Classes of pronouns. syntactic role. Pronoun: general meaning, morphological features, syntactic role

29.09.2019

The pronoun can be any part of the sentence:

II want to sleep(subject) .

it she is (predicate) .

Misha - my brother(definition) .

The teacher called his (addition) .

How longit will go on(what included in the circumstance) ?

Ranks of pronouns

A. Classes of pronouns according to grammatical features (depending on which part of speech they are used instead of).

1. Pronouns-nouns ( me, you, we, you, he, who, what, someone, nobody, yourself and etc.). Their features:

point to objects

· answer the questions of nouns (who? what?);

change in cases ( someone, something are used only in the form of I.p.; nobody, nothing, yourself do not have the form of I.p.);

are associated with other words in a sentence as nouns.

2. Pronouns-adjectives ( mine, yours, ours, yours, what, some, this, that and etc.). Their features:

indicate signs of objects;

· answer the questions of adjectives (what? whose?);

are associated with nouns, like adjectives;

change, like adjectives, by number, gender (in the singular) and cases ( what does not change in cases; possessive him, her, them do not change at all, unlike homonymous forms of personal pronouns him, her, them);

pronoun which the adjoins pronouns-adjectives (it changes by gender, numbers and cases), but sometimes, as an ordinal number, indicates the order of objects when counting ( - What time is it now? - Fifth).

3. Pronouns-numerals ( how many, how many, several). Their features:

indicate the number of items;

・Answer a question How many?;

are associated with nouns as cardinal numbers;

usually change by case.

B. Ranks of pronouns according to lexical meaning.

1. Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate the participants in the dialogue ( I, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects ( he, she, it, they).

2. Returnable: myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or thing named by the subject, the person or thing named by the word myself (He won't hurt himself. Hopes did not justify themselves).

3. Possessive: mine, yours, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object ( This is my portfolio. Its size is very convenient).

4. Index: this, that, such, such, so much, this(outdated), this(outdated). These pronouns indicate a sign or quantity of objects.

5. Determinants: himself, most, all, everyone, each, any, other, different, everyone(outdated), all kinds(outdated). Definitive pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.

6. Interrogative: who, what, which, which, whose, how much. Interrogative pronouns serve as special interrogative words and indicate persons, objects, signs and quantities. (Who's here? Whose ticket? What time is it?).

7. Relative: the same as interrogative ones, but serve to connect parts of a complex sentence, these are the so-called allied words (I found out who came. This is the house that my grandfather built).

8. Negative: nobody, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute, a pronoun; formed from interrogative pronouns using prefixes neither-, no- (No one answered. No one to blame).

9. Undefined: someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefix something- or postfixes - then, -or, -someday:someone, somebody, something and etc. ( Someone called. Someone gets fired).

Notes:

1) Pronouns that, himself, pronouns this, all in the form singular, neuter (this, everything) and some others in certain contexts can act as noun pronouns, like substantiated adjectives (He is no longer dangerous for us; He will come; This is a book; Everything ended well).

2) Some pronouns have homonyms among the official parts of speech (this is what): This is a book (pronoun). -Moscow is the capital of Russia (indicative particle); I know what to say to him (pronoun, allied word). - I know that he is here (union).

VERB

1. Verb- this is a part of speech that denotes the action or state of an object, answers the questions what to do? what to do?: go, fly, get sick, cheer up.

2. Each verb has the following forms:

the initial form, which is called indefinite form(or infinitive). It ends with -ty, -ty, -who(these are formative suffixes): color ti, ne whose, kupa be Xia. The indefinite form only names the action or state, without specifying either time, or number, or person, because. it is the invariant form of the verb. It has only the permanent features of a verb;

conjugated forms (not infinitive). They have permanent and non-permanent features of the verb;

· participle;

· adverb.

3. Verbs are divided into transitional and intransitive(this is constant feature verbs). transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object, the name of which can be expressed

noun (or pronoun) in the accusative case without a preposition: read the newspaper, see him;

A noun in the genitive case without a preposition denoting a part of something: drink tea, cut bread;

a noun (or pronoun) in the genitive case without a preposition with a negative verb: have no right not to see her.

All other verbs are intransitive: walk in the park, believe in good.

4. Verbs with the postfix -sya (-s) are called returnable: shave Xia, torture Xia . Other verbs irrevocable: think, know(this is a constant feature of verbs). All reflexive verbs intransitive.

5. Verbs are perfect or imperfect species (this is a constant feature of verbs). The types of the verb show how the action proceeds.

Perfective verbs answer the question what to do? and indicate the completion of the action, its result, the end of the action and the beginning: sing. They have two tenses: the past (what did you do? - sang) and the future is simple, consisting of one word (what will they do? - sing). The present tense verbs do not have a perfect form.

Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do? and when denoting an action, do not indicate its completion, result, end or beginning: sing. They have three tenses: the past (what did you do? - read), present (what are they doing? - bloom) and the future is difficult, consisting of two words - “I will” (“you will”) and indefinite form given verb (what will do? - will draw, will sing).

Verbs have three forms inclinations(this is non-permanent feature verbs). The mood forms show how the speaker evaluates the action, that is, whether he considers it real, possible or desirable under any condition.

· Indicative shows that the action is real, actually happening, happened or will happen: We are enemies meet simply: beat, beat and we will beat .

· Subjunctive (conditional) mood shows that the action is possible only under certain conditions: I am without you would not get to the city and would freeze on the road. Subjunctive mood formed from the past tense form by adding a particle would (b). Particle would written separately.

· Imperative mood denotes an action that is ordered, asked, advised to perform: spray with water. The imperative mood is formed by adding the suffix - and to the stem of the present (future simple) tense or without a suffix: carry - carry - carried and . In plural add postfix -those: carry those .

The verb can perform all 5 functions:

1) subject:

Live (subject) - to serve the motherland.

2) predicate:

My duty is to study well (predicate). I love (predicate) ice cream.

3) addition:

· The coach told us (what?) to come (addition) to training at 9-00.

4) Definition:

· The dream (what?) to leave the city as soon as possible (definition) did not leave me.

5) circumstance:

· I will go to Moscow (why?) to enter (objective circumstance) at MGIMO.

Participle is characterized in linguistics in different ways. Some linguists consider participles to be a special form of the verb, while others consider them to be an independent part of speech.

PARTICIPLE

Participle - special shape verb (or an independent part of speech), which denotes a sign of an object by action, combines the properties of an adjective and a verb and answers the question which? (what? what? what?)

Participles, like adjectives, agree with the noun in number, gender (singular) and case.

initial form the participle is the same as that of the adjective - singular, masculine, nominative: fled, built, opened.

The main signs of the sacrament

A) General grammatical meaning- this is the value of the attribute of the object by action: thinking, talking, standing, being solved, shot, drunk.

B) Morphological features:

1. Participles are formed from verbs and retain the following signs of verbs:

the transition,

return,

2. Unlike verbs, participles do not have future tenses. Only participles formed from imperfective verbs have present tense forms. Wed: think(imperfect species) - thinking, thinking; think(perfect view) - thinking.

3. Participles have the following signs of adjectives:

Participles, like adjectives, change in number, gender (in the singular) and cases (in full form): fled, fled, fled, fled;

Participles, like adjectives, agree with the noun in number, gender (singular) and case: lost diary, lost book, lost time; lost hours, wasted time;

· passive participles, like quality adjectives, have full and short forms: drunk-finish; Lost-lost.

C) Syntactic signs:

1. In a sentence, participles, like adjectives, are usually definitions or part of a compound nominal predicate: Enthusiastic we forgot about everything(definition) ; All aroundseemed immersed into thoughtfulness(part of the compound nominal predicate).

2. Short participles, like short adjectives, play the role of a compound nominal predicate in a sentence: Bookdisclosed on the eighth page

GENERAL PARTICIPLE

The participle is a special invariable form of the verb, denoting an additional (secondary in nature) action in the sentence and answering the questions what are you doing? having done what?

Leaving, waiting, seeing.

A gerund with dependent words is called participle turnover.

Leaving for the village, waiting to go on stage, seeing his brother.

Formation of gerunds- gerunds are formed from verbs with the help of special suffixes -a, -ya, -v, -lice, -shi:

gerunds imperfect form are formed from the basis of the present tense with the help of suffixes -а, -я:

· be silent: silent-at → silently;
decide: decide-yut → deciding;

gerunds perfect look are formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of suffixes -v, -lice, -shi:

shut up: shut up be → hushed up;
solve: decide be → deciding;
to do: busy be-sya → preoccupied;
bring: brought- ti → bringing.

Single gerunds may lose the signs of a verb and move into the category of adverbs. In this case, the former participles cease to denote a secondary action (they cannot be replaced by verb forms, they usually cannot be asked questions doing what? having done what?), but denote only a sign of action, like adverbs, and answer the question how? Participles that have passed into the category of adverbs are not separated by commas.

For example: Dasha listened in silence, often closing her eyes.

Closing- a gerund, since it has dependent words and can be replaced by a verb form (cf .: Dasha listened and often closed her eyes).

Silently- an adverb, since it no longer denotes an additional action (one question is asked to it as?; question doing what? cannot be specified); in this context cannot be compared as equal actions: listened to and was silent(silence accompanied the only action - listened to).

The participles have the characteristics of two parts of speech - the verb and the adverb.

Like verbs, gerunds are:

imperfect and perfect form: typing (doing what?) - typing (doing what?);

transitive and intransitive:transitional cleaning (what?) the room, throwing (what?) a stick; intransitive gleaming in the sun, stepping into the abyss;

returnable and non-refundable: swinging - swinging, bending down - bending down;

Participles can attach indirect cases of names
nouns and explained with adverbs: agreeing (to what?) to a hint, holding (how?) tightly.

Just like adverbs, gerunds do not change in the sentence either.
act as circumstances explaining the verb - predicate.

ADVERB

Adverb- this is an independent (significant) part of speech, which denotes a sign of an action, a sign of an object or another sign. The question to an adverb depends on its meaning, which it expresses.

In a sentence, an adverb is usually an adverb and answers questions. as? to what extent? where? where? where? when? why? why? :Autumn.(where?) Overhead(how?) gradually begins to turn yellow, blush, turn brown leaves on the trees (V. Bianchi).

Most often, an adverb refers to a verb ( write correctly), less often to an adjective, participle, gerund, another adverb, noun ( winter cold day; short flowering shrub; walk joyfully bouncing; surprisingly easy to explain,reluctant tragedian).

An adverb is an invariable part of speech: it does not decline, does not conjugate, does not agree with other words. The adverb does not and cannot have an ending.

Ranks of adverbs

According to the general semantics, two categories are distinguished:

1. definitive

2. adverbial.

The attributive category includes adverbs denoting qualities, mode of action, intensity of manifestation of the trait.

Within the boundaries of the defining category stand out:

1. adverbs of action with the meaning of quality: fast, fun, clear;

2. Comparison: bearish, hedgehog;

3. intensity of the sign: too, very, a little;

4. multiplicities: twice, thrice.

The circumstantial category includes:

1. adverbs of place: below, above;

2. adverbs of time: long time ago, tomorrow;

3. adverbs of reason: rashly, joyfully;

4. adverbs of purpose: on purpose, on purpose;

5. adverbs of compatibility: threesome, together and etc

PRETEXT

Pretext- this is a service part of speech that expresses the dependence of nouns, numerals and pronouns on other words in phrases and sentences: want to mom, I'm going per bread, go on three, come back per her.

Pronoun is an independent part of speech indicates on objects, signs, quantity, but does not name them: me, myself, your, so much and etc.

Pronouns answer the questions of nouns (who? what?), adjectives (what? whose?), numerals (how many?): he laughs my brother, several pencils.

Morphological and syntactic signs of pronouns also depend on what part of speech they replace in the text.

Syntactic role pronouns

The pronoun can be any part of the sentence:

I I want to sleep(subject) .

it she is (predicate) .

Misha - my brother(definition) .

The teacher called his (addition) .

How long it will go on(what included in the circumstance) ?

Ranks of pronouns

A. Classes of pronounsPabout grammatical features (depending on whetherwhat part of speech they are used in.

1. Noun pronouns (me, you, we, you, he, who, what, someone, nobody, yourself and etc.). Their features:

point to things;
answer the questions of nouns (who? what?);
change in cases ( someone, something are used only in the form of I.p.; nobody, nothing, yourself do not have the form of I.p.);
associated with other words in a sentence, like nouns.

2. Pronouns-adjectives ( mine, yours, ours, yours, what, some, this, that and etc.). Their features:

indicate signs of objects;
answer the questions of adjectives (what? whose?);
associated with nouns, like adjectives;
change, like adjectives, by number, gender (in the singular) and cases ( what does not change in cases; possessive him, her, them do not change at all, unlike homonymous forms of personal pronouns him, her, them);

3. Pronouns-numerals ( how many, how many, several). Their features:

indicate the number of items;
answer the question How many?;
associated with nouns as cardinal numbers;
usually change case by case.

B. Discharges of pronounsby lexical meaning.

3. Possessive: mine, yours, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object ( This is my portfolio. Its size is very convenient).

4. Index: this, that, such, such, so much, this(outdated), this(outdated). These pronouns indicate a sign or quantity of objects.

5. Determinants: himself, most, all, everyone, each, any, other, different, everyone(outdated), all kinds(outdated). Definitive pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.

7. Relative: the same as interrogative, but serve to connect parts of a complex sentence, these are the so-called (I found out who came. This is the house that my grandfather built).

9. Undefined: someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefix something- or postfixes - then, -or, -someday: someone, somebody, something and etc. ( Someone called. Someone gets fired).

Notes:

1) Pronouns that, himself, pronouns this one, all in the singular, neuter gender ( it's all) and some others in certain contexts can act as noun pronouns, like substantiated adjectives ( He is no longer dangerous to us; Himself will come; This is a book; Everything ended well).

Plan morphological analysis pronouns

1. Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question.

2. Initial form.

3. Permanent morphological features:

category in relation to another part of speech (pronoun-noun, pronoun-adjective, pronoun-numeral);
category by value (personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, indicative, attributive);
person (for personal pronouns);
number (for personal pronouns of the 1st person and 2nd person).

4. Variable morphological features:

case;
number (if any);
gender (if any).

5. Role in the sentence (which member of the sentence is the pronoun in this sentence).

pronoun parsing patterns

Imagine yourself joy some botany, which the suddenly finds himself on a desert island, where these since no human foot has set foot, and where he can enrich my collection all sorts outlandish representatives of the flora(N.S. Valgina).

(Imagine)yourself

to whom?

2. N. f. — myself.

3. Permanent morphological features: pronoun-noun, reflexive.

4. Variable morphological features: used in the form of the dative case.

5. In the offer, an addition.

some (botany)

what?

2. N. f. — some.

3. Constant morphological features: pronoun-adjective, indefinite.

4. Inconstant morphological features: used in the singular, masculine, genitive.

which the

1. Pronoun, indicates the subject; answers the question who?

2. N. f. — which the.

3. Permanent morphological features: pronoun-adjective, relative.

5. Subject in the sentence.

(before) these (since)

1. Pronoun, indicates a sign; answers the question what?

2. N. f. — this.

3. Permanent morphological features: pronoun-adjective, demonstrative.

4. Variable morphological features: used in the form plural, genitive case.

5. In the sentence, part of the circumstance of time.

draw(leg)

1. Pronoun, indicates a sign; answers the question whose?

2. N. f. — nobody's.

3. Permanent morphological features: pronoun-adjective, negative.

4. Non-permanent morphological features: used in the singular, feminine, nominative case.

5. The proposal has an agreed definition.

1. Pronoun, indicates the subject; answers the question who?

2. N. f. — he.

3. Permanent morphological features: pronoun-noun, personal, 3rd person.

4. Non-permanent morphological features: used in the singular, masculine, nominative case.

5. Subject in the sentence.

my(collection)

1. Pronoun, indicates a sign; answers the question whose?

2. N. f. — mine.

3. Constant morphological features: pronoun-adjective, possessive.

4. Non-permanent morphological features: used in the singular, feminine, accusative.

5. The proposal has an agreed definition.

all sorts (representatives)

1. Pronoun, indicates a sign; answers the question what?

2. N. f. — any.

3. Permanent morphological features: pronoun-adjective, attributive.

4. Non-permanent morphological features: used in the plural form, instrumental case.

5. The proposal has an agreed definition.

Sources:

The section "Pronoun as a part of speech" in the manual E.I. Litnevskaya "Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren"
Section "Pronoun" in L.V. Balashova, V.V. Dementieva "Russian language course"

Additionally on Guenon:

§one. general characteristics pronouns as parts of speech

The pronoun is an independent part of speech. The pronoun is not a significant part of speech.
Pronouns - heterogeneous in meaning and grammatical features word class.

For a pronoun, it is important which words it can replace: nouns, adjectives or numerals. The morphological features and syntactic role of pronouns that indicate objects, features, or quantity are similar to nouns, adjectives, and numerals. Therefore, they are sometimes called “noun pronouns”, “adjective pronouns” and “numeral pronouns”.

1. Grammatical meaning- "instruction".

Pronouns are words that answer different questions. The fact is that a pronoun can replace any name: a noun, an adjective, and a numeral. Pronouns do not themselves express the meaning of different names, but only point to them.

2. Morphological features:

constants - rank by value, other signs are different, they depend on which part of speech the pronoun corresponds to: with a noun, adjective or numeral,
inflected - case (for most pronouns), then differently for pronouns correlated with nouns, adjectives and numerals.

3. Syntactic role in the sentence like nouns, adjectives and numerals.

§2. Ranks by value

Personal : I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
returnable : myself
Possessive : mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, mine
Indicative: , and also deprecated: such (sort of), this, this
Determinants: all, everyone, each, any, other, other, most, himself, and also obsolete: every, every
Interrogative :
relative : who, what, which, which, which, whose, how much
Indefinite: pronouns formed from interrogative-relatives with the help of prefixes not, something and suffixes -something, -or, -nibud: someone, something, several etc. under.
Negative: no one, no one, nothing, nothing, none, no one

In school practice, the ranks of pronouns learn by heart. Believe experience, guys are the worst defining pronouns: not remembered and that's it! They are kind of different.

The user of our site O.V. Lobankova sent a rhyme, including definitive pronouns.

ALL day I teach myself lessons,
ANY question is up to me.
But EVERY time to board
My name is, I'm all in anguish.
I am the smartest, but shy;
ANOTHER dare me, to envy.
ANOTHER teacher does not know
That EVERY time “tortures” me!

(Olga Lobankova)

1) an interrogative word in interrogative sentences;
2) an allied word connecting parts complex sentences in a complex sentence.

Others consider them to be different words with different functions, but identical in form, i.e. homonyms. Proponents of this interpretation distinguish not one category, but two:

Interrogative
- relative

§3. Morphological features of pronouns associated with different names

Language allows us to avoid many unnecessary repetitions of the same words. This is possible, in particular, because pronouns can take on the role of other words. They are able to replace names in sentences: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Consider an example:

Yaroslavl- beautiful city. Yaroslavl stands on the banks of the Volga.

If in the second sentence we replace the word Yaroslavl to the pronoun he, we avoid repeating: He stands on the banks of the Volga.

If a pronoun can replace a noun, then it corresponds to the noun, if it is an adjective, then to the adjective, and if it is a numeral, then to the numeral.

1. Pronouns related to nouns

This group includes:

all personal pronouns
reflexive: oneself ,
interrogative-relative: who, what ,
indefinite: someone, something, someone, something, etc.,
negative: nobody, nothing .

Morphological features of these pronouns are similar to the morphological features of nouns. They also have gender, number and case. And personal pronouns also have an invariable sign of a person.

Pronouns, like nouns, do not change in gender. In some words, belonging to the genus is expressed by endings: he she it, there are no other indicators of the genus. But often the genus can be determined from the context. The forms of the adjective in singular help. or past tense verbs, for example: someone came, someone unknown, something big. Thanks to syntactic links, we know that the word who- m.r., a what- average. Pronouns I and you - generic, compare: I already grown up. I already an adult.

Number

Pronouns have a fixed sign of number. I and we, you and you, he and they- this is different words. A feature of pronouns that correlate with nouns is that they do not change in numbers.

case

Pronouns change in cases, i.e. bow down.
But:

at the reflexive pronoun myself, negative nobody, nothing no form I.p.,
someone there are only forms of I.p.,
with an indefinite pronoun something there are forms I. and V.p.

Face

Personal pronouns have a person. Pronouns do not change by person.

syntactic role in a sentence, like a noun. For example:

nobody nothing won't know.

Nobody- subject, nothing- addition.

Myself cannot be subject. The second feature is that myself can be included in the predicate together with the verb. The pronoun in this case does not add any other meaning than reflexivity.

2. Pronouns related to adjectives

This group includes:

all possessive pronouns
demonstrative: almost all pronouns of this category,
all definitive pronouns,
four interrogative and relative: which, which, which, whose,
indefinite, formed from which, which, whose: any, some and etc.
negative: none, none

Like adjectives, the pronouns they refer to change in gender, number, and case to match the noun they refer to.
The exception is possessive pronouns. her his, used in the singular, and the pronoun them, used in plural. These are immutable words. Examples:

I.p. her, him, them sister, brother, community
R.p. her, him, them sister, brother, society
D.p. her, him, them sister, brother, community
V.p. her, him, them sister, brother, society
etc. her, him, them sister, brother, community
P.p. (about) her, him, them sister, brother, community

I.p. her, him, their sisters, brothers, windows, etc.

Examples show that possessive pronouns her his and them themselves do not change. Their grammatical form is determined by nouns.

Pronouns what, such coinciding formally with short adjectives, like them, they change by gender and number.

What father, what is mother, what is state, what are laws, such is son, such is daughter, such is society, these are customs.

Syntactic role in a sentence predominantly - a definition, less often a part of the predicate. For example:

mine, yours- definitions.

Without industrious ability nothing.

Nothing- part of the predicate. (Zero bond to be)

3. Pronouns related to numerals

This is a small group of pronouns, which include the words how many, so many and their derivatives: several, some, etc.

Like numerals, these pronouns change by case. They have no gender or number. Like numerals, they, being in the form of I. and V.p. control the form of the noun: they require a noun after themselves. in the form of R.p. plural, for example: a few apples, so many kilograms. In other cases, they agree with nouns in the case, for example: several apples, so many kilograms, (about) so many kilograms.

Like numerals, in a sentence, such pronouns perform the same role as the noun to which the pronoun refers. For example:

Several apples lay on the table.

Several apples- subject.

He ate some apples.

Several apples- addition.

test of strength

Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.

Final test

Can a pronoun replace verbs?
Is it correct to assume that the syntactic role of a pronoun in a sentence can be the same as that of the nouns, adjectives or numerals that it replaces?
Which of the features characteristic of personal pronouns do not have other pronouns?
- case
- Numbers
Is the person of personal pronouns permanent?
Which case form does not have a reflexive pronoun myself?
What part of speech do pronouns refer to? how much, so much?
- With nouns
- With adjectives
- With numerals
Which case forms do not have pronouns nobody, nothing?
someone?
- Everything except I.p.
What forms does the pronoun have? something?
- I.p. and V.p.
- Only I.p.
- Only V.p.
What category do pronouns belong to? this, that, such, such, so much?
- Determinants
- Undefined
- pointing
How many pronouns in the example: Treat every person the way you would like everyone to treat you.?

Right answers:

With numerals
I.p. and V.p.
pointing

In contact with

Pronouns- these are declined nominal words that do not name objects, their signs and quantities, but only indicate them.

Ranks of pronouns:1) Personal pronouns

face	units h.,Cases - im. (rd., dt., vn., tv., etc.)	pl. h.,Cases - im. (rd., dt., vn., tv., pr. )
	I (me, me, me, me / me, both to me)	we (us, us, us, us, about us)
	you (you, you, you, you / you, about you)	you (you, you, you, you, about you)
	he (him / him, him / him, him, them / him, about him) she (her/her, her/her, her, her/her/her/her, about her) it (his / him, him / him, him, them / him, about him)	they (their/them, them, them/them, them/them, about them)

Personal pronouns refer to the person in question. Pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person designate the participants in the speech ( I, you, we, you). 3rd person pronouns indicate a person or persons not taking part in the speech ( he, she is, it, they). 2) Reflexive pronoun Transfers the value of the direction of the action to the subject of the action ( I see myself in the mirror).

Declines in cases: - yourself ( rd., ext. cases), yourself ( dt., etc.), oneself, oneself ( tv.).

There is no nominative form. It does not change in persons, numbers and gender. Changes in cases. 3) Possessive pronouns Possessive pronouns indicate the belonging of an object (object, property, etc.) or several objects to a particular subject or group of subjects. They change according to persons, numbers and genders, and also decline according to cases, consistent with the noun being defined. 3rd person pronouns ( him, her, them) do not decline and therefore adjoin the nouns they define. 4) Interrogative pronouns Interrogative pronouns are used in interrogative sentences. This group (as well as its related groups) relative, negative and uncertain pronouns) includes a variety of words from a grammatical point of view. The ability to change in numbers and genders, as well as to decline in cases, fully corresponds to the properties of the words they replace:

5) Relative pronouns Used to attach a subordinate clause to the main clause.

In russian language - who, what, what, what, whose, which, how much.

Relative pronouns can be different parts of a sentence depending on which word they replace. 6) Demonstrative pronouns

7) Definitive pronouns
8) Negative pronouns9) Indefinite pronouns

10) Indefinite personal pronouns The most numerous in Russian. language category of pronouns. Their task is to point to an indefinite set. They are formed from interrogative pronouns with the help of postfixes - that, - either, - some and prefixes not-, somewhere, and some-: something, somebody, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, some. Cliches like anywhere are close to indefinite pronouns.

Word formation of pronouns: Pronouns are formed from pronouns by prefixes neither-, not-, something- and suffixes -something, -or, -anyone: who - no-who, not-who, someone, anyone, anyone. Syntactic role: The role of the pronoun directly depends on which category it belongs to. Since the variety of pronouns gives them wide possibilities, they can act as a subject, predicate, definition and object - depending on the context.

Pronoun- this is independent part of speech, which indicates objects (things, persons, their number), but does not name them: you, they, so much. Pronouns answer questions of nouns who? what?, adjectives which? whose? and numerals How many?: I laughing my sister, several horses.

Morphological and syntactic features of the pronoun depends on which part of speech in this case it replaces.