Population density of countries per 1 km. Countries with the highest population density: rating, features
Today's holiday, World Population Day, is dedicated to humanity, which not so long ago exceeded the mark of 7 billion. On the occasion of the planet's population continuing to increase every hour, we propose to study the most densely populated cities on Earth.
The main city of Taiwan, which has determined the vector of economic and urban development for communist China since the eighties, miraculously manages to combine the density of the population with the comfort of his stay. In general, even the city metro is not particularly overloaded here.
The capital of the Philippines, famous for its incredible number of ancient churches and temples, rightfully long years bears the title of the most populous city in the world. The population density of Manila is more than forty thousand people per square kilometer - an unattainable record. Although, if we take into account the agglomeration, the picture will not be so sad - just over ten thousand per kilometer.
The Indian city is the fourth most populous in the country, but the first in its density. Rightfully considered an educational and cultural center, Kolkata has not escaped all side effects overcrowding - massive slums with their half-starved inhabitants.
Also known as Bombay, the most populous city in India, which has passed the demographic mark of one billion people, simply could not help but be one of the global settlements with a record high population density. The figure is five thousand less than in Calcutta, and two times lower than in Manila, which, however, does not make it less impressive and terrifying at the same time.
With a population of only two million-odd people (this is without taking into account the numerous suburbs, where five times more people working in the capital), has become one of the most densely populated cities in the world due to its compact size - only a hundred square kilometers (25 times smaller than the area of Moscow!). At the same time, it does not cause the effect of overpopulation, unlike the same one dotted with slums.
The eight millionth capital of Egypt is famous for its quarters, more like huge monumental buildings, a city of scavengers and traffic lights that can be counted on the fingers. The first of the city's dubious sights did not appear from a good life - with the constantly high number of internal migrants arriving in the city, Cairo has nowhere to expand.
With a vast agglomeration, in the center of the largest city of Pakistan, so to speak, there is no crowding - more than ten million people live on just over five hundred square kilometers. More of them arrive at the center each morning for work from far-flung neighborhoods.
In terms of population and population density, the largest city in Nigeria is rapidly catching up with the Egyptian capital - having recruited almost five million people in a decade, the important African port has reached the mark of eighteen thousand people per square kilometer. And Lagos is clearly not going to stop there.
China's Shenzhen, which sets records in terms of population growth, has long overtaken other cities of the Celestial Empire that do not differ in an abundance of free space in terms of the number of people per unit area. Except traditionally not the best in the whole country ecological state, Shenzhen, being the main business center of China, was able to avoid the main problems of overpopulation.
Capital South Korea It fills up with people much faster than it can grow. With a population density of almost eighteen thousand people per square kilometer, it continues to be one of the most livable cities in the world.
Another Indian city on the list, following the example of its counterparts, is not too bothered to deal with the problems associated with overpopulation. Being the fourth largest in India, Chennai suffers from the usual problems for the region - slums, streets clogged with traffic, problems with communications and sanitary conditions of citizens.
The Colombian capital is always included in the lists of dynamically developing cities in the world - the city government deserves the respect of many international authorities for its efforts and success in solving the problems of the most populous city in South America. Of course, there are also slums formed by new migrants, but Bogota manages its almost eleven million people by far the best in the region.
The largest city in China and the first most populated city in the world could not be left out of this selection. Thanks to the rather vast territory occupied by Shanghai, it is in one of the last positions, more or less successfully distributing a bloody dozen thousand people over its 746 square kilometers. And if we take into account the agglomeration, then the business capital of the Celestial Empire can be considered a city of free spaces.
A small Belarusian mining town may seem like an alien, it is not clear how it got on this list, but the facts speak for themselves - with an area of only ten square kilometers, the town is inhabited by more than one hundred thousand people. Unlike other small settlements, Soligorsk is not expanding, but compacting, sacrificing green spaces.
The area occupied by Lima usually does not take into account the huge slums on the outskirts of the city and the many small settlements agglomeration. The main part of the seven million population of the Peruvian capital is concentrated on six hundred square kilometers of area, which allows the city to take the last place among the fifteen overpopulated settlements of the world.
If you ask the question: “Which country in the world has the highest population density?”, then most people will answer: “China, of course.” However, this is not the case.
Everyone is well aware that the population of the PRC in 2012 is 1340 million people, and this figure is steadily growing from year to year. Many have heard that in China there really is a problem of overpopulation, which results in constant territorial conflicts between Russia and China. However, very few people know that in the list of countries with the highest population density, China is in a "modest" 56th place. And the state that has the highest population density in the world is principality of Monaco.
Population density in China and India.
In China, for 1 sq. kilometer is home to an average of 139.6 people. The fact is that the problem of overpopulation is not caused by a large number inhabitants, but by the fact that they are unevenly distributed on the territory of the state. The most densely populated regions of China are the eastern, coastal, but the population density in the highlands western regions tends to zero.
The number of inhabitants in neighboring India is inferior to China, although it also exceeds 1 billion. But the area of India is three times smaller than the area of China, and the average population density here is much higher - 357 people per 1 sq. km. kilometer. However, India is not the leader of the list - it only ranks 19th among the countries with the highest population density.
The Principality of Monaco confidently holds the first place among the countries with the highest population density.
Principality of Monaco the most populous country in the world. On 2 square kilometers, 4 cities managed to fit here: Monte Carlo, Monaco, Fontvieille and La Condamine, and 30,586 people live in them. This means that the population density is 15,293 people per 1 sq. km. kilometer. It is even difficult to imagine how 50 banks, almost 800 international companies and embassies of 66 countries of the world are located on this piece of land. The Principality of Monaco is home to 125 nationalities. Despite its small size, one of the most prestigious motorsport competitions, one of the Formula 1 Grand Prix stages, passes through the streets of the Principality of Monaco. Interesting fact- the regular army of Monaco consists of 82 people, this is less than the size of the military band.
In the list of countries with the highest population density, the first six places belong to micro-states and city-states. And this is not surprising - the population density of the entire state consists of the density of one agglomerate or city, which is essentially the state itself. In addition to the Principality of Monaco - Singapore, the Republic of Maldives, the Vatican, Malta and Bahrain.
But among non-dwarf states, the most populous country is Bangladesh. At 143,998 sq. kilometers, more than 150 million people live here (from 142 to 164 million, according to different sources). This means that the population density is approximately 1084 people per square kilometer.
The United States, being the third most populous country in the world, occupies only 142nd place in this list (32 people per square kilometer).
Russia, one of the ten countries with the most large population(143 million people) has one of the lowest population density in the world - 8.36 people per sq. km. kilometer, and ranks 181 in this list.
And in last place in the list of the most densely populated countries is Mongolia - 195th place (2.0 people per square kilometer).
To characterize the distribution of the population, the indicator is used density population, which first appeared in the works of economists in the first half of the 19th century. It allows you to more or less visually judge the degree of population of the territory, it also reflects the suitability of one or another type of natural environment for production activities people and the direction of the economy, and the demographic capacity of the territory. The most traditional indicator of population density is calculated as the ratio of the number of permanent residents of the territory to its area, excluding large inland water basins, expressed as the number of people per 1 km 2 (gross population density).
In industrialized countries, the indicator of average density, due to the high proportion of city dwellers, does not reflect the nature of the use of the territory. Therefore, the density of the rural population is often determined in relation to either the entire territory of the country, or only to agricultural land, or suitable for Agriculture(net population density).
Average density data allow comparisons between countries and areas, especially when comparing agricultural countries. The smaller the area taken for calculation, the closer this indicator is to reality. So, with an average population density in Indonesia of 122 people / km 2 about. Java has a density of over 500 people/km 2 , and some of its areas (Adiverna, Klatena) - more than 2500 people/km 2 [Shuv., p.82].
The overall population density of the Earth is growing in proportion to the growth of the world population. In 1900, this figure was 12 people/km2, in 1950 it was 18, and in 2000 it was about 45 people/km2. Rural population density has grown much more slowly and is now half the global average. And in economically developed countries, the density of the rural population does not grow at all or even decreases.
At the same time, in such densely populated countries, like India, Bangladesh, where urbanization is developing slowly, the burden of the rural population on agricultural land that has long been used to the limit is growing.
The highest density indicator (126 people / km 2) has a populous Asia, more than 120 people / km 2 - Europe (without the CIS countries), in the rest of the macroregions of the Earth, the population density is lower than the world average: in Africa - 31, in America - 22, and in Australia and Oceania - only 4 people / km 2.
Comparison of the population density of individual countries makes it possible to single out three groups of states according to this indicator. Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Germany, Japan, India, Israel, Lebanon, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, the Republic of Korea, Rwanda, El Salvador, etc. have a very high population density (over 200 people / km 2).
Small, mostly island countries, have particularly high population densities: Monaco (33104 people / km 2), Singapore (6785), Malta (1288), Bahrain (1098), Barbados (647), Mauritius (618 people / km 2) and etc.
There are significant contrasts in population density within individual countries. Egypt, China, Australia, Canada, Brazil, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Russia, etc. can be cited as vivid examples of this kind.
For example, in Australia, 4/5 of the country's population lives on 10% of the territory, and only 1% on 65% of the area. In India, more than half of the population lives in the Tanga Valley, in the south of Hindustan and along the coast, i.e. 1/5 of the country. Only 3.5% of the population lives on 3/5 of China's area.
The most important geographical features of the population distribution can be noted:
- about 70% of the population lives on 7% of the land;
- more than 70% of the world's rural population is concentrated in Asia;
- more than 85% of the planet's inhabitants are concentrated in the eastern hemisphere, 90% - in the northern hemisphere;
- the main part of the population and settlements are distributed up to 78 0 n. and 54 0 S;
- about 4/5 of the land population lives no higher than 500 m above sea level, 50% - up to 200 m;
- in the lowlands most people live in Europe (69%), Australia (72%); least of all - in Africa (32%) and South America (42%);
- about 11% of the world's population lives at an altitude of 500-1000 m;
- about 30% of the population lives at a distance of up to 50 km from sea coast[Shuv., Shitikova].
Population density maps reflect extremely brightly and visually the distribution of the population, and the larger the scale of the map, the higher its value as a source of information.
Five main areas of high density are clearly distinguished on the world population density map. The largest of them is the East Asian one, which includes the eastern provinces of China, Korea, and Japan. The average density here everywhere (except for mountainous regions) is about 200 people. (Kong, and in the Yangtze Valley, in the Republic of Korea and Japan exceeds 300 people / km 2. Approximately 1.5 billion inhabitants live in this area, there are approximately more than 30 cities with a population exceeding 1 million each.
The second population cluster is South Asian (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka) with an average density of about 300 people / km 2 and the largest population concentration in the Tanga and Brahmakutra valleys - up to 500 people / km 2. It is also home to about 1.5 billion people.
The third area is Southeast Asian (Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia) with a population of more than 400 million people. In these regions, high density was formed initially due to the rural population, where it does not fall below 300-500 people / km 2, and in some areas reaches 1500-2000 people, with a further concentration of part of the population in cities, especially in Japan and the Republic of Korea .
The fourth area is Western European (Great Britain (without Scotland), Benelux, North of France, Germany), where the average density exceeds 200 people / km 2.
The fifth cluster of population can be traced to the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada with 14 million-plus cities. The concentration of population here, as well as in Western Europe, is explained high level development of industry and other sectors of the economy in cities of various ranks.
A small cluster of population is located in the lower reaches of the Nile, where the density reaches 500-800 people / km 2, and in the delta - more than 1300 people / km 2.
More than 2/3 of the total population of the planet is concentrated in these areas.
Along with densely populated areas, vast expanses of land are very sparsely populated. About 54% of the Oikulina area has a population density of less than 5 persons/km2. These regions include the territories of Eurasia and North America with subpolar archipelagos of islands adjacent to the coast of the Arctic Ocean.
Rare population in the deserts of North Africa, Central and Western Australia, Central Asia, Arabian Peninsula. There is little population in the equatorial forests of the Amazon, in high mountainous areas. These areas are extreme in terms of natural conditions. Naturally, the bulk of people are concentrated in the most favorable areas for living and farming in the temperate, subtropical and subequatorial climatic zones.
Population density in overseas Europe and Asia is more than 2.5 times higher than the world average, while in America it is twice, and in Australia and Oceania 12 times less (Table 1).
Table 1 Change in population density by regions of the world, persons/km2
Note: * without CIS countries
Over half a century, the population density has increased the most in Africa (almost 8 times) and in general in developing countries- 3 times.
In the Asian region, the bulk of the population is concentrated in East, Southeast and South Asia. Huge areas of deserts, semi-deserts and mountains do not have a permanent population. As already noted, this region is characterized by intra-country differentiation in density (China, India, etc.).
Countries with maximum performance population density: Bangladesh - 1035 people / km 2, Japan - 338, India - 344, Lebanon - 377, Israel - 332. In the largest countries of the region, this figure is lower: China - 138, Indonesia - 122, Pakistan - 213 people / km 2 . Mongolia has the minimum population density - 2 people / km 2.
Europe has a fairly uniform population density everywhere, there are no vast sparsely populated and uninhabited areas, as well as areas of a dense agricultural population, as in Asia. High density rates are achieved at the expense of the urban population. The highest density of the rural population is observed in Malta, Switzerland and Italy, the lowest - in the countries of Northern Europe (Iceland, Scandinavian countries). Intra-country differentiation in density is most pronounced in the UK and France.
They have the maximum population density (not counting the dwarf and island heads in the Netherlands - 394 people / km 2, Italy - 197, Switzerland - 182, Belgium - 348. In Iceland, this figure is minimal - 3 people / km 2.
Africa is still relatively sparsely populated, especially areas equatorial forests river basin Congo, deserts of North and South Africa. Within-country differences in population density are pronounced in North Africa(Egypt, Libya). The most densely populated countries are Mauritius (619 people / km 2), Reunion (319), Rwanda (355), Burundi (306).
From major states have the highest density: Nigeria - 156 people / km 2; Egypt -73, Uganda - 188, Ethiopia - 70.
The lowest population density was noted in Mauritania and Namibia - 3 people / km 2 each, Western Sahara - 2 people / km 2.
America is characterized by a sharp differentiation in population density within countries and between countries (Canada, USA, Brazil). The highest population density is observed in the Atlantic regions of the United States and the central highlands of Mexico, on the Pacific coast (California), the Caribbean islands, and the Columbian highlands in South America. The lowest density is observed in the Amazon, the foothills of AID, the Atacama Desert, and the Arctic regions.
The average population density of the largest countries in the region: USA - 31 people / km 2, Mexico - 54, Brazil - 22, Venezuela - people / km 2, the lowest - in Canada (3 people / km 2).
Australia and Oceania is the region with the lowest population density. There are clusters of population on the islands: Nauru (667 people / km 2), Tuvalu (379), Marshall Islands (370), Guam (315). In Australia itself, this figure does not exceed 3 people / km 2.
In Russia, the largest of the CIS countries, the average population density is only 8 people / km 2, and rural - 2.3. On the population density map of Russia, the main strip of settlement is clearly visible, extending from the Western borders and narrowing towards Pacific Ocean through the Volga, Middle and Southern Urals, south of Western and Eastern Siberia to the south Far East, mainly along the Trans-Siberian Railway. About 2/3 of the entire population of Russia is concentrated within this band. Away from it, on the territory of the North Caucasian Federal District, there are several areas with a high population density, especially in its western part. AT nature The main zone of settlement coincides with the steppe, forest-steppe zones and the southern regions of the taiga, the most convenient for living and farming, in which the vast majority of the inhabitants of Russia have been employed for many centuries. At present, the population density in the Moscow region is about 300 people/km 2 , and in the most densely populated Central Economic Region, this figure is 60 people/km 2 .
Of the other CIS countries, Moldova (118 people/km2), Armenia (101) and Ukraine (77 people/km2) have the highest population density. The minimum values were noted in Kazakhstan (6 people/km2), Turkmenistan (11 people/km2).
Monaco, a tiny state, has 18,700 inhabitants per square kilometer. By the way, the area of Monaco is only 2 square kilometers. What about the countries with the smallest population density? Well, such statistics are also available, but the figures may vary slightly due to the constant change in the number of inhabitants. However, the countries below end up on this list anyway. Let's watch!
Just don't say you've never heard of such a country! A small state is located on the northeast coast of South America, and this, by the way, is the only English-speaking country on the continent. The area of Guyana is commensurate with the area of Belarus, while 90% of the people live in coastal areas. Almost half of the population of Guyana are Indians, and blacks, Indians and other peoples of the world also live here.
Botswana, 3.4 people/sq.km
State in South Africa, bordering South Africa, is 70% the territory of the harsh Kalahari Desert. The area of Botswana is quite large - the size of Ukraine, but the population there is 22 times less than in this country. The Tswana people live in Botswana for the most part, and other African peoples are represented in small groups, most of which are Christians. 
Libya, 3.2 people/sq.km
State in North Africa on the coast mediterranean sea quite large in area, however, the population density is low. 95% of Libya is desert, but cities and towns are distributed relatively uniformly throughout the country. Most of the population are Arabs, in some places there are Berbers and Tuareg, there are small communities of Greeks, Turks, Italians and Maltese. 
Iceland, 3.1 people/sq.km
State in the north Atlantic Ocean is completely located on a fairly large island of the same name, on which the majority live Icelanders, descendants of the Vikings who speak Icelandic, as well as Danes, Swedes, Norwegians and Poles. Most of them live in the Reykjavik area. Interestingly, the level of migration in this country is extremely low, despite the fact that many young people leave to study in neighboring countries. After graduation, the majority returns for permanent residence in their beautiful country. 
Mauritania, 3.1 people/sq.km
The Islamic Republic of Mauritania is located in West Africa, washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean in the west, and borders on Senegal, Mali and Algeria. The population density in Mauritania is about the same as in Iceland, but the country's territory is 10 times larger, and the people also live here 10 times more - about 3.2 million people, among whom there are most of the so-called black Berbers, historical slaves, and also white Berbers and blacks who speak African languages. 
Suriname, 3 people/sq.km
The Republic of Suriname is located in the northern part of South America. A country the size of Tunisia is home to only 480,000 people, but the population is constantly growing little by little (maybe Suriname will be on this list in 10 years, say). The local population is represented mostly by Indians and Creoles, as well as Javanese, Indians, Chinese and other nations. There is probably no other country where so many languages of the world are spoken!
Australia, 2.8 people/sq.km
Australia is 7.5 times larger than Mauritania and 74 times larger than Iceland. However, this does not prevent Australia from being one of the countries with the lowest population density. Two thirds of the Australian population lives in 5 major cities mainland located on the coast. Once, until the 18th century, this mainland was inhabited exclusively by Australian Aborigines, Torres Strait Islanders and Tasmanian Aborigines, who were very different from each other even externally, not to mention culture and language. After moving to a distant "island" of immigrants from Europe, mostly from Great Britain and Ireland, the number of inhabitants on the mainland began to grow very rapidly. However, it is unlikely that the deserts scorching with heat, which occupy a decent part of the mainland, will ever be mastered by man, so only the coastal parts will be filled with inhabitants - which is happening now. 
Namibia, 2.6 people/sq.km
In the Republic of Namibia in southwest Africa more than 2 million people live, but due to the huge problem of HIV / AIDS, the exact data is constantly fluctuating. Most of the population of Namibia is the people of the Bantu family and a few thousand mestizos who live mainly in the community in Rehoboth. About 6% of the population are whites - the descendants of European colonists, some of whom retain their culture and language, but still, most of them speak Afrikaans. 
Mongolia, 2 persons/sq.km
On the this moment Mongolia is the country with the lowest population density in the world. The area of Mongolia is large, but only a little over 3 million people live in the desert territories (although at the moment there is a slight increase in population). 95% of the population are Mongols, Kazakhs are represented to a small extent, as well as Chinese and Russians. It is believed that more than 9 million Mongols live outside the country, mostly in China and Russia. 
Man has inhabited almost 90% of the earth's land. They have mastered territories that are more or less suitable for life and economic activity.
Population density of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
Only the poles and the regions adjacent to them, the most arid areas of deserts, high mountains, and glaciers remained uninhabited.
How are people located on the earth's surface?
The population of the Earth is distributed over its surface very unevenly.
To see this, just look at a map showing the density of the world's population. Population density is the number of inhabitants per 1 km2 of territory. In 2009, the average population density on the surface of the globe developed by people was 50 people.
People are unevenly distributed across the hemispheres of the planet. Most of them live in the Northern (90%) and Eastern (85%) hemispheres. The distribution of the population on individual continents and their parts is different. Even more significant are the differences in the distribution of the population across the countries of the world.
What affects the placement of people?
For people's lives, heat and moisture, relief and fertility of the soil, and a sufficient amount of air are of great importance.
Therefore, cold and arid territories are poorly populated, as well as high mountains where it is difficult to breathe due to lack of oxygen.
Since ancient times, mankind has gravitated towards the sea.
Proximity to it made it possible to obtain food and conduct economic activities related to sea fishing. sea routes opened the possibility of communication with other regions of the Earth.
Population density is also influenced by the age of territory development. Today on earth highest density population are distinguished by four areas of historical settlement: South and East Asia, Western Europe and eastern North America.
Human adaptation to natural conditions
Adaptation to natural conditions is manifested not only in appearance people belonging to different races.
Features of nature affect appearance dwellings, clothes of people, food and methods of its preparation. AT different parts The land uses various tools and building materials. And although in modern world all these differences are gradually being erased, they can still be observed, especially in rural areas.
Placement of people on the planet wikipedia
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Answers to GIA tickets by geography
The location of the population is influenced by several factors:
1. Natural and climatic conditions - the more favorable the conditions for human life, the greater the population density (plains of the North Caucasus, Central Chernozem region), on the contrary, in regions with extreme natural conditions population density is insignificant (European North, north of Siberia and the Far East).
Relief - as a rule, plains are more densely populated than mountains, at the same time, in mountainous regions in intermountain basins, a very high population density can be observed (Northern Caucasus).
3. Economic development and development of the territory - in regions with developed industry or agriculture, the population density is higher, which leads to the continuous settlement of the territory ( European part Russia, south of Western Siberia), and in economically backward regions (Kalmykia) or in areas of new development (European North, northern Siberia and the Far East), focal settlement around a center of development is typical.
Traditions of the population - for example, for peoples Far North vast territories are needed for hunting and reindeer herding.
5. Fresh water sources play a decisive role in desert regions, when almost the entire population is concentrated in oases (Kalmykia).
List the areas with the highest population density in Russia
Transport routes - in Russia, in the poorly developed regions of the North, Siberia and the Far East, the population is concentrated along the main transport routes - along rivers or main railways(for example, along the Trans-Siberian Railway).
The uneven distribution of the population leads to an excess of labor resources and an increase in unemployment in some regions (the national republics of the North Caucasus) and a sharp shortage of them in resource-producing regions (the European North, the north of Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East), which makes it difficult to develop the Asian part of the country.
The population of Russia is extremely unevenly distributed over its territory.
What are the main reasons that determine the uneven distribution of the population, what problems arise in connection with this? wikipedia
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Why America is not Russia: the history of US cities
The history of any state is, first of all, the history of its cities. In the United States, the dynamics of the development of the country's cities has been published. It shows that several large agglomerations have always existed in the country at the same time, and situations where one city (like Moscow in the Russian Federation) openly dominates the entire country did not arise there.
The last warriors / The last warriors
Series documentaries dedicated to the wild and original tribes of Africa.
The life of the Wudabi and Tuareg tribes is a daily struggle for survival in the ruthless desert heat. The Mursi are a people whose life is determined by what is seen in the night sky. They sacrifice animals, fight enemy tribes, women express devotion to their husbands - warriors by stretching their lips to unthinkable sizes.
In the southern part of Ethiopia, two exotic tribes live - the Hamar and the Karo. Warring with neighboring tribes, they have lived in peace and harmony with each other for many centuries.
Population explosion through the eyes of a biologist
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This publication differs from many others in that a biologist writes about demographic problems.
With the development of ethology, social biology and other sciences of animal behavior, biologists began to encroach on a special point of view about behavior Homo sapiens. Naturally, this causes an unfavorable reaction in sociologists and psychologists, the invasion of aliens from biology on their protected area seems like blasphemy at first.
And still…
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This series of documentaries is dedicated to the tribes of Africa, who live close to nature, keeping their ancient cultural traditions, customs, life.
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The history of civilization through the eyes of an ecologist
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Countries with the lowest population density
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Forced sterilization is a crime against humanity
Forced sterilization is a government program that forces people to undergo surgical or chemical sterilization.
In the first half of the 20th century, such programs were launched in some parts of the world, including the United States, usually as part of eugenics research, and were intended to prevent the reproduction of people who were considered carriers of defective genetic traits.
Forced sterilization: how in the USA they fought for the purity of the gene pool
The authorities of North Carolina ordered to pay multimillion-dollar compensation to residents of the state, who suffered from a policy of forced sterilization in the early and middle of the 20th century.
They were deprived of the opportunity to have children in accordance with the then popular doctrine of preserving the purity of the gene pool of the population. However, eugenics in the United States was carried away not only in North Carolina - tens of thousands of Americans became victims of this theory.
Rites of initiation: from circumcision to army hazing
In all countries of the world, the concept of masculinity has its own meaning, and the inhabitants of different countries themselves determine when a boy can be considered a man.
In a modern civilized society, in order to become a man, you need to enter puberty, start a family, gain status in society. But in various tribes, in order to be considered a real man, you often need to go through terrible rites of initiation, including pain and humiliation. And only after that the boy can rightfully bear the title of a real man.
The main patterns of population distribution.
About 70% of the population is concentrated in 7% of the territory, and 15% of the land is completely uninhabited.
90% of the population lives in the northern hemisphere.
Over 50% of the population - up to 200 m above sea level, and up to 45% - up to 500 m above sea level (only in Bolivia, Peru and China (Tibet) does the boundary of human habitation exceed 5000 m)
about 30% - at a distance of no more than 50 km from the sea, and 53% - in a 200-km coastal strip.
80% of the population is concentrated in the Eastern Hemisphere average density: 45 people/km2 per 1/2 land population density less than 5 people/km2 maximum population density: Bangladesh – 1002 people/km2
World population density
The people on the planet are extremely unevenly settled.
Approximately 1/10 of the land is still uninhabited (Antarctica, almost all of Greenland, and so on).
According to other estimates, about half of the land has a density of less than 1 person per square kilometer, for 1/4 the density ranges from 1 to 10 people per 1 square kilometer.
km and only the rest of the land has a density of more than 10 people per 1 square kilometer. On the inhabited part of the Earth (oecumene), the average population density is 32 people per square meter.
80% live in the eastern hemisphere, 90% live in the northern hemisphere, and 60% of the world's population lives in Asia.
Obviously, a group of countries with a very high population density stands out - over 200 people per square kilometer.
It includes such countries as Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Israel, Lebanon, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, the Republic of Korea, Rwanda, El Salvador, etc.
In a number of countries, the density indicator is close to the world average - in Ireland, Iraq, Colombia, Malaysia, Morocco, Tunisia, Mexico, etc.
Some countries have lower density than the world average - in them it is no more than 2 people per 1 km2.
This group includes Mongolia, Libya, Mauritania, Namibia, Guyana, Australia, Greenland, etc.
Causes of uneven settlement
The uneven distribution of the population on the planet is explained by a number of factors.
First, it is the natural environment. For example, it is known that 1/2 of the world's population is concentrated in the lowlands, although they make up less than 30% of the land; 1/3 of people live at a distance of no more than 50 kilometers from the sea (the area of \u200b\u200bthis strip is 12% of the land) - the population is, as it were, shifted to the sea.
This factor has probably been leading throughout human history, but its influence is weakening as socio-economic development progresses. And although vast areas with extreme and unfavorable natural conditions (deserts, tundras, high mountains, rainforests etc.) are still sparsely populated, yet natural factors alone cannot explain the expansion of the ranges of the ecumene and the huge shifts in the distribution of people that have occurred over the past century.
Secondly, the historical factor has a rather strong influence.
This is due to the duration of the process of human settlement on Earth (about 30 - 40 thousand years).
Thirdly, the current demographic situation affects the distribution of the population. Thus, in some countries, the population is increasing very rapidly due to high natural increase.
In addition, within any country or region, no matter how small they may be, the population density is different and varies greatly depending on the level of development of the productive forces.
It follows that the indicators of the average population density give only an approximate idea of the population and economic potential of the country.
This uneven distribution of the population is caused by a number of interrelated factors: natural, historical, demographic and socio-economic.
The population is distributed very unevenly across the globe.
This is due to the influence of a large number of factors that can be divided into three groups.
· Natural. They were decisive in the resettlement of people before the transition of mankind to agriculture and animal husbandry.
Among the most important here are absolute altitude, relief, climate, presence of water bodies, natural zonality as a complex factor.
· Socio-economic. These factors are directly related to the development of human civilization and their influence on the distribution of the population increased with the development of productive forces. Despite the fact that human society will never fully become independent of nature, at present it is the factors belonging to this group that are decisive in shaping the system of the Earth's settlement.
These include the development of new territories, the development natural resources, construction of various economic facilities, population migration, etc.
· Environmental factors. In fact, they also belong to the socio-economic.
However, starting from the last quarter of the 20th century, their influence increased sharply, which became the basis for their separation into a separate group. The influence of these factors is already determined not only by individual local events (the Chernobyl accident, the Aral Sea problem, etc.), but is increasingly becoming global in nature (the problems of pollution of the World Ocean, the greenhouse effect, ozone holes, etc.).
Historically, most of the population lives in Asia.
Currently, in this part of the world there are more than 3.8 billion people (2003), which is over 60.6% of the population of our planet. Almost equal in population America and Africa (approximately 860 million people each).
people, or 13.7% each, are significantly behind the rest of Australia and Oceania (32 million people, 0.5% of the world's population.
Asia hosts most of the countries with the largest populations.
Among them, according to this indicator, China has long been the leader (1289 million people, 2003), followed by India (1069 million people), the USA (291.5 million people), Indonesia (220.5 million people). pers.). Seven more states have a population of over 100 million people: Brazil (176.5 million people), Pakistan (149.1 million people), Bangladesh (146.7 million people).
people), Russia (144.5 million people), Nigeria (133.8 million people), Japan (127.5 million people) and Mexico (104.9 million people). At the same time, the population of Grenada, Dominica, Tonga, Kiribati, Marshall Islands was only 0.1 million.
Population density in Russia. World population density
The main indicator of population distribution is its density. This figure is growing with the increase in population and is currently on average in the world it is 47 people/km. However, it is significantly differentiated by regions of the world, countries and, in most cases, by different regions of countries, which is determined by the previously named groups of factors. Among parts of the world, the highest population density is in Asia - 109 people / km and Europe - 87 people / km, America - 64 people / km.
Africa and Australia with Oceania are significantly behind them - respectively, 28 people / km and 2.05 people / km. Differences in population density in the context of individual countries are even more pronounced. Small states are usually more densely populated. Monaco (11,583 people/km, 2003) and Singapore (6,785 people/km) stand out among them. From others: Malta - 1245 people / km, Bahrain - 1016 people / km, Republic of Maldives - 999 people / km. More than in the group major countries Bangladesh is in the lead (1019 people/km), significant density in Taiwan - 625 people/km, Republic of Korea - 483 people/km, Belgium - 341 people/km, Japan - 337 people/km, India - 325 people/km.
At the same time, in Western Sahara the density does not exceed 1 person/km, in Suriname, Namibia and Mongolia - 2 person/km, in Canada, Iceland, Australia, Libya, Mauritania and a number of other states - 3 person/km.
In the Republic of Belarus, the density indicator is close to the world average and amounts to 48 persons/km.
Demographic factor
The rational distribution of productive forces is greatly influenced by demographic factors. When locating individual enterprises and sectors of the economy, it is necessary to take into account both the demographic situation already existing in a given place and the future situation, as well as the future increase in production itself.
When locating the construction of new economic facilities, it should be borne in mind that the working-age population is declining. Therefore, the task is to save labor resources, their more rational use, release work force as a result of complex mechanization and automation of production, better organization of labor.
The current demographic situation is characterized by a large uneven distribution.
Most densely populated areas of the European part of the country: Central, North-Western, North Caucasus. At the same time, the regions of Siberia and the Far East and the North have a very low population density.
Therefore, when building new large-scale industries in the east and north of the country, it is necessary to attract labor resources from the populous European regions of the country to these areas, create a favorable social infrastructure for them in order to secure these personnel in newly developed areas with extreme conditions.
In connection with the growth of production in the eastern regions of the country and the acute shortage of labor resources in them, especially highly qualified personnel, the tasks are set of all-round intensification of production, accelerating the training of qualified personnel and attracting labor resources from the European regions of the country to new construction sites.
Of great importance labor factor and in perspective development agriculture, where there is a significant shortage of labor resources.
Only the decision of the most important social problems in the countryside, private ownership of land, the convergence of living standards between town and countryside, the comprehensive development of housing construction and other infrastructure sectors will provide an opportunity to secure personnel, especially young people, in the countryside.
An important aspect of personnel policy that affects the development and location of production is the factor wages, especially for the regions of the North, eastern regions, i.e.
e. Labor-deficient areas with extreme conditions, sparsely populated.
Moscow 11 514.30 Central
2 St. Petersburg 8,081.17 North-Western
3 Moscow region 154.19 Central
4 Republic of Ingushetia 96.05 North Caucasian
5 Republic North Ossetia– Alania 89.11 North Caucasian
6 Republic of Chechnya 84.61 North Caucasian
7 Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria 68.78 North Caucasian
8 Krasnodar region 68.76 South
9 Republic of Chuvashia 68.39 Privolzhsky
10 Kaliningrad region 62.35 Northwestern
11 Tula region 60.46 Central
12 Samara Region 59.99 Volga
13 Republic of Dagestan 59.19 North Caucasian
14 Republic of Adygea 57.95 South
15 Belgorod region 56.56 Central
16 Republic of Tatarstan 55.68 Privolzhsky
17 Vladimir region 49.81 Central
18 Lipetsk Region 48.66 Central
19 Voronezh region 44.58 Central
20 Ivanovo region 44.46 Central
21 Nizhny Novgorod Region 44.26 Privolzhsky
22 Rostov region 42.45 South
23 Stavropol region 41.90 North Caucasian
24 Chelyabinsk region 39.57 Uralic
25 Kursk region 37.80 Central
Most of the earthlings, about 90%, live in the northern hemisphere. Also, 80% of the population is concentrated in the eastern hemisphere, against 20% in the western one, while 60% of people are Asians (average - 109 people / km2). About 70% of the population is concentrated on 7% of the planet's territory. And 10-15% of the land is completely uninhabited territories - these are the lands of Antarctica, Greenland, etc.
Population density by country
There are countries in the world with both low and high population densities. The first group includes, for example, Australia, Greenland, Guiana, Namibia, Libya, Mongolia, Mauritania. The population density in them is no more than two people per square kilometer.
Asia has the most densely populated countries - China, India, Japan, Bangladesh, Taiwan, the Republic of Korea and others. The average density in Europe is 87 people/km2, in America - 64 people/km2, in Africa, Australia and Oceania - 28 people/km2 and 2.05 people/km2, respectively.
States with a small territory are usually very densely populated. These are, for example, Monaco, Singapore, Malta, Bahrain, Republic of Maldives.
Among the cities with the highest, Egyptian Cairo (36,143 people/km2), Chinese Shanghai (2,683 people/km2 in 2009), Pakistani Karachi (5,139 people/km2), Turkish Istanbul (6,521 people/km2) can be distinguished. km2), Japanese Tokyo (5,740 people/km2), Indian Mumbai and Delhi, Argentinean Buenos Aires, Mexican Mexico City, Moscow, the capital of Russia (10,500 people/km2), etc.
Causes of uneven settlement
The uneven population of the planet is associated with various factors. First of all, these are natural and climatic conditions. Half of the earthlings live in the lowlands, which make up less than a third of the land, and a third of the people live at a distance of no more than 50 kilometers from the sea (12% of the land).
Traditionally, zones with unfavorable and extreme natural conditions (highlands, tundra, deserts, tropics) were settled inactively.
Another factor is the rate of natural population growth due to the birth rate in different countries, in some states it is very high, and in others it is extremely low.
And another important factor is the socio-economic conditions and the level of production in a given country. For the same reasons, the density varies significantly within the countries themselves - in cities and rural areas. As a rule, the population density in cities is higher than in the countryside, and