It should be concluded that. Conclusions to the abstract: how to formulate and write them correctly

As one of the general conclusions given in the conclusion, regardless of the topic and discipline of the abstract, this is a conclusion about the degree of study of the problem in the title. In the introduction, we indicate the source base on which the study is based (ie, the books of the authors that are abstracted). In conclusion in without fail we report that the problem has not been studied enough (sufficiently, comprehensively, comprehensively, insufficiently, etc.).

From the point of view of the methodology of working with the text, the conclusions are a generalization. Generalization is also a method scientific knowledge. Generalization is the process of establishing common properties and signs of objects; in the case of conclusions to the abstract, this is the ability to highlight the general (the topic of the abstract) in various currents, concepts and approaches. With regard to our example (abstract on the topic ) is a generalization of knowledge about the birth of Russian religious philosophy, where the main currents are the Slavophile doctrine, the philosophy of unity of Vl. S. Solovyov and Slavic religious anti-intellectualism.

Each conclusion in the abstract must be substantiated and proven by the text of the work.

Many teachers believe that the conclusion is the most difficult part of the abstract, and despite this, for some reason they do not report in guidelines how to write these conclusions. We emphasize once again that the conclusion should answer the questions (tasks) posed in the introduction. A bad conclusion is a summary of sources on a topic; good - these are the written thoughts of the author of the abstract about the topic worked out. After the actual conclusions, it is possible and necessary to give some advice on solving the problems raised in the abstract. Abstract conclusion - shows the degree of elaboration of the topic, and this, by the way, is one of the evaluation criteria for the work. Evaluation, of course, consists of many other components, but conclusions are the main thing.

The last lines of the abstract are a conclusion on whether the goal of the study has been achieved or not. They write the following: We found ..., researched ..., analyzed ... Thus, the purpose of the abstract is achieved. This phrase comes after the answer to the tasks set in the introduction and the general conclusion on the work.

Conclusions to the abstract can be written on the basis of the deductive method (from general to particular, from general judgments to particular conclusions) and inductive (from particular to general, from individual facts to generalizations). Can you answer the question on the basis of which method the conclusions will be formulated in our abstract Russian religious philosophy of the XIX - XX centuries?

Summarizing the above, we can formulate several rules that should be followed when writing conclusions to the abstract:

1. the purpose, objectives and content of the work should be logically interconnected and reflected in the conclusions;
2. concreteness of conclusions, availability (if possible) of statistical and analytic data;
3. conclusions should be characterized by references only to the material of the authors considered in the abstract, or to their own research;
4. observance of the clarity of the wording, which should exclude the ambiguity of their interpretation or interpretation.

We emphasize that the conclusion is a statement about something (the results of the work, the analysis of sources) and it must be written as a statement, and not as a listing of what was done in the abstract. The affirmative content of the conclusion is what the author insists on, what he understood (made out) when studying the topic of the abstract, in other words, the conclusions are the beliefs of the author of the work, which, if necessary, he can prove (by the text of the work) and defend (what he understood from works - his own point of view).

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The conclusion, along with the introduction, is also the most important part of the work. It should be 1~5 pages (depending on the type of work) to state the main conclusions.

The conclusion outlines the following aspects:

• - conclusions made by the author of the work on the study of the theoretical part of the work;
• - results of the analysis of the subject of research;
• - recommendations for improving the subject of research.

It is good if the conclusion to the thesis begins with a short introduction on the topic of the work. The conclusions in the conclusion should be short, concise, but summarizing the essence of the analyzed issue. Copying parts of the text from the introduction or the main part of the work in the conclusion is not allowed.

Often teachers are asked to write a conclusion in accordance with the tasks. Then in the conclusion the phrase will look good: "In in the process of performing the work, its goal was achieved, and the tasks were solved. The main sources on the research topic were analyzed in the work ... In the thesis work, the main provisions of the theory were revealed using an example.

The conclusion can be created in the form of continuous text or a numbered list. In the second case, as a rule, they write: As a result of the work done, the following conclusions were drawn. And then there is a numbered list.

In conclusion, it is allowed to carry out brief retelling work. When retelling the content of the work, the following phrases can be used.

"AT The first chapter of the work analyzed the theoretical issues of the study ... ".

"In the second chapter of this work, the main directions of the enterprise's work were considered,

"AT third chapter of this thesis measures for improvement were described ... "

If a hypothesis was put in the introduction, then in the conclusion it is necessary to indicate whether it was confirmed or refuted. For example, in As a result of the work done, the hypothesis was confirmed; as a result of the experimental study, it was found that children with a general speech disorder have difficulties in compiling a coherent text.

It is better to finish the conclusion with a general conclusion on the topic of the work, as well as the prospects for applying the developed recommendations in other conditions or on other subjects of research.

For example: "The study made it possible to develop the following design and practical recommendations and assess the possibility of their implementation:

• 1. The first direction of the proposed recommendations is related to overcoming staff turnover by providing special conditions labor for employees in comparison with other firms in St. Petersburg by providing additional vacation days, bonuses.
• 2. The second direction is related to reducing the significant workload on staff on busy days by attracting additional staff and additional cash payments.
• 3. The third direction of increasing the effectiveness of the motivation system is associated with the development of non-material incentives for personnel. Here it is possible to introduce various bonuses, certificates, verbal thanks.

It will also look good in the work to highlight the prospects for researching the topic of the work. For example: "Prospects for the study of this topic lie in the need to study the methods of staff motivation, the features of optimizing the costs of motivation. At the same time, one should always remember that a motivated employee makes better use of his abilities, new opportunities technical means, which leads to the desired result and more effective work the whole organization."

The full version of writing the conclusion to the thesis is given in the appendix.

Thus, the conclusion acts as a generalization of the results of the work, its results.

One of the criteria for writing successful work, whether it is a thesis or term paper, an essay on a given topic, school essay or Research Article, is not only a competent presentation of thought, but also the correct observance of the structure - introduction, main part and conclusion.

Writing a conclusion is not difficult, following a few simple rules.

Conclusion to the diploma or term paper

Conclusion - the logical conclusion of the work, which indicates the result of the entire study, conclusions and proposals for the development of a particular issue. It also talks about the prospects of this area of ​​research and its practical significance. A well-written conclusion makes the work complete and complete.

Conclusion writing plan

opening speech

It is not necessary to immediately proceed to enumerate the conclusions obtained in the course of the study. Conclusion, like any other part of the thesis or term paper requires compliance with a special structure of presentation from the general to the particular. The introductory part includes 2-3 sentences concerning the theoretical part - an introduction to the problem that the study is devoted to.

Main part

The main part should present the conclusions obtained during the practical work. To do this correctly, it is necessary to answer the questions posed in the introduction to the work. In practice, this means that each task from the introduction corresponds to a conclusion in the conclusion. This approach will not only help to correctly draw up the main part of the conclusion, but also ensure the overall integrity of the work.

Final part

The conclusion, like any other part of the work, must necessarily have a final part. Here suggestions for improving the object of study are indicated and the practical value of the work is substantiated. In conclusion, you can write about the areas in which the conclusions obtained during the study can be applied.

Scope of conclusion

The volume of the conclusion of the thesis is 3-4 pages, for the term paper - 2-3 pages.

To write a conclusion correctly, you should adhere to the scientific style of writing. This means using fixed expressions, for example:

• In our study, we found...
• Based on our research, we can draw the following conclusions...
• In conclusion, we note that…
• We come to the conclusion that...
• Our work allows us to conclude that…
• Practical significance Our research is...

Conclusion to the article

The conclusion to the article contains a conclusion on the topic indicated at the beginning, a solution to the problem posed, less often the author's opinion about the problem.

If a problem is posed at the beginning, then at the end it is necessary to give a balanced decision, sometimes several, to mention different opinions regarding this problem.

It is important that the results, which are given in the conclusion to the article, focus only on the positive result.

Conclusion to an essay

In conclusion, the essay should summarize everything that was said earlier. The conclusion logically connects the text with the problem posed and the given topic.

As in the introduction, the conclusion should not pay attention to minor facts and minor details, only the essence of the problem is stated here.

The volume of the introductory and final part of the essay is 25% of the entire work.

Compliance with a clear structure, brevity and brevity of presentation - the key to successful work, which will be appreciated!

The correct use of this skill is a very important factor for making effective daily decisions. Here are some tips on how to learn to draw conclusions in everyday life.

Steps

Be open-minded. Errare humanum est- humans tend to make mistakes. We are all short-sighted, and very often we see only one side of the issue, so we are not able to see the whole picture. You see some part, we know separate part and thus we often build erroneous conclusions, conclusions and judgments from a single point of view. Narrow-mindedness is a serious shortcoming in inference that you should avoid.

Try (test) everything and hold on to the good. Get rid of all the prejudices in your head. Do not think that there is no truth except for the science you are studying. If you judge someone's opinion before you study it in detail, you will not learn anything, but will only close your eyes.

• Try to find out the truth in things you don't know. The bigger the challenge, the more you learn by creating new connections between neurons in your head and improving your ability to draw conclusions.
• Expand your reading circle and be interested in a variety of topics.

1. Seek the truth and prove its persuasiveness. Never imagine that you know absolutely everything about a subject and there is nothing more to prove.

   • Human creatures dug with great difficulty, looking for gold and hidden treasures. They had to wade through the earth and mud to find the real pure metal. But all the work was not in vain, gold in spite of everything is gold, and will enrich the person who will make efforts to search for it. remember, that truth is more precious than gold.

2. Separate real truth from imaginary. When looking for gold, for example, you will have to go through sand, rocks, and slag. The external luster may be similar to gold. The ability to separate the truth comes with constant and frequent practice in seeking the truth without prejudice or arrogance.

   Find out the truth about a different point of view and don't get too offended. Some people cling so tightly to their beliefs that they don't even want to think if others question their beliefs, which are considered infallible and sacred. No person is perfect. To think someone is perfect is to refuse to draw conclusions. Thus, welcome criticism as it is a way to test your beliefs, ideas, and views.

   • Be humble. Immediately unconditionally and completely get rid of the errors and prejudices that you managed to find. Remember that this applies to all matters of your life, even those related to political and religious beliefs.
   • Of course, being humble doesn't mean you'll be a doormat, use the criticism of others to build your strengths rather than drowning in your weaknesses. And learn to recognize criticism in someone's opinion and unconstructive corrections - don't let someone try to devalue you.

3. Learn from others. Confucius once said: "Among any people walking nearby, I will find a teacher for myself." choose good qualities people and educate them in yourself, identify the bad ones and change them. You can always learn something from others, be it your parents, brothers, sisters, friends, neighbors, ministers, etc. If you see another person doing something good, learn to do the same by following his or her example. If you see someone doing something bad, learn from that experience too: learn how to do it right and don't repeat the same mistake (remember that you can't change the other person, but you can be a great role model).

   Forget enthusiasm. Enthusiasm is the biggest mistake that can obscure the facts and interfere (pervert) our conclusions so much that you cannot use your sanity or listen to other people's conclusions. To correctly draw conclusions, you must remain open-minded and calm.

   Find out all the facts. Look for best books industry, search the internet for the most reliable sources and learn from someone more knowledgeable in the field.

   • Take an online course from a university in a subject you used to find too difficult, like physics, astronomy, or math. Challenge yourself and develop your ability to draw conclusions.

4. Learn and apply logic in your conclusions.

   - Deductive reasoning is the ability to draw conclusions from the general to the particular. In deductive reasoning, if you follow a logical sequence, then the argument will be true, as well as the conclusion, if all the points were also true. For example, if "all men are mortal" is the main clause, then "Socrates is a man" is an additional premise, then the true conclusion would be: "Socrates is mortal", which must be true if the previous clauses were true. The deductive method is compared with the inductive one.

   - Inductive reasoning- this is the ability to come to a conclusion from the particular to the general, and is most often used in the derivation of theories. In the inductive method, particular facts do not necessarily entail a general conclusion. For example, if you put your hand into a bag of stones of an unknown color and all the stones that you take out white color, you can assume that all the stones in the bag are white. This may or may not be true. Your theory will be disproved if the next stone is not white. How more facts you collect, the larger the size of the stones, the closer the conclusions will be to the truth, which can be called conjecture. Your conclusion that the stones in the bag are white will be more true if you draw a thousand stones, and not ten. The collection of such data is statistical inference or probability.

   - Abductive reasoning- this is the ability to come to a conclusion or reason by choosing the best explanation, for example, in a medical diagnosis, which also applies to the inductive method, since the conclusions in the abductive argument are not drawn from unobserved facts. Abduction differs from other forms of inference in trying to choose the advantage of one hypothesis over another, trying to find an alternative incorrect explanation and choosing the one with a high probability. For example: "This patient is exhibiting (certain symptoms), they may be caused by various reasons, but (presumptive diagnosis) is preferred over others because it is more likely ... "The concept of abduction was introduced into modern logic by the philosopher Charles Sanders Pierce Pierce says" I represent abduction when I express in a sentence everything that I see ... there is not a single step forward can be done by simple observation if abduction is not used. The abductive method is also used for derivation explanations or effects. "The grass is wet, which means it must have been raining." Detectives as well as diagnostics are often associated with this ability to draw conclusions.

   - Analogous reasoning- this is the ability to compare, directly or indirectly drawing an analogy. This is a form of logical inference that draws conclusions from similarities in one aspect based on their similarities between questions in other aspects. The concept of analogy is attributed to Samuel Johnson: “Dictionaries are like clocks. Even the worst are better than none, and even the best cannot be expected to be absolutely accurate.”

Well, it's time to start writing the final part of the thesis, which will reflect the conclusions and results of the study. The attitude of students towards writing conclusions is ambiguous. Many believe that there is “nonsense” left, all the hardest things are behind. But many graduate students sit at the monitor for days, clasping their heads in their hands: the conclusion is not glued, and that's it!

What is the difficulty in writing a conclusion? The fact that you need to write conclusions - that is, do not write off from the book, and not even describe the experiments, but harmoniously and logically formulate the results of the work done. In other words, think independently to the fullest.

If you do not know how to write a conclusion to a thesis, professionals can do it for you. You can have a studentlancer and solve this problem with minimal effort.

The second option is to figure out how to write a conclusion in a thesis, using our article.

What should be written in conclusion?

The conclusion of the thesis is a mandatory one, following immediately after the main part, up to bibliographic list and links. The content of the conclusion is:

- the most important conclusions on the theoretical and practical aspects of the problem, which the author came to in the process of writing the work;
- the final assessment of the empirical study (if any) with brief description its results;
– protection of the main provisions that distinguish this thesis research from the works of its predecessors;
– practical proposals that can be implemented in practice (if there is a practical part of the thesis);
— opinion on further prospects for the study of the topic;
— summing up the general results (whether the goals and objectives set in the introduction have been achieved, whether the hypothesis has been confirmed).

In other words, the conclusion is short review the results obtained in the process of graduation research, and independent analytical conclusions made on their basis.

Like the introduction, the conclusion is regulated in form and content, but there are some differences. The regulation deals rather with the elements of the conclusion and the requirement of compliance with the introduction. If it is relatively easy to write according to a template, then there are more personal thoughts in the conclusion, since this part of the thesis is devoted to the conclusions of the author.

The structure of the conclusion and its volume

In terms of volume, the conclusion is usually 3-4 pages. As a rule, it is somewhat smaller than the introduction, although their main elements correspond to each other (the hypothesis, goals, tasks mentioned in the introduction are also reflected in the final part of the diploma). However, if the introduction and conclusion are equal in volume, this will not be a mistake; the main thing is to adhere to the principles of capacity and conciseness, to write to the point.

The structure of the conclusion should be as follows:

1. Introductory part. Some graduate students start right off the bat: "As a result of the study, we confirmed the hypothesis that ...". So, this is an example of how not to write a conclusion to a diploma. Dedicate a few sentences of the introductory part, an introduction to the problem to which you have devoted your scientific work.
2. The main part of the conclusion contains conclusions, results, results of the study. You must reflect all the points of the theoretical and practical parts, give answers to the questions that you posed in the introduction. To make the conclusion logical and coherent, do not download how Mountain sheep, over the rocks. State the conclusions sequentially, adhering to the structure of the main part of the thesis. It will be logical to look at the presentation of the conclusions according to the tasks set in the introduction. The main part of the conclusion is completed by stating that you have achieved the goal of the work and proved the hypothesis.
3. The final part of the conclusion (such a tautology) is devoted to confirming the practical value of your work. Here you need to give out your invaluable recommendations on improving the object of study, the possibility of putting your developments into practice.

How to simplify the process of writing a conclusion to the diploma, examples

• The conclusion to the diploma should be written briefly, but capaciously and in detail. The simplest option, which can pass for a life hack - just collect the conclusions by points and chapters and slightly process them (a simple copy-paste will not work). But this approach will bring you, most likely, no more than a "troika".

To get a high score, you need not just move the conclusions made in the process to the conclusion. Conclusions need to be summarized, to achieve their integrity. A serious mistake is the poor compatibility of conclusions on theory and practice. That is, the student devotes half of the conclusion to the conclusions on the theoretical part, half - on the practical. So how should it be? And it is necessary to write a general conclusion on all the diploma, linking theoretical and practical conclusions together. After all, the purpose of the conclusion is to give integrity, completeness to the work.

• When writing a conclusion, you must use scientific style presentation. The well-established introductory formulations that can be used in conclusion in the thesis will help to simplify the work, for example:

When stating the results that demonstrate your achievement of the goal set in the introduction and the solution of the tasks set, you can use the following well-established expressions and speech formulas:

• To get an idea of ​​how to write a conclusion, take a couple of diplomas written in your department (preferably from your own supervisor). You will have before your eyes a sample of the conclusion of the thesis, which you need to focus on.

The writing of the conclusion must be taken seriously. It is the introduction and conclusion (and sometimes only the conclusion) that in most cases are read by those who want to get acquainted with the student's thesis research. If the conclusion is written successfully, then the work will look complete, solid. The conclusion itself will form the basis of your defensive speech.