Global problems. Global problems of our time Download presentation Global problems of our time
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Lesson topic: Global problems The presentation was prepared by: Meshcheryakova E.V. MBOU VSOSH №3 Lipetsk
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Plan 1. The concept of "global problems" 2. Causes of global problems 3. Environmental problems 4. Nuclear threat 5. Demographic problem 6. Energy problem 7. What awaits humanity in the future?
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The global problems of humanity are problems that concern all of humanity. No state is able to cope with these problems.
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Causes of global problems 1. The huge scale of human activity, which has radically changed nature, society, people's way of life. 2. The inability of humanity to rationally dispose of the mighty force of progress.
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Features Are of a planetary nature Threatened with the death of all mankind Require the collective efforts of the world community
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Classification of global problems Political Ecological Social Economic Emergence of local conflicts "Greenhouse effect" Demographic situation Food problem Danger of nuclear war Pollution of the atmosphere and waters of the oceans Contradictions between "north" and "south" Economic crises Differences in political systems "Ozone hole" Terrorism Depletion of resources
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Environmental issues Thinning of the ozone layer and increased influx of ultraviolet radiation. Atmospheric pollution by carbon dioxide and other waste products of human activity. Soil erosion, salinization and waterlogging. Deforestation, especially in equatorial regions. Pollution of the hydrosphere (world ocean waters)
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Nuclear threat Over the past 5.5 thousand. 14,500 wars have taken place over the years, in which 4 billion people died. The nuclear threat to mankind arose in the middle of the twentieth century. During these years, the US and the USSR launched a nuclear arms race, balancing on the brink of war. Such a danger has decreased, but not completely disappeared, because. at the beginning of the 21st century, the possibility of using nuclear weapons arose. There are several groups of potential sources of challenges and threats: - officially recognized nuclear states (USA, Russia, France, Great Britain and China); - unrecognized nuclear states that openly declared the presence of nuclear weapons (India and Pakistan); - states that possess nuclear weapons, but do not officially admit it (Israel); - states without nuclear status, but having the motivation to possess nuclear weapons and the scientific and technological potential necessary for this (DPRK, Iran); .
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Demographic problem As early as the end of the 18th century. the English priest Malthus put forward the theory (Malthusianism). According to this theory, the well-being of workers under capitalism is determined by the "natural law of population", which is determined by the fact that the population of the world grows exponentially, and the growth of production - only arithmetic. The number of earthlings has already exceeded 7 billion. The increase in the population is in the countries of the "third world" (India, China, Brazil, Mexico, etc.)
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Demographic problem Demography registers a decline in the indigenous population in the developed countries of the West due to a sharp decline in the birth rate. The birth rate in Europe has dropped to 1.34 children per woman. The birth rate required for simple population replacement is 2.1 births per woman. The following forecasts can be read in the press: “Europe is disappearing as a socio-cultural organism, by 2050 it will be reduced by 100 million people” (excluding immigration - by 120 million)”. All Western countries are trying to make up for the decline in the birth rate by replacing migration - "importing people." The European record is held by Switzerland, where every fifth inhabitant is a foreigner. There are 10 million Turks living in Germany, but, according to UN demographers, by 2050 the country's population will decrease from 82 to 58.8 million people.
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Energy problem The history of civilization is the history of the invention of more and more new methods of energy conversion. The first jump in the growth of energy consumption occurred when people learned how to make fire and use it to cook and heat their homes. During this period, firewood and the muscular strength of a person served as sources of energy. The next important stage is associated with the invention of the wheel, the creation of various tools, and the development of blacksmithing. By the 15th century, medieval man, using draft animals, water and wind power, firewood and a small amount of coal, already consumed about 10 times more than primitive man. In modern society, I use nuclear energy, gas, oil. Today, the production of oil, gas and other minerals is increasing every year. According to the forecast of scientists, at the current rate of development of minerals, there will be enough for only a hundred years.
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Ways to resolve global problems Solving problems is an urgent task for all mankind. There are the following ways to solve the global problems of our time: 1. Curb the arms race, prohibit the creation and use of weapons systems of mass destruction, human and material resources, the elimination of nuclear weapons, etc.; 2. Economical use of natural resources and reduction of pollution by waste material production of soil, water and air; 3. Decreasing the rate of population growth in developing countries and overcoming the demographic crisis in developed capitalist countries; 4. To solve the food problem, it is necessary to use biotechnology, new high-yielding varieties, further development of mechanization, chemicalization and melioration.
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Conclusion - Global problems are a challenge to the human mind. It is impossible to get away from them. They can only be overcome by the efforts of all countries through cooperation. - Each person must realize that Mankind is on the verge of death, and whether we survive or not depends on each of us.
Presentation on history on the topic: Global problems of mankind Completed by: Moshkarina Alina Group 126
The global problems of our time are a set of socio-natural problems, on the solution of which the social progress of mankind and the preservation of civilization as a whole depend.
At the moment, the following global problems are distinguished in the world: 1) global warming; 2) terrorism; 3) drug addiction; 4) the problem of cancer and AIDS; 5) ozone holes; 6) catastrophic pollution of the environment; 7) decrease in biodiversity, etc.
1. Global warming is a process of gradual increase in the average annual temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and the World Ocean.
Causes of global warming: with the reduction of tropical forests; air pollution; destruction of the ozone layer; an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases.
2. Terrorism is the achievement of political goals through sabotage, blackmail with the lives of hostages and fear-mongering in society.
To combat terrorism, the following strategies are distinguished: conservative - this strategy implies partial concessions to the demands of terrorists (paying a ransom, territorial and moral concessions); progressive-strategy means the unconditional destruction of terrorists and their supporters.
3. Drug addiction is a morbid attraction or addiction to narcotic substances used in various ways (swallowing, inhaling, intravenous injection) in order to achieve an intoxicating state or relieve pain.
Types of drugs: opiates; hemp reparations; and mfetamines; cocaine; g allucinogens; sleeping pills; inhalants.
Drug addiction treatment is methods aimed at getting rid of the physical and psychological cravings for drugs, as well as at reducing the doses taken by the addict.
4. Oncological diseases. Oncology is a branch of medicine that studies tumors, their etymology and pathogenesis, mechanisms and patterns of occurrence and development, methods of prevention and treatment.
Types of oncological diseases: sarcoma; to the carcinoid; h malignant tumor of the thyroid gland; h malignant tumors of the pancreas; cancerous diseases, etc.
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is a condition that develops against the background of HIV infection and is characterized by a drop in the number of CD4 + lymphocytes, multiple opportunistic infections, non-communicable and neoplastic diseases.
Symptoms of AIDS: enlarged lymph nodes; flu-like illnesses; temperature; loss of appetite; body aches; chronic fatigue; dark red tumor-like formations on the skin, in the mouth and nose; respiratory infections.
Prevention of AIDS: do not have sexual contact with casual acquaintances; study of social conditions; compliance with the rules of sterility; refusal to use drugs.
5. Ozone holes are a local drop in the concentration of ozone in the ozone layer of the Earth.
Causes of ozone holes: environmental pollution; release of freons into the atmosphere; a sharp drop or rise in temperature; emissions of volcanic gases; change in the area of polar holes.
6. Pollution of the environment is the introduction into the environment or the occurrence in it of new, usually uncharacteristic physical, chemical, information or biological agents, as well as their natural average long-term level in various environments, leading to negative impacts.
Types of pollution: microbiological; mechanical; chemical; aerosol; thermal; light; noise; electromagnetic; radioactive.
7. Decreased biodiversity. Biodiversity is the diversity of life in all its manifestations.
Causes of biodiversity decline: increased human migration, increased trade and tourism; pollution of nature; insufficient attention to the long-term consequences of actions that exploit natural resources; the inability to assess the true value of biological diversity and its loss; rapid population growth and economic development, making huge changes in the living conditions of all organisms.
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"Venture Philanthropy" - 5. Difference from traditional philanthropy. 15. 9. Goals of venture philanthropy. 12. How is venture philanthropy related to the concept of risk? [email protected] 6. Gagarin Fund - features. 10. Maria Gagarina "Gagarin Fund" June 29, 2009. 7.
"Economic activity" - Economics and economic activity. Resources. Rules, principles of organization of activities. Exchange links consumption, production, distribution. Microeconomics. The concept of economics. Nominal GDP - volume in current prices. Consumption. What gives a person the economy? Measures of economic activity.
"Technologies Telos" - Industry standard one hundred telos 01-11-99 for structuring water. A positive conclusion was received (Bryansk Medical Diagnostic Center, 1998). 10. Telos-water project. Telos-generator t-101. Telos Technology Patent Base. Non-profit organization Telos Technologies Foundation. Since 1987 Works of telos enterprises on the subject of preparation (structuring) of drinking water.
"Nobel Prize" - Nobel Prize in Literature. History of the Nobel Prizes. Vargas Llosa has been translated into Russian a lot. Chemistry. 1956 Liu is a Ph.D. and professor of Chinese literature. Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded for palladium catalyst. But the Peace Prize is announced and awarded in Oslo.
"The subject of sociology" - Social structure is a stable connection of elements in a social system. Social control is a means of social regulation of people's behavior. Sociologism (E.Durkheim's term) is based on theoretical principles. Realistic conflicts are stimulated by the intention to achieve some goal. Social status - the position occupied by an individual in society.
"Cultural heritage" - Historical and cultural heritage in the regional teacher training program. Historical and cultural heritage of the Oryol region. Faculty of Arts and Folk Culture Faculty of Russian Literature. Interuniversity Department of Historical and Cultural Heritage. The disciplines of the program are designed to train a specialist to work as an organizer of local history work in an educational institution: a teacher of additional education, the head of children's circles and studios, and a guide.
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The presentation was prepared by the teacher of geography of the secondary school No. 73 of Ulyanovsk Borsh Elena Alexandrovnaslide 2
The modern era has many epithets: electronic, space, nuclear. Today, the definition of “The Age of Global Problems” is increasingly assigned to it.
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Ecological problem. demographic problem. Food problem. Energy and raw materials problem. Overcoming the backwardness of the former colonies. End
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Changes in the global ecological environment Depletion of the ozone layer and an increase in the influx of ultraviolet radiation Deforestation and degradation of forests, primarily tropical rainforests. Violation of the natural circulation of substances and energy flows. The removal of huge masses of matter from the bowels and the shortage of raw materials and fuel. Pollution of the hydrosphere with oil products, heavy metals, etc. Radiation pollution of large areas with tragic consequences. Uncontrolled growth of the world population. Soil erosion, salinization, waterlogging, desertification. Atmospheric pollution with CO2, CH4, etc., the threat of the greenhouse effect. Toxication of fields with pesticides, herbicides, nitrates, etc.
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It is not only demographic growth itself that causes concern (the Earth is capable of feeding more than tens of billions of people), but the continuing unfavorable socio-economic conditions in the modern world, and above all in developing countries.
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Population growth under existing socio-economic conditions leads to an increase in the danger of mass death from starvation and disease due to epidemics from unsanitary conditions.
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The growth of the world's population leads to an increase in the threat of environmental pollution, the accumulation of a huge number of people in big cities.
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Every year the world's population increases by about 90 million people. But the resources to increase food production seem to be running out. Selection, artificial fertilizers, herbicides, irrigation have allowed mankind to significantly increase grain production. However, grain production has not increased in recent years. Food stocks have fallen to their lowest level. The fish stocks of the seas are drying up.
Goals:
formation of ideas about global problems,hypotheses, forecasts and projects for their resolution;
skill acquisition, discussions, skill building
discuss, draw conclusions, defend their point of view.
environmental education of students;
acquiring the skill of working with additional
material, the ability to choose the necessary material, skill
work with statistics. Global problems of our time
is a set of socio-natural
problems that depend on the solution
social progress of mankind and
preservation of civilization. These problems
characterized by dynamism, appear as
an objective factor in the development of society and for
united
efforts of all mankind. Global
problems are interconnected, cover all
aspects of people's lives and apply to all countries
peace.
Globalization
The process of world economic, political andcultural integration and unification. The main consequence of this is
world division of labor, migration (and, as a rule, concentration) on a scale
the whole planet of capital, human and production
resources, standardization of legislation, economic and technological
processes, as well as rapprochement and fusion of cultures of different countries.
This is an objective process that is systemic in nature, that is,
covers all areas of society. As a result of globalization, the world is becoming
more connected and more dependent on all its subjects
The problem of keeping the peace
Nuclear weapon
Through unremitting efforts, the global community has achievedsignificant number of multilateral agreements aimed at
reduction of nuclear arsenals, prohibition of their deployment in
certain regions of the world and natural environments (such as space
space and the bottom of the oceans), limiting its distribution and
termination of his trials. Despite these achievements, nuclear weapons and
its spread remains the main threat to the world and the main problem
international community.
Local conflicts
Local war - hostilities between two andmore states, limited by political goals
the interests of the states participating in hostilities, and
by territory - a small geographical region, like
rule, located within the boundaries of one of
opposing sides
International terrorism
Terrorism in modern times is also becoming a global problem.Especially when terrorists have lethal means or weapons,
capable of destroying a huge number of innocent people.
Terrorism is a phenomenon, a form of crime directed directly
against a person, threatening his life and thereby striving to achieve his
goals. Terrorism is absolutely unacceptable from the point of view of humanism, and from the point of
view of the law is the gravest crime.
The problem of overcoming backwardness and modernization
The main way to overcome the backwardness of developing countries iscarrying out fundamental changes in all spheres of their lives. If a
this problem is not solved, the continuing situation in
developing countries threatens socio-economic
shocks on a global scale and will exacerbate other
global problems.
food problem
The geography of food production is far fromcoincides with the geography of its consumption. Most
The best way to solve this problem is through
growth in food production in the most
starving countries in Asia, Africa, Latin
America.
Energy and raw material problem
Fuel extractionis continuously increasing
what the future might
lead to serious
global
energy crisis.
Mankind must
refocus on
other energy resources
especially on huge
water resources of the Earth.
Ecological problems
They can lead to a global environmental catastrophe. On ourthe end of the era of extensive use of the potential
biosphere: there are almost no undeveloped lands left (with the exception of
territory of Russia), systematically increasing the area of deserts,
forest areas are declining - the lungs of the planet, the climate is changing
(global warming, greenhouse effect), the number of
carbon dioxide and decreases - oxygen, the ozone layer is destroyed.
Destruction of the ozone layer
Although mankind has taken measures to limit the emissions of chlorine-bromine-containing freons by switching to other substances, for examplefluorine-containing freons, the process of restoring the ozone layer will take
several decades. First of all, this is due to the huge volume
freons already accumulated in the atmosphere, which have a lifetime of tens
and even hundreds of years.
Pollution of the world's oceans
Oil and oil products are the most common pollutantssubstances in the oceans. By the beginning of the 1980s, about 6
million tons of oil, which accounted for 0.23% of world production.
Many countries with access to the sea undertake marine disposal of various
materials and substances, in particular soil excavated during dredging,
drilling slag, industrial waste, construction debris, solid waste,
explosives and chemicals, radioactive waste. Burial volume
amounted to about 10% of the total mass of pollutants entering the World
ocean.
Changing of the climate
Climate change is changing the image of our planet.Whimsical weather is no longer unusual, it is
becomes the norm. The ice on our planet is melting and this is changing
all. The seas will rise, the cities may be flooded and
millions of people could die. None coastal
the area will not escape the dire consequences.
Air, water, soil pollution
Pollution is a process of negativemodifications of the environment - air,
water, soil - by its intoxication with substances,
that threaten the lives of living organisms.
Kyoto Protocol
International document adopted in Kyoto (Japan) in December 1997 inaddition to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC). He
obliges developed countries and countries with economies in transition to reduce or
stabilize greenhouse gas emissions in 2008-2012 compared to 1990
year. The period for signing the protocol opened on March 16, 1998 and ended on March 15
March 1999.
The protocol has been ratified by 181 countries of the world (for these countries in total
accounts for more than 61% of global emissions). A notable exception to
of this list are USA. The first implementation period of the protocol began on 1
January 2008 and will last five years until December 31, 2012, after which, as
expected to be replaced by a new agreement.
Man-made disasters
In the twentieth century, man took to the air, stepped into space, subjugatedthe energy of an atom.
But the age of the triumph of human genius brought a new kind of disaster -
man-made disasters that claimed thousands of lives. This is the case
when the fruits of technological progress turned against their creator -
a man who is overconfident
and treated his creations lightly.
demographic problem
demographic problemcontradictory, opposite
character for different countries: overpopulation in China, depopulation in Russia.
Together with social development, this
the problem must find its own
resolution in a natural way, - will be
stabilize in this
respect.
However, states facing
now with a demographic problem,
compelled to apply appropriate
measures. It is important that they do not wear
violent nature and did not violate
sovereignty of the individual, family life.
low birth rate
"zero growth" of the population in the countries of Western Europeleads to a dramatic aging of the population in developed countries,
including a deterioration in the balance between workers and
pensioners, etc.
The rapid growth of the world's population
demographic explosion, characterized by a sharp increase inpopulation in Asia, Africa, Latin America, starting from
60s leads to a sharp aggravation of socio-economic
problems in developing countries, including hunger and illiteracy
tens of millions of people.
International organizations
An international organization is a permanent association whichcreated on the basis of an international agreement. Its purpose is
assistance in solving those problems that are stipulated in the agreement.
International organizations are of an interstate nature - acting
at the level of state governments, and non-governmental nature. Also
distinguish between international organizations of a global and regional nature.
There are also classifications by type of activity, by the nature of powers, by
circle of participants, international clubs, etc.
United Nations(UN)
An interstate organization founded in 1945. The purpose of the organization is to maintain peace between states, strengthen peace, develop andsecurity of international relations, development of international
cooperation in various fields. The United Nations is made up of six major
bodies (General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and
Social Council, Secretariat, International Court of Justice and Trusteeship Council). There are many
various structural
UN entities and
various organizations
working under the auspices of the UN
in different areas
international activities.
Majority Headquarters
main divisions
The UN is located in New York
(USA), but there are also branches in
different parts of the world. For 2007
year the UN numbered 192
member state. Is an
the largest international
organization.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
It is an organization of global importance. Founded in 1995.The goal is to streamline the rules of international trade. On the
In 2008, the WTO had 153 member countries. Headquarters
located in Geneva (Switzerland). The WTO was created on the basis of the GATT
(general agreement on tariffs and trade). According to the charter, the WTO
can only settle trade and economic issues.
European Union(EU)
The Organization of European States, established in 1993 on the basis of threeorganizations, two of which are still part of it - the EEC (European
economic community - now the European Community), ECSC (European
association of coal and steel - ceased to exist in 2002), Euratom
(European Atomic Energy Community). This is a unique organization
which is a cross between an international organization and
state. Has a common market, a common currency system, etc. Scope
activity concerns many areas - economics, politics, currency, market
labor, etc. In 2007, the EU included 27 states.
Non-Aligned Movement
A movement that unites countriesproclaimed the basis of their
non-participation in military political blocs and groups.
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
Exists since 1975. It is the largest regionalsecurity organization. The goal is to prevent and resolve conflicts in the region, to eliminate
consequences of conflicts. In 2008, the OSCE included 56
states that are not only in Europe but also in Central
Asia and North America.
big eight
International club uniting governmentsUK, Germany, Italy, Canada, Russia, USA, France and Japan. Same way
also called an unofficial forum of leaders of these countries (with the participation of the European Commission), in
within the framework of which the harmonization of approaches to relevant international
problems.
Meetings of heads of state and government of the G8 countries are held annually
(usually in the summer) in the next presiding country. The meetings are attended, in addition to the heads
member states and governments, 2 representatives of the European Union, namely -
the President of the European Commission and the head of the country presiding over this
moment in the EU.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
a special agency of the United Nations, established by 185 states. Designed to regulatemonetary and credit relations of the Member States and assistance to them in the event of a payment deficit
balance by providing short- and medium-term loans in foreign currency. The fund has
the status of a specialized agency of the United Nations. It serves as the institutional backbone of the world
currency system.
The IMF was created on December 27, 1945 after the signing of an agreement by 28 states,
developed at the United Nations Monetary Conference in Bretton Woods on July 22
1944. In 1947, the foundation began its activities.
The headquarters of the IMF is located in Washington.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
international intergovernmental organization for developmentinternational cooperation in the field of peaceful use of nuclear
energy.
The most important activity of the IAEA is to ensure
non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. Under the Non-Proliferation Treaty
nuclear weapons (NPT), the IAEA is entrusted with verification of the implementation
obligations of its members.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).
An intergovernmental organization established in1960 at the initiative of Venezuela. The goal is control
world oil policy, stabilization of oil prices.
OPEC sets limits on production volumes
oil. The headquarters is located in Vienna (Austria). For 2009
12 countries were members of OPEC.
North Atlantic bloc (NATO)
It is an international alliance of military-politicalorientation. Established in 1949 on the initiative
USA. The main goal is the safety and freedom of all
member countries in accordance with UN principles, as in
North America as well as in Europe. To achieve your
NATO uses military capabilities and
political influence. The headquarters is located in
Brussels (Belgium). In 2009, NATO included
28 states.