The political system of society, its structure - report. Basis for the classification of political systems

20.09.2019

The concept and structure of the political system of society

The category "political system" reflects the purposefulness of the political process. The purpose of the functioning of the political system is to ensure power in society.

Modern philosophical science did not develop a single definition of the concept of "system". The most common is the definition given by one of the founders general theory L. Bertalanffy systems: system is a complex of interacting elements. In its turn element some further indecomposable component of the system is called, which is directly involved in its creation. Also, along with the idea of the elements, the idea of any system includes the idea of its structure. Structure is a set of stable relationships and connections between elements. The structure usually includes the general organization of elements, the relationships between them, etc.

For the analysis of complex systems, similar topics, which, for example, is human society, scientists have developed the concept of "subsystem". Subsystems called "intermediate" complexes, more complex than the elements, but less complex than the system itself.

One of the definitions authorities describes her as social phenomenon, as the real ability of a certain subject (an individual, a social community, a political institution) to exercise his will in social life, to influence the activities, behavior of people with the help of certain means - authority, law, violence. The leadership of society by a certain social group (or coalition of groups), which has a decisive influence on the power structures of the state, is precisely political power. Based on the understanding of politics as a way of redistribution social statuses in society, political power is associated with the struggle social groups for the distribution of social values in a socially differentiated (class) society. In terms of its scope, political power is much wider than state power: state power is only one of the organizational forms political power.

The word "politics" comes from the Greek politics, which means in translation "state affairs", "the art of government".

Politics has not always existed. Among the reasons for its occurrence can be called the polarization of society, leading to the emergence of social contradictions and conflicts that need to be resolved, as well as the increased level of complexity and importance of managing society, which required the formation of special authorities separated from the people. The emergence of political and state power- the most important premise of the policy.

Science offers different definitions of politics.

Politics- these are relations between states, classes, social groups, nations arising from the capture, exercise and retention of political power in society, as well as relations between states in the international arena.

Politics is an activity government agencies, political parties, public associations in the sphere of relations between social groups (classes, nations, states), aimed at integrating their efforts in order to strengthen political power or win it.

Politics- the sphere of activity of groups, parties, individuals, the state, associated with the implementation of generally significant interests with the help of political power.

Political life includes not only the state, but also other non-state institutions and organizations that also carry out some political functions. These are parties, public and other organizations participating in power structures. All of them enter into certain volitional relations regarding the exercise of political power. Their totality, organic connection and interaction within the state means the political system of society.

Political system includes four components:

1) the political organization of society: the state, political parties and movements, public organizations and associations, etc.;

2) socio-political and legal norms governing the political life of society and the process of exercising political power; political relations;

3) political ideology: political consciousness that characterizes the psychological and ideological aspects of political power and the political system;

4) political practice, consisting of political activity and cumulative political experience.

The structure of the political system means what elements it consists of, how they are interconnected.

There are various political systems. The basis for the classification of political systems, as a rule, is political regime, i.e., the nature and method of interaction between power, personality and society. Let's call them without disclosing the content:

Distribution type, market, convergent,

liberal democratic, totalitarian, authoritarian,

Open and closed, etc.

Civil society operates at several levels: production, socio-cultural and political and legal. On the first level citizens create associations or organizations (private, joint-stock enterprises, professional associations) to meet their basic needs for food, clothing, housing; on the second- to meet the needs for spiritual improvement, knowledge, information, communication and faith, such public institutions as the family, church, media, creative unions are created; third level constitute political and legal relations in which the needs of citizens in political activity are realized. To do this, they create parties and political movements, which are elements of the political system of society.

From this we can conclude that the political system in society performs a variety of specific functions, which include:

Definition of goals, objectives, ways of development of society;

Organization of the company's activities to achieve the set goals;

Distribution of material and spiritual resources;

Coordination of the various interests of the subjects of the political process;

Development and implementation in society of various norms of behavior;

Ensuring the stability and security of society;

Political socialization of the individual, familiarizing people with political life;

Control over the implementation of political and other norms of summing up, suppression of attempts to violate them.

Under political system of society understand the totality of various political institutions, socio-political communities, forms of interaction and relationships between them, in which political power is exercised.

In the political system leading role is played by the state, which ensures the political organization of society. Many scientists, in support of the dominant place of the state in the political system of society, give a number of arguments:

» The state decides common problems countries.

» It is the only sovereign organization nationwide.

» It defines the main directions for the development of society in the interests of each and every person.

" Is an official representative common interests and goals both at home and abroad.

The political system reflects the level of political creativity in society, the nature of the political participation of the population in the life of society, the processes of legal consolidation of power, the distribution of political roles, etc. It has a huge impact on culture, the economy, ideology, being a necessary element of all social reality.

Elements of the political system

Political science distinguishes four main elements of the political system, sometimes called subsystems: institutional, communicative, normative and cultural-ideological.

To institutional subsystem include political institutions (organizations), among which the state occupies a special place. Of non-governmental organizations, political parties and socio-political movements play an important role in the political life of society.

All political institutions can be conditionally divided into three groups.

To the first group, actually political include organizations whose immediate purpose of existence is the exercise of power or influence on it (the state, political parties and socio-political movements).

To the second group- not actually political - include organizations that carry out their activities in the economic, social, cultural spheres the life of society (trade unions, religious and cooperative organizations, etc.). They do not set themselves independent political tasks, do not participate in the struggle for power. However, their goals cannot be achieved outside the political system, and therefore such organizations must participate in the political life of society, defending their corporate interests, seeking to take them into account and implement them in politics.

To the third group include organizations whose activities have only a minor political aspect. They arise and function to realize the personal interests and inclinations of a certain stratum of people (interest clubs, sports societies), acquiring a political connotation as objects of influence from the state and other political institutions proper. They themselves are not active subjects of political relations.

Communication subsystem the political system of society is a set of relations and forms of interaction that develop between classes, social groups, nations, individuals regarding their participation in the exercise of power, the development and implementation of policies.

Political relations are the result of numerous and varied connections of political subjects in the process of political activity. People and political institutions are motivated to join them by their own political interests and needs. Allocate primary and secondary(derivative) political relations. The former include various forms of interaction between social groups (classes, nations, estates, etc.), as well as within them, the latter - relations between states, parties, other political institutions that reflect in their activities the interests of certain social strata or the whole society.

Normative subsystem. Political relations are built on the basis of certain rules (norms). The political norms and traditions that determine and regulate the political life of society constitute regulatory subsystem political system of society. The most important role is played by legal norms (constitutions, laws, other normative legal acts). Activities of parties and others public organizations regulated by their statutory and program norms. In many countries (especially in England and its former colonies), along with the political norms fixed in the texts of legal acts, great importance have unwritten customs and traditions.

Another group of social norms is ethical and moral norms, which enshrine the ideas of the whole society or its individual strata about good and evil, truth, and justice. Modern society came closer to realizing the need to return to politics such moral guidelines as honor, conscience, nobility.

Cultural and ideological subsystem political system is a set of different in its content political ideas, views, ideas, feelings of participants in political life. The political consciousness of the subjects of the political process functions at two levels - theoretical ( political ideology) and empirical (political psychology). The forms of manifestation of political ideology include views, slogans, ideas, concepts, theories, and political psychology - feelings, emotions, moods, prejudices, traditions, but in the political life of society they are equal. In the ideological subsystem, a special place is occupied by political culture, understood as a complex of typical this society ingrained patterns (stereotypes) of behavior, value orientations, political views.

Political culture is the experience of political activity passed down from generation to generation, in which knowledge, beliefs and behavior patterns of a person and social groups are combined.

The political system is an integral, ordered set of elements, the interaction of which generates a new quality that is not inherent in its parts.

The main elements of the political system are political institutions:

1. state;
2. political parties;
3. public organizations and associations;
4. institutions of direct democracy (elections, referendums, demonstrations, rallies, etc.).

The state as an element of the political system of society The state is an organization of political power that promotes the predominant implementation of specific interests (class, universal, religious, national, etc.) within a certain territory. The state is part of the political system, its element, concentrating the diversity of political interests. It occupies a leading place in the political system of society. The political system is an integral, ordered set of elements, the interaction of which generates a new quality that is not inherent in its parts. The main elements of the political system are political institutions: 1. state; 2. political parties; 3. public organizations and associations; 4. institutions of direct democracy (elections, referenda, demonstrations, rallies, etc.).

Functions of the state The main function of the state is to ensure comfortable living for its citizens. To this end, the state performs a number of tasks: management of the economy and society; defense of their own territory. With the development of social relations, the possibility of a more civilized behavior of the state arose. The nature of the state and its position in the political system presuppose the presence of a number of specific functions that distinguish it from other political institutions. The functions of the state are the main directions of its activities related to the sovereignty of state power. The goals and objectives of the state differ from functions, reflecting the main directions of the political strategy chosen by this or that government or regime, the means of its implementation. political institutions sovereignty

Classification of the functions of the state The functions of the state are classified: by sphere public life: into internal and external, according to the duration of action: into permanent (carried out at all stages of the development of the state) and temporary (reflecting certain stage development of the state), by meaning: into main and additional ones, by appearance: into explicit and latent ones, by influence on society: into protective and regulatory ones.

The main classification is the division of state functions into internal and external. Internal functions State: Legal function Enforcement of law and order, establishment of legal norms governing public relations and behavior of citizens, protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. Legal law and order Political function political stability, development of program-strategic goals and objectives of the development of society. Political Organizing function streamlining all power activities, monitoring the implementation of laws, coordinating the activities of all subjects of the political system. Organizing function economic function organization, coordination and regulation of economic processes, with the help of tax and credit policy, planning, creating incentives economic activity, implementation of sanctions. Economic tax credit

The social function is to ensure solidarity relations in society, cooperation of various strata of society, the implementation of the principle social justice protection of the interests of those categories of citizens who, due to objective reasons, cannot independently provide a decent standard of living (disabled people, pensioners, mothers, children), support for housing construction, healthcare, public transport. social function ecological function guaranteeing a healthy living environment to a person, establishing a regime for nature management. Ecological cultural function - creation of conditions for meeting the cultural needs of people, the formation of high spirituality, citizenship, guaranteeing an open information space, the formation of a state cultural policy. Cultural state cultural policy Educational function - activities to ensure the democratization of education, its continuity and quality, providing people with equal opportunities to receive education. educational

External functions of the state: Foreign policy function development diplomatic relations between states, the conclusion of international treaties, participation in international organizations. Foreign policy function of diplomatic relations Support function national security maintaining a sufficient level of defense capability of society, protecting the territorial integrity, sovereignty and security of the state. international relations, activities to prevent wars, reduce armaments, participate in solving global problems humanity.international relations The function of mutually beneficial cooperation in the economic, political, cultural and other spheres with other states.

The word "politics" comes from the Greek politike, which means in translation "state affairs", "the art of government". Politics is the activity of state bodies, political parties, public associations in the sphere of relations between social groups (classes, nations, states), aimed at integrating their efforts in order to strengthen political power or conquer it. The category "political system" reflects the purposefulness of the political process. The purpose of the functioning of the political system is to ensure power in society.

The political system includes four components: 1) the political organization of society: the state, political parties and movements, public organizations and associations, etc.; 2) socio-political and legal norms governing the political life of society and the process of exercising political power; political relations; 3) political ideology: political consciousness that characterizes the psychological and ideological aspects of political power and the political system; 4) political practice, consisting of political activity and cumulative political experience.

The structure of the political system means what elements it consists of, how they are interconnected. There are various political systems. The basis for the classification of political systems, as a rule, is the political regime, that is, the nature and method of interaction between power, personality and society. Let's call them without disclosing the content: = distributive type, market, convergent, = liberal-democratic, totalitarian, authoritarian, = open and closed, etc.

The political system of society is understood as the totality of various political institutions, socio-political communities, forms of interactions and relationships between them, in which political power is exercised. In the political system, the main role is played by the state, which ensures the political organization of society. Many scholars give a number of arguments to justify the dominant place of the state in the political system of society: “The state solves the country's common problems. » It is the only sovereign organization nationwide. » It defines the main directions for the development of society in the interests of each and every person. » Is the official representative of common interests and goals both within the country and abroad.

The political system of society is a category that reflects political activity and emphasizes the systemic nature of the political life of society. Political science distinguishes four main elements of the political system, sometimes called subsystems: institutional, communicative, normative and cultural-ideological. The institutional subsystem includes political institutions (organizations), among which the state occupies a special place. Of non-governmental organizations, political parties and socio-political movements play an important role in the political life of society. Elements of the political system

The communicative subsystem of the political system of society is a set of relations and forms of interaction that develop between classes, social groups, nations, individuals regarding their participation in the exercise of power, the development and implementation of policies. Political relations are the result of numerous and varied connections of political subjects in the process of political activity. People and political institutions are motivated to join them by their own political interests and needs. Allocate primary and secondary (derivative) political relations. The former include various forms of interaction between social groups (classes, nations, estates, etc.), as well as within them, the latter include relations between states, parties, and other political institutions that reflect in their activities the interests of certain social strata or the whole society.

Normative subsystem. Political relations are built on the basis of certain rules (norms). Political norms and traditions that determine and regulate the political life of society constitute the normative subsystem of the political system of society. The most important role is played by legal norms (constitutions, laws, other normative legal acts). The activities of parties and other public organizations are regulated by their charter and program norms.

The cultural and ideological subsystem of the political system is a set of political ideas, views, ideas, feelings of political life participants that are different in their content. The political consciousness of the subjects of the political process functions at two levels: theoretical (political ideology) and empirical (political psychology). The forms of manifestation of political ideology include views, slogans, ideas, concepts, theories, and political psychology includes feelings, emotions, moods, prejudices, traditions, but they are equal in the political life of society. In the ideological subsystem, a special place is occupied by political culture, understood as a complex of ingrained patterns (stereotypes) of behavior, value orientations, and political ideas that are typical for a given society. Political culture is the experience of political activity passed down from generation to generation, in which knowledge, beliefs and behavior patterns of a person and social groups are combined.

Political system

Target: form students' understanding of the structure of the political system.

Lesson type: combined.

During the classes

I. Repetition.

Answer the self-test questions, p. 228.

II. Learning new material.

1. Structure and functions of the political system.

2. The state in the political system.

3. Political regime.

4. Democratic changes in Russia.

- a set of political organizations, socio-political responsibilities, forms of interaction and relations between them, in which political power is exercised.

Functions of the political system

1. Definition of tasks, ways of development of society.

2. Organization of the company's activities to achieve the set goals.

3. Distribution of material and spiritual resources.

4. Coordination of various interests, subjects of the political process.

5. Development and implementation in society of various norms of behavior.

6. Ensuring the stability and security of society.

7. Political socialization of the individual, introducing people to political life.

8. Control over the implementation of political and other norms of behavior, suppression of attempts to violate them.

The political system of society- an extensive set of various political institutions, socio-political communities, forms, norms and principles of interactions and relationships between them, in which political power is exercised.

Signs of the political system of society:

- within its framework, the mechanism of political power is formed and improved;

- claims a monopoly of legitimate physical violence;

- is determined by the social, economic and spiritual structure of society;

- is relatively independent.

The main elements of the political system of society

1. Political principles and legal norms:

- regulate political relations, giving them order, defining what is allowed and what is not allowed in the functioning of this political system;

- legitimize political foundations;

- determine the style and methods of work of the state apparatus, other institutions of political organization;

- contribute to the formation of a mechanism for the distribution and consolidation of relevant roles among members of society).

2. Political institutions:

- represent political institutions with an organized structure, centralized management, executive apparatus;

- include forms and essence of political functions, relations, types of management.

3. Political consciousness:

- reflects social reality;

- perceives events, evaluating them according to the degree of significance and compliance with interests, legislative acts, political norms, traditions, ideals;

- predicts possible prospects for social and political changes in society.

4. Political culture:

- performs the role of a stabilizing and destabilizing factor in the political system;

- carries out the continuity of political traditions, customs, social historical experience.

Basis for the classification of political systems

1) the type of formation and the nature of the socio-economic structure:

- slaveholding;

- feudal;

- bourgeois

- communist.

2) the nature of the political regime:

- totalitarian.

3) social basis:

- military;

- civil;

- national democratic;

- bourgeois-democratic.

4) the development of civil society.

The political system of society, its structure

Political science and state regulation

The political system of society, its structure. Option 1 . The political system of society is understood as the totality of various political institutions, socio-political communities, forms of interactions and relationships.

The political system of society, its structure.

Option 1

Under the political system of societyunderstand the totality of various political institutions, socio-political communities, forms of interaction and relationships between them, which implement political power.

Functions of the political system:

1) definition of goals, tasks, pu those of the development of society;

2) organization company activitiesupon reaching the set x goals;

3) distribution of material and spiritual resources;

4) agreement diverse interests of the subjects of the political process;

5) development and implementation in society of various norms of behavior;

6 ) ensuring stability and public safety;

7) political socialization of the individual, familiarizing people with political life;

8) control over the implementation of political and other norms of behavior, suppression of attempts to violate them.

foundation classification of political systemsis, as a rule, the political regime, the nature and method of interaction between the authorities, the individual and society. According to this criterion, all political systems can be divided into:

totalitarian,
authoritarian
democratic.

Political science identifies fourbasic element of the political system, also called subsystems:

1) institutional,

2) communicative,

3) regulatory,

4) cultural and ideological.

To institutional subsystem relate:

political organizations (institutions) - the state, political parties and socio-political movements, i.e. organizations whose immediate purpose of existence is the exercise of power or influence on it;
non-political- trade unions, religious and cooperative organizations, etc., i.e. organizations operating in the economic, social, cultural spheres of society. They do not set themselves independent political tasks, do not participate in the struggle for power. But their goals cannot be achieved outside the political system, and therefore such organizations must participate in the political life of society, defending their corporate interests, seeking to take them into account and implement them in politics.
hobby clubs, sports societies- organizations that have only a minor political aspect in their activities. They arise and function to realize the personal interests and inclinations of any layer of people. Political connotation they acquire as objects of influence on the part of the state and other proper political institutions. They themselves are not active subjects of political relations.

Communication subsystemthe political life of society is a set of relations and forms of interaction that develop between classes, social groups, nations, individuals regarding their participation in the exercise of power, the development and implementation of policies.
Political relations are the result of numerous and varied connections of political subjects in the process of political activity. People and political institutions are motivated to join them by their own political interests and needs. Allocateprimary and secondary (derivative) political relations.

primary - forms of interaction between social groups (classes, nations, estates, etc.), as well as within them;
secondary - relations between states, parties, other political institutions that reflect in their activities the interests of certain social strata or the whole society.

Political relations are built on the basis of certain rules (norms).Political norms and traditions:

legal norms (constitutions, laws, other regulatory legal acts). The activities of parties and other public organizations are regulated by their statutory and program norms.
unwritten customs and traditions. They are of great importance in many countries (especially in England and its former colonies), along with written political norms:
ethical and moral norms in which the ideas of the whole society or its individual strata about good and evil, the truth of justice are fixed. Modern society has come close to realizing the need to return such moral guidelines as honor, conscience, and nobility to politics.

Cultural and ideological subsystempolitical systems is a combination of political ideas, views, ideas, feelings of participants in political life that are different in their content.

political consciousnesssubjects of the political process are functioning on two levels

theoretical (political ideology) - views, slogans, ideas, concepts, theories
empirical (political psychology) - feelings, emotions, moods, prejudices, traditions

But in the political life of society they are equal.

We occupy a special place in the ideological gender systempolitical culture- a complex of ingrained patterns (stereotypes) of behavior, value orientations of political ideas that are typical for a given society.Political culture- this is the experience of political activity transmitted from generation to generation in which knowledge, beliefs, “models of human behavior and social groups are combined.

Option 2

The political system of society, its structure

The political system of society (PSO) is a holistic, ordered set of political institutions, political roles, relationships, processes, principles of the political organization of society, subject to various social norms, historical traditions and installations of the political regime of a particular society. It includes the organization of political power and the relationship between society and the state.

There are several approaches to understanding and interpreting PSO. The prevailing point of view of Russian and foreign political scientists on the structure of the PSO is the allocation of such subsystems (blocks) in its composition as institutional, information and communication, and normative and regulatory.

The institutional subsystem consists of such institutions as the state, political parties, interest groups. The leading institution, concentrating maximum political power, is the state. Political parties and interest groups influence the formation of state structures, adjust political goals, and direct political development. In authoritarian and totalitarian societies, interest groups and political parties are strictly subordinate to the ruling elite and the bureaucracy.

The structure of the PSO includes an information and communication subsystem that establishes links between the institutions of the political system. Elements of this subsystem include channels for transmitting information to the government (for example, the procedure for hearing cases in open meetings, commissions of inquiry, confidential consultations with interested groups), as well as the media, which means television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, Internet resources designed for the widest audience.

The normative and regulatory subsystem is formed by all sorts of norms that determine the behavior of people in political life: their participation in the processes of putting forward demands, the transformation of these requirements into decisions, the implementation of decisions. These norms are the basic rules for participation at all stages of the political process.

Norms can be divided into two types:

norms-habits
norms-laws.

Norms-habits largely determine the form of the political system within which norms-laws operate. Norms-laws determine the process of legislation, establish (or do not establish - depending on the regime) the rights: vote, freedom of speech, the creation of associations, etc.

Functions of the political system:

political socialization and participation;
expression of interests of various groups and strata of the population;
political communication;
development of norms-laws;
application of norms;
monitoring compliance.

The fundamental basis of PSO is the state.

Option 3

The political system of society is understood as the totality of various political institutions, socio-political communities, forms of interactions and relationships between them, in which political power is exercised. The functions of the political system of society are diverse:
1) determination of goals, objectives, ways of development of society;
2) organization of the company's activities to achieve the set goals;
3) distribution of material and spiritual resources;
4) coordination of various interests of the subjects of the political process;
5) development and implementation of various norms of behavior in society;
6) ensuring the stability and security of society;
7) political socialization of the individual, familiarizing people with political life;
8) control over the implementation of political and other norms of behavior, suppression of attempts to violate them.
The basis for the classification of political systems is, as a rule, the political regime, the nature and method of interaction between the authorities, the individual and society. According to this criterion, all political systems can be divided into totalitarian, authoritarian and democratic.
Political science identifies four main elements of the political system, also called subsystems: 1) institutional, 2) communicative, 3) normative, 4) cultural and ideological.
The institutional subsystem includes political organizations (institutions), among which the state occupies a special place. Of non-governmental organizations, political parties and socio-political movements play an important role in the political life of society. All political institutions can be conditionally divided into three groups. Proper political organizations include organizations whose immediate purpose of existence is the exercise of power or influence on it (the state, political parties and socio-political movements). The second group - non-political ones - includes organizations that carry out their activities in the economic, social, cultural spheres of society (trade unions, religious and cooperative organizations, etc.). They do not set themselves independent political tasks, do not participate in the struggle for power. But their goals cannot be achieved outside the political system, and therefore such organizations must participate in the political life of society, defending their corporate interests, seeking to take them into account and implement them in politics. Finally, the third group includes organizations that have only a minor political aspect in their activities. They arise and function to realize the personal interests and inclinations of a certain layer of people (interest clubs, sports societies). They acquire a political connotation as objects of influence on the part of the state and other proper political institutions. They themselves are not active subjects of political relations.
The communicative subsystem of the political system of society is a set of relations and forms of interaction that develop between classes, social groups, nations, individuals regarding their participation in the exercise of power, the development and implementation of policies. Political relations are the result of numerous and varied connections of political subjects in the process of political activity. People and political institutions are motivated to join them by their own political interests and needs. Allocate primary and secondary (derivative) political relations. The former include various forms of interaction between social groups (classes, nations, estates, etc.), as well as within them, the latter include relations between states, parties, and other political institutions that reflect in their activities the interests of certain social strata or the whole of society.
Political relations are built on the basis of certain rules (norms). Political norms and traditions that determine and regulate the political life of society constitute the normative subsystem of the political system of society. The most important role is played by legal norms (constitutions, laws, other normative legal acts). The activities of parties and other public organizations are regulated by their statutory and program norms. In many countries (especially in England and its former colonies), along with written political norms, unwritten customs and traditions are of great importance. Another group of political norms is represented by ethical and moral norms, in which the ideas of the whole society or its individual strata about good and evil, truth, and justice are fixed. Modern society has come close to realizing the need to return such moral guidelines as honor, conscience, and nobility to politics.
The cultural and ideological subsystem of the political system is a set of political ideas, views, ideas, feelings of political life participants that are different in their content. The political consciousness of the subjects of the political process functions at two levels: theoretical (political ideology) and empirical (political psychology). The forms of manifestation of political ideology include views, slogans, ideas, concepts, theories, and political psychology - feelings, emotions, moods, prejudices, traditions. But in the political life of society they are equal. In the ideological subsystem, a special place is occupied by political culture, understood as a complex of rooted patterns (stereotypes) of behavior, value orientations of political ideas that are typical for a given society. Political culture is the experience of political activity passed down from generation to generation, which combines the knowledge, beliefs and behaviors of a person and social groups. The main directions of the reform of the political system in our country are determined by the Constitution Russian Federation, adopted at a referendum on December 12, 1993. It proclaims our state as a democratic federal legal state with a republican form of government (Article 1). The bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power in Russia is the people who exercise their will directly (through elections and a referendum), through state authorities and bodies local government(Art. 2). In Russia, free elections, in which all citizens from the age of 18 participate (except for those recognized by the court as incompetent and held in places of deprivation of liberty by a court verdict), the President is elected, deputies State Duma, members of higher legislatures and chapters supreme bodies executive authorities of the subjects of the Federation, local governments, heads of city and district administrations. The Constitution of our state enshrined and guaranteed fundamental human rights and freedoms. Political and ideological pluralism, diversity and equality are declared to be the foundations of the constitutional order various forms ownership, separation of powers. But the real formation of a democratic regime in Russia has just begun.

Political system in general properties, its structure.

Option 1

. Under the political systementities understand the totality of various political institutions, socio-political communities, forms of interaction and relationships between them, which implement political power.

Functions of the political system we :

1) definition goals, tasks, pu those of the development of society;

2) organization general activitiesnature upon reaching the set X goals;

3) distribution material and spiritual resources;

4) agreement diverse interests of the subjects of the political process;

5) development and implementation in society of various code of conductI;

6 ) ensuring stability and security society;

7) political socialization of the individual, familiarizing people with political life;

8) the control over the implementation of political and other norms of behavior, suppression of attempts to violate them.

foundationclassification by lytic systems is, as a rule, the political regime, the nature and method of interaction between the authorities, the individual and society. According to this criterion, all political systems can be divided into:

totalitarian,

democratically skies .

Political science identifies four basic element of polycal system, also called subsystems:

1) institutionalcash,

2) communicative,

3) normative,

4) cultural-ideological.

To institutional subsystemtopic relate:

politicalorganizations(institutions) - the state, political parties and socio-political movements, i.e. organizations whose immediate purpose of existence is the exercise of power or influence on it;

unbearablepurely political- trade unions, religious and cooperative organizations, etc., i.e. organizations operating in the economic, social, cultural spheres of society. They do not set themselves independent political tasks, do not participate in the struggle for power. But their goals cannot be achieved outside the political system, and therefore such organizations must participate in the political life of society, defending their corporate interests, seeking to take them into account and implement them in politics.

hobby clubs, sports societies- organizations that have only a minor political aspect in their activities. They arise and function to realize the personal interests and inclinations of any layer of people. They acquire a political connotation as objects of influence on the part of the state and other political institutions proper. They themselves are not active subjects of political relations.

Communicative subsystemma the political life of society is a set of relations and forms of interaction that develop between classes, social groups, nations, individuals regarding their participation in the exercise of power, the development and implementation of policies.
Political relations are the result of numerous and varied connections of political subjects in the process of political activity. People and political institutions are motivated to join them by their own political interests and needs. Allocate primary and secondary(derivative) political fromwearing.

primary - forms of interaction between social groups (classes, nations, estates, etc.), as well as within them;

secondary - relations between states, parties, other political institutions that reflect in their activities the interests of certain social strata or the whole society.

Political relations are built on the basis of certain rules (norms). Political norms and traditions:

legal norms (constitutions, laws, other regulatory legal acts). The activities of parties and other public organizations are regulated by their statutory and program norms.

unwritten customs and traditions. They are of great importance in many countries (especially in England and its former colonies), along with written political norms:

ethical and moral norms in which the ideas of the whole society or its individual strata about good and evil, the truth of justice are fixed. Modern society has come close to realizing the need to return such moral guidelines as honor, conscience, and nobility to politics.

Cultural and ideological undersystem political systems is a combination of political ideas, views, ideas, feelings of participants in political life that are different in their content.

Politicallyconsciousness subjects of the political process are functioning on twolevels

theoretical (political ideology) - views, slogans, ideas, concepts, theories

empirical (political psychology) - feelings, emotions, moods, prejudices, traditions

But in the political life of society they are equal.

We occupy a special place in the ideological gender system political culture- a complex of ingrained patterns (stereotypes) of behavior, value orientations of political ideas that are typical for a given society. politicalsky culture- this is the experience of political activity transmitted from generation to generation in which knowledge, beliefs, “models of human behavior and social groups are combined.

Option 2

The political system of society, its structure

The political system of society (PSO) is a holistic, ordered set of political institutions, political roles, relationships, processes, principles of the political organization of society, subject to various social norms, historical traditions and the political regime of a particular society. It includes the organization of political power and the relationship between society and the state.

Norms can be divided into two types:

norms-habits

norms-laws.

Functions of the political system:

political socialization and participation;

expression of interests of various groups and strata of the population;

political communication;

development of norms-laws;

application of norms;

monitoring compliance.

The fundamental basis of PSO is the state.

Option 3

The political system of society is understood as the totality of various political institutions, socio-political communities, forms of interactions and relationships between them, in which political power is exercised. The functions of the political system of society are diverse:
1) determination of goals, objectives, ways of development of society;
2) organization of the company's activities to achieve the set goals;
3) distribution of material and spiritual resources;
4) coordination of various interests of the subjects of the political process;
5) development and implementation of various norms of behavior in society;
6) ensuring the stability and security of society;
7) political socialization of the individual, familiarizing people with political life;
8) control over the implementation of political and other norms of behavior, suppression of attempts to violate them.
The basis for the classification of political systems is, as a rule, the political regime, the nature and method of interaction between the authorities, the individual and society. According to this criterion, all political systems can be divided into totalitarian, authoritarian and democratic.
Political science identifies four main elements of the political system, also called subsystems: 1) institutional, 2) communicative, 3) normative, 4) cultural and ideological.
The institutional subsystem includes political organizations (institutions), among which the state occupies a special place. Of non-governmental organizations, political parties and socio-political movements play an important role in the political life of society. All political institutions can be conditionally divided into three groups. Proper political organizations include organizations whose immediate purpose of existence is the exercise of power or influence on it (the state, political parties and socio-political movements). The second group - non-political ones - includes organizations that carry out their activities in the economic, social, cultural spheres of society (trade unions, religious and cooperative organizations, etc.). They do not set themselves independent political tasks, do not participate in the struggle for power. But their goals cannot be achieved outside the political system, and therefore such organizations must participate in the political life of society, defending their corporate interests, seeking to take them into account and implement them in politics. Finally, the third group includes organizations that have only a minor political aspect in their activities. They arise and function to realize the personal interests and inclinations of a certain layer of people (interest clubs, sports societies). They acquire a political connotation as objects of influence on the part of the state and other proper political institutions. They themselves are not active subjects of political relations.
The communicative subsystem of the political system of society is a set of relations and forms of interaction that develop between classes, social groups, nations, individuals regarding their participation in the exercise of power, the development and implementation of policies. Political relations are the result of numerous and varied connections of political subjects in the process of political activity. People and political institutions are motivated to join them by their own political interests and needs. Allocate primary and secondary (derivative) political relations. The former include various forms of interaction between social groups (classes, nations, estates, etc.), as well as within them, the latter - relations between states, parties, other political institutions that reflect in their activities the interests of certain social strata or the whole society.
Political relations are built on the basis of certain rules (norms). Political norms and traditions that determine and regulate the political life of society constitute the normative subsystem of the political system of society. The most important role is played by legal norms (constitutions, laws, other normative legal acts). The activities of parties and other public organizations are regulated by their statutory and program norms. In many countries (especially in England and its former colonies), along with written political norms, unwritten customs and traditions are of great importance. Another group of political norms is represented by ethical and moral norms, in which the ideas of the whole society or its individual strata about good and evil, truth, and justice are fixed. Modern society has come close to realizing the need to return such moral guidelines as honor, conscience, and nobility to politics.
The cultural and ideological subsystem of the political system is a set of political ideas, views, ideas, feelings of political life participants that are different in their content. The political consciousness of the subjects of the political process functions at two levels: theoretical (political ideology) and empirical (political psychology). The forms of manifestation of political ideology include views, slogans, ideas, concepts, theories, and political psychology - feelings, emotions, moods, prejudices, traditions. But in the political life of society they are equal. In the ideological subsystem, a special place is occupied by political culture, understood as a complex of rooted patterns (stereotypes) of behavior, value orientations of political ideas that are typical for a given society. Political culture is the experience of political activity passed down from generation to generation, in which knowledge, beliefs and behavior patterns of a person and social groups are combined. The main directions of the reform of the political system in our country are determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted by referendum on December 12, 1993. It proclaims our state to be a democratic federal legal state with a republican form of government (Article 1). The bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power in Russia is the people who exercise their will directly (through elections and a referendum), through state authorities and local governments (Article 2). In Russia, free elections, in which all citizens from the age of 18 participate (except for those declared incompetent by the court and held in places of deprivation of liberty by a court verdict), the President, deputies of the State Duma, members of the highest legislative bodies and heads of the highest executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Federation, bodies local self-government, heads of city and district administrations. The Constitution of our state enshrined and guaranteed fundamental human rights and freedoms. Political and ideological pluralism, diversity and equality of different forms of ownership, and separation of powers are declared to be the foundations of the constitutional system. But the real formation of a democratic regime in Russia has just begun.

The political system of society, its structure - report. Basis for the classification of political systems

Report a typo

Text to be sent to our editors:

Your comment (optional):