European countries and their capitals. European states and their capitals by number, area and development

So, the list of European countries in alphabetical order. But first, two words about this continent.

Europe- part of the world, with an area of ​​​​about 10.5 million square meters. km. Washed by the Atlantic and North Arctic oceans. The population is 830.4 million people.

BUT

Austria
Albania
Andorra

B

Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Bosnia and Herzegovina

AT

Vatican
United Kingdom
Hungary

G

Germany
Holland
Greece
Georgia

D

And

Ireland
Iceland
Spain
Italy

L

Latvia
Lithuania
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg

M

Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco

H

Norway

P

Poland
Portugal

R

Russia
Romania

With

San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia

At

F

Finland
France

X

Croatia

H

Montenegro
Czech Republic

W

Switzerland
Sweden

E

1. Austria (capital - Vienna)
2. Albania (capital - Tirana)
3. Andorra (capital - Andorra la Vella)
4. Belarus (capital - Minsk)
5. Belgium (capital - Brussels)
6. Bulgaria (capital - Sofia)
7.

Bosnia and Herzegovina (capital - Sarajevo)
8. Vatican (capital - Vatican)
9. Hungary (capital - Budapest)
10. Great Britain (capital - London)
11. Germany (capital - Berlin)
12. Greece (capital - Athens)
13. Denmark (capital - Copenhagen)
14. Ireland (capital - Dublin)
15. Iceland (capital - Reykjavik)
16. Spain (capital - Madrid)
17. Italy (capital - Rome)
18. Latvia (capital - Riga)
19.

Lithuania (capital - Vilnius)
20. Liechtenstein (capital - Vaduz)
21. Luxembourg (capital - Luxembourg)
22. Macedonia (capital - Skopje)
23. Malta (capital - Valletta)
24.

Moldova (capital - Chisinau)
25. Monaco (capital - Monaco)
26. Netherlands (capital - Amsterdam)
27. Norway (capital - Oslo)
28.

Poland (capital - Warsaw)
29. Portugal (capital - Lisbon)
30. Romania (capital - Bucharest)
31. San Marino (capital - San Marino)
32.

Serbia (capital - Belgrade)
33. Slovakia (capital - Bratislava)
34. Slovenia (capital - Ljubljana)
35. Ukraine (capital - Kyiv)
36. Finland (capital - Helsinki)
37. France (capital - Paris)
38.

Montenegro (capital - Podgorica)
39. Czech Republic (capital - Prague)
40. Croatia (capital - Zagreb)
41. Switzerland (capital - Bern)
42. Sweden (capital - Stockholm)
43. Estonia (capital - Tallinn)

How many countries are in Europe?

On the political map There are 50 independent states in Europe, most of which are highly developed industrial and agricultural countries. Among the largest European countries are Russia, Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy, Ukraine, Spain, Poland.

This figure also includes six dwarf states: Andorra, Vatican, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino.

Full list of European countries

Austria, Azerbaijan, Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vatican, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Georgia, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Kazakhstan, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Macedonia, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine, Finland, France, Croatia, Montenegro, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Estonia.

In order to give a correct answer to the question: “How many countries are there in Europe”, it must be taken into account that the exact count of the number of states located in Europe depends on the definition of the borders of Europe and the criteria for including unrecognized and partially recognized states, taking into account dependent territories.

It should be borne in mind that since the Caucasian ridge and the Black Sea straits are traditionally considered the geographical borders of Europe and Asia, the inclusion of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Cyprus, Kazakhstan and Turkey in the list of European countries is based primarily on political, economic and cultural considerations and is not unambiguous. .

Unrecognized and partially recognized states of Europe: Abkhazia, Kosovo, Transnistria, Sealand, South Ossetia.

Home >  Wiki-tutorial >  Geography >  Grade 11 > Foreign Europe: general characteristics, resources, population, economy

General information about Foreign Europe

Foreign Europe is one of the centers of world civilization, and is of incomparable importance for world politics, economics and culture.

On its territory there are 40 sovereign states, which are interconnected by a historical past, close cultural and political relations.

If we talk about the economic and geographical position of countries, then it is determined by two main criteria.

The countries of foreign Europe are relatively close to each other, they either closely border on natural boundaries, or there is an insignificant distance between them, which does not affect the convenience of transport links.

The second main criterion is the coastal position of most countries that are connected to each other and countries of other continents by sea.

Countries such as Italy, Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands have been connected with the sea since ancient times.

Political pictureForeign Europe

The political picture of foreign Europe changed significantly three times during the 20th century.

The First and Second World Wars significantly changed it, and at the end of the century there were significant changes associated with the Social Democratic parties that came to power.

As for the structure of states in this territory, in foreign Europe there are republics, unitary states, monarchical and federal.

By the 21st century, the Organization for Security and Cooperation - the OSCE, was formed, which is represented by 56 countries (it also includes the USA, Canada and the CIS countries).

Natural conditions and resources

On the territory of foreign Europe there are many minerals.

The northern part includes ore and fuel minerals.

And hydropower resources fall on the territory of the Alps, Dinaric and Scandinavian mountains.

Forestry is developed in Sweden and Finland, for which forest landscapes are typical.

Population of foreign Europe

The number of inhabitants of this part of the world is growing very slowly; a rather difficult demographic situation has been recorded in foreign Europe.

The territory is a hotbed of global labor emigration; there are about 20 million foreign workers here.

It is important to note that most European countries are highly urbanized, with the highest rates of urbanization being in Belgium, Great Britain and the Netherlands.

The countries of Europe belong to the Indo-European family, there are four main types of states according to their national composition.

These are mononational (Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark), with a sharp predominance of one nation (Great Britain, France, Finland), binational (Belgium) and multinational (Switzerland, Latvia).

EconomyForeign Europe

Europe occupies a leading position in the world economy in terms of agricultural and industrial production, for the development of tourism and the export of goods and services.

The most powerful countries in terms of economic situation name Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy.

They have the most developed complexes various industries, unlike other countries that have one or two industries that are highly developed.

The leading sectors of Europe are mechanical engineering (especially automotive), the chemical industry, the fuel and energy sector and the metallurgical industry.

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Europe is part of the world, which, together with the other part of the world, Asia, forms a single continent - Eurasia. On its vast territory there are 44 independent states. But not all of them are part of Foreign Europe.

Foreign Europe

In 1991 was established international organization CIS (Commonwealth Independent States). Today it includes the following states: Russia, Ukraine, the Republic of Belarus, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. In relation to them, the countries of Foreign Europe are singled out. There are 40 of them. This figure does not include dependent states - possessions of a state that are not formally its territory: Akrotili and Dhekelia (Great Britain), Aland (Finland), Guernsey (Great Britain), Gibraltar (Great Britain), Jersey (Great Britain) ), Isle of Man (Great Britain), Faroe Islands (Denmark), Svalbard (Norway), Jan Mayen (Norway).

In addition, this list does not include unrecognized countries: Kosovo, Transnistria, Sealand.

Rice. 1 Map of Foreign Europe

Geographical position

The states of Foreign Europe occupy a relatively small area - 5.4 km2. The length of their lands from north to south is 5000 km, and from west to east - more than 3000 km. extreme point to the north is the island of Svalbard, and to the south - the island of Crete. This region is surrounded by seas on three sides. In the west and south it is washed by the waters Atlantic Ocean. Geographically, Foreign Europe is divided into regions:

• Western : Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, Portugal, France, Switzerland;
• Northern : Denmark, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Estonia;
• South : Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vatican, Greece, Spain, Italy, Macedonia, Malta, Portugal, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro;
• Eastern : Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Czech Republic.

From ancient times to the present day, the development of Greece, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Great Britain, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, the Netherlands is inextricably linked with the sea. In the west it is difficult to find a place that would be more than 480 km away from the water, and in the east - 600 km.

general characteristics

The countries of Foreign Europe vary in size. Among them are large, medium, small and "dwarf" states. The latter include the Vatican, San Marino, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Andorra, Malta. As for the population, one can mainly observe countries with a small number of citizens - about 10 million people. According to the form of government, the vast majority of countries are republics. In second place - constitutional monarchies: Sweden, Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Monaco, Denmark, Spain, Great Britain, Andorra, Belgium. And at the last step in singular- theocratic monarchy: the Vatican. The administrative-territorial structure is also heterogeneous. The majority are unitary states. Spain, Switzerland, Serbia, Montenegro, Germany, Austria, Belgium are countries with a federal structure.

Rice. 2 Developed countries of Europe and their capitals

Socio-economic classification

In 1993, the idea of ​​European unification received a new breath: that year the treaty establishing the European Union was signed. At the first stage, some countries opposed joining the ranks of such an association (Norway, Sweden, Austria, Finland). Total countries that are part of the modern EU - 28. They are united not only by the name. First of all, they "profess" a common economy (single currency), a common internal and foreign policy as well as the security policy. But within this alliance, not everything is so smooth and uniform. It has its leaders - Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy. They account for about 70% of the total GDP and more than half of the population of the European Union. The following are small countries, which are divided into subgroups:

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• First : Austria, Denmark, Finland, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden;
• Second : Greece, Spain, Ireland, Portugal, Malta, Cyprus;
• Third (developing countries ): Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.

In 2016, the UK held a referendum to leave the EU. The majority (52%) was in favor. So the state is on the threshold complex process exit from the big "European family".

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Foreign Europe: countries and capitals

The following table lists the countries and capitals of Overseas Europe in alphabetical order:

What have we learned?

In this article, we talked about the countries and main cities of Foreign Europe. Foreign Europe is a region of Europe. What is included in its composition? It includes all countries located in the European part of Eurasia, except for the states belonging to the CIS. On the territory of foreign Europe, there is an association of the European Union, which has united 28 states under its roof.

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Union) have grown significantly in number in recent decades. Until the summer of 2011, this union was called Western European. List European countries is extensive, but not all countries from this list are included in the European Union.

Background and creation of the European Union

Today this community is very similar to the deceased USSR, and it was formed in 1948 as a counterbalance to the "eastern monster". The named reason for the creation of a new entity is to prevent Germany from reviving as an independent unified state, to prevent the revival of fascism after the end of the war.

A separate conversation could take place on the position of Germany in the bosom of the European Union: it is a locomotive that pulls almost the entire economy of the community. Of course, there are differences with the Soviet Union in the European Union.

Similarities and differences

There is no single currency. But the federal structure has a common law, you can use common cash desk, a single central bank and customs space. Management is also akin to a planned economy, the board is command-administrative.

For example, at the top, all limits on sown areas for agricultural crops are approved. This applies to every country European Union. The list of results is truly depressing.

Greeks in the sultry and fertile south buy Dutch vegetables and do not have the right to trade in the European Union with a native Greek product - olive oil. The Czech Republic also stopped growing vegetables, but it grows rapeseed, the oil from which is even added to diesel fuel. good oil now in the Czech Republic almost none. But in this way profitability among agricultural producers increases.

Foreign policy

This is solved more successfully than the economic problems. The list of European countries that have developed a single and coherent foreign policy with an almost complete absence of disagreements can be omitted, since Brussels unanimously decides who to pardon and who to execute.

Recent years, however, show some slippage, the global economic crisis has made governments less courageous and friendly. Still: the loss of eastern markets due to sanctions against Russia may well lead the least prosperous owners to complete economic degradation.

Legislation and executive bodies

Here the most similarities with the Soviet Union: only the parliament has a multi-party basis, but everything else is present: the European Commission as executive agency is headed by a chairman, and the European Council is made up of the heads of EU member states. The European Parliament oversees the law (with its own President), together with the Council of the European Union.

Here you have the Politburo with the Central Committee of the CPSU, and party congresses with the Supreme Soviet, and General Secretary is present, and even the chairman of the presidium! But there is no constitution yet.

Borders between countries are conditional, customs points are abolished, free movement of all citizens within the community. But labor markets are regulated by strict regulations and require permission from the authorities for employment. This is practiced by all countries of the European Community. The list of amenities and inconveniences of life in modern Europe is endless.

The list of European countries is constantly changing. AT this moment Europe has 44 states. Not only the quantity changes, but also the names. Metamorphoses of the last time: Soviet Union during the collapse, he gave Europe Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia. Yugoslavia in the same circumstances replenished the continent with Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. But the GDR and the FRG became a single Germany.

This process has not stopped. Boil not only the list of unpleasant consequences of the global crisis is extensive and eloquent. Separatism is strong in Catalonia and in the area where the Basques live (this is in Spain), in Scotland and northern Ireland (this is Great Britain), Flanders is worried in Belgium. Every effort is made to recognize Kosovo separate state(this is Serbia). Borders of European countries, if you put cards next to it recent years have become unrecognizable. Therefore, it is quite reasonable to consider the list of European countries with capitals temporary.

Austria

Republic. 8.5 million population. The capital city of Austria is Vienna. Official language Deutsch.

Albania

Republic. Population 2.830 million. The capital of Albania is Tirana. The official language is Albanian.

Andorra

Principality. Dwarf European state. 700 thousand people of the population. Main city- Andorra la Vella. The official language is Catalan, but in fact it is replaced by Spanish and French.

Belarus

Republic of Belarus. 9.5 million people. The capital city of Belarus - Minsk. The official languages ​​are Russian and Belarusian.

Belgium

Kingdom. 11.2 million people. The capital of Belgium is Brussels. The official languages ​​are Dutch, German, French.

Bulgaria

Republic. 7.2 million people. The capital city of Bulgaria is Sofia. The administrative language is Bulgarian.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Confederation, federation, republic. The population is 3.7 million. The capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina is Sarajevo. State Serbian and Croatian.

Vatican

Absolute monarchy, theocracy. A dwarf enclave state associated with Italy. City within a city, 832 people. Latin, Italian.

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom, which includes Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Parliamentary monarchy. 63.4 million people. The main city of Great Britain is London. English.

Hungary

Parliamentary republic. Population 9.85 million. - Budapest. The official language is Hungarian.

Germany

Federal Republic. Population 80 million. The main city of Germany is Berlin. The administrative language is German.

Greece

Republic. Population 11.3 million. The capital city of Greece is Athens. The official language is Greek.

Denmark

Kingdom. 5.7 million people. The capital city of Denmark is Copenhagen. The official language is Danish.

Ireland

Republic. Population 4.6 million. The capital of Ireland is Dublin. State and English.

Iceland

Parliamentary republic. 322 thousand people. The main city of Iceland is Reykjavik. The official language is Icelandic.

Spain

Kingdom. The population is 47.3 million. The capital of Spain is Madrid. The official language is Spanish.

Italy

Republic. 60.8 million people. All roads in Italy lead to Rome. The official language is Italian.

Latvia

Republic. Population 1.9 million. The capital of Latvia is Riga. The state language is Latvian.

Lithuania

Republic. 2.9 million people. The main city of Lithuania is Vilnius. The state language is Lithuanian.

Liechtenstein

Principality. A dwarf state associated with Switzerland. The population is 37 thousand. The capital of Liechtenstein is Vaduz. The official language is German.

Luxembourg

Grand Duchy. 550 thousand people. The capital of Luxembourg is Luxembourg. The official language is Luxembourgish, French, German.

Macedonia

Republic. Population 2 million. The capital of Macedonia is Skopje. The state language is Macedonian.

Malta

Republic. The population is 452 thousand. The main city of Malta is Valletta. The official languages ​​are Maltese and English.

Moldova

Republic. The capital is Chisinau. 3.5 million people. The administrative language is Moldovan.

Monaco

Principality. A dwarf state associated with France. 37.8 thousand people. The official language is French.

Netherlands

Kingdom. The population is 16.8 million. The capital of the Netherlands is Amsterdam. The official languages ​​are West Frisian and Dutch.

Norway

Kingdom. Population 5.1 million people. The main city of Norway is Oslo. The official languages ​​are Norwegian and Sami.

Poland

Republic. Population 38.3 million. The capital city of Poland is Warsaw. The official language is Polish.

Portugal

Republic. 10.7 million people. The capital of Portugal is Lisbon. The official languages ​​are Portuguese and Mirandese.

Russia

Federation. The population is 146.3 million. The capital city of Russia - Moscow. National language - Russian.

Romania

Parliamentary republic. unitary state. 19 million people. The capital of Romania is Bucharest. Administrative

San Marino

Radiant Republic. The population is 32 thousand. The capital of San Marino is San Marino. The official language is Italian.

Serbia

Republic. 7.2 million people. The main one is Belgrade. The official language is Serbian.

Slovakia

Republic. 5.4 million people. The capital city of Slovakia is Bratislava. The state language is Slovak.

Slovenia

Republic. Population 2 million. The capital city of Slovenia is Ljubljana. The official language is Slovenian.

Ukraine

A unitary state plus a parliamentary-presidential republic. The population is 42 million. The main city of Ukraine is Kyiv. The state language is Ukrainian.

Finland

Republic. 5.5 million people. The capital of Finland is Helsinki. State and Swedish.

France

Republic. Population 66.2 million. The main city of France is Paris. The official language is French.

Croatia

Republic. Population 4.2 million. The capital is Zagreb. The official language is Croatian.

Montenegro

Republic. 622 thousand people. The capital city of Montenegro is Podgorica. The state language is Montenegrin.

Czech Republic

Republic. Population 10.5 million. The capital city of the Czech Republic is Prague. The official language is Czech.

Switzerland

Confederation. 8 million people. The capital of Switzerland is Bern. Official languages ​​German, French, Italian, Swiss.

Sweden

Kingdom. Population 9.7 million. The capital of Sweden is Stockholm. The official language is Swedish.

Estonia

Republic. 1.3 million people. The capital of Estonia is Tallinn. The official language is Estonian.

To date, the list of European countries is just that.