The latest methods of waste processing. Dump of great ideas: the most original ways to dispose of garbage. Biometallurgical separation method

Materials accepted at landfills:

• Household waste from residential buildings, institutions, enterprises engaged in the trade of industrial and food products.
• Waste from construction organizations that can be equated to municipal solid waste.
• Industrial waste of the 4th hazard class can be accepted if their amount does not exceed one third of the accepted waste.

Waste, the import of which is prohibited to the landfill:

• Construction waste of the 4th hazard class, which contains asbestos, ash, and slag.
• Industrial waste 1, 2, 3 hazard class.
• radioactive waste.
• Landfills are arranged according to strict sanitary standards and only in those areas where the risk of human infection with bacteria through air or water is minimized. The occupied area is designed for approximately 20 years.

Composting

This processing method is familiar to gardeners who use decayed organic materials to fertilize plants. Waste composting is a disposal method based on the natural decomposition of organic materials.

Today, a method is known for composting even an unsorted stream of household waste.

It is quite possible to get compost from garbage, which could later be used in agriculture. Many factories were built in the USSR, but they stopped functioning due to the large amount of heavy metals in the garbage.

Today, composting technologies in Russia are reduced to the fermentation of unsorted waste in bioreactors.

The resulting product cannot be used in agriculture, so it finds application right there, in landfills - they are covered with waste.

This disposal method is considered effective provided that the plant is equipped with high-tech equipment. Metals, batteries, and plastics are first removed from the waste.

Advantages of incineration:

• less unpleasant odors;
• the number of harmful bacteria, emissions decreases;
• the resulting mass does not attract rodents and birds;
• it is possible to obtain energy (thermal and electrical) during combustion.

Disadvantages:

• expensive construction and operation of waste incineration plants;
• construction takes at least 5 years;
• when waste is burned, harmful substances enter the atmosphere;
• incineration ash is toxic and cannot be stored in conventional landfills. This requires special storage.

Due to the lack of city budgets, inconsistency with waste processing companies and for other reasons, the production of waste incineration plants has not yet been established in Russia.

Pyrolysis, its types and advantages

Pyrolysis is the burning of garbage in special chambers that prevent the access of oxygen.. There are two kinds:

• High temperature - combustion temperature in the furnace over 900°C.
• Low temperature - from 450 to 900°C.

When comparing conventional incineration as a waste disposal method and low-temperature pyrolysis, the following advantages of the second method can be distinguished:

• obtaining pyrolysis oils, which are subsequently used in the production of plastics;
• the release of pyrolysis gas, which is obtained in sufficient quantities to ensure the production of energy carriers;
• the minimum amount of harmful substances is released;
• pyrolysis plants process almost all types of household waste, but the waste must first be sorted.

High-temperature pyrolysis, in turn, has advantages over low-temperature pyrolysis:

• no need to sort waste;
• the mass of the ash residue is much less, and it can be used for industrial and construction purposes;
• at a combustion temperature above 900 ° C, hazardous substances decompose without getting into the environment;
• the resulting pyrolysis oils do not require purification, as they have a sufficient degree of purity.

Each of the waste recycling methods has advantages, but everything depends on the cost of installations: the more efficient and profitable the disposal method, the more expensive its installation and the longer the payback period. Despite these shortcomings, the state is striving to implement projects for efficient and safe waste processing, realizing that these technologies are the future.

Due to the rapid development of industrial production, humanity faces the need to use new technologies for waste disposal. Today in Russia, about 94% of garbage is simply left at special landfills. In Europe, this figure also leaves much to be desired, although it is much lower (40%). How can the current situation be changed?

Burning

This relatively new technology in waste processing can be considered as sufficiently effective only if a number of mandatory conditions are met. So, for its implementation, it will be necessary to have waste incineration plants equipped with the latest technology. The construction of such enterprises usually takes a lot of money and time (over 5 years). Before the direct start of the process, the garbage must be sorted. Batteries, as well as metal and plastic components, are removed from the total mass.

International research organizations note a number of objective advantages of this method at once, namely:

1. Almost complete absence of unpleasant odors.
2. A small proportion of toxic substances released into the atmosphere. A study by the journal Waste Management has shown that incineration releases only 3.4 g of dioxins into the air each year, compared to the 1,300 g that occurs in landfills. The UK Environmental Services Association has determined that the technology does not cause mutations in plants grown near processing plants, nor does it cause cancer or respiratory disease in humans.
3. The possibility of obtaining a powerful thermal and energy resource base. This is especially relevant when using pyrolysis - a technology in which the combination of low or high temperatures (from 450 to 900 ° or more than 900 °, respectively) with an insufficient amount of oxygen does not lead to the release of harmful and toxic substances, but to the decomposition of the object into its constituent elements. In Russia, this method is still at the stage of development and experimental verification. It is assumed that the introduction of pyrolysis into a permanent practice will provide heat to entire cities with a population of 300,000 people. The enterprises themselves will be able to serve residents for 20 years with an average payback period of 4 years. They also do not have to be supplied with energy for operation, because the synthesis gas produced as a result of combustion will become fuel for reactors.

Burning garbage also prevents the formation of many kilometers of ruins, to which birds and rodents, carriers of infection and viruses, are drawn from the surrounding areas. However, this method requires the mandatory disposal of ash in special storage facilities due to the fact that, containing some impurities of heavy metals, dioxins and mercury, it cannot simply be dispelled or left on the ground.

Plasma processing

The next new recycling technology is one of the safest and most innovative solutions that could be found in this matter. Here, the principle of processing the mass with high temperatures is also used, however, the litter is brought not to decomposition, but to transformation into a gas.

In this state, the former items are distilled into steam, which results in several useful resources at once:

• electricity;
• environmentally friendly slag;
• non-pyrolyzable residues that can be reused for industrial purposes.

Factories operating on the basis of the principle of plasma processing have a closed and cyclical operation: for example, their reactors do not need new energy, because they work on part of their own heat. This system does not require pre-sorting and preparation of the material, because. it is capable of destroying any waste without harm to nature and human health, reducing their initial mass by more than 300 times. None of the currently known disposal methods can demonstrate such an indicator. The use of plasma is also distinguished by minimal costs - getting rid of 1 ton of garbage turns out to be 3 times cheaper than following any other method. That is why plasmatrons are actively used in technologically progressive countries - the USA, Great Britain, Japan, China.

Backfill

Among the technologies for waste disposal, one can also find those that are used not so much because of obvious positive criteria, but because of economic benefits. A striking example of a new method of this kind is the backfilling of a solid waste landfill, which results in the formation of synthesis of gases - methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide and oxygen. In other words, the landfill is not just left on the surface of the planet for years, but is buried under a layer of earth and clay for 10-30 years. Over time, non-hazardous natural landfill gas is produced, which is then used to produce fuel, steam, heat and electricity.

Important! The implementation of this method is possible only in the presence of special deep pits, inside which pumping equipment must be installed to transfer gaseous decomposition products to enterprises.

Composting

The latest new recycling technology for household waste is great for organic materials - food residues, vegetation, paper. This disposal method, which is not used in large-scale industry, is a favorite among summer residents and farmers. The composting process consists in the formation of special piles of different sizes, which are regularly turned over (daily, 1 time per month, 1 time per year, etc., depending on the wishes of the person for the duration of composting).

The product obtained as a result of decomposition in natural climatic conditions is actively used as a valuable fertilizer in cultivating land, planting crops and saturating the soil.

In the drawers of the tables you can find a lot of outdated, but working components. On the one hand, it seems to be a pity to throw it away - solid sums were once paid for these useless "pieces of iron". But today all this is unnecessary garbage, the place of which is in a landfill.

However, there are people who do not see the problem in finding a use for an old drive or non-working hours. They can be repaired, redone, restored. And if it doesn’t work out, just use it for beauty. This material is devoted to the most interesting examples of "recycling" of garbage.

⇡ Music from trash

The first electronic musical instruments appeared long before Jean-Michel Jarre and Kraftwerk. For example, one of the predecessors of the synthesizer, the theremin, which musicians still use today, was created by Lev Sergeevich Theremin back in 1919. But now it is already impossible to get to the bottom of who and when the idea of ​​using old computer components for playing music first came to mind.

Iron hit: hits played on computer hardware

It's hard to define music. Probably, its most successful and correct interpretation is harmony. Where there is harmony, we hear music. It can be caught anywhere - in the voice of a flute, in the strumming of a guitar, in the murmur of water, in the singing of birds or the sound of the surf. But the most amazing thing is when harmony is heard where you least expect to find it. For example, in the roar of machine tools in a factory or in the hum of computer coolers.

Do you think we're exaggerating? Unlikely. Let's see what the human imagination can produce when focused on making music out of noise.

One of the pioneers of computer music is James Houston. And when we say "computer music", we do not mean electronic keyboards at all. James was one of the first to come up with the idea of ​​using outdated computer parts to create melodies. A TV instead of a monitor, a cassette recorder for downloading data (yes, imagine, there was such a thing before disk drives), one of the first HP Scanjet 3c scanners, the first Sinclair ZX Spectrum computer, an Epson LX-81 printer and other details.

Here's what it looked like.

Not very impressive? Nevertheless, in 2008 this clip aroused great interest among Internet users. In just a week after posting on YouTube, James was inundated with thousands of reviews. Among the letters received were an offer to sign a recording contract for this cover and a message directly from Radiohead inviting them to post the video on the band's official website. For a student from Glasgow, this was a great success and an incentive to create in the future.

But this was only the first experience. James Huston has a huge following. And some of them were able to demonstrate "aerobatics" in creating music on computer hardware. One such artist is a Canadian from Toronto named James Cochrane. He took it so seriously that his cover of The Animals' legendary The House of the Rising Sun became a hit on YouTube for a while. It is performed by a whole ensemble of hard drives, an oscilloscope, a scanner, and various computer components.

In addition to this piece, a Canadian music lover has made versions of other well-known compositions in a similar arrangement, for example "Bohemian Rhapsody" by Queen and the song Gotye "Somebody That I Used to Know"

The modern computer is not at all like the cabinets and drawers that were before. The appearance is changing, the content is changing. Some parts of the PC become obsolete and in the finished package become an unnecessary addition, a kind of computer atavism.

So, for example, still in some computers you can see floppy disk drives, or, simply speaking, floppy disks. Those who are lucky enough to use this type of media should remember the characteristic sound that accompanied each time the read head turned to the magnetic disk. This creaking sound could have a different tone, depending on the position of the sector being read. And if you choose such reading parameters for the drive so that it can play this or that note on demand, it is quite possible to train the drive to play any melody.

How to do this, knows the Polish amateur radio Pavel Zadrozniak (Pawel Zadrozniak). Together with other students of Krakow University (AGH University of Science and Technology), Pavel developed a system of disk drives controlled by a microcontroller. With the help of this device, the Imperial March, the most recognizable tune from the Star Wars saga, was played on floppy disks.

Playing on disk drives proved to be a very popular activity, and the number of people wanting to make the disk drive play increased dramatically. There were even originals who are trying to sell recorded music through online services. For example, a certain MrSolidSnake745 put this idea on stream. He built an orchestra of eight disk drives, connected them to the Arduino platform and recorded a lot of popular tunes from games, movies, etc.

It is difficult to judge how much this business has enriched the “composer”, but if it is for sale, then someone is buying.

If suddenly you too have a burning desire to build a "music box" out of the drive, you can easily find guides and tips on how to do it on the Web. For example, on the personal page of one of these enthusiasts, Michael Kohn.

Garbage concert with orchestra

If a desire arises in the soul to create real art, no life barriers and conventions can prevent this. The story below is proof of that.

In the far, far away country of Paraguay, where poverty in provincial towns coexists with dirty puddles and rickety shacks, people live who cannot imagine their life without music. But the trouble is - how to learn to play musical instruments if there is not a penny of money? There is not only no finance for studying at the conservatory, but no money even for the simplest cello or the cheapest clarinet.

But, as you know, if resourcefulness, creativity, passion and inspiration converge in one person, a miracle is born. That person turned out to be a teacher named Favio Chávez. In the small town of Cateura, Favio opened a music class, but there were too few instruments, far fewer people willing to play them.

Watching how his students are drawn to music, but do not have the opportunity to realize their desires, the teacher decided to provide everyone with instruments at all costs. One day, Favio Chavez met a garbage collector named Nicolás Gómez, nicknamed Cola, who at one time worked as a guitar maker. After consulting among themselves, these two people came to an unexpected decision - to create tools from ... garbage. It is from the garbage, which is very much in the city dump. Here, by the way, it would not be out of place to mention that the entire town of Cateura is one big dump, and most of its adult population is busy sorting garbage and looking for something else that can be of value.

It turned out that it was not difficult to build musical instruments from the materials found in the landfill. Favio's excellent hearing and the ingenuity of the scavenger made it possible to create futuristic musical instruments from the most seemingly useless things. So, for example, a barrel of oil products turned into a cello, pipes into flutes, and packing boxes into guitars.

Favio's activities brought fame to the small town of Cateura. The start of a music teacher was supported by sponsors, thanks to which a bank of musical instruments that were in use, but still suitable for teaching children, was opened.

And the children who still managed to learn music united in a team that received the quite expected name - Recycled Orchestra (“Garbage Orchestra”).

Recently, this team ran a fundraising campaign on the popular Kickstarter service. Hoping for large collections, the trash orchestra cherished Napoleonic plans - from filming a feature-length documentary about the orchestra to creating a social movement in support of the poor.

But, despite the powerful informational support (all leading TV channels, including CNN and BBC, made reports about a strange musical group from Paraguay) and noble intentions, the musicians failed to realize most of their ideas. They managed to raise only enough money to organize a round-the-world tour of the Recycled Orchestra. However, this is also a lot - more than two hundred thousand dollars.

⇡ Masters of Digital Garbage

What is interesting is that the number of people who see beauty in the ordinary is increasing all the time. Probably, nevertheless, the classic was right, and you and I are simply witnessing how beauty saves this world. A world that turns out to be boring and so diverse.

Gioconda from ASUS

The works of talented artists are sometimes so brilliant that if you try to repeat them, even their not very exact copy will attract attention. One such masterpiece is the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci. I remember, as soon as the first printing devices appeared, it became very fashionable in various research institutes to hang a piece of a long roll of paper over the workplace, on which the famous canvas printed with ordinary alphabetic and digital characters was guessed. Whatever method the artist chooses to replicate the appearance of the Mona Lisa, the result will almost certainly please many.

In 2009, the Taiwanese company ASUS helped ensure that the Mona Lisa once again experienced reincarnation. One of the most amazing "remakes" of this canvas was created. Moreover, fragments of ASUS motherboards were chosen as paints. To get the right picture, I had to very carefully work out the position of each detail in the "picture" - its orientation, color, and so on. With this unusual installation, exhibited in the office in Taipei, ASUS seems to emphasize that the creation of computer components and, in particular, motherboards is also a kind of art.

World on boards

If you look at satellite images and then look at the printed circuit boards of some electronic devices, you can see a lot of similarities. Roads, buildings, the relief of the earth's surface - all this resembles the wiring of boards with soldered elements. Probably, it was this analogy that prompted Susan Stockwell to create an entire map of the world out of motherboards.

To achieve the closest possible similarity, Susan used recycled components - connecting cables, coolers, cooling systems, etc. All this is not located randomly, as it might seem at first glance, but in an orderly manner, so that the drawing of a real map is imitated. This project was created for the University of Bedfordshire (Bedfordshire University).

Computer metropolis

Artists have a special vision, not the same as that of ordinary people. In unremarkable things, they are able to see completely unexpected pictures. And the most talented of these people can show what they see to everyone else. For example, the Italian designer Franco Recchia (Franco Recchia) creates his paintings using the components of electronic devices.

For example, RAM strips, cooling radiators and all kinds of connectors taken from motherboards, in one of the artist's works, make up a whole Manhattan, with skyscrapers and spiers.

Paintings from wires and films

There are so many lovers of creating sculptures from electronic components that even personalities with a characteristic “handwriting” have appeared among artists, such as Peter McFarlane. Peter makes paintings by laying them out with wires on a circuit board.

Colombian surrealist artist Federico Uribe uses wires as paint for his canvases. He simply “embroiders” pictures with wires with multi-colored insulation. Some of his works are voluminous, but Federico categorically objects to calling his creations installations, he considers them to be paintings.

Erika Iris Simmons specializes in cassette tapes. In some amazing way, with the help of magnetic films, she can lay out any image. Erica's collection of works includes a large number of portraits of famous personalities - from the Liverpool Four and Bob Dylan to Lenny Kravitz and Nick Cave.

Moreover, for especially "ancient" celebrities (such as Marilyn Monroe or Alfred Hitchcock), Erica did not use cassette tape, but magnetic tape from reels. Such paintings may well serve, say, as decoration for the interior of a rock cafe, and aged films will stimulate a retro mood.

In addition to the "film" paintings, Erica also has drawings created using a cord from a Nintendo game console.

Laserdiscs are still in use

Any format of digital media becomes obsolete sooner or later. Floppy disks are outdated, CDs have almost lost their relevance. But all this is an excellent “building” material from which you can make a lot of useful or simply beautiful things. For example, craftsmen have learned how to make bags from floppy disks, and a beautiful lamp can be made from a stack of laser discs in a matter of minutes.

With old discs, you can do even more rationally and combine beauty and benefit. In Madrid, one could see such beauty on the wall of the Vincci Soho hotel.

The creation of this almost thirteen-meter lizard took more than five thousand optical discs. They are firmly fixed on a special base and, of course, make passers-by stop when they see a gecko for the first time.

This lizard was made last year by the iade school of design, and the installation itself was named La Piel Cambiando (Skin Change). According to the designers who came up with this ad, the "animal" is looking for sunlight and symbolizes renewal, development and change.

Gear Treasures

Despite the abundance of electronics, we are still surrounded by a lot of mechanical devices. Of course, they age, often break down, and besides, they are being replaced by trendy battery-powered gadgets. Many mechanical devices end their lives in the same way - in the trash can. No one will think what to do with a broken watch - it's expensive to repair, it's pointless to disassemble for spare parts.

And yet there is a person who is convinced that throwing wheels and springs is not worth it, even if they have ceased to fulfill their functions.

Justin Gershenson-Gates (Justin Gershenson-Gates) from the USA admires the harmony and coherence of the details of mechanical devices so much that he decided to prove to everyone that gears and other parts of mechanical watches themselves have a great design and therefore can be used as jewelry.

According to the "mechanical jeweler", his fate was predetermined - his grandfather was a railway worker, and his father was very fond of delving into various mechanisms. As a child, he, like, probably, many curious boys, often took apart toys, wanting to understand how they work. Moreover, as Justin himself admits, in most cases he could no longer collect them back.

Now he continues to do the same, but he is already dismantling the “dead”, that is, broken mechanisms, and for the good of the cause. By adding minimal modifications to the design of parts and fastening them in a special way, Justin Gates creates pendants, cufflinks, pendants, earrings and other jewelry. The author of wonderful creations collects material for new steampunk jewelry, buying up old mechanical watches in large quantities on Ebay and other similar services. The newly minted jeweler says that his goal is to show the beauty of the mechanical world, to open up to others a place that is usually hidden behind a wall of metal and glass.

The author of jewelry gears even organized the A Mechanical Mind studio and periodically holds exhibitions showing his works. Those who wish can purchase the things they like on the needlework site ETSY, where the author exhibits his “jewels”.

⇡ With your own hands: "garbage" transport and other crafts

Captain Nemo from China

By his example, the Chinese inventor Tao Xiangli proved that the lack of funds and the absence of a rich sponsor is not a problem if there is a great desire to realize your ideas. You just need to take a closer look at the recycling products, which in fact often are not.

The inventions of Tao Xiangli cost a decent "penny", however, given the scale of the projects being implemented, the inventor's costs can be considered symbolic. In 2009, this Chinese craftsman surprised many experienced designers.

Having invested only about three thousand dollars, Tao made no less ... a submarine. When this became known to the public, Tao became a celebrity and reporters from all over the world reached out to him. What Tao said in his interview shocked many. His last job was as a technician at a karaoke bar. He has no education. He studied only five classes at school, and the last year was an encore. A junior high school repeater, Tao never uses a tape measure or ruler. He selects all sizes intuitively.

His submarine turned out without a European-style repair - rusty and 90 percent consisting of parts that were in operation. But she swims, although the first tests could cost the inventor his life. According to the author of this miracle, he got many parts of the submarine almost for nothing - light bulbs, wires, switches, and so on. “Our country is developing very quickly, I would never have thought of such a thing before,” Tao laughs. Now a Chinese submarine builder is plowing his submersible into the local river. Only one person fits in a submarine, and even then - if its dimensions are the same as those of the chief designer.

Encouraged by the success, the Chinese Kulibin spent another year of work on a new undertaking. This time he decided to realize another childhood dream and make himself a robot. For the next project, the inventor had to invest more than $ 24,000. With this money, he bought scrap metal, wires and electronic parts. From all this "trash" Tao built a huge monster robot, which is more than two meters high and weighs 480 kilograms.

Bike decorated with trash

Many bikers strive to give their vehicle some special design. There are many bikers in the world who make high-quality “pumping” of a motorcycle beyond recognition. Mirrors are being added, the look and filling are changing ... But few can compare in this skill with a master from Bangkok. His name is Roongrojna Sangwongprisarn.

The motorcycles he created by hand are impossible to forget - this is a real work of art. Colorful monsters hug the two-wheeled car and make it noticeable from afar. But the most amazing thing is that the author uses parts from discarded cars to create these bike sculptures. The creator of these masterpieces has his own network of Ko Art Shops through which Roongrojna sells his creations.

The second life of the "iron horse"

Many things are disposed of by man unwisely. At least that's what the creative agency Lola in Madrid thinks so. This is especially true for cars. Old, rusty, end-of-life cars are great material for further use. Employees of the mentioned agency have developed their own technology for converting discarded cars into bicycles. They called their project Bicycled - a play on the English words bicycle (bicycle) and recycled (recycling).

It turns out that this is quite easy. With skillful hands, almost every unusable car can be used to create a high-quality two-wheeled vehicle that will serve its owner for a long time to come. The necessary elements are cut out of the doors and body of the car, a frame and a steering wheel are made by welding. Any "surviving" parts are used - from drive belts to door handles. Using a surviving fragment of the skin of one of the seats, the craftsmen create a saddle, and signal lights removed from the car are fixed on the bike. The output is a completely working model of two-wheeled transport.

But the best part about it is that cycling is an environmentally friendly mode of transport. The amount of waste is reduced and people join a healthy lifestyle.

Housing from old cars

Bicycles aren't the only things old cars are good for. If you have enough patience and inspiration, you can build an entire house out of old cars, just like Karl Wanaselja did. He is an architect by profession, so it was not a very difficult task for Karl to carry out a preliminary calculation of his future home.

Almost all the details of the dwelling were taken from old cars. When the architect began building his house in Berkeley, he had to study the California dump, where he managed to get most of the materials. At the junkyard, he was mainly looking for the roofs and side windows of a Dodge Caravan minivan. The windows were turned into awnings, and fragments of the roofs were useful for cladding the upper floor.

According to Karl, he managed to create the illusion of a large space in a very limited way, and he even jokingly compares his house to a telephone booth from Doctor Who.

Garbage King

If you call the next builder the king of garbage, he will not be offended. Moreover, he will take it as a compliment.

Each of us has our own world, and whether we like it or not, we subconsciously try to bring it into reality. Some people do it easily, some never do it. But this man could. True, he did not have the means to build his kingdom, with cathedrals and arches.

Therefore, Vince Hannemann from Texas chose garbage as a building material. He has been collecting junk since 1989. Thousands of discarded items - from damaged irons and TVs to outdated phones, broken furniture and electronics - everything has a use in his miracle cathedral, built from all this rubbish. At first, no one took this man seriously, but when in 2010 his cathedral reached a decent size, the municipality of Austin realized it and banned this construction, considering the idea at least dangerous. But it was not there. The future king of garbage, although he was forced to remove the sixty-ton garbage cathedral, did not want to give up. He called for the help of engineers to use them to calculate a safe design option. When all the calculations with evidence of the stability of the building were in hand, the enthusiast was able to continue what he had begun.

Conclusion

Man lacks natural resources, and he strives into space to extract minerals. He is eager to find elusive particles in order to get cheap energy. At the same time, he does not pay attention to the fact that he has everything at hand to implement any of his ideas. It is only necessary to use the existing potential more efficiently. And of course, just a good dig in the trash.

After all, if someone alone can make a violin out of unnecessary trash, create a robot or build a house, then what can we say about larger projects that can be completed together. In addition, consumables for these purposes are always at hand. Something, but we still have enough garbage for a long time.

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………..2

TYPES OF WASTE…………………………………………………………….4

MODERN PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES…………………….6

THE CONCEPT OF SAFE PRODUCTION……………………..9

PROCESSING IN THE SARATOV REGION…………………………11

CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………13

REFERENCES…………………………………………………..14

INTRODUCTION

Currently, the problems associated with the insufficient level of processing, neutralization, and safe disposal of waste exacerbate the environmental and sanitary and epidemiological situation in Russia. According to the state policy in the field of environmental protection of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, the most unfavorable situation is developing in Primorsky, Krasnodar Territories, Moscow, Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk, Orenburg Regions, and the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Of the total mass of waste in the Russian Federation, 95% belong to the 5th hazard class and are represented mainly by large-tonnage waste.

The largest volume of production and consumption waste generation falls on the Siberian Federal District - 62%, the smallest - on the South - 0.4%.

Waste - substances (or mixtures of substances) recognized as unsuitable for further use within the framework of existing technologies, or after domestic use of products.

Recycling - reuse or return to circulation of production waste or garbage. The most common secondary, tertiary, etc. processing on one scale or another of materials such as glass, paper, aluminum, asphalt, iron, fabrics and various types of plastic. Also, organic agricultural and household waste has been used in agriculture since ancient times.

The recent awareness of the waste crisis facing our society has moved waste management from a side issue to a political debate. For some, the prospect of a major overhaul of the recycling system causes panic, but at the same time a new, more positive attitude towards this problem is being formed. There is a growing willingness to see waste as a source of opportunity and seek solutions from a broader perspective that includes climate change, resource management and urban regeneration.

From the point of view of environmental pollution, the problem comes down to the question of what is waste. From a resource management point of view, this is a question of what waste can be turned into. If we consider waste as pollutants, then they need to be controlled. However, if we consider them as a source of energy and materials, then there are alternative solutions. One such solution is to keep things as they were. Other solutions open the way to something new.

TYPES OF WASTE

Waste classification

Waste varies:

by origin:

Production waste (industrial waste)

Consumption waste (municipal)

By state of aggregation:

gaseous

by hazard class ( for humans and / or for the natural environment)

In the Russian Federation, the following hazard classes for the environment are distinguished:

1st - extremely dangerous

2nd - highly dangerous

3rd - moderately dangerous

4th - low risk

5th - practically harmless

In Russia, there is a Federal waste classifier, in which each type of waste, depending on the source of its origin, is assigned an identification code.

Waste production

Industrial waste - solid, liquid and gaseous production waste obtained as a result of chemical, thermal, mechanical and other transformations of materials of natural and anthropogenic origin.

Waste of certain products - unusable residues of raw materials and / or substances and energy arising in the course of technological processes that are not subject to utilization.

The part of the waste that can be used in the same production is called recyclable waste. This includes the remains of raw materials and other types of material resources formed in the process of production of goods (performance of work, provision of services). Due to the partial loss of some consumer properties, returnable waste can be used in conditions with reduced requirements for the product, or with increased consumption, sometimes they are not used for their intended purpose, but only in auxiliary production (for example, used car oils - for lubricating non-critical components technology). At the same time, the remains of raw materials and other material assets that are transferred to other divisions as full-fledged raw materials, in accordance with the technological process, as well as by-products obtained as a result of the technological process, do not belong to returnable waste.

Wastes that cannot be used within the framework of this production, but can be used in other industries, are called secondary raw materials.

Waste, which at this stage of economic development is inexpedient to process. They form irretrievable losses, they are previously neutralized in case of danger and buried at special polygons.

In industrial ecology, production waste is understood as waste in a solid state of aggregation ( some gaseous and liquid wastes may solidify, for example in filters or sedimentation tanks). The same applies to consumer waste - industrial and household (Fig. 1).

Rice. one. Classification of the main types of solid waste

Consumption waste is products and materials that have lost their consumer properties as a result of physical (material) or obsolescence.

Industrial consumer waste is cars, machine tools and other obsolete equipment of enterprises.

Household waste is waste generated by human activities and disposed of by them as unwanted or useless. Solid household waste includes cardboard, newsprint, packaging or consumer paper, all kinds of containers (wooden, glass, metal), objects and products made of wood, metal, leather, glass, plastic, textiles and other materials that have become obsolete or have lost their consumer properties. broken or obsolete household appliances - garbage, as well as agricultural and municipal food waste - garbage.

A special category of waste (mainly industrial) is radioactive waste (RW) generated during the extraction, production and use of radioactive substances as fuel for nuclear power plants, vehicles (for example, nuclear submarines) and other purposes.

Toxic waste poses a great danger to the environment, including some of the non-hazardous waste at the stage of their appearance, which acquire toxic properties during storage.

MODERN WASTE PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES

Modern technologies for processing waste of the agro-industrial complex with the production of biogas

In alternative energy, a special place is occupied by the processing of bio-mass ( organic agricultural and household waste) methane fermentation to produce biogas containing about 70% methane and disinfected organic fertilizers. The most important is the utilization of biomass in agriculture, where a large amount of fuel is consumed for various technological needs and the need for high-quality fertilizers is constantly growing. In total, about 60 varieties of biogas technologies are currently used or developed in the world. Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide produced during anaerobic digestion. The residue resulting from the biogas production process contains a significant amount of organic matter and can be used as fertilizer. The production of biogas is economically justified and is preferable when processing a constant stream of waste (effluent from livestock farms, plant waste, etc.). Profitability lies in free raw materials (waste), low-cost organization and management of their supply. The production of biogas is especially effective in agro-industrial complexes, where there is the possibility of a complete ecological cycle.

Obtaining biogas from organic waste has positive features:
1. Biogas can be used to generate heat and electricity with high efficiency;

2. Anaerobic processing of animal waste, crop production and activated sludge makes it possible to obtain ready-to-use mineral fertilizers with a high content of nitrogen and phosphorus components (in contrast to traditional methods of preparing organic fertilizers by composting methods, in which up to 30-40% of nitrogen is lost);

3. The residue is decontaminated and pathogenic microorganisms are eliminated, the waste after anaerobic processing meets the requirements of environmental authorities;

4. Biogas plants can be located in any region of the country and do not require the construction of expensive gas pipelines and complex infrastructure;

5. Biogas plants can partially or completely replace small outdated boiler houses and provide electricity and heat to nearby villages and settlements.

Neutralization of municipal solid waste

At present, the main technological process for the neutralization of municipal solid waste is their incineration in devices of various types. The first enterprise in Russia to implement a four-stage gas cleaning system that meets the requirements of European standards for emissions of harmful substances with flue gases from solid waste incinerators was the Moscow waste incineration plant No. 2 (MSZ No. 2). In the first stage of purification, high-temperature reduction of nitrogen oxides to elemental nitrogen is carried out. In the second stage, the content of dioxins in flue gases is reduced. In the third stage, the process of neutralization of acid gases (HCl, HF) takes place. In the fourth stage, flue gases are cleaned of dust.

Rice. 3. Scheme of the technological line MSZ No. 2

On the rice. 3 the scheme of the waste treatment line is given. Solid household waste is fed through the bunker to the grate of the incineration boiler. Slag and ash formed during combustion are transferred to the slag processing shop. Flue gases from the combustion zone enter the afterburning chamber, where the products of incomplete combustion are additionally oxidized and organochlorine polycyclic compounds are decomposed. The steam generated by waste incineration boilers with parameters of 15kgf/cm2 and 2400C goes to the plant's own needs and is sent to a heat-insulating power plant (TUES).

Tab. 1. Main parameters of operation of waste incineration boilers installed at MSZ No. 2.

Rice. 4. Technological scheme of the flue gas cleaning system from nitrogen oxides.

The developed control system performs the functions of automatic control and automated program-logical control of the process. The solution of these problems is carried out by an intelligent control device - a microprocessor controller. Operating experience of the flue gas cleaning system has shown that this system makes it possible to completely solve the problem and ensure that the concentration of NO in flue gases after cleaning is maintained in the range from 30 to 70 mg/m3.

Recycling of radioactive waste

As another example, it should be said about the processing of production waste, namely radioactive waste.

Russia has developed a technology for plasma-thermal processing of radioactive waste, which is proposed for use in countries where there is a need for the disposal of radioactive waste of low and medium levels of radioactivity. Satisfaction of this need can be demonstrated by the example of Bulgaria. In this country, there are 2 main enterprises that accumulate radioactive and hazardous waste of various origins: the Kozloduy nuclear power plant and the Novi Khan storage facility. At these enterprises, the technology proposed by the Russian Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" has been implemented.

The process of plasma processing of waste consists in the use of plasma arc heaters (plasma torches) to ensure the gasification of organic components, followed by the combustion of the resulting pyrogas, purification of combustion products and the release of neutralized gaseous products into the atmosphere.

Advantages:

high degree of primary waste reduction;

environmental safety of the process;

a small fraction of the radioactivity leaving the reactor in the gas cleaning system;

controllability of the level of radioactivity of the resulting slag.

SAFE PRODUCTION CONCEPT

Due to the constant growth of waste accumulation in the 1980s. the concept of non-waste production appeared. Many institutes were involved in the development of such technologies, but it became clear that the concept is applicable only to a very limited group of industries. In particular, oil refining and petrochemistry cannot be waste-free.

Since all approaches could not radically resolve the escalating ecological situation, at the end of the 20th century. the world community has put forward a completely new concept - a preventive policy. It consists in finding ways to prevent or reduce the generation of waste. This policy is called "Cleaner Production" (CP) and is now accepted worldwide as an innovative concept that can solve the environmental problems of enterprises.

The concept of CP is universal. It is clear that in order to ensure the operation of an enterprise with the least waste and emissions, with low energy costs and high quality of products, a mechanism is needed for the coordinated work of all parts of production. But, as practice shows, in many enterprises each division solves its tasks in isolation.

The essence of CP is the analysis of production efficiency by a working group of employees of the enterprise. The work is carried out in accordance with the methodology developed by the global environmental community in order to identify the causes of significant waste and emissions, poor product quality, as well as to find solutions to improve the operation of the enterprise.

The program usually lasts about a year, as it is necessary not only to identify the causes of problems, but also, with the help of experts, to find the best solution.

It is advisable to dwell in detail on several technologies recommended for implementation.

Two sludge processing technologies are interesting in that one of them is suitable for processing various types of sludge, including old highly stable ones. The technology is a combination of several stages, such as separation, settling, flotation, degassing, conditioning, dehydration, lime addition, compaction, drying. The resulting products are proposed to be burned, extract useful components and used in agriculture, which is not always allowed due to the danger of pollutant migration.

Another technology, developed and used in the USA, uses the cavitation method of separating emulsions with the help of enzymes.

The equipment can be in stationary and mobile forms and is reliable. And although the cost is quite high, the installations are already operating in several places and provide a very high level of water and solid fraction (sand) treatment.

Technologies that use the tornado principle deserve special attention. Firstly, this is a hydrotransport technology that allows pumping sludge, sand, etc. long distances. The installation is small and can be mounted both in a mobile version and in a stationary one.

The second technology allows you to quickly separate a mixture of oil and water using centrifugal force and may be indispensable in the fields. It is already in demand in China, and it is planned to introduce it in Russia.

Possibilities of using industrial waste

In principle, it is possible to use industrial waste in the following main areas:

1. Landscape reclamation, territory planning, backfilling of roads, dams, etc., for which rocks, pebbles, gravel, sand, blast-furnace slag and other types of solid industrial waste are used.

The implementation of this economically profitable area of ​​waste disposal, however, is insignificant - in total, approximately 10% of the volume of available waste is used for these purposes.

2. Use of waste as a raw material in the production of building materials:

1) as porous aggregates for concrete, building ceramics, masonry mortars (waste rock, gravel, sand);

2) as a raw material for the production of white cement, building lime and glass (rocks containing CaCO3 chalk), Portland cement (shale), expanded clay (plastic clay), silicate and building bricks (ash and slag waste from thermal power plants and metallurgical plants), etc.

The building materials industry is the only industry that uses large-tonnage production waste on a significant scale.

3. Recycling of waste as a feedstock, since some wastes are close in their properties to natural raw materials for obtaining a certain substance or raw materials for obtaining new types of products.

In the first case, the principle of low-waste or waste-free production technology is implemented, for example, the production of graphite from graphite ores and the resulting graphite soot.

WASTE PROCESSING IN SARATOV REGION

In the Volga Federal District, the problem of ensuring environmental safety in the handling of industrial and household waste requires an immediate solution. The pace of implementation of sites and technologies for the processing and reuse of the most common waste is very slow, as is the pace of construction of waste disposal facilities, including municipal solid waste landfills in many regions.

Practically for all subjects of the Volga region federation, it is important to resolve issues with solid waste, sewage sludge from sewage treatment plants, banned and unusable pesticides and pesticides.

One of the main ways to solve the problem of waste use is the organization of their collection and processing to obtain marketable products.

The Bulgarian consortium "EcoEnergo" proposes to consider the possibility of cooperation in waste processing in the Saratov region. According to Mikhail Mikhov, the plans of the EcoEnergo consortium include the implementation of projects in Russia for the placement of waste processing complexes with a full production cycle and the creation of a site for deep processing. Saratov is considered as one of the cities where it is possible to place a waste processing complex.

During the presentation, the President of the EcoEnergo Consortium noted that the production process at the company's waste processing complexes is built as follows: at the first stage of production, the incoming waste is sorted, then some of the components (glass, waste paper, plastic bottles, polyethylene, construction waste, etc.) recycled for recycling. The part of MSW that cannot be reused is subject to disposal.

Investors from Foggy Albion intend to build three complexes in Saratov and Engels. The cost of one plant is estimated at about 25 million euros. Two factories in Saratov will practically close all the problems of the city (the third will be in Engels - "SOG"), the management is sure.

The British plan to introduce highly efficient processing technologies - up to 90 percent of the total mass. Although, apparently, this is not the limit - the company intends to process biological waste into alcohol. To do this, the entire "bios" after packaging in polyethylene will be exported outside of Russia. According to the Minister - Chairman Chopin, investors are ready to invest in the project, provided that the city authorities will provide the factories with raw materials for the next 20 years. Actually, this stuff we have, as they say, heaps.

According to the Saratov inter-district environmental prosecutor Alexander Gonchar, in the whole country over the past 5 years, the amount of household waste has increased by 1.5 times. This problem, according to the environmental prosecutor, is also relevant for the Saratov region ( of course, first of all for the regional center with its almost one million inhabitants).

It should only be noted that the "garbage business" has already come to Balakovo and Volsk, where the first sorting complexes in the region have been launched. Moreover, in Balakovo, the plant is the best in the Volga region.

CONCLUSION

The problem of waste recycling has been at the forefront of attention for several years now.

It is no secret that the capacity of landfills for waste disposal is running out. This forces the state to intensify the search for a way out of this situation. However, so far these attempts have not been successful.

As a result, it is worth saying that the main problems in the field of production and consumption waste management are reduced to:

the absence of a unified system of normative acts on the issues of waste management, primarily on their classification and certification;

the creation of specialized industries and the promotion of new technologies is hampered by the lack of legislative mechanisms for economic incentives for enterprises that collect, transport and process waste.

Elementary mechanisms for economic incentives for enterprises in the field of waste management could be:

property tax benefits for facilities used for environmental protection;

a special taxation regime for land tax, VAT and income tax;

application of accelerated depreciation of fixed production assets associated with the implementation of environmental activities.

In view of the foregoing, it seems appropriate:

1. Ensure the creation of a unified system of federal regulations on waste management issues.

2. Develop and adopt a regulatory framework for the creation and implementation of the state waste cadastre as a federal information system in the field of waste management.

3. Prepare regulations on procedures for identifying the best technologies in the field of waste management.

4. Develop economic mechanisms to stimulate waste recycling.

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

SARATOV STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY

THEM. N.I. VAVILOVA

LIFE SAFETY

Head of Department:

Teacher:

Modern processing technologies

(by type of waste)

Completed:

4th year student,

faculty

veterinary medicine and

biotechnology