Climatic zones of Eurasia - description, features and interesting facts. Climatic conditions of Eurasia Location of climatic zones of Eurasia

Sections: Geography

The course of the lesson is fully consistent and built in accordance with the requirements of an innovative form of student-centered learning. The student is recognized as the main subject of the learning process. During the lesson, the creation of the necessary conditions for recognizing the individuality of the student, his experience, the possibility of self-education, self-development and self-expression in the course of mastering knowledge is constantly traced. Conditions have been created for dialogue and polylogue, as well as situations for choosing educational tasks and forms for their implementation

Lesson Form- combined, with the use of research materials.

Lesson Objectives:

• To coordinate the independent work of students, taking into account their personal characteristics, in order to create the most favorable conditions for their manifestation.
• Think over the main types of communication, forms of cooperation between students, students and the teacher, taking into account personal interaction, equal partnership in the classroom.
• In the conditions of student-centered learning, to provide each student, based on his abilities, inclinations, interests, subjective experience, with the opportunity to realize himself in the knowledge of the characteristics of the climatic regions of Eurasia and the climate of our territory.

Tasks:

1. Using the subjective experience of each student about the climate, the ability to independently obtain information using maps, to form knowledge about the features of the climatic regions of the temperate zone of Eurasia.
2. Encourage students to independently choose and use the most significant for them ways of in-depth study of the material about the marine, continental and monsoon types of climate in Eurasia
3. To stimulate the student to self-development and self-expression when choosing, performing practical tasks, solving problematic issues.
4. To assist the creative team in studying the climate of our area, its impact on the economic activity of the population, taking into account the problems of pollution and protection of the atmosphere.
5. Conduct reflection, assessment of acquired knowledge.

Equipment:

Map “Climatic zones and regions of the world”,
- geographic atlases,
- textbook "Geography of the Belgorod region" Part I, M .: Education, 1980.,
- “Anthology on physical geography”, compiled by N.A. Maksimov.

During the classes

I. Frontal conversation:

What is the main reason for climate change?
- What is the largest climatic zone in Eurasia?
What are the climatic regions of the temperate zone?

List the causes that affect climate change from west to east: (the influence of constant winds, ocean currents, relief, massiveness of material, remoteness of the territory from the oceans - the growth of continentality).

II. Group work.

Teacher: using the climate characterization plan, characterize the climatic regions of the temperate zone:

1. Nautical
2. monsoonal
3. Continental

The creative team, using maps of the Belgorod region, characterizes the climate of our area.

Characteristic plan.

1. Belt, region.
2. Position.
3. Temperatures average January and July.
4. prevailing winds.
5. Annual precipitation and their regime.

Students characterize the climatic regions of the temperate zone of Eurasia.

Teacher: We have learned that the formation of climatic regions is greatly influenced by the massiveness of the material and its length from west to east, therefore four climatic regions have formed in the temperate zone.

A significant role is played by constant winds, terrain, ocean currents and remoteness of the territory from the oceans.

Teacher: We will deepen our understanding of each climatic region of the temperate zone with the help of advanced tasks that our students have prepared from additional literature.

I want to dwell in more detail on the maritime climate of temperate latitudes. Now we will all visit “cheerful green England” together, as English poets have sung of their country from time immemorial. And in fact, nowhere you will find such a non-residential, eye-caressing greenery. And the reason for this is the maritime climate. Moisture-saturated winds from the ocean hit the British Isles with heavy rains - they do not allow the rivers to become shallow. In London, half the days of the year are rainy, in the west and north of the country it rains even more.

The weather in England is very unstable, often deceives all expectations and becomes the most malicious violator of traditions. White winter with snow-covered cottages can only be seen on Christmas cards, often it turns into a string of endless rains.

Sometimes in November, when, according to the laws of nature, you expect wet or dense fog, golden, summer-like warm days suddenly fall out. The humid climate usually and gently explains the emerald color of the English landscape - meadows and trees, bushes and lawns. Fog and smog are frequent in England, which last for several days, adversely affecting people's health and traffic. But, of course, after fogs and smog, sea air attracts the most. The sea is felt everywhere in England.

Why does England have a lot of rain throughout the year? (influence of warm current and constant westerly winds).
- What is the reason for the formation of strong fogs? (collision of humid warm air from the sea with colder air on land).
- What is smog? (mixture of mist and solid particles).

Together with me you will go to the east coast of Eurasia. There, the climate is influenced by other climate-forming factors and, of course, the climate will be completely different, gentle in the west. The main factor affecting the climate in the east of Eurasia is the monsoon winds, which, as you know, change their direction 2 times a year. I want to dwell on the summer monsoons in more detail.

When the monsoon rains come, a person is full of joy. And not only a person experiences these feelings and animals, and birds, plants.

With the arrival of the monsoon, monsoon showers come from the Pacific Ocean. They bring coolness to the earth, restore its beauty, fill ponds, streams, rivers with water. For another day, everything is covered with a green carpet, bushes and trees begin to sparkle with emerald foliage. Animals and birds waited for food, and, in a short time, from lean, exhausted, they become strong and well-fed. Shower doji come not for a day or even for a week, for the whole summer from May to September. Heavy rains not only enliven nature, but are also a moment of distress and anxiety for residents of coastal areas and those living in river basins. The water level rises strongly, filling the surrounding territories, floods come with rains, which often take the lives of people and animals, even at this time fishing stops, since work at sea is not possible, hurricanes and storms are planned, the wind blows from the sea to land.

Name the rivers that are influenced by monsoon rains (Amur, Songhua, Huang He, Yangtze, Indus, Ganges).
- What do you think, what pressure is formed over the territory? (low).

Creative group: characteristics of the climate of the Belgorod region (map page 19).

1. Temperate continental climate, in which there are all seasons.
2. Southern part of the Central Russian Upland.
3. The temperature in summer is from +18.5 0 in the west to +19.5 0 C in the southeast.
4. An area of ​​high pressure passes through the territory of the Belgorod region - the Voikov Axis. In the northern part, westerly winds predominate, bringing moisture, softening the climate, and south of the axis, eastern steppe dry winds, which act witheringly.
5. The amount of precipitation is from 600mm in the west to 400mm in the southeast.
6. In winter and spring, the influence of arctic air masses is possible, which bring low temperatures in winter and possible frosts in spring even in May, which can negatively and even disastrously affect agricultural crops.

The climate has a great influence on the employment of the population in agriculture. The territory of the Belgorod region is divided into 3 agro-climatic regions (map p. 23)

I region. These are the western and northern regions, the most moisture-provided. The conditions are favorable for the cultivation of spring, winter crops, grain crops, perennial grasses, sugar and fodder beets, potatoes and sunflowers, fruit and berry crops, and dairy and meat cattle breeding.

II region. These are the southwestern regions, which have a lower level of moisture but a high heat supply. Corn is grown here, for silage, sugar and fodder beets.

III region. These are the southeastern regions, more arid, steppe. Spring grain crops, corn for grain, essential oil crops prevail here. (anise, coriander, hops), meat and dairy cattle breeding and sheep breeding.

In what agro-climatic region is our village located? (2nd district)
- What crops are grown on the fields of the agricultural firm "Pushkarnoye"? (wheat, barley, beets, corn for fodder, sunflower, dairy and meat cattle breeding).

Research report of the environmental team.

The environmental team of our school, and its members are the students of our class, carried out local monitoring around the school about air pollution.

Impact on car air pollution. More than 100 cars drive along the school every day, if we take this into account, 1 car emits 1 kg of exhaust gases per day, including carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, lead compounds, sulfur compounds, etc. affecting health.

Qualitative assessment of air dust content.

1. Conducted a qualitative assessment of the dust content of the air. The studies were carried out using adhesive tape. For a week the tape was covered with dust, but in different places the layer of dust was different. The most dusty part in front of the entrance to the school, least of all in the school garden. After all, trees have the ability to purify the air.
2. Our detachment is fighting against spontaneous bonfires, which the villagers make in the fall after harvesting, and in the spring, cultivating their gardens.

Teacher: We have traced on local material about the influence of various climate-forming factors on climate change, about how climate affects human economic activity, and we also see from the work of the environmental team: human activity is detrimental to the atmosphere, and at the same time affects health the people themselves.

III. Fixing the material.

Verification of the actual material.

1. What are the winds that blow off the Atlantic Ocean called?
2. What effect does the warm North Atlantic Current have on the climate of Eurasia?
3. How does relief affect the climate of the Pacific coast of Eurasia?

Ability to work with diagrams.

1. Using the map, characterize the Tropical Belt of Eurasia (according to the plan page 312).
2. Using a map, describe the climate of the Indian subcontinent
3. Determine the type of climate from the climate diagrams.

Causal relationships.

1. Which slope of the Ural Mountains will receive more precipitation? Why?
2. Why did the Arabian Desert form on the Arabian Peninsula?
3. Explain why the foothills of the Himalayas receive the most rainfall?

Creative application of knowledge.

1. On the map of natural zones, find the deserts of Eurasia and explain the reasons for this location.
2. Find on the map areas of the lowest temperatures and explain the reasons.
3. Determine the types of climates of the following objects: Great Britain, Iceland, Kamchatka Island, explain the reasons for different temperatures.

Tasks for everyone:

Determine the type of climate from the description of the weather.

“Winter weather is unstable, sometimes frosts, sometimes thaws. Dry and frosty air cooled over the expanse of snow. It is even colder when the air masses come from the icy Arctic. The thermometer drops to -30 0 C, the snow creaks, no breeze, the sun in a clear sky is a red circle. But now the sky was covered with a gray veil of clouds, atmospheric pressure is falling, it is noticeably warmer. A damp wind is blowing, snow has fallen.

Where did the raw wind come from?
- What is it called?

IV. Summarizing.

What did you learn new today?
- What have you learned?
- How do you rate yourself?

After analyzing the observational data on weather conditions and their seasonal changes, scientists identified the climatic zones of Eurasia. On the territory of the mainland, all their diversity is represented. Each belt is subdivided into separate regions with special climatic conditions.

If you bring together the climatic zones of Eurasia, the table will be in the form of branches. This is due to the fact that in each of them there are smaller zones, which are also crushed.

arctic belt

The characteristic of the climatic zones of Eurasia begins with the Arctic. Its zone includes islands located far to the north of the continent, and a small continental strip in the Asian part, which borders the Arctic Ocean.

• Marine is located in the European sector of the Arctic Ocean. It includes Svalbard and other small islands. They are influenced by the warm current from the North Atlantic, which leads to mild winters with temperatures ranging from -16 to -20 ºC. Up to 300 mm of precipitation falls per year.
• The continental arctic climate is characterized by cold dry air currents. Under their influence, the entire ocean is under the ice crust all year round, with the exception of coastal waters. From the territory dominated by this climate, cold air currents move to the south.

subarctic belt

It stretches in a narrow strip along the mainland. The cold climatic zone of Eurasia includes about. Iceland and the northern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula. To the east of the continent, the zone expands, approaching the Bering Strait. The belt is located between the borders of the Arctic front in summer and winter. In the warm season, it is affected by moderate air currents, and in the cold season, by arctic ones. The belt is divided into two regions: continental and marine. The latter captures Iceland and part of the islands west of Scandinavia. amount of 300-700 mm per year in the form of snow and rain. The climate is characterized by warm winters (-5 and -10 ºC) and cold summers (up to +10 ºC).

Temperate zone

The temperate climatic zone of Eurasia has a border running from the southern coast and crossing the Black and Caspian Seas. It stretches to the northern part of the Korean peninsula and the middle of about. Honshu.

Winds of temperate latitudes prevail in this zone all year round. The main part of Eurasia within the belt is influenced by the following climates:

• Moderate continental: under his authority is the entire Russian plain.
• Continental: Siberia, Middle and Central Asia.
• Monsoon formed in northeastern China, on about. Hokkaido and the northern part of about. Honshu.

In winter, the area is dominated by dry frosty air coming from the baric center in Central Asia. In summer, warm with high moisture content, falling into this region with the Pacific monsoon. More than half of the annual precipitation falls during the summer. Winter is frosty and summer is hot.

The temperate climate zone in Western Europe is divided into 2 subregions: northern and southern.

Northern subregion

The zone includes Fennoscandia and Scotland. It is characterized by a temperate climate with cold summers. The subregion is divided into 2 districts:

• Maritime - Norwegian in the western part of the Scandinavian Peninsula and northern Great Britain. Summer here is cool and short. There is a lot of precipitation in the form of rain and snow. The weather is almost always cloudy, damp with constant winds.
• Continental - Swedish type of climate on the territory of the country of the same name and Finland. The cold season in this area is frosty. Snow cover is forming. The summer period is short, cool and rainy. On the flat tops of the mountains of Scandinavia, a cool climate has formed with high humidity and average summer temperatures of no more than +10 ºC.

Southern subregion

It includes the following climatic regions:

• Maritime was formed in European countries adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean. It is characterized by mild winters without negative average temperatures. The summer period is moderately warm. Winds in the region are strong and blow frequently, rains are plentiful.
• Transitional from maritime to continental. In winter, a snow cover forms, which does not lie for a long time. Within 2-3 months the average temperatures are below zero. The summer period is hotter and more humid. Spring and autumn are distinctly expressed. The climate was formed in the eastern part of the German-Polish lowland.
• Continental is located on the territory of the plains near the Danube. In summer temperatures reach +22-24 ºC. Little precipitation falls. In winter, frosty winds from the east and north are frequent guests, causing a rapid drop in temperatures.
• Hercynian midlands. Humidity in this area is high compared to the plains located at the foot. The western slopes are more abundantly rained than the eastern ones. The temperatures in the mountains are lower, and the snow cover lasts for 3-5 months.
• Alpine is characterized by high humidity, mountain peaks with low temperatures, snow cover and glaciers.

subtropical belt

The subtropical climatic zone of Eurasia runs through the entire continent from one ocean to another. In his power is the entire southern part of the Old World, the highlands of Western Asia up to 30º N. sh., the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula, Tibet and the river basin. Yangtze. A characteristic feature can be called the fact that in summer the air is dry and hot, and in winter it is humid and warm.

The climatic zones of Eurasia are subdivided into smaller areas with special conditions. Their value depends, first of all, on the relief and the proximity of large water bodies. In the subtropical zone, the following climatic zones are distinguished:

• The marine Mediterranean was formed on some peninsulas (Apennines, Balkans) from the sea and is distinguished by hot summers and mild winters.
• Continental Mediterranean is located in the European part of the Mediterranean Sea, the western and southern coasts. According to weather conditions, it is similar to the previous one. The temperature in winter in different areas ranges from +2 to +12 ºC. In flat areas, about 500-600 mm of precipitation falls annually, and in mountainous areas up to 3000 mm.
• Continental. There is little precipitation: 100-400 mm per year, the main part falls on the autumn-winter period. Formed in the highlands of Western Asia, in the north of the Arabian Peninsula. During the year, temperature fluctuations reach 90ºС.
• The high-mountain sub-region is located in the region of Tibet. In winter, little snow falls, summers are dry and cold. Only the east of Tibet is rich in precipitation, which is supplied with monsoon moisture from the Pacific Ocean. Dry and cool air is recorded here year-round.
• Monsoon. The eastern part of the Yangtze has a climate with high humidity. Monsoon from the Pacific Ocean brings rain in the summer, when they fall ¾ of the annual rate. Fronts contribute to precipitation during the cold season. Depending on the relief, their number per year ranges from 700 to 2000 mm.

tropical belt

The mainland of Eurasia has various climatic zones, including the tropical trade wind. It includes: the Thar Desert, the south of the Arabian Peninsula and the southern part. Tropical air masses dominate throughout the seasons. In summer it is hot, winter is warm. High temperature fluctuations during the day. There is a lack of precipitation in the region, for the most part their annual amount does not exceed 100 mm. The exception is the Yemeni mountains, where they fall 400-1000 mm.

subequatorial belt

It was formed on the territory of Ceylon, the Hindustan and Indochina peninsulas, southern China and a number of other islands. In winter, dry air masses come from the continent, and in summer - wet from the Indian Ocean. Spring is the hottest time. The winter-spring period is very dry, and the summer-autumn period is wet.

If we compare the climatic zones of Eurasia, then the subequatorial zone has very contrasting half-years. Dry and wet periods alternate throughout the year.

Brief description of the climatic zones of Eurasia

climate zone	Dominant air	Description
Arctic	Arctic	Dry and cold
Subarctic	Arctic in winter, temperate in summer	Winters are cold and dry, summers are wet and moderately warm
Moderate	Moderate	Depends on the season
Subtropical	Moderate in winter, tropical in summer	Winters are humid and moderately warm, summers are dry and warm
Tropical	Tropical	Warm and dry
subequatorial	Tropical in winter, equatorial in summer	Winters are warm and dry, summers are warm and humid.
Equatorial	Equatorial	Warm and humid

equatorial belt

If you arrange the climatic zones of Eurasia, the table will turn out to be very bloated due to their number. The equatorial belt is the southernmost region of the continent. It was formed on most of the islands and peninsulas near the equator. Precipitation throughout the year is evenly distributed with 2 peak periods.

Other climatic zones of Eurasia do not have such high average annual temperatures as this one. The amount of precipitation is 1500-4000 mm per year.

The climatic features of Eurasia are determined by the huge size of the mainland, the great length from north to south, the variety of prevailing air masses, as well as the specific features of the relief structure of its surface and the influence of the oceans.
Due to the large length of the mainland from north to south, due to different amounts of solar radiation in specific latitudes, Eurasia is located in all climatic zones of the northern hemisphere, from the arctic to the equatorial. The largest area in terms of area is occupied by the temperate zone, since it is in temperate latitudes that the mainland is most extended from west to east.
All four main types of air masses form and dominate over the territory of the mainland - arctic, temperate, tropical and equatorial. It is characteristic that sea air masses form over the oceans in the temperate and tropical zones, and continental air masses form over the mainland, the confrontation of which creates a wide variety of climate types in these latitudes of Eurasia. Thus, most of Eurasia is located in temperate latitudes, where the western transfer of sea air masses is pronounced, which enhances the influence of the Atlantic Ocean on the climate of the mainland. And the interior regions of Eurasia within the temperate zone are under the decisive influence of continental air masses that form in the zone of action of the Siberian (Mongolian) anticyclone. The eastern and southern regions of Asia are under the influence of monsoons, which carry air masses in winter from the mainland to the ocean, and in summer from the ocean to land (the Hindustan and Indochina peninsulas, East China, the Far East and the Japanese islands).
The climate of Eurasia, like other continents, is greatly influenced by relief. The Alps, Carpathians, Caucasus, Himalayas and other mountains of the Alpine-Himalayan fold belt are an important climatic division of the mainland. They block the path of cold and dry northern winds to the south and at the same time stand as an insurmountable barrier to the warm and humid winds blowing from the south. So, in the basins of Central Asia, north of the Himalayas, 50-100 mm of precipitation falls annually, and at the foot of the eastern Himalayas - more than 10,000 mm per year. Winters in the countries of the European Mediterranean, beyond the barrier of the Alps, are warm, and relatively cold in the plains of Central Europe.
The influence of the oceans on the climate of Eurasia through the influence of ocean currents (Gulf Stream, Kuroshio, Kuril-Kamchatka, monsoon currents of the Indian Ocean) and the sea air masses forming above them is well known and does not cause difficulties when considering the exam.
Let us briefly dwell on the features of climatic zones and types of climate (climatic regions) on the territory of Eurasia.

In the arctic and subarctic zones areas with a maritime climate are distinguished in the west of each belt: small temperature amplitudes due to relatively warm winters and cool summers (the influence of the branches of the North Atlantic Current). In the east of the belts, the climate is continental with very cold winters (up to -40 ... -45 ° С). The northernmost islands of Eurasia, and in the east the strip of the mainland adjacent to the Arctic Ocean, are within the Arctic zone. In the Arctic zone, the maritime Arctic climate of the west of the European sector of the Arctic stands out: Svalbard and small oceanic islands in the western part of the Arctic Ocean. The maritime climate of these islands is determined by the influence of the warm North Atlantic Current and is characterized by relatively high winter temperatures (from -160C to -200C) and significant annual precipitation (300 mm). The rest of the territory of this belt has a continental arctic climate. Dry cold arctic air masses dominate here, due to which the entire water area of ​​the Arctic Ocean, without coastal waters, is bound by dense powerful ice throughout the year. The Arctic belt is a supplier of cold air masses to the continent. In all seasons of the year, their movement is directed to the south.

Within the temperate zone, stretching across the entire continent, a wide variety of climate types. The marine type of climate in the western regions of Europe is formed under the year-round influence of sea air masses from the Atlantic. Summers are cool here, winters are relatively warm even in northern latitudes on the coast of the Scandinavian Peninsula. During the passage of Atlantic cyclones, the weather changes rapidly: in summer there may be cooling, in winter - thaws. The area of ​​transitional climate from maritime to continental is mainly occupied by the territories of Central Europe. With distance from the ocean, the difference (amplitude) of summer and winter temperatures increases: winter becomes noticeably colder. There is more precipitation in summer than in the cold season. On the territory of Eastern Europe (up to the Urals), the climate is considered moderately continental. Beyond the Urals, in Siberia and Central Asia, winters are very cold and dry, summers are hot and relatively humid. This is an area of ​​sharply continental climate in the temperate zone. On the Pacific coast, the climate is monsoonal with warm, humid summers and cold winters.

In the subtropical zone on the plains, the air temperatures are positive throughout the year. The northern boundary of the belt is drawn along the January isotherm at 0°C. On the territory of Eurasia, three climatic regions are separated in this belt. Mediterranean - in the west of the belt. Dry tropical air masses dominate here in summer (it is cloudless and hot in summer), and in winter - sea air of temperate latitudes (it rains in winter). The region of the continental subtropical climate occupies the territory of the Near Asian highlands (the peninsula of Asia Minor, the Armenian and the north of the Iranian highlands). Winters in this area are relatively cold (snowfalls and temperatures below 0°C are possible), summers are hot and very dry. The annual amount of precipitation is small, and they fall in the winter-spring period. The region of monsoonal subtropical climate is in the east of China and occupies the southern half of the Japanese islands. Here, the typical precipitation regime is the summer maximum in their annual distribution.

tropical belt in Eurasia it does not form a continuous band and is present only in the southwest of Asia (the Arabian Peninsula, the south of Mesopotamia and the Iranian Highlands, the northwestern regions of the Hindustan peninsula). Continental tropical air masses dominate here throughout the year. The amount of precipitation on the plains does not exceed 200 mm, and in the desert regions of the belt - below 50 mm per year. Summer is very hot - the average temperature in July is from +30 to +35°С. In Riyadh (Arabia), temperatures up to +55°С were observed. Average January temperatures are from +12° to +16°С.

subequatorial belt includes the Hindustan and Indochina peninsulas, the Indo-Gangetic plain, the island of Sri Lanka (without the southwestern part), Southeast China, the Philippine Islands. This belt is characterized by a seasonal change of air masses: in summer, humid equatorial air, brought by the monsoon, dominates; in winter - a relatively dry tropical trade wind of the northern hemisphere. The hottest time of the year is spring, when daytime temperatures can exceed +40°C.

Equatorial climatic the belt is located on the islands of the Malay Archipelago (excluding East Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands), the Malay Peninsula, the southwest of Sri Lanka and the south of the Philippine Islands. Throughout the year, maritime equatorial air masses dominate here. They are formed from tropical air coming from the trade winds of both hemispheres. This climate is characterized by abundant rainfall (2000-4000 mm per year) and constantly high temperatures (above +25°C).

On the territory of Eurasia, there are also two zones of low rainfall:

One of them occupies the north of the mainland, where the average annual precipitation decreases from the west (Kola Peninsula 400 mm) to the east (north of Yakutia 100 mm or less). The second zone, which includes almost half of the area of ​​the mainland, is formed by territories that differ in natural conditions and are located outside the sphere of influence of the sea air of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. It includes: the southeast of the East European Plain, Arabia, the Iranian Plateau, Central Asia, the predominant part of Western Siberia, the Tibetan Plateau. Central Asia, Central Siberia and the north of the Far East, Altai and Sayan turned out to be a kind of more humid island among arid territories. Moreover, Front, Western, Southwestern and Central Asia are almost completely rainless.

Winter in Eurasia is characterized by the following regularities. The lowest average January temperature is observed in the intermountain basins of the Oymyakon Highlands. In Oymyakon, at an altitude of 600 m, it is 50 C, while the absolute minimum is 72.2 C (in Verkhoyansk). The reason for such cold weather is the prolonged stagnation and intense cooling of continental air in intermountain pits at a local maximum of atmospheric pressure. The area of ​​greatest cold is delineated by the isotherm -32 C, passing east of the lower reaches of the Yenisei, along its right tributary of the Lower Tunguska, along the Vilyui (left tributary of the Lena), further through the Verkhoyansk Range and the Chersky Range to the Kolyma, in the north it is limited by the northern coast of the mainland. The location of the area of ​​greatest cold not on the axis of the mainland, but much to the east, is explained by the frequent intrusion of relatively warm sea air of temperate latitudes from the Atlantic Ocean. The zero isotherm forms a giant oval, outside of which remain Great Britain, France and the following peninsulas: the Iberian, Apennine, Balkan, Arabian, Hindustan, Indochina, excluding the Japanese, Kuril and Commander. When moving from north to south, the duration of the snow cover varies from 280 cm to several cm. Its height on the coast of the Arctic Ocean is 40-50 cm, on the East European and West Siberian plains in the taiga zone up to 70-90 cm. moving south, its power decreases until it completely disappears. On the western slopes of the Northern Urals and in the uplifted part of the Central Siberian Plateau near the Yenisei, snow accumulates up to 90 cm, and in the mountains of Kamchatka up to 120 cm.

The major axis of the Eurasian continent is clearly visible on numerous synoptic maps specifically for the winter period. In winter, a high-pressure band extends from the southern part of Eastern Siberia, which runs south of the Ural Mountains, through the forest-steppe of Ukraine, the Danube regions, southern France and Spain, reaching the Azores maximum. A similar axis is also formed in the summer months, but less pronounced. The high pressure axis is characterized by dry cloudless weather, calm or light winds, severe frosts in winter and heat in summer. It plays an important role in the winter circulation of the atmosphere, deflecting cyclones from the Atlantic to the north. The wide development of the Asian anticyclone is also due to the presence of centers of stable low atmospheric pressure in the North Atlantic in the region of Iceland (Icelandic Low) and over the northern part of the Pacific Ocean near the Aleutian Islands (Aleutian Low). At the same time, in the region of the Azores in the Atlantic Ocean and over the Arctic, there are centers of high atmospheric pressure (Azores and Arctic maxima). The general nature of the western transfer of air masses enhances the appearance in the winter months of stable air currents in the southeast of the mainland of the northwest continental monsoon, typical of northeast China, the Korean Peninsula and most of the Japanese islands. In the east of Asia, in the temperate and subtropical zone, for this reason, abnormally cold and dry winters are common (compared to these latitudes in Europe).

§ 46. Climate

1. Recall how the amount of solar energy that the surface receives changes as you move north.

2. What are the characteristics of monsoons?

Climate-Forming FACTORS. The variety of climatic conditions of Eurasia is associated with the size of the mainland.

In the north and south, in its western, central and eastern parts, climatic conditions differ markedly. The reasons for this lie in the peculiarities of the action of the main climate-forming factors.

The amount of solar energy, which the earth's surface receives, decreases from the equator to the poles. Due to the significant length of Eurasia from north to south, the Arctic islands and the northern regions of the mainland receive three times less solar energy than the southern ones. This causes large differences in air temperature.

For example, if the average January temperature on the Arctic islands is -30 0С, then on the Arabian Peninsula it is 25 0С.

The lowest air temperatures down to -71 0С on the mainland were registered in the settlement Oymyakon, Which is in the northeast of Eurasia. He's called Pole of cold throughout the Northern Hemisphere.

The circulation of air masses determine the prevailing air masses and winds. Since the vast territory of Eurasia is located in all climatic zones of the Northern Hemisphere, its climatic conditions are formed under the influence of cold and dry arctic ,marine and continental moderate , hot and constantly dry tropical , hot and humid equatorialair masses .

Over most of the mainland, which is located in the temperate climate zone, constant blows westerly winds. They carry the marine moist air masses formed over the Atlantic Ocean to the mainland. However, the influence of the Atlantic air masses is felt mainly in Europe. With the advance to the east, into the depths of Eurasia, their transformation- Transformation, change in properties: from wet to dry, from warm in winter to cold, from cool in summer to hot.

In the east and south of Eurasia blow monsoons , arising from the difference in atmospheric pressure over the ocean and land. In winter, the monsoon blowing from the land forms warm, dry weather with light winds. In the summer, the monsoon blowing from the ocean also forms wet weather. It blows much stronger, bringing thunderstorms, storm winds and a huge amount of precipitation to the mainland.

Therefore, their largest number - over 1000 mm per year - falls precisely in the south of the mainland. Various parts of the continent are under the action of cyclones and anticyclones.

underlying surface affects the properties of the air masses that form above it, and their movement.

Air masses that form over the Atlantic or Pacific Ocean are saturated with moisture and bring precipitation to the mainland.

Atlantic air masses forming over warm North Atlantic current, Warm and warm in winter the coastal regions of Europe. Pacific air masses forming over cold Kuril current On the contrary, the coastal regions of Asia are cooling.

The influence of the relief on the movement of air masses is equivalent. Mountains - the Alps, the Caucasus, the Himalayas, located from west to east - do not allow cold air masses to penetrate south.

In addition, a lot of precipitation falls on their windward slopes. So, at the foot of the South-Eastern Himalayas, standing in the way of the monsoons blowing from the ocean, one of the wettest places on the globe is located - the village of Cherrapunji.

On average, about 12,000 mm of precipitation falls there annually, and the maximum amount that was recorded was more than 23,000 mm per year.

Rice.

Climate map of Eurasia

Working with the map

1. Set how the air temperature changes on the mainland in the direction from north to south.

2. Where are the highest air temperatures observed?

3. How is precipitation distributed in Eurasia?

Where is the smallest number of them, and where is the most?

4. What winds prevail in the temperate climate zone?

5. Under the influence of which winds are the southern and eastern coasts of the mainland?

CLIMATIC ZONES AND CLIMATE TYPES. Eurasia lies within all the climatic zones of the Northern Hemisphere - from the Arctic to the equatorial.

Arctic climate zone covers the islands of the Arctic Ocean and the northern coast of Asia. Cold and dry arctic air masses reign there year-round. They cause low air temperatures throughout the year.

Therefore, winters are harsh and summers are cold. The amount of precipitation is low -250 mm per year. Subarctic climate zone stretches in a narrow strip in the north across the entire mainland. In winter, Arctic air masses come here with northeast winds, and in summer, westerly winds bring moderate air masses. Winters are cold, especially in Asia, which has the lowest temperatures in the entire Northern Hemisphere.

Summer is warmer than in the Arctic zone.

temperate climate zone covers vast expanses of Eurasia. Moderate air masses form there throughout the year. Through a significant length of the belt and the dominance of westerly winds, there is a well-traced change in climate types from west to east. Therefore, within the temperate zone, four climatic regions are distinguished. In the west, due to air masses from the Atlantic Ocean, winters are mild with an average air temperature above 0 0С, in summer from 10 0С to 18 0С.

Precipitation is low - over 1,000 mm per year. Fog often occurs in winter, fogs persist for a long time, and in summer the weather is cloudy and overcast. This is maritime temperate region.

Here the influence of the Atlantic is gradually weakening. Winter is cold and frosty, summer is warm. The weather is unstable, there are thaws in winter, and it often rains in summer. In the Urals, in Central and Central Asia, continental moderate air masses dominate.

Climatic zones of Eurasia - structural and logical scheme

In winter, when the earth's surface is cold, it cools the air to -50 0C. In summer, on the contrary, the surface heats the air to very high temperatures. Atlantic air masses hardly bring precipitation here. Therefore, in winter there is little snow and the surface freezes to a considerable depth. This is how it is formed continental temperate type of climate. In the east of the belt climate temperate monsoon with dry cold winters and warm wet summers.

Subtropical climate zone extends from Southern Europe to East Asia.

In it, as in the temperate zone, there is a change in climatic conditions from west to east. In the south of Europe subtropical mediterranean climate. In winter, the influence of humid Atlantic air masses is felt here, so it is quite warm (The temperature is above 0 0C) and it rains. In summer, with the advent of tropical masses, dry hot weather sets in. Humidity decreases with moving to the east, and in the central part of the belt the climate is already subtropical continental.

Winters are rather cold and summers are hot. There are few rainfalls. The wind lifts dust and sand into the air.

In the east, in winter, cold, dry continental air comes to the Pacific coast from the interior of the mainland, and the temperature can drop to 0 0C. In summer, air masses from the ocean create dense clouds, and torrents of rain pour incessantly.

Rivers overflow and overflow their banks. These are the signs subtropical monsoon climate.

Tropical climate zone does not have a continuous strike on the mainland.

It covers only the western part of South Asia. In Eurasia, in these latitudes, the only place on Earth arose where two transitional belts lie side by side: subtropical and subequatorial. In the tropical zone, where dry continental air reigns year-round, there are almost no clouds.

The consequences of this are high air temperatures and scanty rainfall (up to 100 mm per year). In summer and autumn over the Pacific Ocean, typhoons(From the Chinese "tai fin" - a big wind). These are tropical cyclones of hurricane force. They cause downpours, floods and great destruction.

Subequatorial climate zone covers the southern regions of Asia. Tropical air masses dominate there in winter, equatorial air masses in summer.

Therefore, the climate is constantly hot and variable humid.

Equatorial climate zone covers only peninsulas and islands in the south of the mainland. Hot and humid equatorial air masses cause high air temperatures and heavy rains throughout the year.

Eurasia lies in the same climatic zones as North America. However, the monsoons have a much stronger influence on the formation of its climate.

Rice.

Climatic zones and regions of Eurasia

Rice. Clear is a common occurrence in the British capital

Working with the map

1. Name the climatic zones within which Eurasia lies.

2. In what direction is the change in climatic zones in Eurasia?

What explains this?

3. Which of the climatic zones occupies the largest area?

4. Name the climatic regions that have formed within the temperate climate zone.

5. What are the features of the strike of the tropical climate zone?

6. What territories cover the subequatorial and equatorial climatic zones?

Questions and tasks

1. Explain how latitude affects climate formation.

2. How does the climate change in the temperate climate zone with a distance from the Atlantic Ocean?

What influence does relief have on the climate of Eurasia?

5. How does the influence of ocean currents affect the formation of climatic features?

Practical work

1. Analyze the climate map and climate charts of cities.

2. Show the differences in the climatic regions of the temperate zone.

3. Explain the causes of climate change within one climate zone.

Climatic zones and regions of Eurasia

The territory of Eurasia extends through all climatic zones in the northern hemisphere, so the natural and climatic conditions differ from each other, as elsewhere on the planet.

The main reasons for the heterogeneity of the climate are the uneven amount of solar radiation reaching the surface in different parts of Eurasia, as well as different types of circulation in the atmosphere and very diverse topography.

Most Eurasians are dominated by western air transport, especially in winter when Atlantic Ocean cyclones dominate the surface of Europe.

This leads to the fact that winter temperatures in the northern and southern regions are not very different. In the summer months, the territorial distribution of temperature becomes more pronounced.

After the western transfer of the dominant influence of air masses and the mountainous influence of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, relatively small areas in the east and south are limited by the Eurasian climate. High pressure zones have been created in the waters of these oceans during the summer months, causing wet masses to move from the oceans to the land.

So wet and warm summer monsoon, whose influence extends to the territory of South and Southeast Asia.

the effect of the deterioration of the western air mass transfer and monsoons from the coast to the interior and the continental dominance of the dry air mass, the average annual precipitation decreased with advancement in the central part of the continent.

Winter cooling of the earth causes the appearance of high pressure regions in the northern and central regions of Asia from November to March - Asian anticyclone.

Therefore, cold and dry air masses move in all directions, which form stable cold winds on the shores of the Pacific and Indian Oceans ( continental winter monsoon).

In general, the large size of Eurasia is the reason for the predominance in most climatic zones continental climate types.

Although, generally speaking, continental climates are characterized by large temperature fluctuations and low rainfall, there are significant differences within the same climate range and between different areas in temperature and humidity ranges.

So for temperate continental climate moderate The belt is characterized by relatively cold winters and hot summers.

Climate change in the interior of Eurasia continental(moderate range) and suddenly continental (subarctic belt) with little rainfall, warm, sometimes hot summers and harsh winters. For extremely low temperatures in winter, the largest temperature fluctuations on the planet. Thus, in the Oymyakon region (Russia), the absolute and absolute minimum temperature difference is 103 °; C.

continental climate tropical and under- belts characterized by high temperatures in the desert at 52 ° C) and cool in winter, during which the temperature in the high mountains often takes negative values.

Consequently, the existence of large mountainous regions is widespread on land. mountain type of climate with significant temperature fluctuations during the day

The vast size of the territory of Eurasia and the nature of the relief determine the main features of its climate. High mountains close the mainland from the south and east from the penetration of the air masses of the Pacific and Indian oceans deep into the mainland.

In the west and north, Eurasia is "open" to the influence of the Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean.

Eurasia is located in all climatic zones Northern hemisphere: from arctic to equatorial. However, the temperate zone occupies the largest areas. In the marginal regions, a maritime climate prevails, while in the interior - continental and sharply continental.

AT arctic and subarctic belts There is a sharp difference between the western regions with a maritime climate (with a slight temperature range, high precipitation, relatively warm winters and cool summers) and the eastern regions with a continental climate (very cold winters, up to -40 ... -45 ° C and much less precipitation).

Within temperate zone There are 4 climatic regions.

The maritime climate of the west coast is formed under the influence of the Atlantic air masses. Here summers are cool, winters are relatively warm. Precipitation is distributed evenly throughout the year. During the passage of cyclones, the weather changes rapidly, in summer there may be cold snaps, in winter thaws. Weather instability and relatively wet winters are also characteristic of the temperate continental (transitional from maritime to continental) climate, which is characteristic of Central and Eastern Europe.

With distance from the ocean, the annual temperature range increases (due to colder winters) and the amount of precipitation decreases. There is more precipitation in summer than in winter.

MFC "Astana" will become a key element of the new financial infrastructure of Eurasia

Beyond the Yenisei, in Eastern Siberia and Central Asia, the climate is sharply continental with very cold, dry winters and hot, moderately humid summers. On the east coast of the mainland, a monsoonal climate prevails with warm, humid summers and cold, dry winters.

AT subtropical zone three climatic regions.

The west is dominated by a Mediterranean climate with dry, hot summers and wet winters. This is due to the fact that in summer dry tropical air comes here, and in winter - sea air from temperate latitudes. In the highlands of Asia Minor, northern Iran and Armenia, a continental subtropical climate is common with cold winters (temperatures can drop below 0 ° C) and hot, very dry summers (a small amount of precipitation falls mainly in the winter-spring period).

To the east of the mainland, the subtropics are represented by a monsoon climate area with a summer maximum of precipitation.

AT tropical zone on the Arabian Peninsula, in Mesopotamia, in the south of the Iranian Highlands and in the basin of the lower Indus, very dry and hot continental air masses dominate throughout the year. Summers are very hot (up to +30…+35 °c), winters are warm (+18…+24 °c). The amount of precipitation on the plains rarely exceeds 200 mm; in a number of desert places, no more than 50 mm of precipitation falls annually.

In the east, the tropical belt wedges out.

Between 10-20°N on the Hindustan and Indochina peninsulas, as well as in the extreme south of China, is located subequatorial belt with monsoon climate. Even further south, on the Malay Peninsula and the islands of the Malay Archipelago, the equatorial belt is widespread with a constantly hot (above +25 ° C) and humid climate.

See also:

Map "Air temperature, pressure and wind in January and July (Eurasia)"

Map "Climatic zones of the earth"

Map "Mean annual precipitation (Eurasia)"

Map "Seasonal Precipitation"

arctic belt

The Arctic is the northernmost polar region of the Earth, which is adjacent to the North Pole. It includes almost completely the Arctic Ocean with islands (except for the islands belonging to Norway) and the marginal parts of the continents of North America and Eurasia.

Two landscape zones are distinguishable in the Arctic:

Ice desert.

2. Arctic desert.

The ice zone unites significant parts of the peninsulas and islands that are covered with glaciers, and the Arctic desert includes narrow patches of rocky land, mostly flat, adjacent to the northern outskirts of the tundra, freed from snow for a short period.

The Arctic Basin is located in the central part, in which deep-sea basins (up to 5527 m) and underwater ridges are observed. Both zones are characterized by a long and severe winter lasting more than 10 months with long nights illuminated by the northern lights.

The temperature in the northern regions of Russia, on average, ranges from -32 to -36 ° C; in the north of the Canadian and nearby parts of the Arctic basin up to -45 ...

− 50 °С. Precipitation falls mainly in the form of snow. Summer is short and cold, lasting approximately 11-50 days. At this time of the year, the sun shines around the clock, the temperature is slightly above 0°, and the average temperature of the warmest month is no more than +5°. The ground during the summer thaws only to a depth of 50 cm. Arctic air dominates year-round. The Arctic Ocean is covered with a thick layer of ice, the water is cold, and closer to the continents, fields of drifting ice are visible almost everywhere.

The weather of the Arctic is characterized by low overcast, frequent fogs; in winter - blizzards, in summer - prolonged drizzling rains. There is a deficit of ultraviolet radiation, which means a negative radiation balance. Due to low temperatures in the water there is an increased oxygen content, which favors the development of plankton, as well as a variety of marine life.

Flora and fauna

In the Arctic, due to the cold Arctic climate, the animal world is poor.

This zone is inhabited by large animals - polar bears, walruses, seals, musk oxen, wild reindeer, white whales (polar dolphins) and whales swim less often. A large body mass contributes to the preservation of heat. In addition, there are hares, wolves, arctic foxes and long-tailed ground squirrels.

In summer, many migratory birds arrive in the Arctic: guillemots, guillemots, little auks and many others, which arrange bird markets.
The flora of the Arctic is poor due to low summer temperatures. There are no trees, mostly dwarf shrubs, grasses, lichens and mosses grow.

Lichens, mosses and sedge form a thick bedding. In the northernmost zone of the Arctic desert, cellular plants are predominantly distributed - lichens and mosses. The species composition of vegetation is minimal. Of the herbaceous plants, there are snow buttercup, polar poppy, various saxifrage, some are very small, for example, partridge grass.

But even in the ice zone, microscopic algae live on the snow, turning everything red.

The climate of the Earth is greatly influenced by the ice of the Arctic, which does not allow the planet to overheat, therefore, a decrease in the amount of ice during global warming is dangerous for all mankind.

The Arctic is rich in minerals, especially oil and gas deposits.

Related content:

equatorial belt
2. Subequatorial belt
3. Tropical belt
4. Subtropical belt

5. Antarctic belt
6. Temperate zone

Eurasia is the largest of the 6 world continents. A distinctive feature of the Eurasian climate is diversity. Eurasia includes all climatic types of the world and occupies 7 climatic zones. In each of the zones, climatic regions are distinguished. The temperate and subtropical zones contain the maximum number of regions. Towards the center of Eurasia, the climate becomes drier and warmer.

The interior regions are characterized by high climatic continentality. In the temperate and subtropical zones, there is an increased continentality. The Eurasian climate is characterized by contrast and diversity. Mountain coastal barriers contribute to the limitation of maritime climate zones. The Eurasian Plain occupies a vast territory. The European plain is softened and moistened by the waters of the Atlantic.

The North Atlantic current with warm waters plays a large role in the formation of the Eurasian climate. It contributes to the spread of precipitation into the continental depths and warms the European west. The climate at high latitudes is cold and harsh. Inside the continent, a sultry and arid climate dominates, as well as a cold continental climate. The southern and eastern borders of Eurasia are distinguished by a humid climate with an abundance of precipitation. The temperate and subtropical zones are the most favorable for human habitation and farming.

Climate types of Eurasia

The Eurasian territory has a large extent from north to south. It covers all climatic zones of the Northern Hemisphere. All the world's climatic types are found on the Eurasian continent. On the northern islands and the continental coast of the Arctic Ocean, an arctic type of climate reigns.

Every year, cold air masses predominate here. A sharply continental climate type is observed in Iceland and northern Scandinavia. Winters are long and harsh, while summers are short and warm. The most extensive territory is occupied by the temperate zone. It has 4 climate areas. A moderately maritime type of climate is observed in the Far West, off the coast of the Atlantic. The winter season is warm here, and the summer is cool. There is rainfall all year round. Cyclones cause weather changes: thaw in summer, cooling in winter. The temperate continental type of climate dominates in the east.

With distance from the ocean, precipitation decreases, winters become more severe. The continental type of climate is found in Central Asia and in. During the year, the dominance of continental air masses is observed here. Winter is long and very cold. Summer is very hot. The seasons here are very contrasting in temperature.

Precipitation is scarce. There is no snow cover, causing deep soil freezing. The Eurasian east is distinguished by a monsoon type of climate. It is characterized by sharp temperature differences. Summer monsoons bring moisture from the Pacific coast, in connection with this, the summer season is rainy and warm. Winter monsoons bring cold continental air masses, which increase atmospheric pressure. Winters are dry, cold and windy.

The zone of the subtropical belt runs through the whole of Eurasia. The subtropical Mediterranean climatic type is observed in the southwestern part of Eurasia and on the Mediterranean coast. Summer here is dry and hot. Winter is rainy and warm. The subtropical continental type of climate is found in the central regions of the subtropics. Summers are hot here, winters are cold, with little rainfall.

In the eastern part of the subtropical zone, a subtropical monsoon type of climate occurs. Such a climate prevails in and. The territory of the Arabian Peninsula and the Iranian Highlands are characterized by a dry desert tropical type of climate, with hot summers. In the equatorial zone, a maritime equatorial climate is observed. It is characterized by an abundance of rainfall and high temperatures. Continental climatic types prevail on the territory of Eurasia.

Climatic zones of Eurasia

Due to its vast extent, the continent is located in seven climatic zones:

— Arctic;

— Subarctic;

- Moderate;

- Subtropical;

- Tropical;

– Equatorial

- Subequatorial.

The Arctic belt includes the northern territory of the mainland, the islands and the part bordering the Arctic Ocean. There are low temperatures, piercing winds, little rainfall. The subarctic belt includes Chukotka and the northern part of Scandinavia and Iceland. It's warmer here than in the Arctic. In summer it can reach +15 degrees. Precipitation is scarce.

The largest Eurasian belt is the temperate belt. It stretched from the southern coast of the Bay of Biscay to Korea. Winters are dry and cold, summers are hot and humid. The western territory of the Iberian Peninsula and the eastern Pacific are part of the subtropical zone. The summer periods of the subtropics are dry and hot, the winter periods are wet and cool.

The tropical zone includes the territory of the Arabian Peninsula. Precipitation here is scarce or completely absent. Winters are warm, and in summer the heat reaches the fifty-degree mark. The Greater Sunda Islands are part of the equatorial belt. Summer weather and an abundance of rainfall reign here all year round. The territory of the subequatorial belt includes Indochina with Hindustan and the Philippine Islands. Summers are humid and hot, while winters are warm and dry.

The climate of the natural zones of Eurasia

The entire set of natural zones of the world is located on the Eurasian territory. The zone of the desert of the Arctic, tundra with forest tundra stretches in a narrow strip that crosses the mainland. The climate in the Arctic desert is very harsh. Vegetation is sparse. Vast areas of the earth are characterized by a complete lack of vegetation.

The tundra is characterized by low rainfall and low temperatures, the dominance of permafrost, in connection with this, there is a swampy area. The taiga zone is distinguished by sedge and peat bogs and high humidity. Summer is hot. Winter with severe frosts reaching -50 degrees and below. Taiga is rich in flora and fauna. Coniferous trees, birches and oaks are massively distributed here. Live brown bears, foxes, wolves.

The zone of mixed forests is located on the territory of the East European Plain. Deciduous trees are added to coniferous trees here. There are fewer swamps here. The climate here is temperate continental. Summers are warm and humid. Short and snowy winter. The forest-steppe zone is transitional from forest to steppe. It is located in the south of the Russian Plain.

The steppe zone extends to the west. The climate of the forest-steppe is warm and dry. Summer is not hot, with frequent dry winds. A wet year alternates with a dry year. The climate of the steppes is characterized by frosty winters and hot and dry summers. Precipitation is scarce. Desert and semi-desert zone of the temperate zone. Runs through Asia. In the semi-desert, the soil cover is brown, and in the deserts it is gray and brown.

The desert climate is arid with little rainfall. There is little or no vegetation. The zone of subtropical forests stretches along the coast of the Mediterranean. Summer here is hot and dry. Winter is warm and rainy. The vegetation is dominated by pines, cypresses, and olives. In China and Japan, there is a zone of monsoon forests. The climate is characterized by wet summers and dry winters. The zone of deserts and semi-deserts of the tropics and subtropics is characterized by a sultry and arid climate. Precipitation is scarce.

The zone of equatorial forests is distinguished by the diversity of flora and fauna. It includes the Sunda Islands. The forest here is evergreen. The climate is hot and very humid. The seasons are little different from each other. The climate of the Eurasian savanna is observed on the territory of Indochina. It differs by the alternation of dry and wet periods, every six months. Winter is cold and dry. Summer is very humid, with plenty of rain. The vegetation is dominated by palm trees with acacias.

Factors affecting the climate of Eurasia

The climate-forming factors in the Eurasian territory are the following:

- Large length and continental dimensions;

- Different degree of solar radiation depending on the latitude occupied;

- The terrain;

- Ocean currents. The climate of Hindustan is dependent on the monsoons brought from the waters of the Indian Ocean. The mainland east and south are adjacent to the oceans, which contributes to the temperature and baric contrast;

- Caucasian, Himalayan and Andean mountain ranges are a natural barrier to winds and moisture;

- The predominance of the temperate zone on the continent contributes to the dominance of continental climatic types.

Features of the climate of Eurasia

The main distinguishing feature of the Eurasian continent is the presence on it of all possible climate zones with belts. In its northern part, in the arctic and subarctic zones, the climate is characterized by extreme severity and the predominance of low temperatures. To the south, the temperate zone extends. It has several zones:

— Western zone of maritime climate;

— Moderately continental;

— Continental;

— Monsoon zone.

To the south, there is a belt of subtropics. 3 zones divide it into different climatic types:

- Mediterranean;

— Continental;

- Monsoon.

At the southernmost point of the mainland, there are tropical with subequatorial belts. The Eurasian Islands are located in the equatorial belt. The northern Eurasian part has the coldest climate, the southern part is extremely hot, the eastern and western parts have high humidity, and the central part is arid.

In winter, the dominance of Atlantic cyclones is observed throughout Europe. In the north and south, the temperature indicators, in this regard, are equalized. The central territories are distinguished by an area of ​​high pressure - the Asian maximum.

temperate climate of Eurasia

The temperate zone stretches from the Bay of Biscay to the Korean north. Moderate winds circulate here throughout the year. There are several types of temperate climate. The territory of the East European Plain lies in a temperate continental climate, dominated by moderate air currents.

The summer period is cool, the winter period with slight frosts, not lower than -10. Annually, precipitation is not more than 700 mm. The temperate marine type is characteristic of the western coast of Europe. Summers are cool, and winters are warm, with positive temperatures. Annual rainfall is plentiful. The Trans-Urals is located in the zone of temperate sharply continental climatic type. The summer period is hot, up to +30 degrees. The winter period is cold, frosts reach -45 degrees and below. The annual rainfall is average. The temperate climate is the most widespread in the Eurasian territory.

Monsoon climate of Eurasia

On the eastern coast of the Pacific Ocean, in the Far East, there is a moderate monsoonal climate type. In the summer, the Pacific monsoons bring in moist currents of sea air, which contributes to an abundance of humidity. Annually, there is an abundance of precipitation, up to 2000 mm, which is more than in other zones. Summer temperatures do not exceed +20 degrees, and winters are frosty, with frosts down to -30 degrees and below and with little snow. The winter season of the Japanese islands is warmer, thanks to the warm waters of the Kuroshio Current.

Continental climate of Eurasia

On the Eurasian territory, continental climates are predominant. The main signs of climatic continentality are a large temperature difference during the year and the insignificance of precipitation. Continental climates are widely spread in the temperate zone. The farther from the waters of the Atlantic, the degree of continentality increases. The difference between winter and summer temperatures is increasing.

Inner Eurasian regions acquired continental climatic features. The regions of Siberia and Central Asia lie in a continental climate. Throughout the year, the action of continental air masses takes place here. During the winter period, soil freezing occurs, and during the summer period, the soil heats up from the heat, which creates sharp temperature differences between the seasons. Oceanic air currents do not get here, precipitation is scarce. Winter is characterized by the absence of snow cover, which contributes to deep soil freezing.

Subtropical climate of Eurasia

The subtropics are characterized by dry and hot summers and wet and cool winters. There are 3 climatic types of subtropics. The Mediterranean type reigns in the European south.

It is characterized by a hot summer season and a warm, wet winter season. The central subtropical regions are in the zone of the continental type. Summer figures exceed the thirty-degree mark, and winters are warm. There are few rainfalls. The East is a realm of the monsoon type. Summer and winter are cool, high humidity.

Climate of southern Eurasia

The European south is distinguished by the Mediterranean climate of the subtropics. In winter, moist air flows from the Atlantic act, which gives warmth and rainfall. Summer is dry and hot. The west of South Asia lies in the tropics. Here the dominance of dry continental air, cloudiness is absent. Some regions do not receive rainfall for years. In the summer season, the temperature is heated up to +50 degrees. In winter, the temperature does not drop below twenty degrees Celsius.

In summer, typhoons form over Pacific waters. They contribute to floods and downpours. South Asia lies in the subequatorial belt. Tropical air currents dominate in winter, while humid air currents dominate in summer. Humidity and heat reign here.

The peninsulas with islands of the mainland south lie within the equatorial belt. The dominance of sultry and humid air currents contributes to elevated temperatures and heavy rains all year round. Here reigns eternal summer.

Climate of Western Eurasia

The Western Eurasian territory is characterized by high humidity. Western Europe lies in the temperate zone. The Scandinavian Peninsula has a maritime climate with northern Great Britain. The summer period is short and cool.

Precipitation is rain and snow. It is constantly wet, cloudy and windy. The continental climate is typical for Sweden and Finland. Winter is frosty, with snow cover. Summers are short, rainy and cool.

Eurasia climate records

Eurasia occupies all climatic zones, has all existing natural zones, and is washed by all the world's oceans. The Arabian Peninsula has the highest temperatures. +52 degrees is recorded here. In the Yakut Oymyakon, on the contrary, the lowest temperature indicators. It recorded -68 degrees below zero. The wettest place on the mainland is the Himalayan Cherrapunji in India. The driest place is the desert of the Arabian Peninsula Rub al-Khali.

Domogatsky. 7th grade part 2. Workbook

Test tasks

1. Within what climatic zone is the largest part of Eurasia located?
a) subarctic
b) subtropical
c) tropical
d) moderate

2. Which of the listed peninsulas of Eurasia is located in a monsoon climate?
a) Apennine
b) Korean
c) Iberian
d) Scandinavian

3. In which of the listed regions of Eurasia is the annual amount of precipitation the least?
a) Arabian Peninsula
b) Lake Baikal area
c) the Indian subcontinent
d) Scandinavian Peninsula

4. Are the following statements true?

1. The Pole of Cold of the Northern Hemisphere is located in the region of the sharply continental subarctic climate of Eurasia.
2. The territory of Eurasia is located in all climatic zones of the Northern Hemisphere.

a) only the first statement is true
b) only the 2nd statement is true
c) both statements are true
d) both statements are wrong

5. Arrange the listed types of Eurasian climates in descending order of the annual amount of precipitation, starting with the largest.
a) monsoon temperate climate
b) sharply continental temperate climate
c) subequatorial climate
d) tropical climate

in)

a)

b)

G)

6. Establish a correspondence between the extreme points of Eurasia and the climatic regions in which they are located.

EXTREME POINT
1) Cape Dezhnev
2) Cape Piai
3) Cape Roca
4) Cape Chelyuskin

CLIMATIC AREA
a) arctic climate
b) Mediterranean subtropical climate
c) subarctic climate
d) equatorial climate

1	2	3	4
in)	G)	b)	a)

Thematic workshop

1. Complete the drawing of the monsoon process.

2. In one of the countries of Eurasia there is an ancient city. It stands on the banks of a not too large river, which gave the name to this city. If you swim along it, then very soon you can find yourself in a huge drainless reservoir. There are several weather stations in this city, some of which have been collecting weather information for over 100 years. According to the proposed data, construct a climatogram for this city and answer the questions.

1) In what climate zone is this city located?temperate continental climate
2) On what grounds did you determine the climate zone? Name at least two signs.

• summer average temperatures reach + 18ºС - + 19ºС, that is, it is quite warm in summer;
• winter average temperatures do not fall below -12ºС, that is, the winter is not very cold, quite moderate;
• the amount of precipitation in both winter and summer does not differ much: in winter 40-60 mm, and in summer 68-80.

3) What is the name of the river on the banks of which this city is located? In what drainless reservoir can a lifebuoy thrown into this river end up?

The river on which the city is located is called the Kostroma River. It is indeed a small river. Its length is 354 km. Having overcome this distance of Kostroma, it flows into the Volga and carries its waters to the largest drainless lake on the planet - to the Caspian Sea. Therefore, if we throw a lifeline into Kostroma, sooner or later it will end up in the waters of the Caspian Sea.

4) What else can you tell about this city? Maybe you can even name the country in which it is located?

On the territory of Eurasia, quite a lot of cities are named after the rivers on the banks of which they are located: Warsaw, Terek, Tunguska, Sosva, Pechora, Kharkov, Amsterdam, Moscow, Kabul, Pyarnu, Barnaul, Bugulma, Okha, Luga and many many other cities, located both on the territory of Russia and abroad.

In our case, the city and the river Kostroma (the country of Russia) most closely match the proposed description. Kostroma is an ancient city founded in 1152. The city got its name from the name of the Kostroma River, on the banks of which the city was founded.

There are indeed several meteorological stations on the territory of the city of Kostroma. The very first of them was opened in 1883. She worked at a real school in the city. For more than a century of existence, the work of the station was interrupted only a couple of times for a total of 4 years. The station changed its location several times and is currently located in the village of Koryakovo. it is literally 1.5 km from the modern borders of Kostroma.

Cartographic workshop

1. Arrange geographical objects in the order of their location from the northernmost to the southernmost.
1) Indus river
2) Baltic Sea
3) Lake Baikal
4) the island of Sri Lanka
5) Scandinavian Peninsula
6) Yellow Sea
7) Himalaya mountains

5

2

3

6

7

1

4

2. "Shadowboxing".

No. p / p	Question	What do you think?	How about really?
	Which bay is located to the north: Bengal (1) or Biscay (2)?	2	2
2	Is Cape Piai located in the Northern (1) or Southern (2) hemisphere?	1	1
	Which river is located to the east: Indus (1) or Ganges (2)?	2
	Does the Euphrates river flow into the Persian Gulf (1) or the Red Sea (2)?	1	1
5	Which of the rivers is located to the north: the Yangtze (1) or the Amur (2)?	2	2