Basic rules for picking mushrooms. Mushroom rules. Edible, non-edible and poisonous mushrooms Basic rules for picking mushrooms

Reading 8 min. Views 62 Published on 22.08.2018

Picking mushrooms is a fun and rewarding activity. "Silent hunting" allows not only to diversify the diet, but also to make preparations for the winter period. It's almost September outside, which means it's time to go mushroom picking! Therefore, in today's article, I would like to draw your attention to basic methods and rules for picking mushrooms.

Mushroom picking rules

• Going for mushrooms is early in the morning. Of course, there are people who believe that everyone will get mushrooms, and this is partly true if you know places where a person’s foot rarely steps, but in most cases, no.
• It is worth gathering for mushrooms when, after heavy rains, warm nights come, which favorably affects a good harvest.
• In no case should you pick mushrooms in the vicinity of large cities, especially industrial ones, on the roadsides of highways, railways, near factories, etc. This is due to the fact that both the earth and mushrooms near these places strongly absorb heavy metals and other harmful substances. It is better to go for mushrooms in the mountains or deep forests, i.e. away from sources of pollution.
• When hiking for mushrooms, you should dress well. It is better to wear boots, or high boots, as well as tight trousers. This must be done for security reasons. in many forests, you can accidentally step on a snake.
• If in doubt what kind of mushroom you found, it is better to leave it in place, because. Mushroom poisoning can cause very sad consequences, which no mushroom is worth.
• If you are poorly versed in the mushrooms you found, contact an experienced mushroom picker to weed out inedible finds, if you find any.
• Do not take rotten, overripe, flabby or wormy mushrooms with you. The joke about worms, that this is additional meat, and the fat will be better, is not appropriate. In addition, spoiled mushrooms are already beginning to decompose, while toxic substances are released from them;
• It is worth picking mushrooms in wicker baskets that have good ventilation, or in extreme cases in buckets, but not in bags, because. if mushrooms are kept in plastic bags for a long time, they can suffocate and simply deteriorate.
• If you see the mushroom you need, then do not pull it out of the ground, and also do not tear its root, so as not to disturb the mycelium, which, if destroyed, will not produce a crop for several more years. Just cut the mushroom with a knife.
• If the mushroom is under a large layer of bedding, then you can pull it out, but you need to do this carefully, slightly turning it by the leg, and swinging it. And after, when you pull it out, sprinkle the hole left by the mushroom with moss, or other elements of the litter. This must be done so that the open mycelium does not dry out under the rays of the sun, and in that place more than once delicious mushrooms pleased the mushroom pickers.
• While in the forest, do not shoot down mushrooms that you do not take for yourself. Firstly, there are mushrooms that you consider inedible, and other people know them very well, and also know how to cook them wonderfully, and nourish themselves with them. Secondly, some people even collect mushrooms for medicinal purposes, and you need to respect those who come after you for mushrooms.
• While in the forest, behave like a guest, taking care of nature, and justifying your title - a man: do not leave unextinguished fires or burning coals behind you; do not leave garbage in the forest; do not break trees; do not destroy bird nests, as well as anthills.
• For mushrooms, go only to those places with which you are familiar, otherwise only if you are remarkably oriented in a wooded area;
• If you are going for mushrooms with children, be sure to keep them near you, otherwise, it is better not to take them with you. Also, do not let the kids taste raw mushrooms, as well as various berries, because. many poisonous berries grow in the forest;
• Before going to the forest, ask for information about the rules of conduct when meeting wild animals. In extreme cases, remember that you should not show aggression or make loud noises when meeting, for example, with wild boars.
• Last year, I had just such a meeting. For the first time in my life, I saw wild boars not in the zoo, but at a distance of 25-30 meters. There was a flock of 6 boars in total. 2 large ones - the 1st and the closing one, and between them there are 4 more boars, 2-3 times smaller. When they saw me with my wife, they stopped. We also stopped without making a single sound, nor did we make the slightest movement. After 15 seconds, the boars ran on, not paying attention to us. In general, thank God!
• When you come home from mushroom hunting, be sure to carefully review each mushroom again to avoid possible misunderstandings.
• When preparing mushrooms, in no case do not drink mushroom broth, because. it usually contains all the harmful substances.

So, after getting acquainted with the basic rules for picking mushrooms, let's look at some types of mushrooms which ones are edible and which ones are not.

mushroom varieties

edible mushrooms

White mushroom, Boletus, Oyster mushroom, Volnushka, Breast, Chanterelles, Butterdish, Mossiness mushroom, Honey mushrooms, Boletus, Boletus, Polish mushroom, Camelina, Russula, Truffle, Champignons, Shiitake, Common dubovik, Hygrofor, Half-white mushroom.

Inedible (poisonous) mushrooms

Pale toadstool, Fly agaric, Satanic mushroom, Silverfish, Fibre, False fungus, Bile fungus (gorchak), False puffball, Red champignon, Poisonous ryadovka, Poisonous Entoloma, Common line, Bierkanderra singed, Sulfur-yellow honey agaric, Glutinous kalocera, Conocybe, Alder moth, Chestnut umbrella, Pig is not edible.

Methods for collecting mushrooms

There are several opinions about the methods of collecting mushrooms. Many people think that mushrooms are necessary cut with a knife and in no case do not break, do not pluck, as this exposes and damages the mycelium, the embryos die and, as a result, the yield of mushrooms decreases. However, if mushroom picking method had a detrimental effect on their growth, then there should have been a noticeable decrease in their yields compared, for example, with various grebes, which no one collects in any way. However, this is not observed. The number of grebes does not increase from being left alone, and the number of edible mushrooms, despite the fact that they are plucked every year, in many cases does not decrease.

The harvest of mushrooms in a given year depends on the state of plantings and weather conditions. Often a decrease in the yield of mushrooms is due to the fact that in areas where they previously grew especially abundantly, the forest has become more dense and, as a result, unfavorable for the growth of most edible mushrooms. Mushrooms disappear under the influence of logging and forest fires.

Thus, the method of picking mushrooms by picking mushrooms, practiced by individual pickers, does not bring tangible harm to mycelium. But, nevertheless, basically the mushrooms should be cut. However, it is not recommended to cut champignons in culture, as they are in completely different conditions than in nature. Its stump does not dry out quickly, it is damaged by insects, it rots. Lamellar mushrooms (milk mushrooms, mushrooms, russula, etc.), no matter how they are plucked, break at the stalk or at the junction of the mycelium with the stalk, while the mycelium is not exposed and is not pulled out. Tubular mushrooms (white, boletus, boletus, butterdish, etc.) are sometimes taken out with small pieces of mycelium, but they also break at the border of the stem with mycelium. In this regard, the popular expressions “break” or “take” mushrooms become understandable. They “break” lamellar, and “take” tubular mushrooms.

Collecting mushrooms by twisting them out of the ground is inconvenient, since when turning the mushroom, the cap can come off the stem, especially in adult specimens, and if you turn the stem, it is not always easy to grab it.

For sustainable mushroom crops irrelevant how they are collected - twisted or cut off, but the forest floor should not be strongly disturbed in search of small young mushrooms. The experience of collecting edible mushrooms in the Volyn region in various ways (plucking, cutting, twisting, careful removal) showed that this does not affect their overall yield.

Mushrooms and other short-stalked mushrooms should be cut with a knife. This method is convenient, but many collectors do not like it. It is a pleasure for the mushroom picker to pick or remove the mushroom, and then cut off the leg to determine the worminess and clean it from the ground. Small mushrooms or boletus, whose legs are short and hardly come out of the ground, should be cut off. When picking other mushrooms, the most convenient way is the usual picking method, and sometimes you have to slightly shake the mushroom beforehand if it is very large and dense, for example, boletus. Some mushroom pickers recommend cutting off the leg near the soil and sprinkle the cut with soil with the toe of the foot.

Conclusion

Compliance with the rules for picking mushrooms allows not only to minimize the risk of poisoning, but also helps to preserve the reproduction of mycelium in subsequent years. Only young mushrooms with a fairly dense pulp are used for food. It is advisable to lower the peeled mushrooms for about an hour in cold salted water, after which they are processed and subjected to reliable heat treatment as soon as possible. Basic rule, which must be followed when picking mushrooms, remains the same - you can only collect well-known and benign species that can be safely used for food purposes.

Picking mushrooms in the forest is not only the search for fruiting bodies for further culinary use. It is also relaxation, entertainment, a way to spend several hours in silence, to enjoy the beauty of nature, to dream, to think about something sublime. Or, on the contrary, you can pick mushrooms as some amateurs advise - in a cheerful company, with songs and jokes.

Russian residents have always shown a love for nature. Harvest for mushrooms, or “mushroom”, years are not celebrated every season - it all depends on the vagaries of the weather. Everyone should always follow the simple rules for picking mushrooms, which will protect you from poisoning and bring maximum pleasure from the "quiet hunt".

You will learn how to pick mushrooms in the forest by reading the material on this page.

How to pick mushrooms in the forest

A brief reminder of the mushroom picking rule is as follows:

• In any case, decisively throw away unfamiliar mushrooms, even if you have even the slightest doubt, remember that even one dubious fungus can cost you your life.
• For the first time or with little experience, go to the forest with experienced mushroom pickers who are familiar to you personally, use reference books.
• Following the basic rules, picking mushrooms should be carried out in ecologically clean places, away from cities and large industrial enterprises, at a distance of at least 500 meters from highways.
• Do not take old mushrooms and specimens even with slight signs of mold.
• Mushrooms should be harvested, preserved and stored according to the recipes of experienced specialists.
• Never buy mushrooms from unfamiliar sellers and in the absence of an official store.

See a photo of how to pick mushrooms in the forest:






Go to the forest in tight, closed clothes, be sure to wear a hat, use mosquito and tick repellents, shake out clothes after a forest walk, contact a doctor immediately if ticks are found on your body (in some areas, ticks are not encephalitic and at the first signs of poisoning fruiting bodies.

This video details the correct picking of mushrooms in the forest:

Proper gear for picking

It is not enough to know how to pick mushrooms correctly. Going into the forest, mushroom pickers need to have the right equipment. Otherwise, forest trips can result in health problems.

According to the rules for picking mushrooms in the forest, a mandatory set must contain:

• waterproof suit for rainy weather;
• tight jeans and a jacket like a windbreaker that do not bite through mosquitoes and even wasps, for dry and sunny weather;
• boots in rainy and wet weather, as well as early in the morning when the grass is wet with dew;
• comfortable and durable sports shoes such as sneakers for dry weather;
• hand or pocket compass, do not forget to determine the opposite direction when entering the forest;
• mosquito repellent;
• sharp knife for mushrooms, preferably folding;
• a basket is required, do not take plastic bags: in them, the mushrooms crumple and deteriorate ahead of time;
• if you collect different types of mushrooms, among which there are raincoats and hedgehogs, in which spines fall off and stick to all other mushrooms, or mokruhi, which can stain all other species, as well as tender young dung beetles, then you should make one or two in a basket partitions or take an additional small basket;
• a headdress or a scarf in the forest is necessary.

Many mushroom pickers are looking forward to the start of the autumn season. It is no coincidence that autumn is sung by many poets, how can one calmly relate to the beautiful golden foliage and the unique beauty of the autumn forest! There are a lot of mushrooms in autumn. However, mushrooms can be harvested at any time of the year. You just need to know where and when to look for them. And, of course, do not forget about the basic rules for collecting edible mushrooms.

Good mushroom pickers in the fall prepare substantial stocks of pickled, salted, frozen, dried mushrooms, which they have enough until the next season.

Search for mushroom places

The climate significantly affects the time of fruiting and the amount of collection. For example, in the very rainy summer of 2008 in central Russia, a massive harvest of autumn mushrooms was observed a month earlier than usual - from August 15 to 25. The weather anomaly also affected the harvest: the peak was powerful, but short-lived, in 10 days all honey mushrooms came down. The anomaly also affected the fact that in the unprecedentedly early harvest of autumn mushrooms, each mushroom contained small brown bugs. In addition, in 2008 there was a peak harvest of winter mushrooms. Many of the most beautiful mother-of-pearl-red and brownish-yellow shiny mushrooms were on spruces, and in 2009 and 2010 - yellow-brown in parks. In 2011, there were few mushrooms, but in humid places there were a lot of boletus and Polish mushrooms. In 2012, there were a few mushrooms, russula and few chanterelles, but nature is never “empty”, in the same year there were many beloved white mushrooms.

If we consider different families of edible mushrooms, then we can say with confidence that there are good mushroom places where valuable mushroom species grow at different times or even in different years.

If you have identified three or four such mushroom sites, then you can be sure that they will not let you down and will continue to delight you with new types of mushrooms, depending on the climate and season.

Thus, the well-known phrase becomes clear that it is necessary, first of all, to search for mushroom places, then there will be mushrooms themselves.

In some cases, one careful look is enough to identify good mushroom places. So, a pine forest is visible from afar, usually on the banks of rivers and reservoirs, there are often butterflies, champignons, porcini mushrooms, mushrooms, spring mushrooms. But the “honeycomb” places (where autumn and summer mushrooms grow) are most often located in windbreaks, where there is an abundance of fallen trees and stumps. In addition, there are many of them near summer cottages and villages, where there are a lot of cut and broken trees and stumps.

Here you can see a selection of photos about picking mushrooms in the forest»:

Spread of fungal spores

By learning how to properly pick mushrooms, you can bring joy to others if you spread spores near residential buildings. It doesn't take much effort to do this. You need to know that your favorite porcini, boletus, boletus, mushrooms, milk mushrooms and other mushrooms grow successfully only in symbiosis with the roots of certain plants and trees. It can be spruce, birch, mountain ash, pine, alder, ferns, mosses and so on.

If in your garden partnership or in the village there is an alley of birches, firs, pines, then you can safely pour mixed water with old mushrooms near the roots. Often they throw out old porcini mushrooms, boletus, boletus. Take the down from them, or the tubular part lower from the hat. It contains a large number of spores. Stir it in warm water, and here you have a solution for planting. Next, pour this solution under Christmas trees, birches, mountain ash and other trees. As a result, only the lazy do not collect boletus, boletus and other valuable mushrooms in the alley next to the houses.

Here comes the mushroom season. There is a reason why it becomes possible not only to breathe fresh air while walking through the forest, but also to take part in the “quiet hunt” - the most exciting activity - picking mushrooms.

Mushrooms are a traditional food product - any book about Russian cuisine contains many appetizers, first and main courses,sauces and fillings for pies. For cooking, raw, boiled, salted, pickled and dried mushrooms are used. The unique taste and aroma of mushrooms, as well as nutritional advantages, ensure their popularity not only in Russian cuisine.

Why are mushrooms good?The chemical composition of most edible mushrooms is characterized by low calorie content - 25-45 kcal per 100 g. Mushrooms are a relatively good source of B vitamins - a portion of cooked mushrooms provides 5-10% of a person's need for thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid. Unlike other plant foods, mushrooms also contain vitamin D . High potassium content (0.3-0.4%) and low sodium content - but we usually destroy this advantage of mushrooms by flavoring them with table salt. Preliminary drying of mushrooms, their grinding and heat treatment increases the availability of nutrients.

If in other countries preference is given to mushrooms grown industrially, under conditions guaranteeing safety, then in Russia many are addicted or trying to get carried away by “silent hunting”. Unfortunately, there are fewer and fewer "professional" mushroom hunters, and "beginners", and especially children, are picking all kinds of mushrooms in a row.

This is what lies the first major danger of mushrooms - from several thousand species growing in our forests,not all are edible . Most of them are inedible and even poisonous.

The most famous representative of the latter, with which dozens of cases of severe poisoning are associated annually, often ending in death, is the pale grebe.

For the occurrence of poisoning, a small piece of the mushroom or only "mushroom broth" is enough.

Unfortunately, the young pale grebe "disguises" itself as many other edible mushrooms: russula, milk mushrooms, champignons, etc.

There are also poisonous mushrooms "twins" - typical representatives are false chanterelles and false mushrooms. That is why in the company of "mushroom hunters" there must be at least one experienced mushroom picker, who knows exactly which mushrooms are edible in a given area and a given period of the year .

Second danger forest mushroomsrelated to their biologicalthey absorb everything from the environment like a sponge. They are able to concentrate many trace elements. But if the soil contains higher concentrations of cadmium or lead, they will be concentrated by fungi, which become potentially harmful to human health. Knowit is strictly forbidden to pick mushrooms along highways - move a few hundred meters away from the highway- the probability of soil contamination in the depths of the forest is much less, which means that the mushrooms will be safe.

The third danger forest mushroomsassociated with ignorancetechnologies for the preparation of conditionally edible mushrooms - this applies to many rows, bitters, fiddlers, etc. Their use in food should be preceded by long soaking and / or double boiling, drying. Poisoning with these mushrooms is not life-threatening, but can cause health problems, especially in people with chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

And finally the fourth danger is the lack of general sanitary and hygienic skills in the processing and harvesting of mushrooms.

Collected mushrooms must be immediately sorted out, old, wormy and damaged and broken mushrooms (which cannot be identified), thoroughly clean the surface of the mushroom from all impurities. Pay special attention to impurities of the earth - spore-forming microorganisms can get with them, which will “come to life” during the subsequent canning of mushrooms.

Even after collecting the mushrooms you know, after careful sorting, cleaning and washing, it is better to boil them, drain the broth and only then use them for cooking.

Mushroom pickers need to know and perform basic rules for the safe collection and handling of mushrooms.

Basic rules of the mushroom picker.

How to recognize mushrooms, how to pick them, which ones to cook correctly in order to preserve excellent taste and aroma - these are far from idle questions that concern many mushroom pickers, especially beginners.

1. Collect only those mushrooms in the forest that you know for sure that they are edible.

2. Remember that poisonous mushrooms often grow next to edible ones and can be very similar to them.

3. Mushrooms that you do not know or that are in doubt, mushrooms whose edibility you are not sure about, should not be eaten and tasted, especially when raw.

4. Remember that even edible mushrooms can become inedible and toxic if not properly prepared and stored.

5. Never pick or eat mushrooms that are overripe, wormy or spoiled.

6. Don't eat raw mushrooms.

7. Don't believe the popular belief that poisonous mushrooms will darken bulbs or silverware when placed in a bowl of mushrooms. This is a false impression!

8. There is only one absolutely reliable way to recognize poisonous mushrooms: you need to know them.

9. Do not pick mushrooms, even if they are known to be edible, in city parks, squares, yards, and also along roads and railways. Mushrooms accumulate toxic substances and become unfit for food.

(!) At the first signs of poisoning, you must urgently seek medical help .