Start picking porcini mushrooms. mushroom calendar. How to collect mushrooms. When the frost hits

The mushroom season begins in mid-April - early May. On the northern slopes of the ravines, in the forest thickets, where the sun rarely looks, porous snow still lies, and on the edges of broad-leaved and deciduous forests, warmed by the sun, in clearings and near forest roads morels appear. The mass growth of morels is observed from the first to the third decade of May. At the same time, you can collect lines. These mushrooms love pine forests, settle in clearings and roadsides on sandy soil.

Morels and lines are poisonous when fresh. Before eating, they are carefully processed: boiled 2-3 times, draining the broth, or dried.

In early June, the mushroom picker will meet the first russula. There are many varieties of cheesecakes. These are the most fruitful mushrooms and you can collect them until late autumn. Russula are easy prey, in other places of the forest there are a lot of them, and it seems that unusual flowers of a wide variety of colors and shades have grown in the emerald green.

In June, you need to look into the birch forests if you want the basket to be filled with the first boletus boletus, and in the sparse, light pine forests, you can collect butterflies. At this time in the forest, mossiness mushrooms are often green. From the second half of June, the growth of mushrooms noticeably increases: more than 15 species of cap mushrooms can already be found in the forest.

AT pine forests, overgrown with heather, aspen and often birch forests, very conspicuous mushrooms appear - aspen mushrooms. Their red hat is visible from a distance on a green carpet. These mushrooms grow until late autumn, but most of all they happen from the first decade of August to the second decade of October. In June, when the first warm rains, chanterelles will appear in abundance, settling in cheerful flocks on grassy and mossy forest clearings. At this time, you can search in the light pine forest and the king of mushrooms - boletus, and in early July, white mushrooms appear in birch forests.

In June, pigs are found, champignons are found in forest glades and edges, and in July families of milk mushrooms begin to come across in coniferous with birch and birch forests. It is necessary to take a closer look at the bumps, because under a layer of last year's needles and leaves, the mushroom often hides from the eyes of the mushroom picker.

Of course, August is considered the most mushroom month, and mushrooms are its best gift. From the first days of the month, they pour out in the young growth of spruce and pine forests. The second half of August and the first decade of September - Golden time for the mushroom picker: just have time to collect abundant harvests of mushrooms valuable for drying, pickling and pickling. At this time, there are a lot of boletus, boletus, boletus, mushrooms, milk mushrooms. Less valuable mushrooms also grow - volnushki, rows, podgruzdki. In August, you can meet autumn mushrooms, but their time has not yet come. There are many mushrooms in September, when other mushrooms begin to disappear. The sky frowns more and more often, watering the thinned forest with fine cold rain. Fallen leaves are everywhere - a flowery outfit of autumn, among which it is already difficult to find a mushroom, but honey agarics are in plain sight. Surrounding the stump, they climb up in a crowd, as if they were damp and cold on the ground. Until the first snow, you can carry these tasty and clean mushrooms from the forest with full baskets.

The mushroom calendar is capricious. No year coincides with another in terms of the number of mushroom species and their yield. Only the order of appearance of mushrooms is almost constant.

A real mushroom picker meets the sun in the forest with trophies in a basket. Early in the morning, when there are still no oblique sun rays, the mushroom is more visible. Those who are late can only get overgrown mushrooms and cut off mushroom legs. Walk slowly through the forest, some will run around it and return home with an empty basket, and mushrooms like to play hide and seek. Under a thick branch, in moss, among a pile of leaves, they often hide from the eyes of mushroom pickers, especially after a summer dry wind. In rainy summer, mushrooms settle in clearings and along the edges. If you find a mushroom, then circle around: mushrooms often grow in groups. No need to pull the mushroom out of the ground with the root, it is better to cut it with a knife without scattering forest floor. Save the mycelium - you will get a good harvest in the future.

The Russian writer S. T. Aksakov wrote that mushrooms have favorite places where they will certainly be born every year in greater or lesser numbers. And he had such places in mind, he did not come from the forest without mushrooms. “I always have a lot of noticed mushrooms, mostly porcini,” Aksakov said, “and I take them at the age I need, or leave them to reach their full development and beauty”

(S. T. Aksakov. Collected works, vol. 4. M., ed. art. lit., 1956, pp. 594-595.)

It is best to collect mushrooms in wicker baskets, stacking them with their caps down or sideways if the mushrooms are long-stalked. In buckets due to lack of inflow fresh air mushrooms can "burn" and deteriorate. You can not collect mushrooms in backpacks and bags - in this container they crumple and crumble.

Fresh mushrooms brought home must be sorted, cleaned and processed immediately, they cannot be stored.

Who, in an exciting mushroom hunt, did not have to wander in an unfamiliar forest, finding the way to the house! Of course, it is good to have a compass with you, but it is not always at hand. Therefore, when picking mushrooms, it is necessary to pay more attention to the features of the area: a conspicuous tree, clearings, bends in the road, etc. It is useful to occasionally look back in order to remember the way back from the forest.

At night, it is easy to navigate by the moon. Full moon opposes the sun, which means that at 7 o'clock. it is in the west, at midnight - in the south and at 19 o'clock. - in the east. A straight line drawn through the two extreme stars of the Big Dipper, which has the shape of a bucket, will pass to the bright Polaris, which is always in our hemisphere in the north.

Do lonely standing tree the crown is always thicker and more magnificent on the south side. On sections of stumps, the thickness of annual rings is wider to the south. Resin protrudes from the pine trunks on the south side, and moss and lichens grow on stones and trees from the north. Anthills are usually located on the south side of a tree or stump.

The sides of the horizon can be easily determined with the help of a watch. For this hour hand point to the sun.

A line from the center of the clock through the middle of the angle formed by the hour hand and the direction of the number 1 will indicate where north and south are. Before lunch, south will be to the right of the clock hand, and after lunch, to the left. Exactly at 13:00. the sun is in the south. The minute hand is ignored. The watch should be kept in a horizontal position.

Nature can help the mushroom picker determine the weather for the coming days. Before a bad weather, oxalis and forest grains droop, meadow clover folds its leaves, sweet clover smells strongly, and dandelion, thistle and coltsfoot flowers close. Yellow acacia flowers usually smell strongly in the evening. If their aroma is felt on a sunny morning, this is a thunderstorm.

Going to the forest for mushrooms, pay attention to your flower garden. Ipomoea, mallow, marigolds folded their petals and seemed to fade - it means it will rain and you need to put on rubber boots and take your coat with you.

The mushroom season in the forests near St. Petersburg is from August to November, but edible mushrooms can be found Leningrad region almost all year round.

And so - you gathered your courage, stocked up on a tool, got acquainted with and even found out! Let's figure out whether you are going to the forest in time. We look at the mushroom picker's calendar for the most popular edible mushrooms known in the forests of the Leningrad Region.

Let your quiet hunting be successful, and dinner in good company and at home or at the recreation center will be a good reminder of our northern nature.

White mushroom has long been considered the king among all mushrooms. The people call it in different ways: boletus, korovik, cowshed, bear cub, pechura, cow, belovik. Even when there are many different mushrooms in the forest, each mushroom picker tries to collect as many mushrooms as possible in his basket. This edible mushroom is so popular due to its irresistible appearance and excellent taste.

The stocky, strong forest king is a porcini mushroom, has a velvet, brown hat. It grows in spruce and pine forests. The mushroom has a chestnut-brown cap. The pulp of the cap is strong with a pleasant smell. Its shape is round and convex, at a break it retains after a while White color. The mushroom cap is spongy below and smooth above. In a young boletus, the tubular layer of the cap is white, in a mature one it is yellowish. The cap diameter is 25 cm. The leg is strong and thick. Near the ground it is often wider than at the top and has a light fine mesh. In mushrooms that have grown in shaded places, it is long. The thickness of the legs reaches 10 cm, and the average height is 12 cm. The weight of the porcini mushroom is 200 g, but giants weighing up to 7 kg are found in nature.

Where does the king of mushrooms grow and when is it better to go hunting for him? You can go to the forest for mushrooms from early June to mid-September. It is in these months that after the rain there is a “wave” of growth of mushrooms. The porcini mushroom does not always open to the gaze of the mushroom picker. He often hides in mosses, behind decayed brushwood or in fallen leaves.

Borovik loves to grow next to pine, birch, spruce, oak, beech and hornbeam. It can be found in birch forests and even near juniper thickets.

White mushrooms prefer to grow when it is warm and humid. Often it can be found on a lighted place in a sun-warmed lawn, in a sparse forest, on old paths overgrown with grass, on the edge, near glades.

Seeing a white mushroom and taking it into a basket, do not rush to go far from this place. Look around carefully, look for more mushrooms in the vicinity. White mushrooms always grow in families. Sometimes up to 19 porcini mushrooms were found in pine forests in one place. In birch groves, they sometimes make up a family of 5 - 40 pieces.

In addition to trees, there are other noticeable details in nature that give out the close proximity of the white fungus. Red fly agaric, anthills and grass - white-bearded are the most noticeable companions of boletus.
Thus, having some knowledge, you can greatly increase the efficiency of the search for porcini mushrooms.

Elena Pozdnyakova

Acquaintance with the white fungus begins with ... childhood. After all, it is the porcini mushroom that is most often drawn in children's books, and in fairy tales, the “old man-boletus” helps lost travelers in the forest. Borovik - one of the names of the porcini mushroom - just speaks of its place of growth.

White mushroom is the king among other mushrooms. Because it is the most delicious, the most useful, the most, the most ...

The fact that the white mushroom does not change its color even when dried, remains white even in the form of mushroom powder, puts it on the highest level among other mushrooms.

And it is not for nothing that mushroom pickers, both experienced and beginners, dream of returning from mushroom hunting with a full bag of porcini mushrooms.

But cunning porcini mushroom! Despite the fact that it is found everywhere - from the Volga to Far East, goes to the North, wedging almost into the Arctic latitudes, not everyone succeeds in finding it.

Where to look for white mushroom

Its very name - boletus, birch, oak - indicates that the porcini mushroom grows in the forest: pine, birch, oak, spruce. But not in everyone, but only in where there are old-timer trees no younger than fifty years old. So it will be problematic to find a mushroom in a young spruce forest or a birch grove.

White mushrooms do not grow densely. But if a mushroom catches your eye, you need to look for his fellow comrades.

White fungus loves sunny places, so it can be found on the edge of the forest, clearings, among mighty trees, but with open crowns so that it gets as much light as possible.

White fungus grows on various soils - clay, sandy, poor in humus, but these fungi do not exist on peat soil.

White fungus likes to grow among grass, lichens, ferns, moss, but white mushroom does not grow in dense forest or tall grass. But it is often found where the grass cover is interrupted by paths or where cattle are often driven. But on trampled, without vegetation, soil, this fungus is found in isolated cases.

White fungus loves moist soils, but not waterlogged ones. Likes heat, but can't stand heat. Therefore, during frequent rains, he moves to drier elevations, and on hot, dry days, he presses closer to the trees, into the shade. The white fungus grows well during periods when the temperature is kept within 10-18 ° heat, but during frosts, the mushrooms disappear completely, although the mycelium itself remains viable both in extreme heat and in bitter frost.

Experienced mushroom pickers also pay attention to secondary signs by which you can determine whether there is a boletus in the immediate environment or not. A phenological indicator of the presence of white fungus is ... fly agaric. As well as valui and blackies. If here and there these mushrooms peep out of the grass, then it means that the porcini mushroom is somewhere nearby.

When white fungus grows

White fungus, however, like the rest, grows in "waves", or as it is commonly called in mycology - layers.

The first layer of mushrooms appears during the period when rye begins to ear. About in June. Such mushrooms are called "spikelets".

Early July a second layer of porcini mushrooms appears, which are called "stubblers". It falls at the time of harvesting bread.

The third layer of white mushrooms is for autumn - at the time of leaf fall. It's called "leafy".

All three periods of the appearance of porcini mushrooms operate in lowland forests. In the highland forests, the richest harvest of porcini mushrooms is August.

AT northern forests white mushroom grows small, with a cap up to 5 cm in diameter.

AT middle lane mushroom caps are from 3 to 20 cm in diameter. But there are truly giant mushrooms, whose weight reaches 3 kg. Once, near Vladimir, they found a white mushroom weighing 6 kg, and the hat of which was 46 cm in diameter!

But such huge mushrooms, of course, are worms and are not subject to collection.

What Beginner Mushroom Pickers Should Know

In the forests there are inedible and even poisonous mushrooms, which are very similar to white fungus. Therefore, you need to know the obvious signs of the difference between the white fungus and the inedible ones.

White mushroom (boletus) is the real king of mushrooms and perhaps the most desirable prey during the “silent hunt”. Know where porcini mushrooms grow and when exactly myceliums give the most big harvest- the cherished dream and goal of any avid mushroom picker.

White mushroom is considered the most valuable, tasty, fragrant and nutritious.

Huge popularity and even love of many admirers of one of the most "natural" types of leisure boletus won not only appearance, regal posture and rich taste. It is very practical in cooking and preparations in a variety of forms - dried, salted and pickled. In addition, his search in the forest is an exciting activity in itself, developing in a person the healthy qualities of a real seeker.

But before going to the places of the most massive, traditional habitat of this spore plant, let's briefly get acquainted with their varieties and their distinctive features.

White mushroom and its main types

There are several versions of why this mushroom was popularly called white (although it also has another, more official, name - boletus). But despite the variety of all versions, most likely, the etymology of the familiar name is associated with the unique property of this handsome forest- it is the only one among the vast kingdom of various tubular mushrooms that retains its pleasant white color during drying, heat treatment, and also in cut places.

By tradition, experienced mushroom pickers easily distinguish porcini mushrooms in a special way. color scheme and the shape of the cap and stem, as well as the density of its pulp and excellent taste.

Moreover, in size and shape different parts you can determine whether a mushroom is young or old in front of us.

Yes, in his early age boletus has an almost spherical cap. The legs of the noble mushroom "young growth" are usually characterized by a pronounced barrel-shaped, the usual color of the leg is either light gray or light brown.

Over time, in a maturing boletus, the hat straightens out more and more, often so much that it becomes almost flat. At its maximum, the cap of this plant sometimes reaches a size of 20-30 cm. Noticeable metamorphoses also occur with the stem. With growth, it is more and more stretched in height and therefore from a barrel-shaped one it gradually turns into a rather slender cylinder. On average, the stem of the porcini fungus reaches a height of up to 10-15 cm in height, and up to 5-7 cm in diameter.

Usually its strong fleshy flesh is white in color and has a pleasant, pronounced mushroom aroma.

White mushrooms with their "colonies" form in woodland mycorrhiza is a symbiosis of fungal mycelium with tree roots, mainly spruce, pine, oak and birch. Due to the fact that the mycelium penetrates the roots of higher plants, both "cohabitants" receive mutual benefit.

Most often white birch mushroom can be found on the edges and along the roads.

By the way, the color of its cap, the spectrum of which ranges from light brown to brown and dark brown, depends on which tree the boletus forms a close relationship with. In total, there are 3 main varieties of porcini mushrooms:

1. Birch. Most often grows in small groups or singly. His hat is usually either white or light yellow. The pale brown stem of the birch porcini mushroom has characteristic difference from the legs of other porcini mushrooms - a light mesh on it can be distinguished only near the cap.
2. Oak. characteristic feature this kind are its enough large sizes, light tones of the legs of a brownish, ocher or coffee color, the presence of a velvety skin. White (brown) mesh completely covers the entire leg of a cylindrical shape.
3. Pine. The most brightly colored type among all described varieties. In adulthood, his hat grows up to 20 cm in diameter and acquires the color of dark red wine. The tubular layer of the cap is painted in olive color, and a reddish mesh covers the leg from top to bottom.

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When and where do mushrooms grow?

Oak porcini grows in deciduous forests: under oaks, hornbeams, beeches, lindens and chestnuts.

The porcini mushroom as a whole is a rather capricious creature. The fact is that it is extremely sensitive to the features temperature regime the area in which it grows, to the level of humidity and other climatic parameters. This is main reason, according to which the boletus usually does not give too much yield.

However, if climatic conditions fits him, he grows quite quickly. The period of growth and full maturation takes only a few days, and after a week (maximum after 10 days) aging begins with all negative consequences— loss of unique palatability, enhanced worminess and the accumulation in the body of the fungus of toxic waste products of microorganisms, which, like people, love this plant.

Therefore, the mushroom picker should prepare in advance for an active " silent hunting”and try to catch the period when this can be done with the maximum result. Of course, you need to know exactly where exactly to look for the "mushroom king".

If we talk about the area of ​​​​distribution of boletus, then it can be noted that almost the whole world is “mastered” by it. The only exceptions are Australia and the polar (Arctic) zone. True, in Russia this fungus is occasionally found in the southern regions of the tundra on the peninsulas of Chukotka and Kamchatka, in the Khibiny tundra.

Mostly pine white fungus grows in coniferous forests during the summer-autumn period.

The colonies of this noble plant grow quite actively in the Siberian taiga. But the richest in the Russian Federation for crops of porcini mushrooms is traditionally European part countries where vast mixed forests they feel especially good. The most unloved for boletus are the steppe regions.

Boletus can grow in both old and young forests. However, he loves the former more. It is in them that abundant mosses and lichens are often found. At the same time, this mushroom feels good both on loamy and sandy soils that predominate in coniferous forests.

Wherein different types mushrooms demonstrate individual preferences regarding the place of their settlement. So, birch whites grow mainly along forest roads and paths, on forest edges. The oak species, in addition to oak forests, also gravitates towards lindens, chestnuts and hornbeams. The pine boletus coexists equally well both in fairly light and warm glades, and in the shade of dense tree crowns. In doing so, it must always be borne in mind that this mushroom never grows in a completely open area.

Our forest delicacies can be found from June to September inclusive. However, the second half of August is traditionally considered the most fruitful period, when almost ideal conditions for development with short but heavy rains and warm nights with fogs. However, if the spring turned out to be warm and rainy enough, the appearance of young mushroom growth is possible in May.