only difference is this: each used when we we individualize each person or thing (we mean a limited circle of objects and persons), and every- if we it is more important to generalize them and present them as a whole(here we mean an unlimited number of objects or persons represented).
He pays rent every month . She pays rent every month. (i.e. an unlimited number of months - all months of the year and possibly more than one year).
He will spend there 6 months – and each month he will report to the Chief Manager about results.
Every teacher was given a task to prepare the graduate class for the contest. -. Every teacher(that is, all from an unlimited number) received the task to prepare the graduating class for the competition.
Each teacher was given a task to prepare the graduate class for the contest. - Each teacher (i.e. each from a certain list of schools) was given the task of preparing the graduating class for the competition.
Either - any. Neither - none (of two)
And either and neither are used for two people, places or things. And after them, a singular noun is usually used.
Either child is funny. - Any child is funny.
Neither man is rich. - Nobody is rich (of the two of them!).
You can often find the forms " either … or…» or " neither… nor … » in the meanings of " or that...or that..." and " neither this... nor that..." respectively.
Neither Kelly nor Mona is coming to the literature club this evening. Neither Kelly nor Mona are coming to the Literary Club meeting tonight.
Either Peter or Mary will come to the dinner tonight.- Or Peter, or Mary will come today on the dinner.
Another - another. Other\s - others
Pronoun another used when something else is needed one similar. And only a singular noun follows it.
My pencil doesn't’ t work. Can you give me another one, please? -My pencil has broken. Can you give me another one?
Other is used with nouns plural.
Some people like to sleep with closed curtains. Other people (or simply "Others») are different. - Some people like to sleep with the curtains closed. Others remain indifferent.
one. Ones
These pronouns are used to avoid repeating words. The first option is used with the singular, but the second with the plural.
-Which skirt do you like? - The red one.(i.e,Red skirt)
-What skirt do you like? - Red.
-What shoes do you like? - The white ones.
-What shoes do you like? - White.
Of course, to leave you without practice would be a crime. Therefore, I already have, where I have collected the most interesting exercises. Of course, with answers. Let's practice faster!
Well, I'll say goodbye to you for now.
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Indefinite pronouns (INDEFINITE PRONOUNS)
To indefinite pronouns include pronouns some, any, no(and their derivatives), none, much, many, little, few, all, both, either, neither, each, every(and its derivatives), other, one .Pronouns some and any
Some is used in affirmative sentences, a any in negative sentences general questions (direct and indirect) and conditional sentences. They are1. Some and any are used with meaning several, some-rno, some:
a) as pronouns-adjectives before plural nouns. In this case some and any are often not translated into Russian in separate words:
Note. Some sometimes used before countable nouns in the singular with the meaning some. In this case, the pronoun some is close in meaning to the classifying article:
I"ve read it in some book(in a book). I read this in some book.
b) as noun pronouns instead of plural nouns:
Some and any used with the meaning of a certain amount, a little, some:
a) as pronouns-adjectives before it by countable nouns. In this case some and any are usually not translated into Russian in separate words:
Give me some water please. Give me water, please.
Have you bought any sugar? Did you buy sugar?
There isn't any ink in the ink pot. There is no ink in the inkwell.
b) as noun pronouns instead of uncountable nouns:
Some(but not any) used in special questions, as well as in general questions in which something is proposed or
Where can I get some cigarettes? Where can I get a cigarette?
Why didn't you buy some cheese? Why didn't you buy cheese?
Won't you have some tea? Do you want tea?
Can I have some cold water? Can I get cold water?
Some also used with the meaning some as a pronoun-adjective before plural nouns and as a pronoun-noun instead of plural nouns:
When some some refers to a certain group of persons or objects, i.e. when there is an article before a noun the or possessive or demonstrative pronoun, after some preposition is used of.
Some of the first-year students are taking the examination to-morrow. Some first year students are taking the exam tomorrow.
Some of my friends speak two for eign languages. Some of my friends (some of my friends) speak two foreign languages.
Some can be used before uncountable nouns with the meaning part:
Some of the wheat was shipped yes terday. Part of the wheat was shipped yesterday.
Some of the sugar was packed in bags. Some of the sugar was packed in bags.
Some with meaning some with meaning part It is used both in affirmative and in sentences: Some used before numerals (along with about) with meaning approximately:
There were some fifty people there. There were about fifty people there (fifty people).
We waited some twenty minutes. We waited about twenty minutes (twenty minutes).
Any used in affirmative, interrogative and negative sentences with meaning anyone, anyone before countable nouns in the singular and uncountable and nouns:
Pronouns derived from some and any
Some and any in conjunction with one, body and thing form indefinite pronouns someone, somebody someone, anyone anyone, anybody anyone something something, anything anything anything. These pronouns are always used as noun pronouns and serve as the subject or object in the sentence.1. Like some and any, pronouns someone, somebody and something used in affirmative sentences, a anyone, anybody and anything - in negative proposals, general questions (direct and indirect) and conditional sentences:
2. When these pronouns serve as the subject, then the verb is put in the singular (like the verb after someone, anyone, something, anything In russian language):
Somebody has taken my book. Someone took my book.
Is there anybody there? Is there anyone there?
3. Someone, somebody and something(and not anyone, anybody and anything) are used, similar to the pronoun some, in special questions, as well as in general questions in which something is proposed or any request is made:
Why didn't you ask somebody to help you? Why didn't you ask someone to help you?
Will you have something to eat? Do you want something to eat?
Will someone help me? Anyone help me?
4. After pronouns somebody and anyone no preposition used of. Combination some of us (you, them, students one
5. Anyone, anyone, anything can be used in the same way as the pronoun any, with meaning anyone, anyone, both in affirmative and interrogative sentences:
Anybody can do that. Anyone can do it.
You may play anything you like. You can play whatever you want (any thing you want).
May I play anything I like? Can I play whatever I want (any thing I want)?
6. After the pronoun anyone pretext of not used. Combination any of us (you, them, students etc.) is translated into English any of us (you, them, the students, etc.).
Note. Some and any in conjunction with where form adverbs somewhere, anywhere somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere :
- Did you go anywhere yesterday? -Did you go anywhere yesterday?
- No, I didn't, but I shall go somewhere to-morrow. - No, I didn't go, but I'll go somewhere tomorrow.
Pronouns no and none
Pronoun no used as an adjective before nouns singular and plural number. no has the same meaning as not ... but(before singular countable nouns) and not ... any(before plural countable nouns and before uncountable nouns)
nouns). In the presence of on the verb is used in the affirmative form, since in an English sentence there can be only one negation:
Before a countable noun in the plural and before an uncountable noun in the function of the subject, the pronoun is used no(rather than not any):
Before a countable noun in the singular in the function of the subject, not a or (less commonly) no:
Not a newspaper (No newspaper) wrote about it. Not a single newspaper wrote about it,
no not used as a pronoun-noun; pronoun is used instead none, which replaces as a countable noun in singular and plural number, and an uncountable noun:
Pronouns derived from no
1.no in conjunction with body, one and thing forms negative pronouns no one, no one none, and nothing nothing, which are used only as noun pronouns. These pronouns are used with the verb in the affirmative form, since there can only be one negative in an English sentence.
Nobody equal in value not ... anyone, no one - not ... anyone and nothing - not ... anything:
2. Not ... anyone, not ... anyone and not ... anything used more often than no one, no one and nothing. However, only no one, no one and nothing :
Nobody (by one) knew about it. Nobody knew about it.
Nothing special happened yesterday. Nothing special happened yesterday.
3. When nobody and nothing serve as the subject, the verb is put in the singular (like the verb after nobody, nothing In russian language):
Nobody has told me about it. Nobody told me about it.
There is nothing in the box. There is nothing in the box.
4. After pronouns nobody and no one no preposition used of. Combination none of us (you, them, students etc.) is translated into English none of us (you, them, the students, etc.). When it comes to two people none of us (you, them etc.) is translated into English neither of us (you, them, etc.).
Note. no combined with adverb where forms an adverb nowhere nowhere, nowhere :
Where did you go? - Nowhere. Where did you go? - Nowhere.
Pronouns much and many
Pronouns much and many are used both as pronouns-adjectives and pronouns-nouns.
1. Much and many as pronouns-adjectives used with the meaning lot. Much used before uncountable nouns, a many before countables:
2. Much and many as noun pronouns used with the meaning: much much, much, much many many. After much and many In this case, the preposition is often used of:
Much and many are used mainly in interrogative and negative sentences:
Have you much work to do today? Do you have a lot of work today?
I haven't many french hooks. I have few French books.
In affirmative proposals much and many are used only when they are defined by words very, too, so, as, how or when they serve as subjects or definition to the subject:
In other cases, in affirmative sentences, instead of much are used a lot (of), lots (of), plenty (of), a good deal (of), a great deal (of). Instead of many are used a lot (of), lots (of), plenty (of), a great many, a good many :
Note. Much also used as an adverb:
does not read very much. He doesn't read very much.
Pronouns little and few
Pronouns little and few are used both as pronouns-adjectives and pronouns-nouns.
1. Little and few as pronouns-adjectives used with the meaning few. little, like much, used before uncountable nouns, and the pronoun few, like many, before countable nouns:
I have very little time. I do not have much time.
There is very little ink in the ink pot. There is very little ink in the ink tank.
Has not few friends. He has few friends.
There were very few people there. There were very few people there.
In affirmative sentences little and few very rarely used and replaced not much and not many in cases where they are not defined by one of the words very, too, so, as, how:
Note. Little also used as an adjective meaning small, small and adverbs with meaning few :
I want the little box, not the big one (adjective) You rest too little (adverb). You rest too little.
2. Little as pronoun-noun used with the meaning few, little and the pronoun few- with meaning few:
Little has been said about it. Little has been said about this.
Many people were invited but few came. Many people were invited, but few came.
1. Little and few can be used with the classifying article - a little Little and a few a little, a few:
Please give me a little water. Give me some water, please.
I have a few books on this subject. I have several (few) books on the subject,
A little a little and a few a little, a few are used in the sense of some, albeit a small amount, while little and few little used in the sense not enough, almost none: I "ve got a little time. I have a little time.
I've got little time. At I don't have enough (not enough) time.
Has not a few friends. At he has several friends.
Has not few friends. At He has few (almost no) friends.
Note. The classifying article before little and few refers not to the noun defined by these pronouns, but to the pronouns themselves with which it is one: a little Little, a few a little, a few.
2. Little and few can be used with the individualizing article - the little with meaning that small amount a the few with meaning those few, those few:
Pronoun all
Pronoun all It is used both as an adjective pronoun and as a noun pronoun. Pronoun both both used: Pronoun either refers to two persons or things and is used with the meaning one or the other, one of the two, any of the two. Either Pronoun each everyone used in relation to limited number persons or objects. Each It is used both as an adjective pronoun and as a noun pronoun. Pronoun other other, others are used both as an adjective pronoun and as a noun pronoun. Pronoun one used as a pronoun.
1. As pronoun-adjective all used with the meaning all with plural countable nouns and with meaning all, all, everything with uncountable nouns. Article the, possessive and demonstrative pronouns are placed after all:
All the students have passed the ex-amination. All students passed the exam
He spends all his free time in the reading-room. He spends all his free time in the reading room.
Note. Before singular countable nouns instead of all commonly used the whole:
The whole house was destroyed by fire. The whole house was destroyed by fire.
With words morning, day, night and other notations of time is used as all, so the whole. All(the) morning the whole morning; all(the) day the whole day etc.
All can define a noun with an individualizing article and without an article. The question of the use of the article is decided on the basis of the general rules for the use of the article, regardless of the presence all:
2.
As pronoun-noun all used with the meaning all, all:
All said the same thing. Everyone said the same thing.
I know all. I know everything.
All in meaning all
We all know it. - We all know that.
they all went there. They all went there.
all, however, comes after the verb to be:
They are all here. They are all here.
We are all glad to see you. We are all happy to see you.
When the predicate is expressed in a complex verb form or a combination of a modal verb with an infinitive, then all costs after ancillary or modal verb,
We have all read this article. We have all read this article.
We shall all be here to-night. We'll all be here tonight.
You must all go there. , You all must go there.
If there are two auxiliary verbs, all comes after the first one:
We have all been informed about it. We have all been informed of this.
They have all been working here since morning. They all work here in the morning
However, in short answers all stands before an auxiliary or modal verb:
- We all are.- We all.
:- Who can do it? - Who can do it?
- We all can.- We all.
All
not invited us all. He invited us all.
I know you all. I know all of you.
I'll give tickets to them all. I'll give them all tickets.
Combinations we all, us all equal in value to the combination all of us; you all - all of vou; thev all, them all - all of them:
Combinations all three of us, all four of them etc. translated into English: All three of us, all four of them or: We all three, they all four.
Instead of all in meaning all more commonly used everybody or everyone, instead of all all - everything.
When all in meaning all is the subject of the sentence, the verb is plural, while after everybody all
All were of the same opinion on this question. = Everyone was of the same opinion on this issue
Everybody was of the same opinion on this question. =
After all in meaning all and everything all the verb is singular:
All is ready. = Everything is ready
Everything is ready. = Everything is ready
Notes: 1. Russian everything, that corresponds in English all that or everything that instead of all (everything) what (common student mistake):
It's all I need. That's all that I want.
I told him everything I knew. I told him everything that I knew.
That, however, it is usually omitted:
That "s all I want. I told him everything I knew.
2. Keep in mind that all in meaning any translated into English by anything(not all or everything):
He is always ready to do everything (anything) for you. Is not always ready to do anything for you.
Take whatever you want (whatever you want). Take anything you like.
He does whatever he wants (whatever he wants). Doesn't do anything he likes. Pronoun both
1. As pronoun-adjective. The noun can be used without an article or with an article. the, which is placed after both. A possessive or demonstrative pronoun is also placed after both:
Both (the) brothers live in Moscow. Both brothers live in Moscow.
Both my daughters are married. Both my daughters are married.
As pronoun-noun:
Didn't give me two magazines yesterday I have read both. He gave me two magazines yesterday; I have read both.
Both often comes after the pronouns we, you, they before the verb-predicate:
We both participate in this work. We both participated in this work.
They both graduated from the University last year. They both graduated from university last year.
both, however, comes after the verb to be:
You are both right. You are both right.
They were both there. They were both there.
When the predicate is expressed by a complex verb form or a combination of a modal verb with an infinitive, then both costs after ancillary or modal verb, and not after the pronouns we, you, they:
They have both gone to the Caucasus. They both went to the Caucasus.
We shall both be here to-night. We'll both be here tonight.
We must both go there. We both have to go there.
If there are two auxiliary verbs, both comes after the first one:
We have both been informed about it. We were both informed of this.
They have both been working here since morning. They both work here in the morning
However, in short answers both stands before an auxiliary and modal verb:
- Who is going there? - Who goes there?
- We both are. - Both of us.
- Who can do it? - Who can do it?
- We both can. - Both of us.
Both also often comes after pronouns in the object case - us, you, them:
not invited us both. He invited both of us.
I know you both. I know both of you.
I'll give the tickets to both of them. I will give tickets to both of them.
Combinations we both, we both equal in value to the combination both of us you both - both of you; they both, them both - both of them:
When both is the subject of the sentence, the verb is plural:
You have given me two examples; both are correct. You have given me two examples; both are correct.
Both not used in negative sentences. Offers They both didn't show up for the meeting, we both didn't know about it. translated into English: Neither of them came to the meeting. Neither of us knew about it.
Note. Attention should be paid to the translation of the union both ... and like... so and, and... and:
Both Peter and Mary were there. Both Peter and Mary were there.
The coat is both good and cheap. The coat is good and cheap. Pronouns either and neither
1. As a pronoun-adjective either used before a singular countable noun. As a noun determiner, either
You may go by either road. You can go on one or the other road (on any of the two).
take either book. I don "t mind which. Take one of these (two) books. I don't care which one.
2. When either used as a pronoun-noun, often followed by a preposition of :
Here are two dictionaries; you may take either (of them). Here are two dictionaries; you can take any (of them).
3. Either also used with the meaning both , both, each (of two) :
There were chairs on either side of the table. With toy and the other (on each) side of the table were chairs.
There were many fine houses on ei the bank of the river. There were many beautiful houses on both sides of the river.
4. When either is the subject of the sentence, the verb is put in the singular:
Either of the examples is correct. Both examples are correct (both examples are correct).
Pronoun neither neither one nor the other is the negative form of the pronoun either:
We accepted neither offer. We did not accept either proposal.
Neither of the statements is true. Neither statement is correct.
Notes: 1. Either is used in negative sentences as an adverb with meaning also :
I haven't seen him either. I haven't seen him either.
Notes: 2. Neither it is also used as an adverb in turnover of the type: Neither do I. I, too
- Hasn't seen this "film yet. He hasn't seen this movie yet.
- Neither have I. - Me too.
3. Either ... or or or and neither ... nor no no are unions:
Is not either in Kiev or in Odessa now. He is now either in Kyiv or Odessa. Neither my wife nor I liked this story. Neither my wife nor I liked this story. Pronouns each and every
1. Each used as pronoun-adjective before a singular countable noun. As a noun determiner, each excludes the use of the article before the noun to which it refers:
There are new houses on each side, of the street. There are new houses on each side of the street.
When each used as pronoun-noun, for it is often followed by the preposition of:
There were four students in the room, and I gave a ticket to each (of them). There were four students in the room and I gave a ticket to each (of them),
each of us received a ticket to the concert. Everyone from got us a ticket to the concert.
Note Each combined with a pronoun other forms a reciprocal pronoun each other each other :
They see each other very often. They often see each other (see each other).
Pronoun every everyone, everyone, Unlike each, used when a limited number of persons or objects is not meant. Every used only as an adjective pronoun before a singular countable noun. As a noun determiner, every excludes the use of the article before the noun to which it refers:
I see him every day. I see him every day.
Combination each of us (you, them) cannot be translated into English by every. In this case, the pronoun is used each: each of us (you, them).
Note. In some cases, every is translated into Russian through all:
You have every opportunity to achieve it. You have all opportunity to achieve this.
We have every reason to believe them. We have every reason to believe them.
Every in conjunction with body, one and thing forms pronouns everybody, everyone each, every, all and everything all. Everybody, everybody and everything are used only as a pronoun-noun and serve as a subject or object. When everybody, everyone and everything serve as the subject of the sentence, the verb is put in the singular: Everybody (everyone) is here. All here. Everything is ready. Everything is ready.
I saw everybody (everyone) there. I saw everyone there.
Didn't tell me everything about it. He told me all about it.
Note. Every in conjunction with where forms an adverb everywhere everywhere: You can get this book everywhere. You can get this book everywhere. Pronoun other
1. As pronoun-adjective other used before nouns in both the singular and the plural. Before others, as in front of any adjective defining a noun, there may be a classifying or individualizing article, or there may be no article, in accordance with the rules for the use of articles. Classifying article an spelled with others, forming a pronoun another:
After other an indefinite pronoun can be used one to avoid repeating the previously mentioned noun:
This is not a very good example; I want another one. This is not a very good example; I need another.
Note. Pronoun another also used with the meaning more with countable nouns preceded by a numeral:
won't stay here another three days. He will stay here three more days.
Give me another two books. Give me two more books.
2. As pronoun-noun instead of a noun in the singular with a classifying article is used another, and instead of a noun with an individualizing article - the other. When replacing a noun in plural other takes the ending -s - others- and is used with an individualizing article or without an article:
Note. Other included in reciprocal pronouns each other and one another each other
Pronoun one
1.One used in the function of the subject in sentences corresponding in Russian to indefinite personal sentences:
One never knows what his answer may be. You never know what he will say One should be careful when crossing the street Be careful when crossing the street.
One in the function of the subject is often used with verbs must, should, ought, can, may. In Russian, such combinations correspond to the words must, must, must, must:
One must observe ... Observe...
One should take into consideration ...
one can find ... Can be found...
One can be used in the possessive form one"s:
One must always keep one "s word. You must always keep your word.
2. One is used to avoid repeating the previously mentioned countable noun in the singular when it should have been repeated with a classifying article:
Take my pen. - Thank you, I "ve got one (= a pen). Take my pen. - Thank you, I have a pen. I haven't got a dictionary. I must buy one (= a dictionary). I don't have a dictionary. I have to buy a dictionary.
3.One is used to avoid repeating the previously mentioned countable noun in the singular, a ones- a noun in the plural, when it should be repeated with an individualizing article in the presence of an individualizing definition. In this case before one and ones worth the article the. The one has the meaning that, that, that a the ones- those:
These apples are sweeter than the ones I bought yesterday. These apples are sweeter than the ones I bought yesterday.
4. One used after adjectives (in the positive and comparative degree) to avoid repeating the previously mentioned noun in the singular, a ones- plural noun:
I have lost my fountain pen; I must buy a new one. I lost my fountain pen; I have to buy a new one. This is a black pencil and that is a red one. This is a black pencil, and then red,
These cases are too small; we need some bigger ones. These boxes are too small; we need bigger boxes.
After adjectives in the superlative degree of pronouns one and ones usually not used:
There are very many stories in this book. Which of them is the best(less often: the best one)? There are a lot of stories in this book. Which one is the best?
Note. One not used to replace the preceding uncountable noun. Uncountable nouns after adjectives are not replaced by anything:
I prefer cold milk to hot. I prefer cold milk to hot.
5. One used after pronouns this, that, which, another, the other to replace the previously mentioned singular countable noun:
This radio set is better than that one. This radio is better than that.
another one. I don't like this pen. Give me another. Here are two books. Which one would you like? Here are two books. Which one would you like?
After these pronouns one, however, may not be used:
This-radio set is better than that .
I don't like this pen. Give me another .
Here are two books. Which would you like?
To replace a plural noun ones can be used after with:
Here are some books. Which ones would you like? Here are some books. What would you like?
After these and those pronoun ones, usually not used:
These radio sets are better than those. These radios are better than those.
Ones, usually not used after other; to replace a noun in the plural, the form is used others:
I like this pen, but I don't like the others. I like this pen, but I don't like the others.
6.
One sometimes used after the first, the next, the last:
January is the first month of the year, and December is the last one. January is the first month of the year, and December is the last.
7.One not used after possessive pronouns my, his, her, our, your, theirs, which must always be followed by a noun. If the noun is not mentioned, then the possessive pronoun is used in the form of the pronoun-noun mine, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs):
This isn't my pencil, mine is blue. This is not my pencil, mine is blue.
8.One not used after nouns in the possessive case:
My fountain pen isn't very good Kate's is much better. . My fountain pen is not very good. Katina is much better.
In order not to miss new useful materials,
If you are reading this material, you have obviously already read the first article on indefinite pronouns in English(). Also in the first part of this topic you will find a general test for all indefinite pronouns. As you have already noticed, this is the largest group of pronouns. Moreover, each of them needs to be discussed separately, since they have their own nuances of use. And the context in which they are used may also differ.
Pronoun both
This pronoun should be translated in the following words: both, and the one and the other; and... and. In Russian, these words are used in speech quite often. How do we use this pronoun in English? As a pronoun-adjective, it performs the function of a definition in a sentence. Note that the noun in question in this situation can be followed by the definite article.
Both these shops are too expensive. Both of these shops are too expensive.
Both my friends are invited to this party. Both my friends are invited to this party.
Indefinite pronoun both also used as a noun. Then its functions in the sentence are , nominal part . When both is the subject of the sentence, the verb-predicate should be pluralized.
Both of them are mine. They are both mine.
– We were both in the hospital. We were both in the hospital.
I know two versions of what has happened. Both are correct. I know two versions of what happened. Both are correct.
– Did you watch the movies I advised you? Have you seen the films I recommended?
– Yes, I've seen both. Yes, I've seen both.
Pay attention to the placement of the indefinite pronoun both:
- before the verb-predicate;
- after to be;
- between auxiliary verbs, if there are two;
- after (if we have a combination of modal verb and);
- before an auxiliary or modal verb in short answers;
- after pronouns in object .
They both took part in this competition. Both of them took part in this competition.
They should both be disqualified! Both of them should be disqualified!
We have both been tested. We've both been tested.
Who will tell him? Who will tell him?
– We both will. - Both of us.
I am fond of them both.- I like them both.
And, finally, here's another point: the indefinite pronoun both not used in negative sentences. The pronoun comes to help and replace him neither , which we will discuss below.
Neither of them believed me. They both didn't believe me.
Pronouns either, neither
The first of the presented pronouns is translated "one or the other", "one of the two", "any of the two", and, accordingly, refers to two persons or objects. When this pronoun is an adjective, it is used with singular countable nouns.
Either book will do. Any of these (two) books is fine.
I didn't like either restaurant. “I didn’t like either one or the other restaurant. (and there are two restaurants)
When either is a noun pronoun and is often followed by of :
either of you may come. Any of you can come.
Don't forget: if either is the subject, the verb-predicate should be put in the singular form.
Has either of you read this report? - Any of you read this report?
Negative option either is an indefinite pronoun neither. And his translation is appropriate: neither one nor the other; none.
Neither of my friends is reliable. “None of my friends can be relied upon.
Is she German or British? Is she German or English?
– Neither. She is American. - Neither one nor the other. She is American.
Pronouns each, every
There is a slight difference between these two indefinite pronouns in English: the first is used for a limited number of persons or things, and for the second there are no restrictions. Their translation is the same - each (at every also "everyone").
Working as a pronoun-adjective, each placed before a singular countable noun.
Each man will be paid according to his ability. “Each worker will be paid according to his classification.
Each building contains twenty flats. - There are twenty apartments in each house.
But as a pronoun-noun, this word in most cases (but not always) takes the preposition of:
He gave each of us a ticket. He gave each of us a ticket.
The apples cost 20pence each. “Apples cost twenty pence apiece.
And here is the indefinite pronoun every can only work as an adjective pronoun before singular countable nouns.
Not every man can swim. Not everyone can swim.
He checked the buses coming every ten minutes. He checked the buses coming every ten minutes.
Behind every great man there is a great woman. Behind every great man is a great woman.
In the first article, we talked about pronouns derived from words some, any, no: somebody, anyone, nothing, anywhere, etc. Indefinite pronoun every can also form other pronouns with words body, one, thing, where: everybody, everyone(every, everyone, everyone) everything(all), everywhere(everywhere). In the sentence these words (except everywhere) are subject or object because they are used as noun pronouns. Note that the verb-predicate with them is singular.
Everyone has his own opinion. - Everyone has their own opinion.
Everybody hates him. - Everyone hates him. (everyone hates him)
Everything you know about fitness is a lie. Everything you know about fitness is a lie.
English is everywhere! – English everywhere!
Pronouns other, another
Translation of pronouns other/another are the words "other", "other". And we can use them both as nouns and as . If this pronoun is an adjective, put it before the noun (in any number). Moreover, before the pronoun other There can be both definite and indefinite articles. Combined with the indefinite article an we get the pronoun another, which can also be translated as "more".
We must find some other way. We must find another way.
There was no other place to go. “There was nowhere else to go.
We shall visit the other parks tomorrow. We must visit other parks tomorrow.
Let's join them another time. Let's go with them another time.
Will you have another cup of coffee? – Will you have more coffee?
Pronouns other, another we use to replace a noun in the singular: if you need to replace a word with an indefinite article, we take another; if with a certain - the other. If you need to replace a plural noun, use the form others.
She has bought one bag, and now she is going to buy another. She bought one bag and is now going to buy another.
There is one key in this drawer. Where is the other? There is one key in this box. Where is the other?
I chose this article because there were no others describing this problem. – I chose this article because there were no others describing this problem.
Pronoun one
The last indefinite pronoun in English that we will pay attention to is the pronoun one . As a noun pronoun, this word is used:
- As a subject in indefinite personal sentences:
One must learn English. - You need to learn English.
- To avoid repeating the noun that was mentioned before:
–Don't you want to buy a dictionary? Are you going to buy a dictionary?
Thanks. I have one. Thanks, I have (one).The white bridge is longer than the black one. – The white bridge is longer than the black one.
We have two different questions. Which one would you like to answer? We have two different questions. Which one would you like to answer?
However, it should not be used after possessive pronouns - my, his, her, our, your, their– and after nouns in .
This is my book. Yours is on the other table. - It's my book. Yours is on the other table. (not your one)
My house is bigger than Jack's. My house is bigger than Jack's house. (not Jack's one)
There is quite a lot of information describing indefinite pronouns in English. Therefore, if you learn the material of both articles, you can rightfully be proud of yourself!
If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter.
In the function of the subject, object and definition.
Both(the) girls came late. Both girls are late.
Both(the) sisters are married. Both sisters are married.
b) without a subsequent noun or pronoun and act as a subject, nominal part of a predicate or object.
Did you see our new students? - Have you seen our new students?
Yes, I saw both. Yes, I've seen them both (both).
They are both good students. They are both good students.
It was both cold and wet. It was both cold and damp.
c) in negative sentences instead of both the pronoun is used neither.
Neither of them recognized me. They both didn't recognize me.
- All(everything, everything) - acts as a subject, complement, definition or noun-application.
With countable nouns in the plural, it is used with the meaning "everything".
All the students have passed their examinations. All students passed their exams.
With uncountable nouns, it is used with the meaning "all", "all", "everything". Article the, possessive and demonstrative pronouns are placed after all.
Not spent all his money. He spent all his money.
Don't want to know all the information about it. He wants to know all the information about it.
Note. Before singular countable nouns instead of all commonly used the whole.
The wholesale city was destroyed. The entire city was destroyed.
- Whole(whole, whole) - used before a noun in the singular in the function of an adjective - a definition.
They skated the wholesale day yesterday. They skated all day yesterday.
The wholesale world knows the first cosmonaut - Yuri Gagarin. The whole world knows the first cosmonaut - Yuri Gagarin.
- Each(each) - acts as a subject, complement and definition.
Each of them was given a task. Everyone got a job.
Each actor was given flowers. Each actor was given flowers.
- Every(everyone, everyone) has a more general meaning, approaching the value of all (everything, everything).
Every student must attend the lectures. Every student must attend lectures.
Every man carried a torch. Each (person) carried a torch.
Pronoun every is a component of indefinite pronouns everybody, everyone- everything, everyone, everything- all.
Everybody knows this athlete. Everyone knows this athlete.
Everyone turned to him. Everyone (at once) turned to him.
He did everything to help her.
He did everything to help her.
- Either- one of the two, one or the other, either.
There are two tickets. You may take either of them.
There are two tickets here. You can take any of them.
BUT: Either as an adverb is used in negative sentences in the meaning of "also" (so is used in affirmative sentences in the same meaning).
didn't go there and she didn't go either. (= Didn't go and neither she did).
He didn't go there, and she didn't go either. (He didn't go and she didn't go either.)
I went out and she went out too. (= I went out and so did she).
I went out and she also went out.
- Neither(neither one nor the other, no one) is the negative form of the pronoun either.
Neither of the pupils answered this question. None of the students answered this question.
Which did you buy? Neither. - What (which.,.) did you buy? Nothing (neither one nor the other ...).
- Other, another- another.
Doesn't like to read science fiction and doesn't read other books.
He likes to read science fiction and does not read other books.
Here you can find Indefinite Pronouns in English/ English Indefinite Pronouns/ Indefinite Pronouns.
Indefinite pronouns (INDEFINITE PRONOUNS)
1. The indefinite pronouns some, any, all, each, every, both, either, other, another, many, much, little, a little, few, a few, one are simple, and the pronouns somebody, anybody, something, anything, someone, anyone, everybody, everything, everyone - complex.2. Indefinite pronouns one someone, someone and other other can be plural:
one-ones
other - others
The indefinite pronouns one, other, as well as all complex pronouns containing -one and -body in their composition can be in the possessive form:
Not attracted everyone's attention by his laughing.
With his laughter, he attracted the attention of everyone (everyone's attention).
3. Indefinite pronouns can perform the following functions in a sentence:
a. Subject:
Then quite suddenly everything became strangely quiet.
Then all of a sudden everything became surprisingly calm.
b. Nominal part of the predicate:
The medical and teaching professions are the ones that are far from easy.
The professions of doctors and teachers are professions that are far from easy.
c. Additions:
Not had been obliged to think of others.
He had to think about others.
d. Definitions:
All things are difficult before they are easy.
Before it becomes easy, everything is difficult. (Every beginning is difficult.)
4. The pronouns some, any usually serve as a definition for a noun. Nouns
defined by these pronouns are always used without an article.
5. The pronoun some is usually used in affirmative sentences.
If the pronoun some is a definition for a countable noun, it is translated by the words several, some:
Some of my friends can speak English.
Some of my friends can speak English.
If the pronoun some is a definition for an uncountable noun, then it is translated by words a little, a certain amount, or not translated at all:
Bring me some water, please!
Please bring me (some) water!
When I have some free time I read English books in the original.
When I have free time, I read English books in the original.
The pronoun some can also mean approximately, about:
Some fifty students were present at this lecture.
About fifty students attended this lecture.
6. The pronoun any is usually used in interrogative and negative sentences.
If the pronoun any is a definition for a countable noun, it is translated by the words any, any:
Have you got any written exercises today?
Do you have any writing exercises today?
If the pronoun any is an attribute to an uncountable noun, it is translated by the words some, some amount, or not translated at all:
Is there any tea in that glass?
Is there tea in that glass?
In affirmative sentences before countable nouns, any means any, anyone:
You can get any book you like in our library.
You can borrow any book you want from our library.
In negative sentences, any means no:
Today we do not have any lessons but mathematics.
Today we have no classes except for mathematics.
The pronoun any, as a rule, is not translated if used instead of the previously mentioned
noun:
I want some material on this subject. Have you got any?
I need material on this topic. Do you have (such material)?
7. Compound pronouns formed from the pronouns some, any, can be used respectively in
affirmative, interrogative and negative sentences:
It was followed by a hush as though something important had been said at last.
Silence followed, as if something important had finally been said.
"I didn't mean anything".
I didn't mean anything.
8. The pronoun all all, all, everything, everything expresses a combination of more than two objects or persons. It can be used with both uncountable and countable nouns in both singular and plural:
All the students were ready for the lesson.
All students were ready for class.
Wasn't busy all the time.
He was busy all the time.
The pronoun all can be used in a sentence in the function of a subject, a nominal part of a predicate, an object, a definition:
All that glitters is not gold. (subject)
All that glitters is gold.
I worked hard all my life. (definition)
I have worked hard all my life.
If the pronoun all is used instead of an animate noun, then it is combined with a plural verb; if the pronoun all is used instead of an inanimate noun, then it is combined with a verb in the singular:
All were ready for the lesson.
Everyone was ready to go.
All is well that ends well.
All is well that ends well.
The pronoun all is often used in phrases like all of us, all of us, all of them, all of them, etc.
All of us watched the Goodwill Games which took place in Moscow, Tallinn and Jurmala in July 1986.
We all followed the Goodwill Games that took place in July 1986 in Moscow, Tallinn and Jurmala.
9. The pronouns each, every can only be used with countable nouns in the singular.
The pronoun each means each (individually), and the pronoun every means anyone, any:
Each group numbers twenty-five students.
There are twenty-five students in each group.
It is necessary to protect the future of our planet in every possible way.
By all means possible, the future of our planet must be protected.
The pronoun each can be used instead of a noun:
I asked the students to read and translate the text; each read in turn.
I asked the students to read and translate the text; each (student) read in turn.
10. Compound pronouns everybody, everyone, anyone, everyone, everyone everyone and everything everything are combined with the verb in the singular:
Everybody was informed of the changes in the agenda of the meeting.
Everyone was informed about the changes in the agenda of the meeting.
11. The pronouns both both, either each of the two, and both can be used when it comes to only two persons or objects.
Both means both as a whole:
Both looked dark and entirely deserted.
Both seemed gloomy and completely abandoned.
Either means each of the two, both, and one of the two:
I didn't see either of them.
I haven't seen any (of either) of them.
12. The pronoun another is used with singular countable nouns and has the meaning one more, another (not this one):
One good turn deserves another. (good turn).
One good service deserves another. (Debt good turn deserves another)
The pronoun other is used with nouns both in the singular and in the plural and has the meaning of other, others:
There is a high building on the other side of the street.
On the other side of the street (there is) a tall building.
My friend took the other magazines.
My friend took other magazines.
The pronouns another, other can be used instead of a noun. In this case, the pronoun other can be pluralized:
Besides he knew what the others would say.
Besides, he knew what others would say.
13. The pronoun one someone, someone can be plural and possessive:
one - the ones
one - one "s
The pronoun one is used in a sentence as a subject when the subject is unknown. In this case, the pronoun one is combined with a verb in the third person singular and is not translated into Russian, and the verb-predicate is translated by a verb in the second person singular or in the third person plural:
One never knows what to do in a situation like this.
You never know what to do in a situation like this.
Often the pronoun one as a subject is combined with modal verbs. Together with modal verbs, it is translated by the words can, need, should:
One must do everything in time.
Everything should be done on time.
The pronoun one can be used instead of the countable noun mentioned earlier to avoid repetition:
It is easier to ask a question, then to answer one.
It is easier to ask a question than to answer it.
As a substitute for a noun, the pronoun one can be used with various definitions:
There are troubles in everyday "s life, and very often the small ones are more irritating than the big ones.
There are (always) troubles in everyday life, and very often the little ones (the troubles) are more annoying than the big ones.
14. Pronouns many - many, many, few - few, a few - several are used with countable
plural nouns:
Parts of the town of Cambridge still remain as they were many years ago.
Some parts of the city of Cambridge are still preserved as they were many years ago.
There are still a few Technical schools in Britain but most of the technical education, full-time or part-time, is provided in Technical Colleges.
There are several other technical schools in the UK, but in most cases technical education, day or night, is provided in technical colleges.
15. Pronouns much a lot, little a little, a little a little are used with uncountable
nouns:
Not will go to London and enjoy himself a little before visiting his step-sister.
Before visiting his half-sister, he will go to London and have some fun.
She knitted stockings and grew vegetables, but she could earn little money; she had to look after her husband, who was like a little child now.
She knitted stockings and grew vegetables, but she could earn little money; she had to look after her husband, who was now like a small child.
The pronouns much much and little little can be used on their own without a definable noun. In this case, they are combined with the verb-predicate in the third person singular:
There is only precious quarter of an hour of freedom and so much can be done in it.
There is only a precious quarter of an hour of freedom, and how much can be done during this time.
is not poor that has little, but he that desires much.
Poor is not the one who has little, but the one who wants a lot.
16. The pronouns few, little, a few, a little, differ in their meaning: few, little are translated a little; a few, a little mean a little, a few:
There is little coffee in my cup.
There is not enough coffee in my cup.
There is a little coffee in my cup.
There is some coffee in my cup.