Corruption in the modern world. The phenomenon of corruption in the modern world. Corruption in modern society
Translated from Latin corruption ("corruptio") means bribery, bribery and corruption of public and political figures, government officials and officials for the purpose of personal enrichment. Even in Roman law, the term "sogshtrege" was interpreted as "damage, break, destroy, bribe" and meant illegal actions in judicial practice. This term comes from a combination of the Latin words "correi" - several participants in one of the parties of a binding relationship about a single object, and "rumpere" - to break, damage, cancel. As a result of this combination, an independent term was formed, which in Roman law assumed the participation in the activities of several (at least two) persons, the purpose of which was to damage or damage the normal course of the judicial process or the process of managing the affairs of society.
Society's views on corruption in general represent a huge range of opinions. They can vary significantly depending on many factors. There are also different opinions about the meaning, causes and influence of this phenomenon on the socio-economic, cultural, national and other processes in the life of society. The literature on this subject is vast and varied, especially foreign. We emphasize that the study of corruption should be of a pronounced interdisciplinary nature.
Virtually all studies on corruption and revealing the relationship between it and economic growth result in a disappointing conclusion: the lower the level of corruption, the higher the growth rate of gross domestic product. In addition, economists note the negative impact of corruption on income distribution, which ultimately leads to the oppression of the poor in education and health, small and medium-sized businesses, especially in developing countries. But, worst of all, corruption establishes public cynicism as a public fodder for behavior, corrupts the political system, and leads to the political instability of the state.
Political scientists, on the other hand, speak of corruption as different ways of using power and political influence exerted by interested individuals, groups, parties, movements on the political processes in the country. For them, the main causes of corruption lie primarily in political structures, where there is a lack of democracy. Recognizing that corruption exists in democratically developed states, they note that here, unlike non-democratic regimes, a system of checks and balances comes into force, which are clearly developed in democratic states. 2
Lawyers view corruption as a deviation from a binding legal norm, arbitrariness in the exercise of powers, and illegal use of public resources. Corruption is most often defined by them as "the act of an official or proxy who unlawfully or improperly uses his position or act to gain profit for himself or another person, acting against the interests and rights of others." Lawyers attribute corruption to the scope of economic, administrative and criminal law and note that corruption has a devastating effect on the rule of law, which, as a result of its action, is replaced by rules dictated by those who, firstly, have influence; secondly, it is able to influence; third, willing to pay.
2 Murdal G. Corruption - Its causes and Effects, in Asian Drama; An Equiry into the Poverty of Nations. - 1968. - Vol.II. - P.951,952; Friedrich C. The Pathology of Politics; Violence, Betrayal, Corruption, Secrecy and Propaganda. - 1972. - p. 127.128. Lawyers divide corruption into petty (grassroots, everyday) and large (elitist). They note that between them there are often relationships of mutual dependence, conditionality and commonality of a centralized, paternalistic, other organizational or socio-psychological nature. Petty corruption daily sucks out the material well-being of people, large-scale corruption swallows up huge pieces of the state and private economy. And both together they mercilessly destroy the legal foundations of society and state power.
Sociologists see in corruption, first of all, a "social attitude", which is expressed in violation of the norms of obligatory behavior and social well-being accepted in society. Corruption is defined by them as "the enslavement of social relations, where two or more persons commit a substitution of relations by successfully transforming money or power, bypassing legal procedures and replacing them with personal relations" 3 , or as a "client-master" relationship. Some researchers define corruption as a form of "patrimonialism", which is clearly manifested in those societies where communities are small and interactive ties are deeply personalized, while the need for the accumulation of "social capital" is great. 4 Many sociologists view corruption in the context of historical, social and cultural factors stemming from conflicts between different groups and different values in society. They state the fact that corruption thrives on conflicting values. 5
Public administration specialists define corruption as the misuse of public resources and the use of public structures to achieve private profits contrary to existing norms. 6 Attributing the causes of corruption to insufficient wages for public officials, a monopoly on the provision of public services, great freedom of action, a weak system of financial control, excessive regulation and excess procedures, a lack of internal culture and ethical rules of the civil service, they note, that corruption does not allow rational formation and implementation of public policy. 7
3 Defleur M.Corruption, Law and Justice//Journal of Criminal Justice. - 1995. No. 23.-R. 243.
4 Tanzi V.Corruption, Governmental Activities and Markets. - International Monetary Fund, 1994.
5 Easterly W. & Levine R. Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethic Divisions 2. - World Bank Draft Paper, 1996.
6 Gaiden G. & Gaiden N. Administrative Corruption//Public Administration Review. - 1997. -№37.-R. 301, 302.
7 Schaffer B. Access: A theoty of Corruption and Bureaucracy//Administration and Development. - 1986. - No. 6. - P.357.
Entrepreneurs are primarily concerned about the volume and price of transactions, as well as the uncertainty that corruption brings to business relations when concluding transactions, the unpredictability of the results of competition in the context of widespread corruption. In the Rules of Conduct 1977 and 1996. The International Chamber of Commerce, an international non-governmental organization of more than 7,000 companies and business associations in more than 130 countries, has condemned corrupt practices related to international commercial transactions for their negative impact on international trade and competition. In 1995, in accordance with the decisions of the World Economic Forum in Davos (Switzerland), the "Davos Group" was created to work to accelerate the adoption of international standards of business ethics and regulation. Thus, corruption is defined as an indicator of a diseased (dysfunctional) society. In fact, everyone who speaks publicly about corruption condemns this phenomenon, although such a widespread occurrence would not have been possible without the participation of many of them. In the least developed countries, the majority of the population looks at corruption as part of life, the rules of the game, which, due to lack of choice, must accept. Most people view corruption as an additional cost for allowing what can be done and done faster, thus contributing to the development of corruption. Some understand corruption more broadly: as a violation of human rights and, in the most extreme sense, as a "crime against humanity" 8 .
Everyone agrees that corruption can increase the wealth of those engaged in these relationships and almost certainly reduces the income of the state and the welfare of society as a whole.
I. Shikhata uses the word "corruption" in a broad sense, affecting various forms of behavior. This behavior, he notes, usually results from two situations. The first has to do with the distribution of benefits, or even just the granting of permission to distribute, when the temptation to gain personal profit prevails over the obligation to serve other interests, usually the public interest. The second situation is when the application of the rules reveals the possibility of granting special benefits to the detriment of the rules of public importance (public rules), excluding discrimination.
In situations where rules can be circumvented, or applied without predetermined differentiation, or there is simply no such differentiation, the corrupt agent usually favors special interests over the interests he is required by law to serve. The resources at his disposal or at the disposal of the department he leads are used for other purposes, in a way different from that which was prescribed to him by his principal. Principals change depending on the situation. These can be controllers (supervisors) of the agent, institutions within which the agent works, the owners of the institution or society as a whole. nine
8 Corruption in government. - United Nations 1990. - No. 24.
9 Shikhata I. Legal reform. Theory and Practice: Textbook / Perev. from English. ed. Doctor of Law Doronina N.G. - M.: White Alvy, 1998. - S. 234.
Some economic researchers define corruption as a situation where, in a relationship between two persons (an agent - a corrupt person and a principal), the benefit received by the agent significantly exceeds the actual value (price), or as a situation where public goods, services or a system Services are or are being provided in the public domain for the benefit of a private individual. ten
Others describe corruption in economic terms as a rent that results from the monopoly position of some public officials.
In any case, corruption "provides a market price where the market is not allowed to do so.")
Economists believe that the causes of corruption lie in the economic and administrative structures of the country. They pay attention to its prevalence where state intervention is most strong and where discretionary rights in the distribution of public goods and services, or subsidies, are large, the risk of punishment is low, and payment for deal is attractive enough.
The broader view also takes into account public policy (eg civil service wage levels or import tariffs) and even the honesty and integrity of public officials and private individuals. However, if these factors are considered constant, then it is possible to determine the likelihood and extent of corruption by comparing the levels of income received, the riskiness of corrupt transactions and consumer demand (bargaining power) in the relationship between the source and the beneficiary. Economists also talk about the impact of corruption on the development of the economy. They regard a bribe, when freely offered and accepted, as serving the immediate interest of the parties. In the public interest, some authors see corruption as an important source of capital formation that can maintain market flexibility and efficiency and promote entrepreneurship. Others, based on the results of questionnaires and interviews with businessmen, believe that political mistrust (lack of faith in the stability of the government's course) is much more harmful than corruption, which they see "more as a variable cost than as an Uncertainty Factor" that divide corruption into different forms and suggest that some forms, while widespread, may not hurt the entire economy too much.
In this sense, corruption is not limited to the public sector, but within this sector - to the administrative bureaucracy. It is not limited to giving and receiving bribes. Corruption takes many forms and exists in all forms of government, including well-developed democracies. It can be found in the legislative, judicial and executive branches of government, as in all forms of private sector activity. It is not only related to ethnic, racial or religious affiliation. However, the level, scope and impact of it vary greatly between countries and may change, at least temporarily, within a country. Corruption in one form or another can exist in any community, the level and scope of its application is greatly influenced by the management system. Systems can corrupt people just as much, if not more, than people can corrupt systems.
10 Klitgard R. Controlling Corruption. 1988. - P.22; Schlieffer A.R., Vishny R.W. Corruption//Quartely Journal of Economics. - 1993. - No. 108. - R. 599.
Some cultures seem more tolerant than others when it comes to certain forms of corruption, especially favoritism and petty bribes. In certain communities, favoritism is so ingrained in the human mind that those who, in the performance of their public duties, refuse patronage to their friends and relatives are condemned as unresponsive or unkind people. In many countries, petty bribes are seen as a charity, an incentive or expression of gratitude, or as an acceptable substitute for the low pay of public officials, rather than extortion, as in other countries. Such cultural peculiarities, although they exist, should not be taken as an excuse for what in principle are called corrupt practices.
Once corruption finds its way into one place or sector, it spreads like a virus to other areas and sectors. It is not stopped by political boundaries and develops much faster in an environment that is over- or under-regulated. Corrupt and corrupt individuals have a legitimate interest in spreading the notion that corruption is dominant and pervasive. Thanks to them, corruption becomes a natural phenomenon. Entrepreneurial activity of foreigners, especially in developing countries, often contributes to the spread of corruption, assuming that payments and connections are the inevitable companions of trade (this often turns against the businessmen themselves). If cases of corruption are not identified, it will eventually lead to a distortion of the values of society, except for those few who can protect themselves with strong moral principles, often based on strict religious and ethical concepts. Corruption affects society and individuals as destructively as it is allowed to go. Any short-term gains it may bring (easing the regulation of an over-regulated economy or "greasing the wheels" in business transactions) is most likely to be offset by the overall damage done by corruption in pumping funds into one's own pocket. Even at the transaction level, corruption often increases the inefficiency of government projects and can drive up the cost of both public and private supplies. Quite often, large illegal payments, instead of being invested in the country, are transferred abroad or invested in other illegal businesses. Corruption can also increase a country's public debt as a result of increased spending on externally financed contracts won in bidding as a result of corrupt or fraudulent activities.
Thus, in modern scientific economic and legal literature there are many different definitions of corruption. If we try to generalize a little the definition of corruption, which is used by foreign and domestic sources, then corruption can be reduced to the following definitions:
- "criminal activity in the sphere of politics or public administration, which consists in the use by officials of the rights and power opportunities entrusted to them for personal enrichment. Corruption is not an independent crime, but a collective concept that covers a number of official crimes ( such as bribery, abuse of office)"; eleven
- "bribery, venality of public and political figures, employees of government bodies.
11 Big Law Dictionary / Ed. AND I. Sukharev, V.D. Zorkina, V.E. Krutskikh. - M.: INFRA-M, 1997. - S. 320.
Corruption means abuse of official position, direct use by an official of rights and powers for the purpose of personal enrichment" 12 ;
- "corruption includes the abuse of power (powers) or position of power (a position endowed with powers) for the sake of pursuing one's personal goals" 13 .
In the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 2, 1998 "On the fight against corruption", corruption is understood as "acceptance, personally or through intermediaries, of property benefits and advantages by persons performing state functions, as well as persons equated to them, using their official powers and related opportunities, as well as bribery of these persons by illegally providing them with the specified benefits and advantages by individuals and legal entities. 14 At the same time, Kazakh experts note that Kazakhstan's legislation interprets the concept of "corruption" somewhat differently than the international one. The subjects and objects of corruption crimes in the international sense are considered much more broadly, they say.
The United Nations reference document on the international fight against corruption defines corruption as "the abuse of public power for personal gain". The working definition of the interdisciplinary group on corruption of the Council of Europe is much broader. Corruption is bribery and any other behavior of persons who are entrusted with the performance of certain duties in the public or private sector, and which leads to a violation of the duties assigned to them by the status of a public official, private employee, independent agent, or other kind of relationship and is intended to obtain any illegal benefits for themselves and others.
The report prepared by the Council for Foreign and Defense Policy and the Indem Regional Public Foundation (Russia) states that “corruption (in the narrow sense of the word) is understood as a situation where an official makes an illegal decision (sometimes a decision is morally wrong). - acceptable to public opinion), from which some other party benefits (for example, a company that secures a state order against the established procedure thanks to this decision), and the official himself receives illegal remuneration from this party. : a decision is made that violates the law or unwritten social norms, both parties act by mutual agreement; both parties receive illegal benefits and advantages, both parties try to hide their actions.
Russia, unlike other CIS countries, is only now, but very carefully and slowly developing a bill "On Combating Corruption", which provides for a number of tough measures aimed at effectively combating corruption in state and other structures. The main concepts used in the draft law include generally recognized international characteristics. When developing it, such well-known conventions of the Council of Europe as "On criminal liability", "On civil liability for corruption", "On the organization of economic cooperation and development", "On bribery of foreign officials" were used. when concluding commercial transactions.
12 Pavlenok P.D. Brief Dictionary of Sociology. - M.: INFRA-M, 2000. - S. 81.
13 J.S. Nye. Corruption and Political Development; A Cost-Benefit Analysis//American Political Science Review. - 61. - P.P. 417, 419.
14 Regulations. Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On measures to improve the system of combating crime and corruption". Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On the fight against corruption". - Almaty: LLP "Ayan Edet", 2000. - P.19.
The most important thing in the bill is the definition of "corruption". In this case, corruption is not identified only with giving and receiving bribes (unlike the previous definitions or the definition of corruption in Kazakhstan's Anti-Corruption Law). In the new Russian project, corruption is also understood as "the search, establishment and maintenance of corrupt relations between legal entities and individuals in order to achieve personal or collective goals." fifteen
It seems to us that such a broad concept of "corruption" is a very important and valuable addition, since it implies a wider use of the anti-corruption legislative framework. In addition, according to the logic of things, if corruption is understood only as giving and receiving a bribe, then the fight comes down to only one-time actions. If we understand corruption as a system of actions: searching for, establishing and maintaining corrupt relations, then we are talking about the fight against the corruption system itself, which itself reproduces corruption.
For the first time in Russian legislative practice, individuals and organizations, regardless of their form of ownership, are given the opportunity to claim compensation for losses caused by corrupt practices. Thus, the problem is transferred from a purely criminal and administrative field to an economic one.
As you can see, there is a significant variety of points of view on the definition of corruption, which indicates the complexity of this phenomenon. Therefore, we refer to the definition of corruption adopted in the documents of the UN and the Council of Europe: corruption is "the abuse of state power for personal gain, for the benefit of third parties or groups" 16 . At the same time, corruption cannot be reduced only to giving and receiving a bribe, although US experts estimate the volume of international bribery in 1998 at 30 billion dollars (and this is only for 60 major international transactions that they analyzed).
Corruption can take various veiled forms of misappropriation of public funds for private use, such as lobbying, favoritism, protectionism, nepotism, political contributions, traditions of political leaders and government officials being promoted to honorary presidents of corporations and private firms. , investment of commercial structures at the expense of the state budget, transfer of state property to joint-stock companies, use of connections of criminal gangs, etc.
Thus, corruption, in our opinion, as a socio-economic category expresses the search, establishment and maintenance of corrupt relations that develop between officials and individuals and legal entities regarding the use of the possibilities of their position in order to obtain personal benefit to the detriment of a third party (society, state, company).
15 Gordievsky A. One law is not enough here! /assandi-times. - 2002. - No. 8 dated 06.12
16 Luneev V.V. Corruption: political, economic, organizational and legal problems // State and law. - 2000. - No. 4. - S. 101.
All states of the world face such evil as corruption. Moreover, in modern conditions, corruption is gradually turning from a domestic problem into a global problem. Now all countries, including the most advanced ones, are reviewing their models of combating corruption in the light of new challenges, adopting new laws and regulations on toughening responsibility for corruption.
In terms of the level of anti-corruption activities, Kazakhstan occupies one of the leading positions among the CIS countries. As early as 10 years ago, for the first time in the post-Soviet space, a special law "On Combating Corruption" was adopted. A special body has been created - the Agency for Combating Economic and Corruption Crimes (hereinafter referred to as the Financial Police). Along with the Financial Police, the political party "Nur Otan" will also fight against bribery in the country (on behalf of the President, "Nur Otan" will develop a program
More than a third of them received full or partial positive approval. Also, the head of state Nazarbayev N.A. a life-long ban on holding any positions in state bodies and organizations has been introduced for persons previously dismissed from work for committing a corruption offense. Everyone should remember that those who commit any illegal act are completely deprived of all privileges.
One of the important tools for the implementation of the anti-corruption strategy is the Anti-Corruption Commission under the President. Kazakhstan's strong macroeconomic performance is inconsistent with the pace of corruption.
In view of this, one of the important tasks set by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the improvement of anti-corruption legislation: "A deep" inventory "of the legislation regulating various spheres of the economy, public administration, including law enforcement is needed."
The improvement of anti-corruption legislation is enshrined in the Plan of the Nation - 100 steps to implement five institutional reforms. Today, a completely new law is in force, which is called the law "On Combating Corruption", many amendments have been made to procedural legislation, and liability for a corruption offense has been toughened (confiscation of property, lifelong deprivation of the right to hold positions in the public service, etc.). To implement these innovations in legislation, a new state body has been created, whose work is aimed at eradicating corruption - the National Anti-Corruption Bureau. In the minds of citizens, it is necessary to cultivate absolute intolerance towards any kind of corruption manifestations. To do this, it is necessary to constantly conduct large-scale anti-corruption propaganda in the media, with the publication of illustrative life examples.
Counteracting Corruption in the Public Service System as a Factor in Improving the Efficiency of Public Administration
The article discusses the main directions of the implementation of the anti-corruption policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the experience of administrative and legal regulation of combating corruption in the civil service systems of foreign states, administrative and legal means of combating corruption. The authors propose a mechanism for the interaction of civil servants with the population.
One of the main problems of the current state of the civil service is the insufficient efficiency of the activities of state authorities and their apparatuses. This most important indicator of the state of the civil service remains at a low level, and one of the reasons is the high level of corruption among civil servants.
Over the entire period of independence of the development of Kazakhstan, one of the priority areas for reforming the public administration system has become the fight against corruption offenses in the public service system. Among the main directions for the implementation of the anti-corruption policy, the following were chosen.
First of all, the creation of a legal framework for the fight against corruption. Since independence, Kazakhstan has taken separate measures to combat corruption, but the starting point here can be considered 1998, when the first Law "On Combating Corruption" was adopted. Based on this law, the following were developed and adopted: State anti-corruption programs for 1999-2000. and for 2001-2005. Program documents in the most systematized, generalized form contain the measures that were taken and implemented within the framework of the anti-corruption policy. A number of Decrees of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the fight against corruption were issued, including "On measures to improve the system of combating crime and corruption" (2000).
In addition, the legal framework for the fight against corruption is made up of non-specific legislative acts that reflect certain anti-corruption measures, for example, the law "On the Civil Service in the Republic of Kazakhstan", a number of laws aimed at ensuring the transparency of economic policy, etc.
On April 14, 2005, the President of Kazakhstan signed the Decree "On measures to strengthen the fight against corruption, strengthen discipline and order in the activities of state bodies and officials", on the basis of which the State Anti-Corruption Program for 2006-2010 was adopted.
Secondly, the creation of specialized bodies to combat corruption. To increase the responsibility of civil servants and prevent abuse of power in 1997, Kazakhstan approved the Supreme Disciplinary Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as local disciplinary councils. Then the disciplinary council was transformed into the State Commission of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the fight against corruption. In 2000, the State Anti-Corruption Commission was abolished, and local disciplinary councils were reassigned to the Agency for Civil Service Affairs. To combat corruption in the economic sphere, the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Combating Economic and Corruption Crimes was established.
Now, on the basis of this Agency and the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Civil Service Affairs, a new department has been formed - the Agency for Civil Service Affairs and Anti-Corruption of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
By the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated April 14, 2005, the disciplinary councils of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Civil Service Affairs were formed in the regions, the cities of Astana and Almaty, the disciplinary councils of the regions, the cities of Astana and Almaty were abolished (now the disciplinary councils of the Agency for Civil Service Affairs and Combating Corruption).
Thirdly, serious work was carried out to prevent corruption in the public service. In particular, job qualifications have been introduced with fairly clear standards for the duties of officials of each category and the qualification requirements for them. Passing the relevant exam and passing the competition is a prerequisite for occupying administrative positions (except for the category of "political" positions). According to experts, this system of selection and placement of personnel fully corresponds to the methods of building a civil service in Western countries.
The Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated April 14, 2005 "On measures to strengthen the fight against corruption, strengthen discipline and order in the activities of state bodies and officials" provides for the implementation of such measures in the civil service as the development of a legislative norm on a ban on holding positions in public authorities for persons who have committed corruption crimes.
Zh.Kulikov, Head of Information Technology Department
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Federal State Budgetary Vocational Educational Institution "Oryol Special Educational and Educational Institution of a Closed Type"
extracurricular activity
on the topic: "Corruption in modern society"
(grade 6-7).
Prepared by:
educator 3 department
Perminova E.V.
Orlov, 2019
Conversation "Corruption in modern society" (grades 6-7).
Goals:
To acquaint pupils with the concept of "corruption", with the forms of manifestation of corruption, its consequences.
To broaden the horizons of pupils, to form their own worldview on the problems of modern society, to contribute to the formation of a stable position to prevent corruption in the country.
To instill responsibility for their own actions and deeds, consciousness and social activity of the younger youth.
Conversation flow:
Have you ever heard this word? "corruption".
What associations do you have with the word "corruption"? (bribery, bribery, deceit, fraud).
Corruption (from lat.corruptio-bribery) - a process associated with the direct use by an official of the rights associated with his position for the purpose of personal enrichment (bribery of officials and public and political figures, giving bribes, etc.)
To put it in your own words: abuse of office for personal gain.
The historical roots of corruption probably go back to the practice of giving gifts to win favor. An expensive gift distinguished a person from other petitioners and contributed to his request being fulfilled. Therefore, in primitive societies, paying a priest or leader was the norm. With the increasing complexity of the state apparatus and the strengthening of the power of the central government, professional officials appeared, who, according to the plan of the rulers, had to be content with only a fixed salary. In practice, officials sought to take advantage of their position to covertly increase their income.
Most often, corruption means taking bribes, illegal cash income, by state bureaucrats who extort it from citizens for the sake of personal enrichment.
However, in a more general sense of the word, participants in corrupt relations can be not only government officials, but also, for example, managers of firms; bribes may be given not in money, but in a different form; Corrupt relations are often initiated not by government officials, but by entrepreneurs.
The areas of activity that are most prone to corruption in Russia include:
customs services;
Medical organizations;
traffic police;
Judicial bodies;
Tax authorities;
Law enforcement agencies;
Supervision of compliance with the rules of hunting and fishing;
Exemption from conscription for military service;
University admissions and more.
Types of corruption
Household corruption generated by the interaction of ordinary citizens and officials. It includes various gifts from citizens and services to an official and members of his family.
Business corruption arises from the interaction of government and business. For example, in the event of a commercial dispute, the parties may seek to enlist the support of a judge in order to reach a decision in their favor.
Corruption of the supreme power refers to the political leadership and supreme courts in democratic systems. It concerns the groups in power whose bad faith is to pursue policies in their own interests and to the detriment of the interests of voters (what happens today in Ukraine when seats in the Verkhovna Rada are bought instead of being elected by the people).
Corruption in universities. Higher education today is a gigantic shadow market in which billions are spinning. A diploma in this market has become almost a financial document. It is bought in order to further determine the price of an employee in the labor market. At the same time, we are dealing with a market in which the buyer has absolutely no rights, and the seller artificially creates a shortage of goods. The number of free places in universities is constantly decreasing, paid - increases. And this despite the fact that "free" students have to pay.
For society, corruption has become one of the most acute problems. Every day in the media we hear about corruption and bribery. This negative phenomenon permeated the entire society.
Almost every inhabitant of our country has faced this phenomenon in one way or another.
Unfortunately, corruption is becoming the norm, the population has adapted to gifts and fines without receipts.
What do you guys think, is it necessary to fight corruption?
In the history of Russia there have been different periods of equal punishment and the one who bribes and who is bribed. Peter I determined the punishment for those who gave a bribe on a par with those who received a bribe "... it was ordered to repair the death penalty, without any mercy." This approach is also noted abroad, for example, in modern Japan.
Despite the tough measures taken to combat corruption, there are still many officials who continue to take bribes.
In the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation there are articles No. 285 "Abuse of official powers", No. 290 "Receiving a bribe", No. 291 "Giving a bribe".
Sometimes officials extort a bribe. This is what is called: "extortion", and they are judged for it. But in the school environment, too, sometimes there are facts of extortion by individual students of money from their peers or from schoolchildren who are younger in age. This is also punished.
What measures do you think would help our government fight corruption?
Increasing the salaries of law enforcement, education, and medicine workers so that they would never think of taking a bribe. This will be possible when people have a decent salary.
To make it unprofitable for officials to take a bribe and there would be no opportunity for this;
Once and for all, to prohibit working with people to persons who at least once were seen in taking a bribe;
Tighten the country's laws against corrupt officials so that the fear of punishment is stronger than the temptation;
To educate in people an internal regulator called conscience.
As you can see, it is possible to fight corruption. If you fight back corrupt officials and bribe-takers.
Soon you will become adults, finish school, go home, you will have to solve many questions that life puts before us.
Try to find the right solution in any life situation, without circumventing the law.
In the modern world, corruption takes place in any society, any state. There are practically no countries that could declare its complete absence. Moreover, the specifics of the current stage of its state is a pronounced international character. This is determined by a number of factors, the most important of which is globalization, which determines the economic transparency of national borders, the free movement of capital, labor goods, etc., as well as the criminalization of national economies.
This is evidenced by the results of studies by a number of international organizations, including such a well-known in this area as Transparency International (TI) - an international non-governmental organization to combat corruption. The most important direction of its activity is the study of the level of perception of corruption around the world.
In December 2014, TI was presented with the latest (in terms of time) global press release reflecting the results of research in this area, the results of which are reflected in the infographic. The TI rankings rank countries and regions on a scale from 0 (highest) to 100 (lowest).
The top three with the lowest perception of corruption were Denmark, New Zealand and Finland. The last place was shared by North Korea and Somalia.
The distribution of the Corruption Perceptions Index by region is also indicative. In this case, the most corrupt are the African continent and the countries of the post-Soviet space.
It is noteworthy that the countries of the so-called "Big 7" are at the top of the table, which suggests, according to the authors of the rating, a fairly low level of corruption in these countries (See Table 1).
Table 1
Corruption Perception Indexes
(selected countries; 2014, 2013, 2012)
| The country | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | |
| 1. | Denmark | 92 | 91 | 90 |
| 2. | New Zealand | 91 | 91 | 90 |
| 3. | Finland | 89 | 89 | 90 |
| 4. | Sweden | 87 | 89 | 88 |
| 5. | Norway | 86 | 86 | 85 |
| 6. | Switzerland | 86 | 85 | 86 |
| 7. | Singapore | 84 | 86 | 87 |
| 8. | Netherlands | 83 | 83 | 84 |
| 9. | Luxembourg | 82 | 80 | 80 |
| 10. | Canada | 81 | 81 | 84 |
| 11. | Austria | 80 | 81 | 85 |
| 12. | Germany | 79 | 78 | 79 |
| 12. | Iceland | 79 | 78 | 82 |
| 14 | United Kingdom | 78 | 76 | 74 |
| 15. | Belgium | 76 | 75 | 75 |
| 15. | Japan | 76 | 74 | 74 |
| 17. | USA | 74 | 73 | 73 |
| 26. | France | 69 | 71 | 71 |
| 100 | China | 36 | 40 | 39 |
| 136. | Cameroon | 27 | 25 | 26 |
| 136. | Iran | 27 | 25 | 28 |
| 136. | Kyrgyzstan | 27 | 24 | 24 |
| 136. | Lebanon | 27 | 28 | 30 |
| 136. | Nigeria | 27 | 25 | 27 |
| 136. | Russia | 27 | 28 | 28 |
| 142 | Comoros | 26 | 28 | 28 |
| 170 | Iraq | 16 | 16 | 18 |
| 171 | South Sudan | 15 | 14 | |
| 172 | Afghanistan | 12 | 8 | 8 |
| 173 | Sudan | 11 | 11 | 13 |
| 174 | Korea (North) | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| 174 | Somalia | 8 | 8 | 8 |
Russia in this ranking traditionally ranks at the bottom of the table. At the same time, its neighbors, as follows from the table, are countries with an extremely low level of development of the economy, social sphere and political institutions, which are not comparable with the Russian Federation not only in economic, but in general in any other indicators. This approach is largely due to the composition of experts who determine the perception of corruption in the world and impose it on the world community.
At the same time, the very word “perception” in the rating means that the rating does not measure corruption, but public opinion about the level of corruption in countries. As stated on the TI website, the rating is "a combination of surveys and assessments of corruption collected by various representative institutions" . Thus, initially the basis for the formation of the corruption rating of various states is a subjective approach, and, therefore, does not fully reflect the objective reality.
The grounds for this are, in particular, the provisions of the first in the history of the European Union Report on the state of corruption, presented by the Commissioner for Internal Affairs of the EU S. Maelstrom in February 2014. According to the findings of the Report, corruption costs the economy of the European Union more than 120 billion euros a year - slightly less than the annual budget of the EU.
At the same time, 76% of the population of the European Union, in accordance with the research conducted by the Eurobarometer company, which is the basis of the Report, believe that corruption is widespread in their countries. About 2% of EU citizens indicated that they are affected by corruption in everyday life, 8% were participants or witnesses of corruption. Approximately three-quarters (73%) believe that a bribe or the use of connections is the easiest way to obtain some public services in their countries. According to 67% of respondents, the financing of political parties is not transparent and is not controlled by the state.
When it comes to business, more than four out of ten European companies consider corruption to be a problem. At the same time, the smaller the company, the more it suffers from corruption, according to respondents.
The most acute manifestations of corruption are traditionally noted in the poorest countries of the European Union: Romania and Bulgaria. At the same time, facts of corruption are also noted in the countries of the so-called "Euro-troika" that form its basis - Germany, France, Great Britain. As evidenced by numerous corruption scandals, including those involving high-ranking officials of these states.
So, for example, in February 2012, German President K. Wulff was forced to resign. The reason for this was his involvement in a number of corruption scandals related to receiving gifts from his rich friends, staying in expensive hotels paid for by the producer, whose interests he lobbied for grants for filming, etc. In fact, it was about the use of the former President K. Wulff of his official position for selfish purposes. Which, in accordance with the provisions of both German law and international law, is nothing more than a manifestation of corruption.
It should be noted that the situation with the ex-president of Germany is not an exception to the current practice. Corruption also took place at other levels of government. In total, according to the Federal Office for Criminal Affairs, in 2011 the number of such crimes in Germany amounted to more than 46 thousand. The damage caused by corruption in 2012, according to that Agency, amounted to about 276 million. euro .
No less difficult is the situation with corruption in the UK. Here, too, representatives of the ruling elite were involved in corruption scandals. For decades, for example, government officials, including former Prime Minister G. Brown himself, used budgetary funds to pay for cleaning services for their apartments and houses, which caused the resignation of both G. Brown and the government headed by him.
Attempts to mediate in the interests of a front American company by members of the British Parliament, former Ministers of Defense (J. Hook), Transport (S. Byers) and Health (P. Hewitt) for a fee of 3 (J. Hook and P. Hewitt) up to 5 thousand pounds. Art. in a day .
The examples given are only manifestations of corruption. In fact, the problem is more extensive, especially given that the UK has become, in fact, a “safe haven” for capital of dubious origin over the past two decades. Namely, various kinds of oligarchs rush here from all over the world, including from Russia, who in their states are not able to substantiate the legality of the origin of their fortunes.
According to J. Monbiot, the City of London (in fact, the business center of London - approx. I.B.), which in its activities is connected with the British overseas territories and dependent territories of the crown, is the largest tax haven in the world, controlling 24% of all offshore financial operations. It allows transactions on the global capital market in the strictest secrecy, assisting not only tax fraudsters, but also all those involved in smuggling and money laundering, as well as violators of sanctions.
Corruption in France is also one of the most significant problems of its domestic and foreign policy. At the same time, just as in Germany and Great Britain, representatives of its power elite are involved in corruption scandals. So, in particular, in July 2014, ex-president of France N. Sarkozy was officially charged with corruption, who is charged with giving a bribe, using his official position for personal purposes and concealing the fact of violation of professional secrecy. At the same time, earlier the leader of the French opposition party "Union for a Popular Movement" (UMP), N. Sarkozy, acted as a witness in the case of financing his election campaign in 2007 by the former Libyan leader M. Gaddafi. Other high-ranking officials were also involved in corruption scandals, including the current administration of F. Hollande. Thus, in particular, as a result of a corruption scandal, the Minister of the Budget J. Cayuzac was forced to resign. And this is just the tip of the French corruption iceberg. Other structures of public authorities in France are also subject to corruption. According to French experts, corruption in France, although it is not an epidemic, nevertheless, its manifestations are noticeable in various areas, especially in terms of public procurement, construction, energy, international trade, arms trade, etc.
The situation with corruption is even more acute in the United States. Thus, according to a survey by the American Institute of Public Opinion "Gallup", 79% of Americans are sure that the US authorities are corrupt.
Noteworthy in this regard is the statement by US Secretary of State John Kerry in April 2014 that about $6 billion literally disappeared from the budget.
For comparison. The entire annual budget of Somalia, which, according to the experts - compilers of the global Corruption Perceptions Index of Transparency International, is the most corrupt state in the world, is only 5 billion 896 million dollars - less than the amount that disappeared at the US State Department at once.
Obviously, in this regard, the well-known American proverb takes on a special meaning: “If you stole a loaf of bread, you will go to jail, if you steal the railway, you will become a senator.”
Despite the fact that information about abuses and frequent cases of corruption is carefully guarded from getting into the media, facts of corruption in the upper echelons of US power still become public.
At the same time, people from the “inner circle” of the incumbent US president are somehow involved in corruption scandals. B. Obama. So, for example, the scandal surrounding the website of the American health care system “HealthCare.gov” received great publicity at one time. By coincidence, the Canadian IT company CGI Group, whose vice president is a classmate of B. Obama's wife, received a contract to create a web resource without tenders and other competitions. The deal amounted to 700 million dollars, while the quality of execution made the US president personally apologize. However, the money was not returned to the country's budget.
It should be noted that the healthcare sector in the United States is one of the most corruptogenic. So the total amount of fraud in this area is estimated at 60 billion dollars annually.
In the corruption scandal, the Pentagon was also lit up, whose leadership could not account for 8.5 trillion. dollars, and the US Securities Commission, which spent 3.9. million dollars to rearrange the furniture in his office.
There are quite a lot of such examples in modern American reality. This gives reason to believe that corruption in the United States affects almost all spheres of life of American society, from healthcare and education to defense and security, as well as the implementation of foreign policy actions.
The most profitable corrupt "investments" in the United States are political contributions in the course of various kinds of election campaigns, which provide an opportunity to subsequently influence government representatives through various kinds of lobbying structures. Thus, the most corrupt segment of the US is the state authorities.
A special contribution to the escalation of corruption at the international level is made by transnational corporations (TNCs), most of which are of American origin. In the interests of conquering the markets of developing countries and third world countries, TNCs wholesale and retail buy up politicians and legislators. Funds for this are accumulated in the so-called offshores, states and territories that do not oblige to disclose the sources of origin of funds. This problem is extremely acute for all countries, but it is most relevant for the United States. According to an investigation by the Senate Committee on National Security of the US Congress, Americans annually hide from tax services from 40 to 70 billion US dollars, and corporations - up to 130 billion. In total, according to the study, about 1 trillion is hidden in 50 offshores around the world. US dollars.
Of course, a separate area of corrupt activity is the so-called US support for democracy in other countries. To this end, the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) is annually allocated multi-million sums from the federal budget. In 2014, they amounted to more than $100 million. In 2015, the United States allocated $9.3 million of this amount to support democracy in Russia. All these funds are used to finance individuals and structures that have received the name “foreign agents” in accordance with Russian law.
Thus, under a plausible pretext, the United States, using its grant recipients abroad, is trying to influence the governments of other countries. This is what the United States has been doing for decades, at least since the end of World War II. In the same places where it is not possible to lobby their national interests for money, “Plan B” is being implemented - a color revolution with the planting of puppet regimes in these countries and transferring them to the regime of external control. As happened in Ukraine in February 2014-2015, when a significant part of official officials, including those at the government level, are essentially representatives of the US State Department.
In this regard, it is quite legitimate to note that, paradoxically, the United States and its closest European allies, who position themselves as irreconcilable “fighters” against its manifestations in other countries, set a very significant tone in encouraging corruption.
Thus, by itself, the Corruption Perceptions Rating published by Transparency International (TI) does not reflect the real state of affairs in this area. Moreover, taking into account the fact that this Rating is formed in the interests of quite certain political forces - the United States and its allies - it is itself corrupt and therefore cannot be the basis for assessing corruption in any countries.
However, despite the bias of Western (mainly American experts) corruption perception indexes, it is useful to state that corruption is a truly international problem.
Given Russia's involvement in the global economy, it certainly has a stimulating effect on its state within the country. Which, however, cannot be a kind of basis for her rehabilitation, much less justification.
Bocharnikov Igor Valentinovich http://russian.rt.com/article/39035
Brianna Ehley $6 Billion Goes Missing at State Department //The Fiscal Times. April 4, 2014
Corruption in the USA http://ruxpert.ru
Ilyinsky A. Corruption and prospects for the development of the state http://www.apn.ru/publications/print33265.htm
The United States increased spending on "democracy support" in Russia
Corruption in modern society.
Corruption (from lat. corrumpere - "to corrupt") - the use by an official of his powers and rights entrusted to him for personal gain, contrary to the established rules (legislation). Most often, the term is used in relation to the bureaucracy and the political elite. Any person who has power over the distribution of any resources that do not belong to him (official, deputy, judge, law enforcement officer, administrator, examiner, doctor, etc.) can be subject to corruption. The main incentive for corrupt behavior is the possibility of obtaining economic profits associated with the use of power, and the main deterrent is the risk of exposure and punishment.
Separate manifestations of corruption are singled out. Household corruption generated by the interaction of ordinary citizens and officials. It includes various gifts from citizens and services to an official and members of his family. Business corruption arises from the interaction of government and business. For example, in the event of a commercial dispute, the parties may seek to enlist the support of a judge in order to reach a decision in their favor. Corruption of the supreme power refers to the political leadership and supreme courts in democratic systems. It concerns groups in power whose bad faith is to pursue policies in their own interests and to the detriment of the interests of voters.
Systematic consideration allows us to identify a number of complementary views on the essence of the phenomenon of corruption:
Corruption as a special type of offense associated with abuse of power;
Corruption as a special way of life of people in power, which involves a number of traditional actions (bribery, self-will, selection of the “right” people);
Corruption as a special way of solving problems bypassing existing laws and regulations using bribery of officials;
Corruption as a special approach to people in power, associated with demonstrating respect for them and meeting their needs.
Such a variety of views on corruption gives rise to numerous difficulties in its eradication and the need for systemic efforts on the part of society, the state, and every person in the fight against corruption.
The following signs of corruption stand out:
1. A decision is made that violates the law or unwritten social norms.
2. The parties act by mutual agreement.
3. Both parties receive illegal benefits and advantages.
4. Both sides try to hide their actions.
Let's single out the main components of the system of anti-corruption education in our educational institution:
absence of cases of corrupt behavior in an educational institution;
· anti-corruption education: presentation of the essence of the phenomenon of corruption as a criminal act in the lessons of jurisprudence;
· gaining experience in solving life and school problems based on the interaction of teachers and students; pedagogical activities to form an anti-corruption worldview among students.
The main result of anti-corruption education is seen in the preparation of a person capable of exercising power or interacting with representatives of power structures on a legal basis, avoiding bribery, bribery and other illegal actions. To achieve this result, it is necessary to work with the child in different age periods. Due to the fact that in elementary school special attention is paid to the formation of a culture of behavior and the need to comply with the rules, anti-corruption education can be based on an analysis of the relationship of ordinary citizens with the guardians of public order. If a person is convinced that the keeper of order will always act according to the rules, then he will not break the rules and offer bribes for breaking them. In addition to the information and educational block, special attention should be paid to involving students in maintaining order in the classroom. Students are encouraged to complete small assignments related to the observance of order. The simplest assignment of them is the duty officer, who controls the observance of certain rules. Submission to the officer on duty, refusal to threaten and bribe the officer on duty will be an indicator of the formation of a respectful attitude towards the keeper of the rules. At the middle level, a solution to a more complex problem is possible, aimed at the formation of the joint creation and maintenance of rules. In grades 8–9, it becomes necessary for students to consciously accept the rules for solving life problems. An element of social practice can be the organization of student self-government in the class, an increase in the number of assignments for class students with certain powers. One of the problems is the interaction with the authorities.
In work with students in grades 9-11, the main task of the anti-corruption education system is solved: the formation of an anti-corruption worldview in students, which allows them to consciously abandon the practice of corrupt behavior. In the process of solving this problem, students in the lessons of law and social science study in detail this type of offense and the reasons for its occurrence. In the process of extracurricular activities, special attention is paid to discussions on this topic, which contribute to the identification of the life position of students on this issue.
Academic subjects, the content of which directly or indirectly affects the understanding of various social phenomena by younger students (including those related to such concepts as benefit, exchange, gift, gratitude, i.e. with those terms that in modern society are associated with corruption ), are "Literary Reading" and "The World Around". A number of words, the meaning of which can be mastered through life experience and discussion, understanding them in the classroom: holiday, event, gift, service, benefit, gratitude, the great word "thank you", disinterestedness.
It is good for him to do good who remembers him.
The hand washes the hand, and both are white.
Mercy is great, but not worth a bast.
Do not regret your own thanks, but do not wait for someone else's.
You don't respect a bad person.
It’s better not to give, but after that don’t measles.
He drowned - he promised an ax, they pulled him out - it's a pity for the ax handle.
Don't put it badly, don't lead the thief into sin.
Expensive testicle for Christ's day.
Not in service, but in friendship.
The main educational work with students in grades 5-7 is aimed at creating a culture of interaction. The most productive at this age are various forms of joint work and collective creative activity. Formation of the ability to respect each other, a culture of agreement and mutual understanding will serve as the basis for the prevention of corruption. In the practice of working with children of this age, a number of situations can be identified that cause corrupt behavior in the future. The first common situation is that parents give money to a child for good grades, prepare a person who believes that his every step, and even more so the created product, should be paid. It is necessary in regular communication with parents to note the harm of this method of interaction with the child. The second situation is related to the fact that a child of this age receives undeserved remuneration for the provision of certain services. The teacher should be the example. If a child understands that a bouquet of flowers given to a teacher affects the quality of the assessment, then this will contribute to the formation of a corrupt consciousness. The third situation is related to the activities of teachers and parents according to the principle: “If you can’t, but really want to, then you can.” When teachers and parents, despite the existing prohibitions, allow children to perform prohibited actions, this leads to the formation in the mind of the child of a position that everything can be bought and everything can be done if you agree with whom you need. The next situation is the relationship between children in the system of self-government. The situation becomes most acute when the child faces a choice between friendship and order. It is quite natural that children allow a lot of things to their friends, unlike others. Unfortunately, within the framework of public consciousness, helping a friend (even at the expense of breaking the law) is the norm. The phenomenon of "favorites", who are allowed more than others, has become widespread in educational institutions. Taking into account the specifics of age, conducting pedagogical conversations on this topic becomes ineffective. The most productive is the organization of group work in the process of creative, educational and gaming activities. Therefore, conducting educational cases, workshops and role-playing games is the most effective way. First of all, it is necessary to organize simulation and business games, in which students receive certain powers and exercise them during the game.
For example, most children are easy to cheat. The presence of a large number of formal rules, most of which are difficult to follow, teaches that any rule can be circumvented. In the process of education, it is necessary to combine three components:
· Creation of conditions that do not allow one to be in a situation of violating the law. Creation of the most transparent and understandable procedures. Explaining to students common ways of solving problems. It should be noted the existing pedagogical paradox associated with the fact that a person improves in the process of overcoming difficulties, but seeks to avoid these difficulties in a natural way. The more complex the invented rules, the more difficult it is to comply with them and the higher the possibility of corruption.
· Learning the best ways to solve various life problems. The more students learn how to perform various learning tasks and life situations, the easier it will be to prevent situations of corruption.
· Raising respect for existing norms and laws. Compliance with them by the majority of teachers and students. Formation of respect for certain traditions.
When working with students in grades 7-9, special attention should be paid to conscious decision-making and its protection in the process of building relationships with others. Formation of a positive attitude towards the existing order, awareness of the benefits of compliance with norms and rules will help to form an anti-corruption worldview.
Features of anti-corruption education when working with students in grades 7-8 is the focus on the formation of a moral position and the denial of corruption. The main form of educational work is the discussion, during which one's own opinion is expressed.
Pupils in grades 10–11 develop an anti-corruption worldview. Unfortunately, it is quite difficult to break established habits and stereotypes. In fact, we are talking about cultivating a culture of power relations. One of the possible goals of education in modern conditions is the formation of a conscious refusal, and then a value rejection of corruption by students.
For example, the fable "The Fox and the Marmot":
“Where, gossip, are you running without looking back?” -
The groundhog asked the fox.
“Oh, my dove-kumanek!
I endure slander and was expelled for bribes.
You know I was the judge in the chicken coop
Lost health and peace in business,
In the labors of a piece I was malnourished,
Sleepless nights:
And I fell under anger for that;
And all by slander. Well, think for yourself:
Who in the world will be right if you listen to slander?
Should I take bribes? yes, I'm pissed off!
Well, have you seen, I will send for you,
That I was involved in this sin?
Think, remember well. -
“No, gossip; and often saw
What a stigma you have in fluff.
Another sighs at the same place,
As if the last ruble survives:
And truly, the whole city knows
What he has for himself
Not for a wife
And look, little by little
Either he will build a house, or he will buy a village.
Now, how to reduce his income with expenses,
Even if you can't prove it in court
But if you do not sin, you will not say:
That he has fluff on the stigma.
Not only the meaning of words becomes important, but intonation, emotions and feelings with which these words are pronounced, what bright figurative words and expressions are used in this case.
The system of anti-corruption ideas, views, principles, which reflect the negative attitude of the individual, social groups and the whole society to corrupt activities, should organically complement the worldview of the younger generation.
Development and implementation of a set of measures to increase the level of the internal culture of the individual and strengthen the moral and ethical principles of a person, especially children and youth; education of the younger generation's rejection of corruption as a phenomenon that is absolutely incompatible with the values of a modern legal state, the formation of a special psychological environment in society that is extremely unfavorable for a corruption system should be put in the category of the most important areas of school activity.