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State and political system of society

Under the political system of society understand the totality of various
political institutions, socio-political communities, forms
interactions and relationships between them, in which
political power.

The functions of the political system of society are diverse:

1) determination of goals, objectives, ways of development of society;
2) organization of the company's activities to achieve
set goals;
3) distribution of material and spiritual resources;
4) coordination of various interests of subjects
political process;
5) development and implementation of various norms in society
behavior;
6) ensuring the stability and security of society;
7) political socialization of the individual, familiarizing people with
political life;
8) control over the implementation of political and other norms
behavior, suppression of attempts to violate them.
The basis for the classification of political systems is, as a rule, political regime, nature and way of interaction between power, personality and society.
According to this criterion, all political systems can be divided into totalitarian, authoritarian and democratic.

Political science distinguishes four main elements of the political system, also called subsystems:

1) institutional;
2) communicative;
3) regulatory;
4) cultural and ideological.

To the institutional subsysteminclude political organizations (institutions), among which the state occupies a special place. From non-governmental organizations
political parties and socio-political movements play an important role in the political life of society.
All political institutions can be conditionally divided into three groups. Political organizations proper include organizations whose immediate purpose of existence is the exercise of power or influence on it (the state, political parties and socio-political movements).

To the second group- improperly - political - include organizations that carry out their activities in the economic, social, cultural spheres the life of society (trade unions, religious and cooperative organizations, etc.).
They do not set themselves independent political tasks, do not participate in the struggle for power. Their goals cannot be achieved outside the political system, and therefore such organizations must participate in the political life of society, defending their corporate interests, seeking to take them into account and implement them in politics.Finally, to
third groupThis does not include organizations that have only a minor political aspect in their activities. They arise and function for the realization of personal interests and inclinations of any layer of people (clubs for
interests, sports societies). Political connotation they acquire as objects
influence from the state and other proper political institutions. They themselves are not active subjects of political relations. The communicative subsystem of the political system of society is a set of relations and forms
interactions between classes social groups, nations, individuals about their participation in the exercise of power, the development and implementation
politicians.
Political relations are the result of numerous and varied relationships of policy actors in the process political activity. Join them people
and political institutions prompt their own political interests and needs. Allocate primary and secondary (derivative) political relations.
The former include various forms of interaction between social groups (classes, nations, estates, etc.), as well as within them, the latter - relations between states, parties, other political institutions that reflect in their activities the interests of certain social strata or the whole society.

Political relations are built on the basis of certain rules (norms).Political norms and traditions that define and regulate political life
society constitute the normative subsystem of the political system of society.
The most important role is played by legal norms (constitutions, laws, other normative legal acts). Activities of parties and others public organizations
regulated by their statutory and program norms. In many countries (especially in England and the former colonies), along with written political norms great importance have unwritten customs and traditions.
Another group of political norms is represented by ethical and moral norms, which fix the ideas of the whole society or its individual strata about good and evil, truth,
justice. Modern society came closer to realizing the need to return to politics such moral guidelines as honor, conscience, nobility.

Cultural and ideological subsystempolitical system is a set of different in its content political ideas, views, ideas, feelings of participants in political life.

The political consciousness of the subjects of the political process functions at two levels- theoretical (political ideology) and empirical (political

psychology). To the forms of manifestation political ideology views, slogans, ideas, concepts, theories, and political psychology - feelings, emotions, moods,
prejudices, traditions.
But in the political life of society they are equal. In the ideological subsystem, a special place is occupied by political culture, understood as a complex of typical
for this society rooted patterns (stereotypes) of behavior, value orientations of political ideas.

Political cultureis the experience of political activity passed down from generation to generation, which combines knowledge, beliefs and models of human behavior and
social groups.

Politic system

Target: form students' understanding of the structure of the political system.

Lesson type: combined.

During the classes

I. Repetition.

Answer the self-test questions, p. 228.

II. Learning new material.

1. Structure and functions of the political system.

2. The state in the political system.

3. Political regime.

4. Democratic changes in Russia.

- set political organizations, socio-political duties, forms of interactions and relations between them, in which political power is exercised.

Functions of the political system

1. Definition of tasks, ways of development of society.

2. Organization of the company's activities to achieve the set goals.

3. Distribution of material and spiritual resources.

4. Coordination of various interests, subjects of the political process.

5. Development and implementation in society of various norms of behavior.

6. Ensuring the stability and security of society.

7. Political socialization of the individual, introducing people to political life.

8. Control over the implementation of political and other norms of behavior, suppression of attempts to violate them.

The political system of society- an extensive set of various political institutions, socio-political communities, forms, norms and principles of interactions and relationships between them, in which political power is exercised.

Signs of the political system of society:

– within its framework, a mechanism is being formed and improved political power;

- claims a monopoly of legitimate physical violence;

- is determined by the social, economic and spiritual structure of society;

- is relatively independent.

The main elements of the political system of society

1. Political principles and legal norms:

- regulate political relations, giving them order, defining what is allowed and what is not allowed in the functioning of this political system;

- legitimize political foundations;

- determine the style and methods of work of the state apparatus, other institutions of political organization;

- contribute to the formation of a mechanism for the distribution and consolidation of relevant roles among members of society).

2. Political institutions:

- represent political institutions with an organized structure, centralized management, executive apparatus;

- include forms and essence of political functions, relations, types of management.

3. Political consciousness:

- reflects social reality;

- perceives events, evaluating them according to the degree of significance and compliance with interests, legislative acts, political norms, traditions, ideals;

- predicts possible prospects for social and political changes in society.

4. Political culture:

- performs the role of a stabilizing and destabilizing factor in the political system;

- carries out the continuity of political traditions, customs, social historical experience.

Basis for the classification of political systems

1) the type of formation and the nature of the socio-economic structure:

- slaveholding;

- feudal;

- bourgeois

- communist.

2) the nature of the political regime:

- totalitarian.

3) social basis:

- military;

- civil;

- national democratic;

- bourgeois-democratic.

4) the development of civil society.

In modern political science, the functions of the political system are distinguished for various reasons. One of the most authoritative classifications of the functions of the political system belongs to Almond,

In The Politics of the Developing Regions (1971), he points to such "input" functions of this system as:

  • 1) political socialization, i.e. involvement of members of society in political activities;
  • 2) political recruiting - a form of selection of people to fill the various structures of the system;
  • 3) articulation (expression) of interests, i.e. making demands on those who make decisions;
  • 4) aggregation of interests - coordination and generalization of requirements, turning them into a certain position, giving it the appearance of a political platform;
  • 5) political communication;
  • 6) different kinds interactions, incl. informational.

Almond refers to the functions of the "exit" of the political system:

  • 1) rule-making, i.e. development of rules and laws governing behavior;
  • 2) application of the rules and procedures for their entry into force;
  • 3) control over compliance with the rules;
  • 4) interpretation of laws and suppression of actions aimed at their violation.

Another version of the classification of the functions of the political system was presented by Almond together with Powell. They singled out a number of functions, each of which satisfies a certain need of the system, and in its totality ensures "the preservation of the system through its change." According to these authors, the maintenance of the current model of the political system is carried out with the help of the function of political socialization, i.e. the process of acquiring by a person political knowledge and values, beliefs, feelings inherent in the society in which he lives. People's adherence to the standards of political behavior accepted in a given society, loyalty to the institutions of power support the existing model of the political system.

The viability of the system is due to its ability to adapt to external and internal environment. This function can be carried out through the training and selection of subjects of power (leaders, elites) who are able to find the most effective ways and methods for solving pressing problems and offer them to society.

Equally important is the response function. With its help, the political system responds to impulses, signals coming from outside or from within the system. Highly developed ability to quickly and accurately respond to any impact allows the system to adapt to changing conditions.

The political system influences society through management, coordination of the behavior of individuals and groups. The managerial actions of such a system constitute the meaning of its regulatory function. It is implemented through the introduction of norms and rules on the basis of which people and their groups interact, as well as through the application of punishment against violators of the rules.

Analysis of the functioning of the political system as one of the components of a broader societal system of action involves characterizing its internal structure, and not only from the standpoint of systemic representations, but taking into account the peculiarities of the world of politics.

1. The institutional subsystem consists of political institutions, each of which, in turn, is a relatively independent system. It includes the state, parties, socio-economic and public organizations, as well as the relationship between them.

A special role in the institutional subsystem is played by the church and the mass media, which1 are able to significantly influence

formation public opinion, and with its help - to put pressure on the government, on political leaders, in other words, to stimulate or inhibit "input" system flows such as "requirements" and "support".

  • 2. The normative subsystem consists of political and legal norms, principles, views and traditions aimed at regulating the activities of the political system as a whole and its structural elements. Central location this subsystem is occupied by the rules of law, which serve as the main regulator of social relationships, ensure the functioning of the routine not only government agencies, but also public associations and establish rules for the participation of citizens in political activities.
  • 3. The functional subsystem is determined by the forms of political activity, methods of exercising power, the predominance of violent or non-violent methods of control among them. It is characterized by a set of real functions performed by various political institutions or civil associations. This subsystem is the basis of the political regime, which ensures the preservation of the existing power.

At the same time, the regime has a certain independence in relation to the constitutional structure. government controlled reflected in the institutional subsystem. The ruling elite can go beyond the formally established legal order, modify the mechanisms of power, and the activity of the opposition forces can limit the influence of constitutional institutions or create alternative quasi-institutional structures.

  • 4. The communicative subsystem includes various forms and principles of interaction both within the political system (ie between its subsystems) and with other countries. At the internal level, it is determined by the relationship between the legislative and executive branches of government, state institutions and other subjects of political interactions (parties, social, ethnic or confessional communities, people as individual actors) that develop in connection with their participation in the exercise of power.
  • 5. The cultural and ideological subsystem is formed from ideas, views, feelings of participants that are different in content. social life. It is largely determined by the degree of differentiation of the ideological and political spectrum of society, the predominance in it of humanistic or non-humanistic trends in their orientation. In addition, such a subsystem is closely related to the characteristics of mass political culture, the role of traditional stereotypes or rational attitudes in the sphere of behavior in it. social political information

The main functional blocks of the political system and their elements do not exist in isolation from each other - in reality, they are always in constant interaction. The factor that binds everything structural elements of this system into a single whole, the political relations of the actors regarding public authority. One vector of political interactions is aimed at strengthening the institutions operating in society and the existing social order, while the other can be destructive for the existing political system, expressing the interests of forces seeking to change or even eliminate it.

Real political systems modern world very varied. Their formation and functioning, in other words, the political life in each country is influenced by many factors: historical traditions, culture, economic development, the maturity of civil society, geographical position etc. Of particular theoretical and practical interest is the identification of universal characteristics that determine the general trends in the life of the systems under consideration.

The political system of society, its structure

Political science and state regulation

The political system of society, its structure. Option 1 . The political system of society is understood as the totality of various political institutions, socio-political communities, forms of interactions and relationships.

The political system of society, its structure.

Option 1

Under the political system of societyunderstand the totality of various political institutions, socio-political communities, forms of interaction and relationships between them, which implement political power.

Functions of the political system:

1) definition of goals, tasks, pu those of the development of society;

2) organization company activitiesupon reaching the set x goals;

3) distribution of material and spiritual resources;

4) agreement diverse interests of the subjects of the political process;

5) development and implementation in society of various norms of behavior;

6 ) ensuring stability and public safety;

7) political socialization of the individual, familiarizing people with political life;

8) control over the implementation of political and other norms of behavior, suppression of attempts to violate them.

foundation classification of political systemsis, as a rule, the political regime, the nature and method of interaction between the authorities, the individual and society. According to this criterion, all political systems can be divided into:

  1. totalitarian,
  2. authoritarian
  3. democratic.

Political science identifies fourbasic element of the political system, also called subsystems:

1) institutional,

2) communicative,

3) regulatory,

4) cultural and ideological.

To institutional subsystem relate:

  1. political organizations(institutions) - the state, political parties and socio-political movements, i.e. organizations whose immediate purpose of existence is the exercise of power or influence on it;
  2. non-politicaltrade unions, religious and cooperative organizations, etc., i.e. organizations operating in the economic, social, cultural spheres of society. They do not set themselves independent political tasks, do not participate in the struggle for power. But their goals cannot be achieved outside the political system, and therefore such organizations must participate in the political life of society, defending their corporate interests, seeking to take them into account and implement them in politics.
  3. hobby clubs, sports societies- organizations that have only a minor political aspect in their activities. They arise and function to realize the personal interests and inclinations of any layer of people. They acquire a political connotation as objects of influence on the part of the state and other proper political institutions. They themselves are not active subjects of political relations.

Communication subsystemthe political life of society is a set of relations and forms of interaction that develop between classes, social groups, nations, individuals regarding their participation in the exercise of power, the development and implementation of policies.
Political relations are the result of numerous and varied connections of political subjects in the process of political activity. People and political institutions are motivated to join them by their own political interests and needs. Allocateprimary and secondary (derivative) political relations.

  1. primary - forms of interaction between social groups (classes, nations, estates, etc.), as well as within them;
  2. secondary - relations between states, parties, other political institutions that reflect in their activities the interests of certain social strata or the whole society.

Political relations are built on the basis of certain rules (norms).Political norms and traditions:

  1. legal norms (constitutions, laws, other regulatory legal acts). The activities of parties and other public organizations are regulated by their statutory and program norms.
  2. unwritten customs and traditions. They are of great importance in many countries (especially in England and its former colonies), along with written political norms:
  3. ethical and moral norms in which the ideas of the whole society or its individual strata about good and evil, the truth of justice are fixed. Modern society has come close to realizing the need to return such moral guidelines as honor, conscience, and nobility to politics.

Cultural and ideological subsystempolitical systems is a combination of political ideas, views, ideas, feelings of participants in political life that are different in their content.

political consciousnesssubjects of the political process are functioning on two levels

  1. theoretical (political ideology) - views, slogans, ideas, concepts, theories
  2. empirical (political psychology) - feelings, emotions, moods, prejudices, traditions

But in the political life of society they are equal.

We occupy a special place in the ideological gender systempolitical culture- a complex of ingrained patterns (stereotypes) of behavior, value orientations of political ideas that are typical for a given society.Political cultureit is the experience of political activity transmitted from generation to generation, in which knowledge, beliefs, “models of human behavior and social groups are combined.

Option 2

The political system of society, its structure

The political system of society (PSO) is a holistic, ordered set of political institutions, political roles, relations, processes, principles of the political organization of society, subject to various social norms, historical traditions and installations of the political regime of a particular society. It includes the organization of political power and the relationship between society and the state.

There are several approaches to understanding and interpreting PSO. The prevailing point of view of Russian and foreign political scientists on the structure of the PSO is the allocation of such subsystems (blocks) in its composition as institutional, information and communication, and normative and regulatory.

The institutional subsystem consists of such institutions as the state, political parties, interest groups. The leading institution, concentrating maximum political power, is the state. Political parties and interest groups influence the formation of state structures, adjust political goals, and direct political development. In authoritarian and totalitarian societies, interest groups and political parties are strictly subordinate to the ruling elite and the bureaucracy.

The structure of the PSO includes an information and communication subsystem that establishes links between the institutions of the political system. The elements of this subsystem include channels for transmitting information to the government (for example, the procedure for hearing cases in open meetings, commissions of inquiry, confidential consultations with interested groups), as well as the media, which means television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, Internet resources designed for the widest audience.

The normative-regulatory subsystem is formed by all sorts of norms that determine the behavior of people in political life: their participation in the processes of putting forward demands, the transformation of these requirements into decisions, the implementation of decisions. These norms are the basic rules for participation at all stages of the political process.

Norms can be divided into two types:

  • norms-habits
  • norms-laws.

Norms-habits largely determine the form of the political system within which norms-laws operate. Norms-laws determine the process of legislation, establish (or do not establish depending on the regime) the rights: vote, freedom of speech, creation of associations, etc.

Functions of the political system:

  1. political socialization and participation;
  2. expression of interests of various groups and strata of the population;
  3. political communication;
  4. development of norms-laws;
  5. application of norms;
  6. monitoring compliance.

The fundamental basis of PSO is the state.

Option 3

The political system of society is understood as the totality of various political institutions, socio-political communities, forms of interactions and relationships between them, in which political power is exercised. The functions of the political system of society are diverse:
1) determination of goals, objectives, ways of development of society;
2) organization of the company's activities to achieve the set goals;
3) distribution of material and spiritual resources;
4) coordination of various interests of the subjects of the political process;
5) development and implementation of various norms of behavior in society;
6) ensuring the stability and security of society;
7) political socialization of the individual, familiarizing people with political life;
8) control over the implementation of political and other norms of behavior, suppression of attempts to violate them.
The basis for the classification of political systems is, as a rule, the political regime, the nature and method of interaction between the authorities, the individual and society. According to this criterion, all political systems can be divided into totalitarian, authoritarian and democratic.
Political science identifies four main elements of the political system, also called subsystems: 1) institutional, 2) communicative, 3) normative, 4) cultural and ideological.
The institutional subsystem includes political organizations (institutions), among which the state occupies a special place. Of non-governmental organizations, political parties and socio-political movements play an important role in the political life of society. All political institutions can be conditionally divided into three groups. Political organizations proper include organizations whose immediate purpose of existence is the exercise of power or influence on it (the state, political parties and socio-political movements). The second group non-political ones includes organizations that carry out their activities in the economic, social, cultural spheres of society (trade unions, religious and cooperative organizations, etc.). They do not set themselves independent political tasks, do not participate in the struggle for power. But their goals cannot be achieved outside the political system, and therefore such organizations must participate in the political life of society, defending their corporate interests, seeking to take them into account and implement them in politics. Finally, the third group includes organizations that have only a minor political aspect in their activities. They arise and function to realize the personal interests and inclinations of a certain stratum of people (hobby clubs, sports societies). They acquire a political connotation as objects of influence on the part of the state and other proper political institutions. They themselves are not active subjects of political relations.
The communicative subsystem of the political system of society is a set of relations and forms of interaction that develop between classes, social groups, nations, individuals regarding their participation in the exercise of power, the development and implementation of policies. Political relations are the result of numerous and varied connections of political subjects in the process of political activity. People and political institutions are motivated to join them by their own political interests and needs. Allocate primary and secondary (derivative) political relations. The former include various forms of interaction between social groups (classes, nations, estates, etc.), as well as within them, the latter - relations between states, parties, other political institutions that reflect in their activities the interests of certain social strata or the whole society.
Political relations are built on the basis of certain rules (norms). Political norms and traditions that determine and regulate the political life of society constitute the normative subsystem of the political system of society. The most important role is played by legal norms (constitutions, laws, other normative legal acts). The activities of parties and other public organizations are regulated by their statutory and program norms. In many countries (especially in England and its former colonies), along with written political norms, unwritten customs and traditions are of great importance. Another group of political norms is represented by ethical and moral norms, in which the ideas of the whole society or its individual strata about good and evil, truth, and justice are fixed. Modern society has come close to realizing the need to return such moral guidelines as honor, conscience, and nobility to politics.
The cultural and ideological subsystem of the political system is a set of political ideas, views, ideas, feelings of political life participants that are different in their content. The political consciousness of the subjects of the political process functions at two levels: theoretical (political ideology) and empirical (political psychology). The forms of manifestation of political ideology include views, slogans, ideas, concepts, theories, and political psychology - feelings, emotions, moods, prejudices, traditions. But in the political life of society they are equal. In the ideological subsystem, a special place is occupied by political culture, understood as a complex of rooted patterns (stereotypes) of behavior, value orientations of political ideas that are typical for a given society. Political culture is the experience of political activity passed down from generation to generation, in which knowledge, beliefs and behavior patterns of a person and social groups are combined. The main directions of the reform of the political system in our country are determined by the Constitution Russian Federation, adopted at a referendum on December 12, 1993. It proclaims our state as a democratic federal legal state with a republican form of government (Article 1). The bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power in Russia is the people, who exercise their will directly (through elections and a referendum), through the organs state power and bodies local government(Art. 2). In Russia, by free elections, in which all citizens from the age of 18 participate (except for those recognized by the court as incapable and held in places of deprivation of liberty by a court verdict), the President is elected, deputies State Duma, members of higher legislatures and chapters supreme bodies executive authorities of the subjects of the Federation, local governments, heads of city and district administrations. The Constitution of our state enshrined and guaranteed fundamental human rights and freedoms. Political and ideological pluralism, diversity and equality of different forms of ownership, and separation of powers are declared to be the foundations of the constitutional system. But the real formation of a democratic regime in Russia has just begun.

sample questions

POLITICS

1. Politics, its role in the life of society. The structure of the political sphere. The political system of society.

2. Power, its origin and types.

3. The origin of the state. Theories of the origin of the state.

4. State, its features and functions.

5. The form of the state. Form of government.

6. Form of government.

7. Political and legal regime.

8. Democracy and its forms.

9. Institutions of direct democracy. Elections and referenda.

10. State apparatus.

11. Civil society and the rule of law.

12. Political ideology and its structure.

13. Political culture and its types.

The word "politics" comes from Greek word Politika, which means in translation "state affairs", "the art of government".

The political superstructure did not always exist. Among the reasons for its occurrence is the polarization of society, leading to the emergence of social contradictions and conflicts that need to be resolved, as well as the increased level of complexity and importance of managing society, which required the formation of special bodies of power separated from the people. The most important prerequisite for politics was the emergence of political and state power. Primitive societies were non-political.

modern science offers different definitions of policy. Among them are the following:

1. Politics is the relationship between states, classes, social groups, nations, arising from the capture, exercise and retention of political power in society, as well as relations between states in the international arena.

2. Politics is the activity of state bodies, political parties, public associations in the sphere of relations between social groups (classes, nations), states, aimed at integrating their efforts in order to strengthen political power or conquer it.

3. Politics is the sphere of activity of groups, parties, individuals, the state, associated with the implementation of generally significant interests with the help of political power.

The political system of society is understood as the totality of various political institutions, socio-political communities, forms of interactions and relationships between them, in which political power is exercised.

The functions of the political system of society are diverse:

1) determination of goals, objectives, ways of development of society;

2) organization of the company's activities to achieve the set goals;

3) distribution of material and spiritual resources;

4) coordination of various interests of the subjects of the political process;



5) development and implementation of various norms of behavior in society;

6) ensuring the stability and security of society;

7) political socialization of the individual, familiarizing people with political life;

8) control over the implementation of political and other norms of behavior, suppression of attempts to violate them.

The basis for the classification of political systems is, as a rule, the political regime, the nature and method of interaction between the authorities, the individual and society. According to this criterion, all political systems can be divided into totalitarian, authoritarian and democratic.

Political science distinguishes four main elements of the political system, also called subsystems:

1) institutional;

2) communicative;

3) regulatory;

4) cultural and ideological.

The institutional subsystem includes political organizations (institutions), among which the state occupies a special place. Of the non-state organizations, political parties and social and political movements play an important role in the political life of society.

All political institutions can be conditionally divided into three groups. The first group - proper political - includes organizations whose immediate purpose of existence is the exercise of power or influence on it (the state, political parties and socio-political movements).

The second group - non-political ones - includes organizations operating in the economic, social, cultural spheres of society (trade unions, religious and cooperative organizations, etc.). They do not set themselves independent political tasks, do not participate in the struggle for power. But their goals cannot be achieved outside the political system, so such organizations must participate in the political life of society, defending their corporate interests, seeking to take them into account and implement them in politics.

Finally, the third group includes organizations that have only a minor political aspect in their activities. They arise and function to realize the personal interests and inclinations of a certain stratum of people (interest clubs, sports societies). They acquire a political connotation as objects of influence on the part of the state and other self-political institutions. They themselves are not active subjects of political relations.

The main institution of the political system of society is the state. Its special place in the political system is predetermined by the following factors:

1) the state has the widest social basis, expresses the interests of the main part of the population;

2) the state is the only political organization that has a special apparatus of control and coercion, extending its power to all members of society;

3) the state has a wide range of means of influencing its citizens, while the possibilities of political parties and other organizations are limited;

4) the state establishes legal framework the functioning of the entire political system, adopts laws that determine the procedure for the creation and activities of other political organizations, establishes direct bans on the work of certain public organizations;

5) the state has huge material resources to ensure the implementation of their policies;

6) the state performs an integrating (unifying) role within the political system, being the "core" of the entire political life of society, since it is around state power that the political struggle unfolds.

The communicative subsystem of the political system of society is a set of relations and forms of interaction that develop between classes, social groups, nations, individuals regarding their participation in the exercise of power, the development and implementation of policies. Political relations are the result of numerous and varied connections of political subjects in the process of political activity. People and political institutions are motivated to join them by their own political interests and needs.

Allocate primary and secondary (derivative) political relations. The former include various forms of interaction between social groups (classes, nations, estates, etc.), as well as within them, the latter include relations between states, parties, and other political institutions that reflect in their activities the interests of certain social strata or the whole society.

Political relations are built on the basis of certain rules (norms). Political norms and traditions that determine and regulate the political life of society constitute the normative subsystem of the political system of society. The most important role is played by legal norms (constitutions, laws, other normative legal acts). The activities of parties and other public organizations are regulated by their statutory and program norms. In many countries (especially in England and its former colonies), along with written political norms, unwritten customs and traditions are of great importance.

Another group of political norms is represented by ethical and moral norms, which enshrine the ideas of the whole society or its individual strata about good and evil, truth, and justice. Modern society has come close to realizing the need to return such moral guidelines as honor, conscience, and nobility to politics.

The cultural and ideological subsystem of the political system is a set of political ideas, views, ideas, feelings of political life participants that are different in their content. The political consciousness of the subjects of the political process functions at two levels - theoretical (political ideology) and empirical (political psychology). The forms of manifestation of political ideology include views, slogans, ideas, concepts, theories, and political psychology - feelings, emotions, moods, prejudices, traditions. In the political life of society, they are equal.

In the ideological subsystem, a special place is occupied by political culture, understood as a complex of typical for a given society, rooted patterns (stereotypes) of behavior, value orientations, political views. Political culture is the experience of political activity passed down from generation to generation, which combines the knowledge, beliefs and behaviors of a person and social groups.

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