Project work “preparation of handmade soap. Research work "soap with your own hands" - presentation
Municipal state educational institution
Secondary school No. 80 named after. V.P. Kuznetsova
Nomination "Culture of the house and arts and crafts"
Technological project
HANDMADE SOAP
Performed:
Class 10 "A" student
Sumina Svetlana
Supervisor:
Fiskova Nina Petrovna
technology teacher
Kupino 2018
Content
SUMMARY…………………………………………………....3
JUSTIFICATION OF THE THEME OF THE PROJECT. ………………………….4
2.1. Relevance…………………………………………………..4
2.2. Goals and objectives………………………………………………..4
2.3. Forecast results and possible risks………..5
2.4. Work plan for the implementation of the project……………………….5
3. HISTORICAL SUMMARY. ………………………………….6 -9
4. THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION…………………………..10
4.1. Analysis of prototypes………………...………………………...10
4.2. Choosing the best idea……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………6-7
4.3. Substantiation of subject information and practical experience…8
5. GRAPHICS………………………………………………………....9
6. TECHNOLOGICAL DOCUMENTATION……………………10
6.1. The choice of material. Selection of equipment, tools and fixtures. ……………………………………………………… ..ten
10
6.3.Vase manufacturing technology……………………………..11-14
7. ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION…………………….....15-16
8. ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTIFICATION………………………..17
10. REFERENCES…………………………19
ANNOTATION
Project: Soap handmade.
The idea of the project is to make soap with your own hands from children's soap using improvised means.
The project contains the history of the creation of soap, as well as a detailed description of the manufacturing technology.
The finished product has a caring character and is intended for daily use.
Do you have a desire to make something exclusive and unique? I think there is no single answer to this question. Many will say that this requires a lot of money. But it often turns out that a cute and interesting little thing can be made from improvised means, spending a minimum of money.
JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT TOPIC
2.1. Relevance
Homemade soap making is an exciting and fun process. Instead of buying ready-made soap in the store, you can create something special and unique with your own hands. And in recent times it became possible to create also own shampoos, hair masks, creams and candles.
It is still not known for certain when and where the art of soap making appeared. At present, there are many factories for the rapid and cheap production of soap, but the uniqueness homemade soap more and more often convinces housewives to engage in home soap making. What is the interest in digesting one bar of soap into another? Created with love and using all your imagination and creativity, this soap will not only be pleasant to use, uplifting your mood, but will also great gift for friends.
2.2. Goals and objectives
Target:make handmade soap from a ready-made base for soap making, using fragrances, fragrances, natural scrubs and improvised materials.
Tasks:
Learn the history of soap making;
Analyze and systematize various technologies of soap making;
Try out recipes for making soap in different ways;
Work out various options for packaging the finished soap;
In a practical way, find out the main mistakes.
Predicted results and possible risks
As a result of the project, handmade cosmetic soap was produced. By adding essential oils (citrus, jasmine, rose, lavender, etc.) to soap, you will get a product with pronounced bactericidal, antiviral properties. As you know, the aromas of oils have a beneficial effect on nervous system, stimulate the processes of self-regulation and immunity, improve mood.
Project work plan
Make a sketch on paper;
Prepare materials for work;
Pick up the necessary equipment;
Carry out work in a safe manner;
History reference
The first master soap makers in our country appeared in the 15th century, borrowing recipes from the Byzantines. It is known that a certain Gavrila Ondreev opened in Tver "a soap cookery with a soap cauldron and everything in order", and in Moscow at that time there was a whole soap row. Russian industrial soap-making owes its development to Tsar Peter I. However, until the middle of the 19th century, soap in Russia was produced only for the nobility and was very expensive. Peasants and artisans washed and washed with lye - wood ash, poured with boiling water and steamed in the oven. Soap came into wide use only in the second half of the 19th century, when the first Moscow soap factory, founded by Heinrich Brocard in 1864, started operating at full capacity.
Heinrich Brocard became a worthy successor to the work of his father Atanas. Atanas opened a perfume shop selling perfumes and soaps in Paris, near the Champs-Elysées back in early XIX century.
Things were going well. However, the founder of the dynasty, Brokarov, dreamed of large-scale production and a large sales market, and the small enterprise had almost no chance to become a leader. Deciding to start a new life, Atanas brought his business first to the United States and then to Russia. Over time, he entrusted Heinrich to conduct business in our country. everything that good perfumery can be not only elite, but also very affordable. Moreover, it is not necessary to produce it in France.
In the early 60s of the XIX century, an enterprising Frenchman created a revolutionary technology for the manufacture of concentrated perfumes. But Heinrich did not have the money to use it in production, and then he sold the know-how to the French firm Ruhr Bertrand.
And with the 25 thousand francs received, Heinrich Brocard organized the production of soap and perfume in Russia. The very first Russian soap from Brocard was brewed... in a stable. And only then did the factory appear - the first soap factory opened in Moscow on August 1, 1864. Her equipment consisted of only three boilers, a wood-burning stove, and a stone mortar. At first, only three people worked at the factory, who produced from 60 to 120 bars of soap per day. Raw materials were in abundance, but when registering an enterprise, the Frenchman ran into a problem. There was no corresponding position in the Russian registries. But Brocard managed to get out by writing down his soap production as a "medical assistant's shop". In those years, Moscow, like many European capitals, was by no means a model of cleanliness, and even more so Russian provincial cities and towns. “When leaving Russia abroad,” Brocard wrote in one letter, “you experience the feeling that you have taken off your dirty shirt and put on a clean one ...”
The production of the foreigner's factory was no worse than the Parisian one. And most importantly - affordable for ordinary people. Sales, of course, were difficult at first. Brokar's employees often had to explain to buyers from the people that soap simply needed to be used. The Frenchman himself spoke Russian very poorly and did not try to learn the language of the country in which he lived. His indifference to the Russian language may have been due to the fact that Heinrich was married to a Belgian who grew up in Russia, Charlotte Reva. Charlotte was brought up in one of the best Moscow boarding schools, she knew Russian very well and knew how to negotiate. All her friends were Muscovites, so she knew perfectly well the needs of potential customers. It was the wife who assured her husband that over time the products of his factory would gain immense popularity. And I was not mistaken. Charlotte Andreevna had great taste, which came in handy when designing branded packaging and coming up with names for soap and cologne. Brokar constantly made sure that his products were original. He was the first to start producing special soap for children, on each piece of which a letter of the Russian alphabet was embossed.
Soap for adults was also surprising in appearance. So, soap called "Ball" had the shape of a ball, and "Cucumber" looked like a real pimply vegetable. It was even bought out of sheer curiosity.
"Strawberry", "Coconut" and other very appetizing varieties of a hygienic product were also produced. But most importantly, Brokar's soap was cheap. That is why he managed to become the universally recognized "king of perfumery". "People's soap" - namely, these words were written on the label - was sold at a price of one penny, and the demand for it and other cheap varieties eventually became so great that wholesalers had to wait a long time for ordered goods. However, a huge number of fakes soon appeared on the market, so that Brokar's company had to take seriously the protection of its products. The Department of Trade and the Ministry of Finance approved a special label (the prototype of modern trademarks), which was pasted on all the products of the famous Frenchman. Brocard and his wife were also careful to ensure that the design of the labels and the name of the product were in line with the spirit of the times. So, the Brocard factory responded to the events of the Russian-Turkish war by issuing soap and lipstick "Plevna's Bouquet". During the revolution of 1917, the Brocard factory was nationalized, then the new government transferred the premises to the mint. Over time, perfume production was restored, but in a different room. And the name of the enterprise was "New Dawn".
4. THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION
4.1. Prototype Analysis
Soap with lavender essential oil
Salt soap
Soap scrub
Soap with herbs and various additives
4.2. Choosing the best idea
For the implementation of options No. 1-3, I do not have the necessary skills and materials, the implementation of salt soap did not interest me. Based on the results of the assessment, the best option is option #4, soap with herbs and various additives. To make it, I have the necessary skills, materials, tools and equipment, and it is perfect for all skin types.
4.3. Substantiation of subject information and practical experience
GRAPHIC ARTS
TECHNOLOGICAL DOCUMENTATION
6.1. The choice of material. Selection of equipment, tools and fixtures
The choice of material for manufacturing.
Baby soap is the main ingredient for making soap from this product. Its main properties are: excellent plasticity, neutral smell, which is not felt when using aromatic substances.
Filler - it is better to choose such fillers as poppy seeds, chopped beautiful indoor dry flowers, dried berries, honey, chopped nuts, but everything should be in moderation and at your discretion.
Essential oils give the soap a pleasant smell, but also have a therapeutic effect on the skin. By mixing essential oils, you can create real perfume compositions.
Using variousnatural dyes (beets, carrots, pumpkin, flower petals, algae, cinnamon, chocolate, etc.) you can give the soap the desired shade. The influence of color on the human condition has been known since ancient times. For hundreds of years, the Egyptians built healing temples of color. Bathing people in water dyed with different colors gave different results.
fragrances Soaps are usually made from a mixture of artificial fragrances and esters, which gives them a deep and pleasant scent. They can reproduce the smell of a fruit or a flower, or they can copy famous perfumes or be complex compositions that are unlike anything else.
It is necessary to approach the choice of fragrance concentration very responsibly - even the most refined and pleasant fragrance loses its charm if it is too rich and strong. In addition, in order to maintain a stable smell, it should be added only to a soap base that has practically cooled down, otherwise the aroma may turn out to be faded and lifeless.
Soap glitters - This wonderful way decorate your work.
Selection of equipment, tools and fixtures.
Large enameled stainless steel pot for water.
Smaller saucepan for melting soapy mass.
Kitchen scale, if possible, with division into grams.
Rubber spatula.
Mixing spoon made of plastic.
Blender or mixer - significantly reduces the time spent on mixing.
Rubber gloves.
Work clothes such as apron, lab coat, etc.
Newsprint for covering work surfaces.
Paper towels for drying tools.
Forms for raw soap mass.
6.2.Technology of manual work used in the manufacture of a vase
Workplace should be well lit, the light should fall on the work from the left side. The distance from the eyes to work should not be less than 30 - 40 centimeters, so as not to develop myopia.
Observe safety precautions, at the end of the tools should be removed.
6.3. Vase manufacturing technology
Grate a piece of "Children's" soap.
bar of soap
Grater
2
Add hot water to it, 2 tbsp. spoons of sugar.
Hot water glass
3
Put a pan with soaked soap chips in a water bath and heat, beat with a mixer (so that there are no lumps).
Two pans of different sizes, a wooden spatula, a mixer stove
4
When the mass becomes homogeneous, remove the saucepan from the heat, quickly add the prepared additives
Additives, glycerin, wooden spatula, large spoon.
5
Quickly spread the soap mass with additives into molds and place in the refrigerator to harden.
Spoon, molds.
6
As soon as the cubes have cooled, take them out of the mold and lay them out to dry for a couple of days.
ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION
21 rub
1 tsp
5 rub
Glycerol
7 rub
1 tsp
2 rub
TOTAL:
37 rub.
ENVIRONMENTAL RATIONALE
Today, for personal needs, they most often buy soap of industrial production, in which a lot of soap is added to reduce its cost. chemical substances, which serve hygienic purposes, but are by no means beneficial to the skin. That is why handmade soap made from natural raw materials is so popular lately.
My soap is made from baby soap with the addition of natural oils and milk. I think my soap is organic. And when preparing it, I did not cause environmental harm to the environment and the health of myself and those around me.
On the internet I look
What to give this time?
I make my own soap
Let your eyes be happy!
Mom will be happy again
On this March day
To help the form and base,
Help in the heart of a light!
10. REFERENCES
Handmade soap M. Gamblin2007
Appendix 1
1. Safety rules should be observed when working with essential oils
First of all, the recommended dosage should be strictly observed, and each type of soap is characterized by its own amount. essential oils, however, for 100 g of soap base no more than 7-10 drops.
Do not allow oil to come into contact with skin and mucous membranes. The result can be a serious chemical burn. However, if trouble does occur, you should immediately wipe the skin with any vegetable oil, and then rinse thoroughly with water. It should be remembered that all essential oils can cause burns, with the exception of lavender and tea tree oils.
When starting to make soap at home, you should not take an essential oil with an unpleasant smell for you or causing allergic reactions.
2. Compliance with the rules for working with dye substances
Dyes can be used to color the soap base. various origins: natural, artificial and synthetic. Suggested by some DIY soap makers, the recipes contain dyes for Easter eggs. However, one should not recklessly trust what is written on the packages, as a rule, they are of a synthetic nature, which is not entirely healthy. It is better to use either food or cosmetic dyes or pigments. You can buy them in stores specializing in the sale of similar products.
Tips on using art paints for coloring soap - ink or gouache - sound absolutely wild. There is no doubt that our skin will not be delighted with such a soap.
The dosage should be strictly adhered to when introducing pigments and dyes into the soap. Otherwise bright coloring will be at your skin or shell. There are practically no health risks, but little pleasant.
3. Select a separate dish
Before it is necessary to allocate separate dishes that are not intended for further cooking.
4. Be sure to wear gloves!
Required condition– use of protective equipment such as gloves, a respirator and a gown.
Annex 2
Soap types
Whipped soap, one of the most unusual and easy to prepare, is prepared in a cold way. The finished soap looks like pieces of marshmallow, delicate and airy, floating in water.
For the manufacture of milk soap, cow, sheep, coconut, soy milk, buttermilk, and whey are used. The best milk soap comes from goat's milk
Beer makes a wonderful shampoo soap. It conditions, makes the hair elastic, shiny and silky, reduces hair loss, heals the scalp.
Luxurious soap in which silk proteins are added or ordinary undyed silk thread (less expensive option). The soap is smooth to the touch thanks to the silk.
This soap is used instead of regular shampoo. Without unnecessary chemical additives, shampoo soap will make your hair simply gorgeous and no more empty bottles!
Castile soap is like fine wine: the longer it sits, the better it gets.
Soap making methods
Hot way.
As a basis for toilet soaps, you can take tallow soap prepared with soda lye, or prepare it separately, using pork fat in combination with coconut oil. Coconut oil must be of the highest quality, and lard must be exceptionally fresh and well-refined. Purification of fat is carried out as follows: fresh fat is washed several times in cold water, cut it into pieces and put it in a bag, which is hung in a cauldron of water and boiled. When the water boils and the fat dissolves, it is slightly squeezed out, and most of fiber remains in the bag along with the garbage, the bag is taken out. For each kilogram of a mixture of fat with water put 4-5 g table salt and 1-2 g of alum in powder, with a strong boil of the liquid and constant stirring. After some time, the boil is stopped and the fat is allowed to float to the surface. The resulting scale is carefully removed, filtered through a cloth into a clean vat and allowed to harden. Thus prepared fat can be stored without change in a cool place for a long time.
To obtain a good toilet soap, for every 10 g of fat, take 5-20 g of coconut oil. The latter is added not only to reduce the cost, but also in order to "pour" it with more water. The soap itself is made in the usual way, it is only necessary to ensure that the resulting soap is neutral, i.e. so that there is no excess of alkalis in it. For this purpose, it is salted out several times and then boiled again. After the last salting, boiling is continued until the sample taken with a glass rod on the plate is completely satisfactory, i.e. when squeezing the mass between the fingers, solid plates should be obtained that should not break.
In order to have a perfectly pure soap, it is stirred with a pole, skimmed off the foam and poured into molds until it is transparent. The soap mass remaining at the bottom of the boiler will be less transparent and pure, and therefore it must be allowed to harden separately.
Cold way.
The preparation of toilet soaps in the cold way by stirring has many advantages, which mainly boil down to the fact that here the coloring and perfume are carried out simultaneously, constituting, as it were, one operation, after which it remains only to cut and shape the hardened soap mass.
To prepare soap in a cold way, coconut oil is taken, previously cleaned of random dirt, and saponified with strong soda lye at low temperature and constant stirring. In order for the resulting soap to be neutral, it is necessary to make several preliminary samples and accurately determine the quantitative ratio of fat and alkali. When the saponification process reaches such a state that the contents of the boiler turn into a homogeneous and difficult to stir mass, then dyes and perfumes are added to it, which, after prolonged stirring, are evenly distributed throughout the mass.
Remelting.
The preparation of toilet soaps by melting is carried out as follows: ordinary heart soap is cut into pieces and thrown into a cauldron inserted into another cauldron with boiling water (water bath). So much water must be poured into the soap so that the sample taken has a good consistency, after which the soap is poured into molds and mixed with coloring and perfume substances. The amount of added water poured for remelting depends on the properties of the soap: for a hard, strong soap, more water is needed than when other grades are used, which already contain a lot of water. Water is generally poured so much that, when cooled, a solid soap is obtained, which foams strongly in water. If the soap taken for remelting is heavily contaminated, then it must be melted with a large amount of water (50-60%), and then salted and boiled.
Planing .
Preparation of toilet soap by planing is carried out as follows: hearty soap is turned into shavings using a special machine, collected in a wooden trough, mixed with coloring and odorous substances and then turned into a homogeneous mass on a kneading machine. The machine consists of a horizontal cylindrical drum, on the circumference of which there are 4-8 knives. Above the drum driven by rotary motion, there is an inclined plane on which layers of soap are placed for planing. The soap with its own weight presses on the drum, the knives of which continuously cut the chips from the soap layer. The blades are set at a significant slope and therefore can cut chips as thick as writing paper.
Components of natural handmade soap.
By adding essential oils (citrus, jasmine, rose, lavender, etc.) to soap, you will get a product with pronounced bactericidal, antiviral properties. As you know, the aromas of oils have a beneficial effect on the nervous system, stimulate the processes of self-regulation and immunity, and improve mood.
Dyes of natural handmade soap.
Using various natural dyes (beets, carrots, pumpkin, flower petals, algae, cinnamon, chocolate, etc.) you will give the soap the desired shade. The influence of color on the human condition has been known since ancient times. Already hundreds of years ago, the Egyptians built healing temples of color. Bathing people in water dyed with different colors produced different results. Here, for example, examples of the effects of certain colors on the body described in the literature:
RED - activates, stimulates;
ORANGE - restores, warms, stimulates;
YELLOW - strengthens, tones;
GREEN - compensates for energy losses, relieves tension, calms;
BLUE - soothes, restrains, cools emotions.
PURPLE - inspires, calms, relieves stress.
Natural handmade soap fragrances.
The right combination of different smells and colors will allow you to create a soap with both a relaxing and tonic, stimulating effect.
You can add flower petals, herbs, honey, oatmeal or wheat flakes, citrus peel, coffee, cocoa, chocolate, cream to the soap. Mandatory components in the preparation of homemade soap are vegetable oils- apricot, peach, olive, as well as glycerin and vitamins A and E (their liquid solutions are sold in pharmacies). For the base, you will need an ordinary soap without a pronounced smell, for example "Children's".
Selection of fillers for handmade soap
In addition to adding to homemade soap recipes and, it is very useful to use various fillers to give the soap an original look and various additional properties.
Various natural fillers can be used as natural fillers. It can be dried leaves, flower petals, buds and other parts of plants.
Also, various spices, spices, honey, dried fruit pieces and much more can be used as natural soap fillers.
Properties of fillers for soap.
lavender flowers
will give the soap their fragrance, which will last a very long time. But flowers in an alkaline environment will lose their color and turn gray. Therefore, it is best to crush them before adding them to the soap. Buds can decorate the surface of the soap.
Calendula petals.
The medicinal plant has tonic, anti-inflammatory and healing properties. Improve the condition and color of the skin. Marigold petals will serve as a wonderful decoration for soap. When crushed, it will give it a golden-orange color.
Chamomile flowers
.
has strong smell. Chamomile flowers without stems are used to decorate the soap.
Parsley.
Dried and chopped parsley gives the soap a light green hue, larger pieces add texture, and the leaves can be used as a garnish.
Coffee.
Caffeine tones the skin and stimulates the destruction of body fat. With this ingredient, you can make an excellent scrub soap that will deeply cleanse the pores, massage the skin and exfoliate dead cells. You need to grind coffee as finely as possible. And coffee beans can serve as a spectacular decoration for homemade soap.
Cinnamon.
Ground cinnamon will give the soap a dark brown color and a distinctive scent, but it can irritate overly sensitive skin.
Zest.
Finely grated peel of orange, lemon, etc. will give the soap the aroma and color of citrus fruits, add texture and act as a soft scrub. The zest must be thoroughly dried before adding to the soap.
Chocolate.
Chocolate is great for any skin, especially for dry and irritated skin. Chocolate will give the soap its seductive aroma and color. Flavanol, which is part of cocoa beans, improves mental activity, and caffeine will have a beneficial effect on the skin, making it smoother and softer. For soap, chocolate with a small amount of sugar and a high content of cocoa butter - from 50% is best suited.
Before adding chocolate to the soap base, chocolate should be melted or grated on a fine grater.
Honey.
is an excellent addition to handmade soap. It makes the skin soft and supple. The rich chemical composition of honey makes it a valuable ingredient not only for soap, but also for others. cosmetics- masks, creams, etc.
In addition to the nutritional properties, honey will give the soap a golden color and a delicate aroma. propolis can also be used as a filler.
Cosmetic clay.
Clay has good cleansing, antiseptic, stimulating and anti-inflammatory properties.
Clay is white (kaolin), pink, yellow, green, black and blue. Each of these species has different properties and is used for different purposes. Fine-grained clay is evenly distributed in the soap base, and coarse-grained clay can completely settle at the bottom of the mold, almost without coloring the base. You can buy various cosmetic clay in a pharmacy.
In addition to these, there are a huge number of ingredients that can be used as fillers for homemade and natural soaps. For example: poppy seeds, coconut flakes, luffa, oatmeal, hops, wheat germ, rose and rosehip buds, basil, rosemary, goat's and cow's milk.
Introduction
Relevance of the work:
Few products are as popular and widely used in everyday life as soap. It has become very important to make soap with your own hands as a gift. With early childhood and until old age this "fragrant friend" is an invariable attribute of our life. Soap came to us from ancient times and gradually turned from luxury into an essential item.
Nowadays, the process of making soap at home is becoming more and more popular. After all, unusual fragrant pieces of soap have always been appreciated by people and served as a good gift.
We were interested in what people used before the invention of soap. When was it invented? What does it consist of? How are bizarre soap shapes made? Why does it smell like edibles?
Research hypothesis: we assume that you can make your own fragrant soap at home.
The purpose of our work– studying the process of soap making, making soap with your own hands at home.
Tasks research:
1. Get to know the history of soap making
2. find out the composition of the soap
3. learn how to make soap with your own hands.
Object of study: Handmade soap
Subject of study: soap making
History of soap making
The history of soap dates back about 6 thousand years, but even before its appearance, people tried to cleanse their bodies with the help of various means. For example, the ancient Greeks of the time of Homer wiped the body with fine sand brought from the banks of the Nile, and the ancient Egyptians washed themselves with beeswax dissolved in water. Wild Gallic tribes made a special ointment from beech tree ash and lard, and the Scythians ground cypress and cedar wood into powder, adding water and incense to it, rubbing the body with this mixture and scraping it along with the dirt.
In addition, unusual products were used for washing clothes, such as ox bile, marrow bones, fresh droppings and, most often, decomposed animal urine, which foamed perfectly in water due to the ammonia content. Also, various plant components were used for washing (soap plant, tree bark, wood ash), which, in combination with animal fat, laid the foundation for the soap making process.
About the same place where the first soap appeared and what people became the founder of soap making, scientists still argue, leaning towards completely different and equally plausible versions.
The opinions of all, one way or another, agree on one thing: the most ancient cultural centers became the places of origin of soap production.
So, according to one of the approaches, soap making was invented in Sumer, the first civilization on Earth, which existed in the 4th-3rd millennia BC. Many inventions are attributed to the Sumerians, such as the wheel, writing, the irrigation system, agricultural implements, Potter's wheel and even brewing.
During archaeological sites scientists discovered tablets dating back to 2500 BC, which described a procedure resembling the process of making soap: water was mixed with wood ash, the resulting mixture was boiled, and subsequently fat was melted in it. However, this solution did not have a specific name, no evidence of how it was used was preserved, and what is now considered to be soap was not produced from it.
In the ancient world, there were three types of soap: hard, soft and liquid, it was made from goat or bovine fat mixed with beech ash. The legend of the origin of the word "soap" / "soap" from the name of the ancient Roman mountain Sapo / Sapo, on which sacrifices were made to the gods, is widely known. The animal fat of the burned victims accumulated and mixed with the wood ash of the fire. The resulting mass was washed down by rains into the clay soil of the Tiber River. Women who washed clothes in these places began to pay attention to the fact that thanks to this mixture, clothes were washed much better. Gradually, this "gift of the gods" began to be used not only for washing, but also for washing the body. And the word “sapo” itself eventually passed into other languages: English “soap”, French “savon” and Italian “sapone” were formed from it.
It was in Rome that soap making became widespread and became a separate handicraft industry. So, during the excavations of Pompeii, archaeologists found a real soap factory with ready-made pieces soap.
Although soap had already been invented, many peoples of the ancient world continued to use lye, bean flour, glue, pumice, barley sourdough and clay for a long time. It is known that Scythian women made washing powders from cypress and cedar wood, then mixed it with water and incense. With the resulting gentle ointment, which had a delicate aroma, they rubbed the whole body. After removing the solution with scrapers, the skin became clean, smooth and fragrant.
Cleanliness became fashionable only after medieval European knights visited Arab countries during crusades. As souvenirs, the knights brought from campaigns the famous soap balls from Damascus, which they gave to their beloved.
In the XII-XIII centuries in Western Europe soap making begins to flourish. Soap-making was taken so seriously that in 1399 the English King Henry IV founded an order whose special privilege was washing in a bath with soap. Also, for a very long time, under pain of death, a member of the soap makers' guild was strictly forbidden to spend the night under the same roof with masters of other crafts, so that, God forbid, the secret would not be revealed.
Luxurious lover Louis XIV himself was interested in the production of toilet soap, as a result of which Holbert, his finance minister, "ordered" soap-making specialists from Genoa to the court of the king.
Gradually, soap making began to develop into an industrial sector, which the French sovereign began to patronize and protect. The government allowed the use of only fragrant oils from Provence.
Very soon Marseille became the heart of soap production, next to which there were many territories of raw materials sources, that is olive oil and soda. Only from the end of the 14th century, Marseille soap gave way to its first position to Venetian soap. It was at this time that soap making began to actively develop in Italy, Greece and Spain.
Only in the XV century in Italy, Savona, began the industrial production of solid soap. At the same time, fats were combined not with ash, but with natural soda ash. This greatly reduced the cost of soap, that is, it transferred soap-making from the category of handicraft production to manufacturing.
Soap has long been a luxury item and was valued along with expensive medicines and potions.
In Russia, soap-making was based on the secrets of Byzantine soap-making, but despite this, it developed in an original way. "Potash business", that's what soap-making was then called, whole villages were engaged, the most popular were Kostroma and Valdai masters. The process of soap making in those days was as follows: trees were cut, burned in boilers, ash was brewed, lye was made, and then it was evaporated to obtain potash. Potash has become one of the main export products, which has led to massive deforestation.
The industrial production of soap in Russia was established by Peter the Great, who even ordered the fields to be planted with plants used in the composition of soap. But until the middle of the 19th century, only the nobility could afford to use soap. The peasants continued to use lye for washing and washing - a mixture that they received from wood ash, poured with boiling water and steamed in an oven.
Evidence of Russian master soap makers can only be found from the 15th century. The first soap factories appeared in the 18th century. Two were known in Moscow at that time: in the Novinskaya and Presnenskaya parts. By 1853, the Moscow province could already boast of eight soap factories. Numerous cloth, cotton and dye factories began to consume soap.
The equipment of the factories at first consisted of boilers, a wood-burning stove and a stone mortar. Only Brocard managed to become recognized as the "king of perfumery", as he managed to produce cheap soap for all segments of the population. Brocard is also one of the first who drew attention to the importance of attractive appearance products. So, cucumber soap was produced in the form of a cucumber, so it was often bought just out of curiosity.
AT XVIII century the factory of the city of Shuya became famous for its soap. Even the coat of arms of the city depicts a bar of soap.
Further, everything developed rapidly, the equipment was modernized, advanced techniques were used, and the quality of soap improved. Especially popular was Nevskaya Kosmetika, which had the right to depict the coat of arms on its products. Russian Empire, which was awarded only to goods highest quality.
Today, soap occupies a strong position in Everyday life which is simply unimaginable without it. Only now soap is not an ordinary hygiene product and not only a hygiene product. Soap performs different tasks: acne treatment, aromatherapy effect, use for sensitive skin, stress relief, fight against skin aging.
Making soap at home
Animal and vegetable fats, fat substitutes (synthetic fatty acid, rosin, naphthenic acids, tall oil).
Creating soap with our own hands, we know in advance what is included in its composition.
With the help of aromatic and essential oils, we have the opportunity to diversify the soap and get the desired result. Soap can be tonic or soothing, moisturizing or drying. Most essential oils have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antimicrobial properties. Many oils have a calming effect, relieve stress and have a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system.
The immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties of essential oils deserve special attention. Substances contained in plants are natural for humans, and can also naturally strengthen the immune system and slow down aging, affecting the condition internal organs and functioning of body systems.
We needed:
Basic equipment:
Dishes for a water bath (or microwave)
Mixing bowls
Knife, spoons
Cutting board
Soap pouring mold
General recipe for making soap:
Soap base transparent or matte (matte contains titanium dioxide)
Food coloring
flavoring
Various additives (loofah, bran, sparkles)
Essential oils
1. The soap base was cut into small pieces and melted in the microwave (about 1 minute).
3. Thoroughly mixed.
4. Poured into the prepared form.
5. Let it freeze. Approximate time from 15 to 40 minutes.
6. Carefully removed the soap from the mold.
It is important to know:
1. Do not allow the base to boil
2. Dyes should be in moderation, otherwise the foam will be colored.
3. Do not mix essential oils with artificial flavors.
findings
Having done this work, we have made following conclusions.
Making soap at home is very simple and even a child can handle it. This work was very interesting, exciting and unusual!
soap making- the occupation is very interesting and exciting, and handmade soap is not only a wonderful gift for friends and relatives, but also a pleasure for yourself! Soap making at home makes it possible to make soap as individual and special as possible, show boundless imagination and get interesting and varied results. You yourself will control all stages of its manufacture, which will give confidence in the quality and safety of the finished product.
Bibliography
Linda Gamblin: Handmade Soap
Vera Kornilova: Decorative soap. Technique, techniques, products
Marisa Lupato: Soap. Manufacturing and decoration
http://www.my-article.net/get/science/medicine/other/soap-history
Http://www.soapdream.ru/Informatsiya/Stati-po-mylovareniyu/Istoriya-myla-i-mylovareniya.html
http://soapmaker.biz.ua/istoriya-mylovareniya/
http://www.by-hand.ru/enciclopedia/comments/48
http://www.originalsoap.ru6. http://www.birmama.ru
School scientific and practical conference
"Step into Science"
PROJECT WORK
Theme: Making handmade soap
Yushkova Alisa
MBOU "Secondary School No. 17"
Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic
2 "in" class
Supervisor:
Pecherskikh Svetlana Faritovna
primary school teacher
MBOU "Secondary School No. 17"
G. Izhevsk
Udmurt Republic
G. Izhevsk, 2012.
Introduction 3 - 4
Main part:
From the history of soap making in Russia..5
Practical part - Making handmade soap..6
2. The choice of materials for the manufacture of the products I have chosen -
soap "Frozen roses", "Heart with butterflies".
Selection of tools and fixtures for making soap.
Safety engineering.
Steps in making my soap.
Quality control.
Conclusion...8
List of references .......................................9
Applications:
Appendix No. 1. Recipe for making soap10
Introduction
"It is necessary, it is necessary to wash in the mornings and evenings!" - insisted the famous Moidodyr from Chukovsky's fairy tale. The dirty boy did not agree with this statement, and, nevertheless, was thoroughly washed. After looking at his sparkling clean hands and heels, the child nevertheless agreed with Moidodyr: "Long live fragrant soap and fluffy towel!" And where did Moidodyr himself get the soap?
Today we cannot imagine our existence without soap. We come home and the first thing we do is wash our hands.
Today, soap is an integral part of personal hygiene and good health. How did it happen that this product has taken such an important place in our lives? What is soap made from? What makes soap so attractive, fragrant and fragrant? I tried to find answers to these questions in the course of the project work.
By chance, my mother and I read an interesting fact on the Internet that in the 17th century in Russia people almost did not buy factory soap, and not because they fell out of love with the Russian bath with soap and a whisk. It's just that most housewives made their own soap. Therefore, I put forward the following hypothesis, but will I, four centuries later, be able to get soap at home?
This work is a design work on technology. The name of the project is "Handmade Soap Making". The fundamental question of the work: "Is it possible to make soap at home." Hence follows the main objective project work: get soap at home.
The main tasks of the work are:
1. Choice of product variant;
2. study of literature on the history of soap making;
3. learning how to make soap at home; choosing the most accessible method;
4. Selection of the necessary tools, materials and equipment for the manufacture of the product I have chosen.
5. Determining the sequence of manufacturing the product I have chosen.
6. Evaluation of the quality of the product made by me.
The object of study of our work is the process of obtaining soap.
Research methods:
1. Study of literature.
2. Observation of the process of making soap at home.
3. Experimental: preparation of the necessary components for making soap.
For the practical part, a reference scheme has been drawn up.
In the course of the project work, Internet resources were used, the necessary literature was studied.
1. From the history of soap making in Russia
Many centuries ago, soap-making arose in Russia, where from the ancient times people distinguished by neatness, the habit of regular washing in the bath, steam room. Soaps were brewed a lot - at home and in the workshops of artisans. Then soap factories appeared. Kostroma and Valdai craftsmen were especially famous. Russian soap making developed in an original way. There were very favorable conditions for this: large stocks fat, huge woodlands. Entire villages were engaged in potash business. They cut down trees, burned them in boilers right there in the forest, and brewed the ashes, made lye, evaporated it, getting potash. Such destruction of forests led to a rise in the price of firewood, and honey disappeared. However, in 1659 the potash business, as a profitable business, was transferred to the royal treasury. Gradually, the process of soap making improved. A factory method for producing soda ash and caustic soda was discovered, which significantly reduced the cost of soap production.
2. Practical part - Making handmade soap
I built the work on the project according to the following reference scheme:
Why do I want to make this particular product?
How to protect yourself in the manufacture of my chosen product (TB rules when working with tools)
Soap
Stages of product execution
Preparation of product sketches
(Appendix No. 1)
How can I decorate my product?
Workplace for product manufacturing
Choice of materials, tools and equipment
Aesthetics
Accuracy
1. Why did I decide to make this particular product?
At the technology lessons, our class was actively preparing for the upcoming International women's day March 8. Handmade soap can be made from natural ingredients such as dried herbs, essential and cosmetic oils, zest, coffee, milk, honey and more. Such soap will not only not bring harm, but, on the contrary, will convey to the body all the benefits of its composition. In addition, properly designed soap can be presented as a gift. There are thousands of ways to decorate handmade soap - heart-shaped soap for Valentine's Day, in the shape of easter egg- for Easter, in the form of a Christmas tree - for New Year etc. Everything depends only on imagination.
2. The choice of materials for the manufacture of the products I have chosen - Soap "Frozen Roses", "Heart with Butterflies" (See Appendix No. 2). - transparent base for soap;
- dyes pink and purple;
- green and red soap; - titanium dioxide;
- olive oil;
- glycerin; - lilac sparkles (cosmetic); - rose and mandarin essential oils; 3. Choosing tools and fixtures for making my soap
I made soap at home in the kitchen, in the process of making crafts I used soap molds; alcohol in a spray bottle; a saucepan and a jar, in order to melt the soap base in a water bath; glass stick for stirring; vegetable peeler. When making soap, you need to be careful with fire and hot objects, glass objects, avoid getting soap shavings and essential oils in your eyes, mouth and nose.
4. Stages of making my soap (See Appendix No. 3).
I developed sketches of the future soap on paper. (See Appendix No. 1).
The soap base (which is a piece of neutral soap, odorless) was melted in a water bath.
Added selected colors and fillers, removed from heat, added essential oils, glycerin and sparkles.
I laid out the roses and leaves made in a pre-prepared mold.
She poured the soap mass into molds.
Sprinkled with alcohol to remove the formed bubbles.
After the first layer of soap hardened, poured a second layer of a different color.
Took the soaps out of the molds. The preparation time for two bars of soap took 30 minutes. 5. Making and evaluating crafts
I made soap in the sequence that I described earlier. After manufacturing, I assessed the quality of the finished product.
6. Quality control.
Soaps turned out neat and beautiful.
7. Additional design of my products.
To make my soaps look even more beautiful, I packed them in a bag and a bag, decorated with ribbons.
Conclusion
So, this is the first design work I have done, and it covers only a few points. I'm in second grade and I still have a lot to learn.
In accordance with the goal and objectives, I studied the literature on making soap at home.
In the course of the work, I concluded that making soap at home is a laborious, lengthy and expensive process, because. solid fats, which are valuable food products, are used to produce soap.
I picked up the simplest method for making soap from a colorless soap base, I got soaps:
1. two-layer colored soap with roses, containing glycerin, olive, rose and tangerine oils.
2. soap in the form of a pink heart with butterflies, containing glycerin, olive and rose oils, sparkles, which are made from natural raw materials.
Natural ingredients have been introduced into these soaps, which have a beneficial effect on the skin, as well as give the soap a varied and pleasant smell.
The work performed allows us to draw reasonable conclusions that the hypothesis put forward is correct, namely: studying the literature on making soap at home, obtaining the soap itself, testing its properties in practice led to the production of soap at home.
In the future, I plan to continue the project work that has begun in terms of studying the composition of manufactured soaps and their effect on the human body.
List of used literature:
Gamblin M. Needlework.- Publisher: Bertelsmann, 2007. - p.111.
Zaitseva A. Beautiful handmade soap, 2008. - with. 64.
Kornilova V. Decorative soap. Technics. Receptions. Products. - Publisher: AST-Press Book, 2011. - with. 112.
Kornilova V., Smirnova O. Do-it-yourself soap. - Publisher: AST-Press Book, 2011. - with. 104 with ill.
Beautiful and useful soap with your own hands.: Training video, 2009.
Internet resources: www.mama-mila.ru, www.soapdream.ru
Application number 2.
Soap Recipes
Soap "Frozen roses"
- dyes pink and purple - a few drops;
- cut shavings from red and green soap, roll up in the form of roses and leaves; - titanium dioxide - at the tip of the knife;
- glycerin - half a teaspoon; - lilac sparkles (cosmetic) - on the tip of a knife; - rose and tangerine essential oils - 5 drops each;
Soap "Heart with butterflies"
Transparent base for soap - 100 grams;
- dyes pink and white - a few drops;
- titanium dioxide - at the tip of the knife;
- olive oil - 1 teaspoon;
- glycerin - half a teaspoon; - lilac sparkles (cosmetic) - on the tip of a knife; - rose essential oil - 5 drops each;
This is such a beautiful soap!
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Attached files
City scientific and practical conference
Magnitogorsk Scientific Society of Students
"First Discoveries"
Direction: world of exact sciences (chemistry)
Subject: Soap making at home
Magnitogorsk
Introduction 3
Main part 4
Theoretical part 4
Conclusion 8
Appendix…………………………………………………………..................11
Introduction
Everyone knows the lines of K.I. Chukovsky “Long live fragrant soap!”. We use soap every day. When I go shopping with my mom, I am always amazed by the assortment of soaps. In stores, we see soap of all colors of the rainbow, different in shape, composition, smell, liquid and solid.
Now it's impossible to imagine life without it. important tool hygiene, we choose soap according to our preferences. But imagine that once upon a time there was no soap. How did it happen that this product has taken such an important place in our lives?
In my project, I tried to answer the questions:
How did people manage without soap?
Who Invented Soap?
How and from what is the soap that we buy made?
Can you make soap with your own hands?
Objective of the project: create soap with your own hands.
Assumption: You can make your own soap if there are safe ways to make it.
Tasks:
1. Establish facts from the history of soap;
2. Identify the components from which soap is made;
3. To study the technology of making soap at home;
To achieve our goals, we used the following research methods:
1. The study of literature and Internet - information on the topic.
2. Sociological survey of adults and children.
3. Experimental work.
4. Processing of data obtained during the study.
5. Generalization of the material.
1.Main part
1.1. Theoretical part
During the study various sources I received answers to my questions. I learned how people in antiquity did without soap.
The first detergent, of course, was ordinary water. True, in waterless areas they used simply sand: they rubbed off spots with it. But when water alone did not help, other remedies were used: ox bile and brain bones, egg yolks and boiling milk, honey and brewer's yeast, warm bran and bean flour, sawdust, ash, and so on and so forth. In many countries, the roots, bark or fruits of the soapwort plant were used for washing. They contain a liquid that foams in water due to the presence of saponins in it - detergents that nature has created. In decoctions of soapwort, silk was washed. At the same time, the fabric did not collapse and did not shed. In Russia, soap began to be made during the time of Peter I, but for a very long time only noble people used it. The peasants washed and washed with lye - wood ash was poured with boiling water and steamed in the stove. The city of Shuya was the main center of soap making, and even a bar of soap is depicted on its coat of arms. Moscow firms were also widely known - the Ladygin factory, the Brokar perfume factory. Brocard's factory initially had only three boilers, a wood-burning stove and a stone mortar. But he managed to become famous by releasing cheap, penny soap for all segments of the population. Brokar tried to make inexpensive products attractive. For example, his soap "cucumber" looked so much like a real vegetable that it was bought even out of sheer curiosity. In ancient times, special clays were used that could absorb dirt and dust from clothes. By the way, the name Sapun-mountain near Sevastopol means "soapy mountain". Clay mined from this mountain was used to wash the body and wash clothes. But Russian craftsmen quickly learned how to make soap from salts from the ashes of burnt plants - potash and animal fats. Thus, this much-needed product was made in every house. There were more and more small soap workshops, because in Russia there was enough wood, and ash was the basis of potash. Potash began to be sold abroad, which led to massive deforestation. By the beginning of the reign of Peter I, it was urgent to find a cheaper substitute for potash. The problem was solved in 1685, when the French chemist Nicholas Lebmann was able to obtain soda from table salt. This excellent alkaline material has supplanted potash.
The first soap factories began to appear in Russia only in the 18th century. At that time, two were known in Moscow: in the Novinskaya and Presnenskaya parts. Numerous cloth, cotton-printing and dyeing factories bought soap from soap factories. But at that time they still did not understand how soap is made. Only at the end of the 18th century. was clarified chemical nature fats and clarified the reaction of their saponification. In 1779, the Swedish chemist Scheele showed that when olive oil reacts with lead oxide and water, a sweet and water-soluble substance is formed. The sweet substance obtained by Scheele was called glycerin. Forty years later, Berthelot established the nature of glycerol and explained the chemical structure of fats.
In the literature, I found the answer to the question “How is soap made now?”
At first, soap in the factories was brewed in huge open cauldrons. The process was monitored by an experienced soap maker, who from time to time needed to stir the viscous mass.
Now soap in the industry is brewed in three stages. First, fats and oils are treated with caustic alkali to obtain purified soap and glycerin. Then the purified soap is heated and formed into small balls. In the last step, the soap balls are mixed with perfumes, dyes and other chemical additives that determine the properties and aroma of the soap. I found out that industrial soap making is a complex chemical process.
Having examined the packaging of soap, on which the composition is indicated, I saw among the main components: alkalis, fats, oils, water, and various chemical additives. Some additives that are added to soap in industrial production are considered dangerous. Particularly dangerous are such additives as:
propylene glycol (cheap substitute for glycerin)
Sodium laureth sulfate (creates a lot of foam)
Surfactants (surfactants)
Formalin
Dyes (charcoal tar)
Parabens
Be careful when buying soap!
1.2. Sociological survey
Continuing the research, I conducted a survey among adults and children. They were asked questions:
1) Why should you wash your hands with soap?
2) What is soap made of?
3) How is soap made?
The survey showed that:
93% of children do not know what soap is made of;
91% of adults answered that soap consists of alkali, fats.
98% of kids don't know how soap is made
70% of children know why they need to wash their hands (so as not to get sick)
100% of adults specified that soap prevents harmful bacteria from entering our body.
Conclusion: Basically, children and adults know why they need to wash their hands with soap. Most children do not know what soap is made of and how it is made.
1.3. Practical work
When making soap, I wanted to make a solid soap that lathers well, has an unusual shape and is colored. I think that adults would also like this soap.
In the literature on soap making, I learned the composition and method of making soap at home.
There are three main ways to make beautiful and fragrant soap at home:
- "soap from soap" by melting baby soap;
From a soap base (a special composition for the production of soap);
Soap "from scratch" from fats, oils, alkali.
The third option is one of the most difficult and suitable for experienced soap makers, because it is a chemical process. The second way is the most creative and fastest, but soap base is not available everywhere.
But the option of remelting baby soap is the most affordable, simple and safe. But you need to cook under the supervision of adults.
I took the soap base. Soap base cut into 4 pieces. I put one piece in a plastic cup. I put it in the microwave for 30 seconds for the firebox (the safest option.)
After the mass has warmed up and become homogeneous, we are preparing to pour it into molds. You can take any molds, but not glass. I took plastic molds in the form of fruits, greased them with oil so that the soap could be easily pulled out after drying. Divide the mass into moulds. At room temperature, it is recommended to dry the soap for a day or two. To speed up the process, you can put the molds in the freezer for 30-40 minutes.
As a result, from one piece of soap base I got a piece of colored, diverse in shape, well-foaming soap. To easily pull out the soap, you can immerse the mold in hot water for a few seconds. After that, the soap should dry for 2-3 days at room temperature. And you can go take a bath with exclusive homemade soap! And you can give to relatives or friends, having issued in a beautiful package.
Conclusion
1. At home, you can make a beautiful foaming soap of any color and with different smells.
2. Handmade soap does not contain harmful chemicals. The most natural: we always know what's inside.
3. Soap making at home is an exciting activity that gives a huge scope for creativity and an exclusive result.
Let the production of a soap miracle bring you joy, delight, creativity and a bar of soap!
Bibliographic list
1 Linda Gamblin Handmade Soap
2. Sidorov V. R. "Soap making at home"
3. Encyclopedia “Decorative soap. Technics. Receptions. Products".
4. http://sdelay.tv/poisk?searchid
5. http:///forum/interesnosti-so-vsego-sveta/istoriya-poyavleniya-mila-v-rossii-t3383.html
6. http:///202/kak-poyavilos-mylo/
7. http:///archive/home. help. naturesoap/201004/.html
Objectives of the work: 1) Study of the origins of the emergence and evolution of soap production on the globe; 2) Consideration of the components of soap and the scheme of its work; 3) Studying the process of making soap at home; 4)Detailed comparison analysis of industrial beauty soap and natural handmade soap.
Ancient soap The ancient Greeks cleansed the body with sand, the ancient Egyptians washed their faces with a paste of beeswax, dissolved in water. Wild Gallic tribes made ointment from beech tree ash and lard, and the Scythians ground cypress and cedar wood into powder, adding water and incense to it, rubbing the body with this mixture and scraping it along with the dirt.
The first soap The first soap appeared in Ancient Rome. The word soap itself was formed from the name of Mount Sapo, where sacrifices were made to the gods. A mixture of melted animal fat and wood ash from a sacrificial fire was washed away by rain into the soil of the banks of the Tiber River. Women who washed clothes there noticed that thanks to this mixture, clothes were washed much easier. So they began to use the "gift of the gods" not only for washing clothes, but also for washing the body. Actually, the English word "soap", the Italian "sapone" and the French "sevon" came from the word "sapo".
Differences between industrial and natural soap: Has bright color(due to chemical dyes) fruity aroma(chemical flavors) Long shelf life (use of preservatives) Good foam (chemical additives) Colored exclusively with natural substances (cinnamon, cocoa powder, clay, chocolate, spices, plant extracts) Scented with essential oils (only natural oils of flowers and plants) Has a slight shelf life (maximum 3-5 months) Gives a light foam (only natural fatty oils and lye are included)
Making soap is an exciting experience. You feel like a real magician when: - you create your favorite colors and fragrances; - get acquainted with the basics of aromatherapy; - - you experiment with various nutritious properties of components; - -you see the shining eyes of your relatives and friends at the moment when they receive your small hand-made masterpieces as a gift.