anthropogenic factors. Presentation "The impact of environmental factors on the human body" Environmental factors and their classification presentation

07.03.2020

Subject ecology

Ecology - the science of the relationship of organisms with each other and with the environment (Greek oikos - dwelling; logos - science). The term was introduced in 1866 by the German zoologist E. Haeckel.
Currently, ecology is a branched system of sciences:

autecology studies relationships in communities;

population ecology studies the relationship of individuals of the same species in populations, the influence of the environment on populations, the relationship between populations;

global ecology studies the biosphere and questions of its protection.

Another approach in the ecology division Keywords: ecology of microorganisms, ecology of fungi, ecology of plants, ecology of animals, ecology of man, space ecology .

Tasks of ecology

To study the relationships of organisms;

To study the relationship between organisms and the environment;

To study the effect of the environment on the structure, life activity and behavior of organisms;

To trace the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of species and the change of communities;

Develop a system of measures for nature protection.

The value of ecology

Helps to determine the place of man in nature;

Gives knowledge of environmental patterns, which allows predicting the consequences of human economic activity, correctly and rationally using natural resources;

Ecological knowledge is necessary for the development of agriculture, medicine, and for the development of environmental protection measures.

Ecology methods

observation
comparison
experiment
mathematical modeling
forecasting

Principles of ecological classification

Classification helps to identify possible ways of adaptation to the environment.
Various criteria can be used as the basis for ecological classification: feeding methods, habitat, movement, attitude to temperature, humidity, pressure, light, etc.

Classification of organisms by the nature of nutrition

1. Autotrophs: 2. Heterotrophs:

BUT). Phototrophs a) saprophytes

B). Chemotrophs b) holozoic:

- saprophages

- phytophages

- zoophagous

- necrophages

Autotrophs organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic substances.
Phototrophs- autotrophic organisms that use the energy of sunlight for the synthesis of organic substances.
Chemotrophs- autotrophic organisms that use chemical energy for the synthesis of organic substances; connections.
Heterotrophs- organisms that feed on ready-made organic substances.
Saprophytes- heterotrophs that use solutions of simple organic compounds.
Holozoic- heterotrophs that have a complex of enzymes and can eat complex organic compounds, decomposing them into simple ones:
Saprophages feed on dead plant debris;
Phytophages consumers of living plants;
Zoophages eat live animals;
Necrophages eat dead animals.

History of ecology

The development of ecology was greatly influenced by:

Aristotle (384-322 BC) - an ancient Greek scientist, described animals and their behavior, the confinement of organisms to habitats.

C. Linnaeus (1707-1778) - Swedish naturalist, emphasized the importance of climate in the life of organisms, studied the relationship of organisms.

J.B. Lamarck (1744-1829) - French naturalist, author of the first evolutionary doctrine, believed that the influence of external circumstances is one of the most important causes of evolution.

K.Rulie (1814-1858) - Russian scientist, believed that the structure and development of organisms depended on the environment, stressed the need to study evolution.

Ch.Darwin (1809-1882) - English naturalist, founder of evolutionary doctrine.

E. Haeckel (1834-1919) German biologist, coined the term ecology in 1866.

C. Elton (1900) - English scientist - the founder of population ecology.

A. Tansley (1871-1955) English scientist, introduced the concept of an ecosystem in 1935.

V.N. Sukachev (1880-1967) Russian scientist, in 1942 introduced the concept of biogeocenoses.

K.A. Timiryazev (1843-1920) - Russian scientist, devoted his life to the study of photosynthesis.

V.V. Dokuchaev (1846-1903) - Russian soil scientist.

V.I.Vernadsky (1863-1945) Russian scientist, founder of the theory of the biosphere as a global ecosystem.

Habitat

Habitat - this is everything that surrounds an individual (population, community) and affects it.
Environmental factors:

abiotic - factors of inanimate nature; biotic - factors of living nature; anthropogenic associated with human activities.

The following main habitats can be distinguished: water, land-air, soil, living organisms.

Water environment

In the aquatic environment, factors such as salt regime, water density, flow velocity, oxygen saturation, and soil properties are of great importance. The inhabitants of the water bodies are called hydrobionts, among them are:

neuston - organisms that live near the surface film of water;

plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) - suspended, "floating" in the water to the body;

nekton - well-swimming inhabitants of the water column ;

benthos - benthic organisms.

soil environment

Soil dwellers are called edaphobionts, or geobionts, for them the structure, chemical composition and soil moisture are of great importance.

Ground-air environment

Living organism

Habitat adaptations

Adaptations can be morphological, physiological and behavioral.

Morphological adaptations

Morphological adaptations are manifested in changes in the shape and structure of organisms.
For example, the development of thick and long fur in mammals when they are grown at low temperatures ; mimicry- imitation of some species by others in color and shape.
Often organisms with different evolutionary origins are endowed with common structural features.
Convergence- convergence of signs (similarity in structure), which arose under the influence of relatively identical conditions of existence in different organisms. For example, the shape of the body and limbs of a shark and a dolphin.

Physiological adaptations

Physiological adaptations are manifested in a change in the vital processes of the body, for example, the ability to thermoregulate in endothermic (warm-blooded) animals that are able to receive heat due to biochemical reactions

Behavioral adaptations

Behavioral adaptations often associated with physiological, such as suspended animation, migration.

Many adaptations have developed in organisms under the influence of seasonal and diurnal rhythms, such as leaf fall, nocturnal and diurnal lifestyle.
The response of organisms to the length of daylight hours, which has developed in connection with seasonal changes, is called photoperiodism .
Under the influence of ecological rhythms, organisms have developed a kind of "biological clock" that provides orientation in time, preparation for expected changes.
For example, flowers bloom at a time when optimal humidity, light and other conditions for pollination are usually observed: poppy - from 5 to 14-15 hours; dandelion - from 5-6 to 14-15; calendula - from 9 to 16-18; wild rose - from 4-5 to 19-20

Ecology -

the science of the relationship of living organisms and their communities with each other and with the environment

The term " ecology"Proposed in 1866 by E. Haeckel.

Objects ecology may be populations of organisms, species, communities, ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole

Tasks of ecology

Studies the impact of the environment on plants and animals, populations, species and ecosystems

Studying the structure of the population and their number

The study of how living organisms interact with each other

Studies the impact of environmental factors on humans

Studies the productivity of ecosystems

Biotic - these are the types of influence on organisms from other animals.

Biotic factors

Direct

Indirect

Predator eats its prey

One organism changes the environment of another organism

Anthropogenic factors -

these are forms of human activity that have an impact on wildlife (every year these factors increase

The influence of environmental factors on the body

Environmental factors are constantly changing

Variability of factors

regular, periodic (seasonal temperature changes, low tides. high tides)

Irregular

(weather change, flooding, forest fires)

Numerous and diverse factors simultaneously influence the body.

Each species has its own endurance limits.

wide range endurance animals living in high latitudes have temperature fluctuations. Thus, Arctic foxes in the tundra can tolerate temperature fluctuations within 80 °C.

(from +30 to -45)

Lichens can withstand temperatures from

-70 to +60

Some species of oceanic fish are able to exist at temperatures from -2 to +2

THE ACTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR ON THE ORGANISM

Endurance range

organism

the value of the factor that is most favorable for the vital activity of growth and reproduction called the optimum zone

oppression

normal

vital activity

DEATH

Between the optimum zone and extreme points there are zones of oppression or stress zones, which makes life worse

The extreme value of the factor beyond which conditions become unsuitable for life and causes death is the limit of endurance

Liebig (Liebig), justus, famous German chemist, 1803-73, professor of chemistry from 1824 in Giessen, from 1852 in Munich

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environmental factors. environmental factors. General patterns of action on organisms.

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PLAN Environment and conditions for the existence of organisms. Classification of environmental factors. Influence on organisms of abiotic factors. Ecological plasticity of organisms. The combined action of factors. limiting factor.

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The habitat of an organism is a set of abiotic and biotic conditions of life, it is a part of nature that surrounds living organisms and has a direct or indirect effect on them.

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The environment of each organism is composed of many elements: inorganic and organic nature and elements introduced by man. At the same time, some elements are partially or completely indifferent to the body. needed by the body. have a negative impact.

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The living conditions are a set of elements of the environment necessary for the organism, with which it is in inseparable unity and without which it cannot exist.

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Environmental factors These are elements of the environment that are necessary for the body or adversely affect it. In nature, these factors do not act in isolation from each other, but in the form of a complex complex.

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The complex of environmental factors, without which the organism cannot exist, is the conditions for the existence of this organism. Different organisms perceive and react differently to the same factors.

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All adaptations of organisms to existence in various conditions have developed historically. As a result, groupings of plants and animals specific to each geographical area were formed.

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Classification of environmental factors. Abiotic - a complex of conditions of the inorganic environment (climatic, chemical, physical, edaphogenic, orographic). Biotic - a set of influences of the vital activity of some organisms on others (phytogenic, zoogenic, anthropogenic).

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Influence on organisms of abiotic factors. Abiotic factors can have direct and indirect effects. The effect of environmental factors depends not only on their nature, but also on the dose perceived by the body. All organisms have evolved adaptations.

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Environmental factors can act either in the form of a direct one, or in the form of an indirect one. Each environmental factor is characterized by certain quantitative indicators: strength and range of action.

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Optimum - the intensity of the environmental factor, the most favorable for the life of the organism. Pessimum - the intensity of the environmental factor, in which the vital activity of the organism is maximally depressed.

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The limit of tolerance is the entire interval of the influence of the environmental factor (from the minimum to the maximum impact), at which the growth and development of the organism is possible.

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Ecological plasticity (valency) The property of species to adapt to a particular range of environmental factors. The wider the range of fluctuations of the ecological factor within which a given species can exist, the greater its ecological plasticity.

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Eurybiont species (widely adapted) - able to withstand significant changes in the environment. Stenobiont species (narrowly adapted) are able to exist with small deviations of the factor from the optimal value.

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Ranges of adaptability of organisms to environmental conditions

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Subject ecology

Ecology is the science of the relationship of organisms with each other and with the environment (Greek oikos - dwelling; logos - science). The term was introduced in 1866 by the German zoologist E. Haeckel. Currently, ecology is a branched system of sciences: autecology studies the relationships in communities; population ecology studies the relationship of individuals of the same species in populations, the influence of the environment on populations, the relationship between populations; global ecology studies the biosphere and questions of its protection. Another approach in the division of ecology: ecology of microorganisms, ecology of fungi, ecology of plants, ecology of animals, ecology of man, space ecology.

slide 3

Tasks of ecology

To study the relationships of organisms; - to study the relationship between organisms and the environment; - to study the effect of the environment on the structure, life and behavior of organisms; - trace the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of species and the change of communities; - develop a system of measures for nature protection.

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The value of ecology

Helps to determine the place of man in nature; - gives knowledge of environmental patterns, which allows predicting the consequences of human economic activity, correctly and rationally using natural resources; - environmental knowledge is necessary for the development of agriculture, medicine, for the development of measures to protect the environment.

slide 5

Ecology methods

observation comparison experiment mathematical modeling forecasting

slide 6

Principles of ecological classification

Classification helps to identify possible ways of adaptation to the environment. Various criteria can be used as the basis for ecological classification: feeding methods, habitat, movement, attitude to temperature, humidity, pressure, light, etc.

Slide 7

Classification of organisms according to the nature of nutrition

1. Autotrophs: 2. Heterotrophs: A). Phototrophs a) saprophytes B). Chemotrophyb) holozoans: - saprophages - phytophages - zoophages - necrophages

Slide 8

Autotrophs are organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic substances. Phototrophs are autotrophic organisms that use the energy of sunlight to synthesize organic substances. Chemotrophs are autotrophic organisms that use chemical energy to synthesize organic substances; connections. Heterotrophs are organisms that feed on ready-made organic substances. Saprophytes are heterotrophs that use solutions of simple organic compounds. Holozoic are heterotrophs that have a complex of enzymes and can eat complex organic compounds, decomposing them into simple ones: Saprophages feed on dead plant debris; Phytophages are consumers of living plants; Zoophages eat living animals; Necrophages eat dead animals.

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History of ecology

A great influence on the development of ecology had: Aristotle (384-322 BC) - an ancient Greek scientist, described animals and their behavior, the confinement of organisms to habitats. K. Linney (1707-1778) - Swedish naturalist, emphasized the importance of climate in the life of organisms, studied the relationship of organisms. J.B. Lamarck (1744-1829) - French naturalist, author of the first evolutionary doctrine, believed that the influence of external circumstances is one of the most important causes of evolution. K. Rulye (1814-1858) - Russian scientist, believed that the structure and development of organisms depended on the environment, stressed the need to study evolution. C. Darwin (1809-1882) - English naturalist, founder of evolutionary doctrine. E. Haeckel (1834-1919) German biologist, introduced the term ecology in 1866. Ch. Elton (1900) - English scientist - the founder of population ecology. A. Tensley (1871-1955) English scientist, in 1935 introduced the concept of an ecosystem. VN Sukachev (1880-1967) Russian scientist, in 1942 introduced the concept of biogeocenoses. K.A. Timiryazev (1843-1920) - Russian scientist, devoted his life to the study of photosynthesis. V.V. Dokuchaev (1846-1903) - Russian soil scientist. VI Vernadsky (1863-1945) Russian scientist, founder of the doctrine of the biosphere as a global ecosystem.

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Habitat

Habitat is everything that surrounds an individual (population, community) and affects it. Environmental factors: abiotic - factors of inanimate nature; biotic - factors of wildlife; anthropogenic - associated with human activities. The following main habitats can be distinguished: water, land-air, soil, living organisms.

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Water environment

In the aquatic environment, factors such as salt regime, water density, flow velocity, oxygen saturation, and soil properties are of great importance. The inhabitants of water bodies are called hydrobionts, among them there are: neuston - organisms that live near the surface film of water; plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) - suspended, "floating" in the water to the body; nekton - well-swimming inhabitants of the water column; benthos - bottom organisms.

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soil environment

The inhabitants of the soil are called edaphobionts, or geobionts, for them the structure, chemical composition and soil moisture are of great importance.

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Ground-air environment

For the inhabitants of the ground-air environment, the following are especially important: temperature, humidity, oxygen content, and illumination.

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Each organism constantly exchanges substances with the environment and changes the environment itself. Many organisms live in multiple habitats. The ability of organisms to adapt to certain changes in the environment is called adaptation. But different organisms have different ability to withstand changes in living conditions (for example, fluctuations in temperature, light, etc.), i.e. have different tolerance - the range of stability. For example, there are: eurybionts - organisms with a wide range of tolerance, i.e. able to live under various environmental conditions (for example, carp); stenobionts are organisms with a narrow tolerance range that require strictly defined environmental conditions (for example, trout).

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The intensity of the factor, the most favorable for the life of the organism, is called optimal. Environmental factors that adversely affect the life activity, impede the existence of the species, are called limiting. The German chemist J. Liebig (1803-1873) formulated the law of the minimum: the successful functioning of a population or communities of living organisms depends on a set of conditions. A limiting, or limiting, factor is any state of the environment that approaches or goes beyond the stability limit for a given organism. The totality of all factors (conditions) and resources of the environment, within which a species can exist in nature, is called its ecological niche. It is very difficult, more often impossible, to characterize a completely ecological niche of an organism.

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Habitat adaptations

Adaptations can be morphological, physiological and behavioral.

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Morphological adaptations

Morphological adaptations are manifested in a change in the shape and structure of organisms. For example, the development of thick and long fur in mammals when raised at low temperatures; Mimicry is the imitation of one species by another in color and shape. Often organisms with different evolutionary origins are endowed with common structural features. Convergence - the convergence of features (similarity in structure), which arose under the influence of relatively identical conditions of existence in different organisms. For example, the shape of the body and limbs of a shark and a dolphin.

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Physiological adaptations

Physiological adaptations are manifested in a change in the vital processes of the body, for example, the ability to thermoregulate in endothermic (warm-blooded) animals, which are able to receive heat due to biochemical reactions

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Behavioral adaptations

Behavioral adaptations are often associated with physiological ones, such as suspended animation, migration.

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Many adaptations have developed in organisms under the influence of seasonal and diurnal rhythms, such as leaf fall, nocturnal and diurnal lifestyle. The response of organisms to the length of daylight hours, which has developed in connection with seasonal changes, is called photoperiodism. Under the influence of ecological rhythms, organisms have developed a kind of "biological clock" that provides orientation in time, preparation for expected changes. For example, flowers bloom at a time when optimal humidity, light and other conditions for pollination are usually observed: poppy - from 5 to 14-15 hours; dandelion - from 5-6 to 14-15; calendula - from 9 to 16-18; wild rose - from 4-5 to 19-20

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Description of the slide:

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Description of the slide:

Subject Ecology Ecology is the science of the relationship of organisms with each other and with the environment (Greek oikos - dwelling; logos - science). The term was introduced in 1866 by the German zoologist E. Haeckel. Currently, ecology is a branched system of sciences: autecology studies the relationships in communities; population ecology studies the relationship of individuals of the same species in populations, the influence of the environment on populations, the relationship between populations; global ecology studies the biosphere and questions of its protection. Another approach in the division of ecology: ecology of microorganisms, ecology of fungi, ecology of plants, ecology of animals, ecology of man, space ecology.

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Description of the slide:

The tasks of ecology are to study the relationships of organisms; - to study the relationship between organisms and the environment; - to study the effect of the environment on the structure, life and behavior of organisms; - trace the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of species and the change of communities; - develop a system of measures for nature protection.

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Description of the slide:

The value of ecology - helps to determine the place of man in nature; - gives knowledge of environmental patterns, which allows predicting the consequences of human economic activity, correctly and rationally using natural resources; - environmental knowledge is necessary for the development of agriculture, medicine, for the development of measures to protect the environment.

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Description of the slide:

Methods of ecology observation comparison experiment mathematical modeling forecasting

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Description of the slide:

Principles of ecological classification Classification helps to identify possible ways of adaptation to the environment. Various criteria can be used as the basis for ecological classification: feeding methods, habitat, movement, attitude to temperature, humidity, pressure, light, etc.

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Description of the slide:

Classification of organisms according to the nature of nutrition 1. Autotrophs: 2. Heterotrophs: A). Phototrophs a) saprophytes B). Chemotrophs b) holozoans: - saprophages - phytophages - zoophages - necrophages

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Description of the slide:

The history of ecology A great influence on the development of ecology was exerted by: Aristotle (384-322 BC) - an ancient Greek scientist, described animals and their behavior, the confinement of organisms to habitats. K. Linney (1707-1778) - Swedish naturalist, emphasized the importance of climate in the life of organisms, studied the relationship of organisms. J.B. Lamarck (1744-1829) - French naturalist, author of the first evolutionary doctrine, believed that the influence of external circumstances is one of the most important causes of evolution. K. Rulye (1814-1858) - Russian scientist, believed that the structure and development of organisms depended on the environment, stressed the need to study evolution. C. Darwin (1809-1882) - English naturalist, founder of evolutionary doctrine. E. Haeckel (1834-1919) German biologist, introduced the term ecology in 1866. Ch. Elton (1900) - English scientist - the founder of population ecology. A. Tensley (1871-1955) English scientist, in 1935 introduced the concept of an ecosystem. VN Sukachev (1880-1967) Russian scientist, in 1942 introduced the concept of biogeocenoses. K.A. Timiryazev (1843-1920) - Russian scientist, devoted his life to the study of photosynthesis. V.V. Dokuchaev (1846-1903) - Russian soil scientist. VI Vernadsky (1863-1945) Russian scientist, founder of the doctrine of the biosphere as a global ecosystem.

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Description of the slide:

Habitat Habitat is everything that surrounds and affects an individual. Environmental factors: abiotic - factors of inanimate nature; biotic - factors of wildlife; anthropogenic - associated with human activities. The following main habitats can be distinguished: water, land-air, soil, organism.

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Description of the slide:

Aquatic environment In the aquatic environment, factors such as salt regime, water density, flow velocity, oxygen saturation, and soil properties are of great importance. The inhabitants of water bodies are called hydrobionts, among them there are: neuston - organisms that live near the surface film of water; plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) - suspended, "floating" in the water to the body; nekton - well-swimming inhabitants of the water column; benthos - bottom organisms.

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Description of the slide:

Soil environment Inhabitants of soils are called edaphobionts, or geobionts, for them the structure, chemical composition and soil moisture are of great importance.

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Description of the slide:

Ground-air environment For the inhabitants of the ground-air environment, the following are especially important: temperature, humidity, oxygen content, illumination.

anthropogenic factors. Presentation "The impact of environmental factors on the human body" Environmental factors and their classification presentation

Subject ecology

Tasks of ecology

The value of ecology

Ecology methods

Principles of ecological classification

Classification of organisms according to the nature of nutrition

History of ecology

Habitat

Water environment

soil environment

Ground-air environment

Habitat adaptations

Morphological adaptations

Physiological adaptations

Behavioral adaptations

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