Fight against international terrorism essay. Terrorism as a social phenomenon. Terrorism is a global problem of our time

12.03.2020

International terrorism- a specific form of terrorism that originated in the late 1960s and developed significantly by the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. The main goals of international terrorism are the disorganization of state administration, causing economic and political damage, violation of the foundations of the social order, which, according to the terrorists, should prompt the government to change its policy. Modern international terrorism is, as a rule, Islamist.

The main features of international terrorism are globalization, professionalization and reliance on extremist ideology. The use of suicide bombers, the threat of using non-conventional (nuclear, chemical or bacteriological) weapons and a rational approach are also noted. One of the greatest modern researchers of terrorism, Brian Jenkins ( English) considers international terrorism a new type of conflict.

Resolution No. 1373 of the UN Security Council of September 28, 2001 notes "the close relationship between international terrorism and transnational organized crime, illegal drugs, money laundering, illegal arms trafficking and illegal transportation of nuclear, chemical, biological and other potentially lethal materials" . Experts also note the growth in the technical equipment of terrorists and their tacit support from some states.

To achieve their goals, terrorist organizations widely use the Internet, radio and television.

International terrorism poses a particular danger due to the fact that it threatens the international legal order and interstate relations. Any action of international terrorism affects the interests of several (at least two) states, and to suppress or prevent such actions, broad interstate cooperation is necessary.

42) The ideology of the "new right"

New Right- a term that is used to refer to a number of political movements and right-wing parties.

Often the designation "new right" refers to the totality of right-wing radical socio-philosophical movements that arose in a number of Western countries in the 1970s. as a reaction to the theories of neo-Marxists and the New Left. In particular

the political movement Nouvelle Droite, which arose in 1969 in France, declared its commitment to right-wing (“conservative”) values, the core of which was the Group for the Study of European Civilization (GRESE), whose notable members were Alain de Benoist and Dominique Wenner

One of the main themes of the geopolitics of the “new right” is the restoration of the balance of power in the world. Under the balance of power in geopolitics is meant a state of not static, but dynamic equilibrium, where continuous fluctuations in the impact of opposing centers of political dynamics on the strategic and geopolitical configuration of world politics are permissible.

Ideology of totalitarianism

Totalitarianism from the point of view of political science is a form of relationship between society and power, in which political power takes society under complete (total) control, completely controlling all aspects of human life. The manifestations of the opposition in any form are cruelly and mercilessly suppressed or suppressed by the state. Another important feature of totalitarianism is the creation of the illusion of full approval by the people of the actions of this government.

Historically, the concept of "totalitarian state" (ital. stato totalitario) appeared in the early 1920s to characterize the regime of Benito Mussolini. The totalitarian state was characterized by powers of power not limited by law, the elimination of constitutional rights and freedoms, repressions against dissidents, and the militarization of public life. The jurists of Italian Fascism and German Nazism have used the term in a positive way, while their critics have used it in a negative way. The West uses the common features of Stalinism and fascism to unite them under one banner of totalitarianism. This model is widely used in anti-communist propaganda.

1. The presence of one comprehensive ideology on which the political system of society is built.

2. The presence of a single party, usually led by a dictator, which merges with the state apparatus and the secret police.

3. The extremely high role of the state apparatus, the penetration of the state into almost all spheres of society.

4. Lack of pluralism in the media.

5. Rigid ideological censorship of all legal channels of information, as well as programs of secondary and higher education. Criminal punishment for the dissemination of independent information.

6. The big role of state propaganda, the manipulation of the mass consciousness of the population.

7. Rejection of traditions, including traditional morality, and complete subordination of the choice of means to the goals set (to build a "new society").

8. Massive repressions and terror by law enforcement agencies.

9. Destruction of individual civil rights and freedoms.

10. Centralized planning of the economy.

11. Almost total control of the ruling party over the armed forces and the distribution of weapons among the population.

12. Commitment to expansionism.

13. Administrative control over the administration of justice.

14. The desire to erase all boundaries between the state, civil society and the individual

44) Varieties of totalitarianism: similarities and differences

Depending on the dominant ideology, totalitarianism is usually divided into communism, fascism and national socialism.

Communism (socialism), to a greater extent than other varieties of totalitarianism, expresses the main features of this system, since it implies the absolute power of the state, the complete elimination of private property and, consequently, any autonomy of the individual. Despite the predominantly totalitarian forms of political organization, humane political goals are also inherent in the socialist system. So, for example, in the USSR, the level of education of the people sharply increased, the achievements of science and culture became available to them, the social security of the population was ensured, the economy, space and military industries developed, etc., the level of crime sharply decreased, moreover, over the course of For decades, the system has hardly resorted to mass repression.

Fascism is a right-wing extremist political movement that arose in the context of revolutionary processes that swept the countries of Western Europe after the First World War and the victory of the revolution in Russia. It was first installed in Italy in 1922. Italian fascism gravitated toward the revival of the greatness of the Roman Empire, the establishment of order, and firm state power. Fascism claims to restore or purify the "people's soul", to ensure a collective identity on cultural or ethnic grounds. By the end of the 1930s, fascist regimes had established themselves in Italy, Germany, Portugal, Spain, and a number of countries in Eastern and Central Europe. With all its national characteristics, fascism was the same everywhere: it expressed the interests of the most reactionary circles of capitalist society, which provided financial and political support to fascist movements, seeking to use them to suppress the revolutionary uprisings of the working masses, preserve the existing system and realize their imperial ambitions in the international arena.

Third kind of totalitarianism- National Socialism. As a real political and social system, it arose in Germany in 1933. Goal: world domination of the Aryan race and social preference - the German nation. If in communist systems aggressiveness is directed primarily inward - against its own citizens (class enemy), then in National Socialism it is directed outward, against other peoples.

There is a very popular and rather stable opinion, according to which the Soviet communist empire in the East and the Nazi Third Reich in the West are rooted in the national historical traditions of Russia and Germany, and in essence represent the continuation of the history of these countries in new conditions. This opinion is only partly true, since in a number of key aspects they were built on a break in historical continuity, and in some ways even the rejection of some key elements of the national historical tradition.

45. Fascism and neo-fascism as a political ideology

Appeared at the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. as a result of imperialist contradictions. Manifested in the movement of anti-globalists and the "new right" was formed between the First and Second World Wars against the backdrop of a deep economic crisis and political instability. Fascism relies on a mass totalitarian political party (when it comes to power, it becomes a state-monopoly organization) and the unquestioned authority of the "leader", "fuhrer". The Führer is both the spokesman and personification of the racial, national and folk spirit. The power of the state comes from him, he gives certain powers to lower leaders.

Ideology of fascism identifies society with the nation, and the nation with the state. The interests of the state are immeasurably higher than the interests of individuals, groups and organizations. The strength of the fascist state depends on the spiritual unity of the masses, which must be protected by all means. Apart from the fascist party, the only bearer of power and the fate of the state, no other parties have the right to exist with their inter-party struggle. Any democratic movements and organizations, as well as the manifestation of free-thinking, were strictly prohibited under fascism. In order to fight dissent, advanced police forces, special paramilitary organizations, a total system of surveillance and control, concentration camps were used in the fascist states, in which many tens of thousands of democrats, cultural figures and opponents of fascism, millions of Jews, Slavs and simply representatives of the "non-Aryan" were destroyed. » population.

Ideology of feminism

Feminism(from lat. femina, "woman") - a socio-political movement, the purpose of which is to provide all women who are discriminated against on the basis of sex, race, orientation, age, ethnicity, social status, and the fullness of social rights. In a broad sense - the desire for equality between women and men in all spheres of society. In a narrow sense - a women's movement, the purpose of which is to eliminate discrimination against women.

Feminism as a movement emerged in the 18th century; during the first wave of feminism from the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, the struggle was for gender equality. Subsequently, during the second wave, the focus of the struggle shifted to achieving de facto equality between women and men. Feminism became especially active in the late 1960s. Within the framework of feminism, there are ideas of an extremist orientation.

The emergence of feminism as a theory was prepared by the following intellectual trends in the West: liberal philosophy and the theory of human rights (Locke, Rousseau, Mill and others); socialist theory, consideration of sexuality and human sexual behavior in a social and political context (Sigmund Freud, Wilhelm Reich, Margaret Mead, philosophers of the Frankfurt School: Herbert Marcuse and Theodor Adorno). In addition, feminist thought was greatly influenced by the ideologies of the youth protest of the new left, the struggle of blacks for civil rights, counterculture utopias, and the ideas of the sexual revolution. Feminist literature originated in the United States, and later in Great Britain and France. Initially, it was journalistic and political. But soon "women's" issues become the subject of academic research in a number of areas of knowledge: anthropology, ethnology, sociology, psychology, philosophy, political science, etc.

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The relevance of the topic is that in the aggravated international conditions, Russia continues its energetic and proactive, leadership participation in international anti-terrorist cooperation, primarily at the UN, a number of other authoritative multilateral organizations, as well as in a bilateral format. The purpose of this work is to reveal terrorism as a global problem of our time, based on the goal set, the following tasks were defined: - To analyze Russia's role in the fight against international terrorism at the present stage.

International terrorism poses a threat to the security of individual states, as well as to the entire world community as a whole. Terrorism is aimed at undermining ordinary life, has a one-sided purposefulness, this is its main feature.

In our work devoted to the consideration of modern terrorism as a social phenomenon, we set the following goals: To study the possibilities of the theory of deviant behavior for the analysis of terrorism as a social phenomenon. Consider the history of the study of terrorism as a social phenomenon;

The growth in the spread of terrorist ideology in different countries is one of the important problems of the modern world. In this situation, such factors of the development of the modern world as globalization only increase the urgency of this problem and sharpen the issues related to national security and the need to ensure peace and tranquility for the citizens of Europe and America. Its main distinguishing feature is the blurring of the boundaries between international and domestic terrorism.

The global problems of mankind are connected not only with the pollution of nature, but also with the change of mankind as a structure of the human community. The purpose of this work is to study environmental safety as a global problem of our time, as well as the formation of an environmental outlook among the younger generation.

Hunger as a global problem of our time

Terrorism as a socio-political phenomenon

But as scientists rightly point out, the determining factor is the criminal law position, which a priori determines the concept of terrorism and responsibility for it. From here originate criminological studies of terrorism, criminal procedural, forensic and the like.

Theoretical aspects of global problems of our time. The economic content of the global problems of our time. Humanism as a valuable basis for solving global problems of our time.

In addition, security issues include other problems - epidemics, HIV infection, criminogenic situations and crime, drug trafficking, prostitution, vandalism and other forms of violence, piracy, military complications and coups, terrorism, as well as consideration of all possible risks associated with tourists. , local residents, travel agencies and the tourism industry as a whole.

In the course of development, complex problems began to arise before mankind, which gradually acquired a planetary character and already affected the interests of not only individual states, but also all countries and peoples. By the 60s of the XX century, these problems became widely known, mankind realized

Terrorist acts have led to the need to create an international system to combat it. Terrorism as a global problem needs constant attention and research and therefore represents a wide field for research with their further practical application. - consider the concept and essence of terrorism as a type of political behavior;

List of information sources

1. Galkina E.V. Countering political extremism and terrorism: a new look / E.V. Galkina //Theory and practice of social development. - 2014. - No. 1. - S. 341−344.

2. Political Science: Textbook / Ed. A. S. Turgaeva, A. E. Khrenova. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2014. - 560 p.

bibliography

Terrorism is a method used by some organized groups or political parties to achieve their goals. Terrorism is based on violence. A distinctive feature of terrorism is the use of violence against not the enemy, but peaceful people who are often unaware of the political confrontation. Terrorist acts, in particular, include hostage-taking, hijacking, organizing street explosions, and so on. The goal of terrorism is to hurt as many people as possible. For some reason, supporters of terrorism believe that this draws attention to their demands. In the 70s of the last century, the term "international terrorism" appeared. The United Nations defines international terrorism as: "the commission, organization, facilitating, financing or encouragement by agents or representatives of one state of acts against another state, or the connivance on their part of the commission of such acts, which are directed against persons or property and which, by their nature, are intended to cause fear from statesmen, groups of persons or the population as a whole".
Terror in our time has become one of the most painful problems, both local and global.
Now it has become clear to everyone that terrorism exists not only in the North Caucasus, Indonesia, the Philippines and the Middle East. This phenomenon has spread all over the world, and now, even in the most developed countries, you cannot be sure that you will not be affected. Terror has begun to affect the world economy and there is a serious question about the fight against this phenomenon.
In the modern world of high technologies and universal integration, it is impossible to fight terrorism by each country separately. We need a coalition of all countries interested in the destruction of this phenomenon. The blow must be delivered pointwise and immediately on all areas of terrorist activity, and this blow must consist not only of military measures, but also of economic and political ones. The question is not only to destroy the military units of the bandits, but also to cut off the financial support of these people, and it is also necessary to create conditions under which new terrorists will not appear, i.e. I want to say that this evil must be completely eradicated : both roots and shoots. The explanation for such radical measures is as follows: if you stop the activities of military units, but leave the financial sources of bandits, new people will appear who are ready to die because they pay for it. It is imperative to create new jobs in areas where terrorist cells are concentrated and in recruitment areas for mercenaries fighting in other states. If this is done, then such a number of personnel will not appear in extremist organizations, although there are fanatics who are fighting for no one knows what.
An important part of the struggle is the information war, the victory in which can bring a significant part of the success in the entire operation, and the defeat can nullify the successes in other areas.
For a successful struggle, a blow to crime is also necessary, because terrorists receive income from the sale of narcotic drugs and weapons.
For a successful fight against terrorism, it is necessary to destroy not only extremist organizations, but also crime, that is, to wage war against all world evil as a whole.

Artamonov Nikita

In our daily life, watching television programs or reading a newspaper, we often come across such words as "terrorism" or "extremism". Now let's think a little. How often does each of us think about the problem of the spread of terror? Why is there an increase in violence in modern Russia? How closely is terrorism related to extremism?

At the risk of assuming that few people think of these two troubles as a threat to Russia's national security, the author, a student of grade 11 "A" of the MOU gymnasium No. 6 ARTAMONOV NIKITA, will understand this problem in more detail.

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Extremism and terrorism as a threat

national security of Russia

Closer we rally ranks together

Let's say NO to terrorism!

Let a hundred years or even two hundred

Russia will live without troubles.

"Prayer" Armen Ghazaryan

I would venture to suggest that few people think of these two troubles as a threat to Russia's national security. Now let's try to understand this problem in more detail.

In the constitutional law of Russia, terrorism is defined as the ideology of violence and the practice of influencing public consciousness, decision-making by state authorities, local governments. In other words, synonyms for the word terrorism are "violence", "intimidation", "intimidation".

Now let's look at the concept of "extremism". The dictionary gives the following interpretation: "Extremism is a commitment to extreme views, measures." Among such measures are the preparation and conduct of terrorist actions.

It is not difficult to guess that these two inhumane social phenomena are very closely connected. In practice, this manifests itself as follows: any extremely nationalistic, political or religious discontent develops into terrorist sentiment, then a series of threats follows, and terrorist attacks begin that take people's lives.

When discussing specific manifestations of terror and terrorism, researchers and journalists talk about

Explosions of state, industrial, transport, military facilities, editorial offices of newspapers and magazines, various offices, residential buildings, stations, shops, theaters, restaurants, etc.;

Individual terror or political assassinations of officials, public figures, bankers, law enforcement officers;

Political kidnappings aimed at achieving certain political conditions, release of accomplices from prison, etc.;

Capture of institutions, buildings, banks, embassies, aircraft, etc., accompanied by hostage-taking;

Taking hostages for ransom;

Non-fatal wounds, beatings, bullying, pursuing the goal of psychological pressure on the victim and at the same time being a form of the so-called "propaganda by action";

Biological terrorism (for example, sending letters with anthrax spores);

The use of toxic substances and radioactive isotopes;

Cyberterrorism aimed at disrupting the life support systems of various institutions;

Damage to industrial facilities, technological structures, waste storage facilities in order to provoke environmental disasters.

Who or what is terrorism directed against?

Answering the question posed, it must be emphasized that terrorism, like any other activity, is motivated. Terrorism, according to the French sociologist M. Crozier, is motivated violence with political goals. This means that the desire for violence, intimidation, terror is not something unreasonable or rooted in defects in the biological nature of man. This phenomenon is primarily social, having roots in the conditions of people's social existence. Problems and conflicts of different levels, directions and scales: individualistic, religious, ideological, economic, political are potential cradles for cultivating terrorist activities.

The list of countries with the largest number of deaths in terrorist attacks of the last decade includes the United States, Russia, India, Israel, Colombia, Iraq, Algeria, Pakistan, Uganda, Sri Lanka.

For example, on the eve of the 2008 Summer Olympics in China, Tibetans attacked ethnic Chinese (Han Chinese). They posted scenes of brutal beatings of peaceful men and women on the Internet and at the same time did not hide the fact that they were cleaning “their” territories from an alien ethnic element, i.e. covered their real goals (as a rule, quick enrichment) with nationalist ideas.

Now let's deal with terrorism in Russia and its features.

Russia in the 21st century is one of the countries most "affected" by terrorism: in 1997, 1,290 crimes of a terrorist nature were committed in the Russian Federation, and in 2005, 1,728. The number of such criminally punishable acts of a terrorist profile as the organization of an illegal armed formation has also sharply increased: in 1997, one such crime was registered, and in 2005 - 356!

“The growth of attempts to create illegal armed formations has created a terroristic situation in Russia, when the extremist-terrorist underground plans, prepares and implements almost all terrorist acts on the territories of the constituent entities of the Federation,” write the researchers of this issue.

The origins of terrorism are rooted, firstly, in a long history (for example, the activities of the Narodnaya Volya organization began more than 150 years ago), and secondly, in the heterogeneity of public opinion (our country is characterized by a different assessment of terrorist activities by different layers society, i.e., there is a large number of people who sympathize with the terrorist methods of fighting for their demands, who consider some terrorists “good, right, right”), and thirdly, the activities of Russian terrorists are of a “mixed” nature: they are individual and organized, purely criminal and with an admixture of politics, chauvinistic and religious ...

As I mentioned a little earlier, the main causes of terrorism can be divided into political, socio-economic, economic, religious and spiritual. Naturally, political, socio-economic and economic prerequisites for terrorism prevail in our country. And now I will try to explain why.

Among the political causes of terrorism, the main one is political instability. According to statistics, it is during the period of political instability that the number of terrorist acts increases sharply. So, an example is the collapse of the USSR and the formation of Russia in 1991. For more than a decade, the country has been politically weakened. This led to numerous terrorist explosions of residential buildings, "Nord - Ost" - the seizure of a theater in Moscow (by the way, these days, close and relatives of the victims and victims recall the events of 10 years ago, but by no means forgotten tragedy at Dubrovka), to two Chechen companies where the political discontent of the terrorists was clearly expressed.

If we consider the socio-economic reasons, then the main one can be considered a low standard of living in the country. Russia has not got rid of such a problem as unemployment. Terrorism makes it possible for a person to earn money, and a lot of money. That is why, despite the “daring” countermeasures of our law enforcement agencies (October 16, 2012, Russian President Vladimir Putin at a meeting on countering terrorism put it this way: “Our services have begun to operate much more efficiently. At the same time, any miscalculation costs us very dearly, therefore we need to work without pauses, resolutely, proactively, boldly”), the bandit groups are replenished with fresh militants.

With regard to economic reasons, it should be noted that terrorism today is a business that can bring its organizers a considerable income, comparable to the income from the oil business. Obvious examples of economic terror are the arms trade, drug trafficking through the territory of Russia, drug trafficking, hostage trade, which allows you to make huge profits.

Now we are beginning to understand at least a little that extremism and terrorism are two huge threats to Russia's national security. And it is worth talking about the prevention of extremist and terrorist activities.

In Russia, as in all countries,whose leadership recognizes the need for measures to fight for the safety of the lives of their citizens (that is, where the value of human life is high enough, and the death of civilians can cause significant public outcry and affect the policy of the authorities),Threats are dealt with by force. Officially, only the FSB of the Russian Federation is engaged in anti-terrorist activities, but the formation of public opinion is highly important, the media play a huge role in this (I counted more than 10 official sites on the Internet that promote countering terrorism, which is especially impressivehttp://www.terrorunet.ru). And, of course, one cannot fail to mention the most important thing: the legal basis for the fight against terrorism. On October 5, 2009, the President of the Russian Federation D. Medvedev approved the Concept that defines the main principles of state policy in the field of countering terrorism in the Russian Federation, the goal, objectives and directions for the further development of the nationwide system of countering terrorism in the Russian Federation. Citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons bear criminal, administrative and civil liability for carrying out extremist and political activities. There are no "good" or "bad" terrorists! Killers and extortionists must be held accountable for

more than 200 deaths(1995, June 14-20 - Basayev's gang raid on Budyonnovsk, mass hostage-taking in the hospital building);

4 deaths, 16 injured(1996, June 11, on the stretch between the Tulskaya and Nagatinskaya stations, an improvised explosive device with a capacity of 400-500 g of TNT went off in a train car.);

residential building explosions in Moscow in 1999

8 deaths, 60 injured(2000, August 8 in the center of Moscow, in the underpass near Pushkinskaya Square, an explosion occurred);

occupation of the theater in Moscow(2002, Nord-Ost - a gang of terrorists was destroyed by special forces, there are victims among the hostages);

39 dead, 120 injured (, On February 6, there was a powerful explosion in a train car between the Avtozavodskaya and Paveletskaya metro stations. Chechen separatists were accused of organizing the explosion);

87 dead, including Volgograd residents(2004, August 24 - the explosion of two Russian passenger planes by Chechen suicide bombers)4

death of hundreds of children, teachers, parents(2004 - a terrorist act in Beslan - the seizure of a school).

Here is a far from complete mournful chronicle of events ...

And today, the day when I am writing this essay, according to Lenta.Ru, is replete with events that testify that terrorism exists. And he is an evil directed against humanity. Who is next?

Crozier M. Main tendencies of modern complex societies// Sociology. Reader. Comp. SOUTH. Volkov, I.V. Bridge. - M.: Gardariki, 2003. - S. 124-129.

According to Syromyatnikov I.V. In the book. Terrorism is evil: a textbook for senior students of educational institutions / Ed. A.G. Karayani. - M.: SGA, 2008.-p.16.

Kalinin B.Yu., Khrykov V.P. Terrorism in Russia in the late XX - early XXI century: political and legal analysis // Legislation and Economics. - 2007. - No. 11. – C.48-55.

Terrorism, in all its forms and manifestations, in its scale and intensity, in its inhumanity and cruelty, has now become one of the most acute and topical problems of global significance. Manifestations of terrorism entail massive human casualties, destroy spiritual, material, cultural values that cannot be recreated for centuries. It generates hatred and distrust between social and national groups. Terrorist acts have led to the need to create an international system to combat it. For many people, groups and organizations, terrorism has become a way to solve problems: political, religious, national. Terrorism refers to those types of criminal violence that can target innocent people who have nothing to do with the conflict. Terrorism as a global problem requires constant attention and study, and therefore represents a wide field for research with their subsequent practical application.

The relevance of the chosen topic is dictated by our reality. The scale and cruelty of the manifestations of modern terrorism, the need for a continuous fight against it, only confirms the relevance of the work.

Already by the end of the twentieth century. international crime has become global. International criminal organizations have strengthened their positions both due to increased migration flows, greater openness of state borders, the development of information technologies that facilitate the coordination of criminal organizations and complicate control by the authorities, and due to the unresolved problem of poverty, uncoordinated legislation of various countries, weakness and corruption of individual governments.

The resolution of the World Conference on Organized Transnational Crime, held in Naples in 1994, identifies ten major threats posed by international crime: state sovereignty, society, individuals, national stability and state control, democratic values and public institutions, the national economy, financial institutions, democratization and privatization, development, global regimes and codes of conduct.

In the XXI century. Of particular relevance is such a variety of international crime as global terrorism. This problem was publicly discussed after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States.

Among the many reasons that give rise to global terrorism, one should mention the formation of a “unipolar” world in the last decade of the 20th century, where the United States began to be perceived as the dominant power and, accordingly, they were made responsible for the uneven economic development of other countries. Globalization, which brings with it Western values, also contributes to the growth of nationalist sentiment, causing rejection among supporters of traditional views. The phenomenon of world terrorism today is also associated with the phenomenon of "asymmetric wars", where, on the one hand, there is a continuation of the policy of globalization by military means, on the other hand, resistance in the form of terrorist acts that lead to the death of civilians. The modern world is oversaturated with various types of weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical, biological), so the possibility of such weapons falling into the hands of terrorists is a threat on a global scale.

Chapter 1. Global problems of our time

1.1. The essence of global problems The origin of the concept

The concept of "global problems of our time" has become widespread since the late 60s - early 70s, having since taken a prominent place in the scientific and political lexicon and firmly entrenched in the mass consciousness. Often it is also used as a fashionable term applied to events and phenomena that do not belong to the category of global ones. This happens if they identify “own” and “global” (for example, referring to the social problems of a particular country, they call them global).

In philosophy, this problem is solved by highlighting the appropriate criteria by which one or another problem is defined as global and thus separated from many others that are not.

Etymologically, the term "global" comes from lat. globus - the globe. Hence the problems that affect the interests of both humanity as a whole and each individual person in various parts of the planet, i.e. those that are universal in nature are usually called global. They have a significant impact on the development of individual countries and regions, being a powerful objective factor in world economic and social development. Their solution involves the unification of the efforts of the absolute majority of states and organizations at the international level, while their unresolved threatens with catastrophic consequences for the future of all mankind.

Problems at various levels

Since global problems affect not only the world as a whole, but also manifest themselves at the level of its regions, and even individual countries, in the scientific literature, along with the recognition of their universal significance, they are also distinguished from the problems of private, local, regional, the essence of which is different. , and the sphere of influence is much narrower. Considering the problems of various levels as a concrete expression of the philosophical categories "general", "special" and "single", they are usually interpreted in such a way that particular problems act as individual, local and regional as special, and global as universal. This approach also sets the main criterion that underlies the selection of these problems. It is called geographical, as it expresses the spatial scale, or, in other words, the territory on which certain problems take place.

Hence, private problems are those that relate to a specific area of state activity, individual settlements or small natural objects.

These are, as a rule, various problems that arise as a result of various accidents, breakdowns, local social conflicts, etc.

The concept of "local" refers to problems of a higher order when it comes to individual countries, or large areas of the largest of them. As a rule, we are talking about strong earthquakes, major floods, or, for example, a civil war in a small state.

Regional problems already affect the range of topical issues that arise within the framework of individual continents, large socio-economic regions of the world, or in fairly large states. Examples of this kind can serve as the Chernobyl tragedy with all its consequences or climate change in fairly large areas, covering a number of states. The “catastrophe of the century” was, for example, the drought of 1968 in the Sahel zone, which engulfed 18 states of the African continent, when more than 250 thousand people died of starvation, about 18 million heads of livestock, epidemics of dangerous diseases arose, and the territory of this vast region practically everything turned into a desert.

In socio-political and scientific terminology, the concept of "national problems" is often used, which reflects certain difficulties, concerns of a particular state or national community. Depending on the scale, they can be interpreted as problems of the regional or local level.

And finally, global problems cover the entire globe; and not only that part of it where people directly live, but also the rest of its surface, bowels, atmosphere and even outer space that fall into the sphere of human activity.

Thus, when it comes to global problems, the planet as a whole is meant, and the region is taken as the largest unit of its division. Moreover, the number of regions and their scale are determined by the nature of the problems under consideration. For example, when studying the problem of economic backwardness on a global scale, they usually limit themselves to dividing the entire planet into two regions - developed and developing countries. When considering demographic, energy or raw materials problems, the number of regions, as a rule, increases and each time is determined by the specific objectives of the study.

It is important to note that any problem can only be considered global if it is relevant in relation to any region of the planet, i.e. appears in each of them. Otherwise, we will talk about the problems of one or several regions (or on an even smaller scale).

It follows from this that all global problems are at the same time of regional significance, but not all problems found at the regional level are global. Obviously, the number of the latter will be somewhat less. As for other levels, global problems may not have a direct local or particular manifestation, or they may affect them to an insignificant degree. For example, in Antarctica or other parts of the planet, remote at a sufficiently large distance from the main centers and sources of environmental pollution, the state of the air or water basins can be satisfactory, and the anthropogenic impact on the natural environment is practically not felt. However, this does not call into question the planetary nature of the environmental problem, the severity of which depends on the uneven anthropogenic impact on the natural environment. In turn, not all local, let alone particular problems are related to global ones, because their number is incommensurably greater.

The above reasoning makes it possible not only in scientific but also in practical terms to distinguish between global and regional problems, since all global problems relate to a single system that does not change in scale - to the planet as a whole. Hence, their number for a given system at a certain historical stage is quite definite. At the same time, the number of problems at other levels cannot be rigorously taken into account, because the boundaries of both regions and different districts are accepted conditionally, depending on the goals and objectives of the study.

Criteria of globality

For a more rigorous definition of the actual global problems in science and philosophy, in addition to the already named "geographical" criterion, additional criteria are introduced that characterize them from the other side - from the side of their quality, the essential features that they and only they possess. Among these features, the first thing that stands out is that global problems inherently affect the interests of not only individuals, but also the fate of all mankind.

Secondly, to overcome them, purposeful, coordinated actions and the combined efforts of at least the majority of the world's population are required.

Thirdly, these problems are an objective factor in world development and cannot be ignored by anyone.

Fourthly, the unresolved global problems can lead in the future to serious, possibly irreparable consequences for all of humanity and its environment.

In addition to the above criteria, a number of features of global problems are often pointed out. Unlike regional, and even more so local and private, they are more inert, have less mobility. They gradually and for a long time are formed before they begin to meet all the criteria of globality listed above, and as they are solved, they can (theoretically) lose their relevance on a global scale, moving to a lower level. But the matter is so difficult that the short history of their existence does not yet know such examples.

Another fundamental feature of global problems is that they are all in such a complex interdependence that the solution of one of them requires at least taking into account the influence of other problems on it.

1.2. The role of philosophy in solving global problems

Relationship between science and philosophy

In solving difficult and complex problems, science has always come to the aid of man. Much of what once seemed insurmountable, beyond the limits of human capabilities, was eventually overcome with her help. It is natural, therefore, that even the first mentions and warnings about the danger from global problems made people turn their eyes to science, and scientists to think about ways to solve these problems.

The unusual and novelty of the current situation lies in the fact that if any specific problems can be studied both by a separate science and by several, acting in a complex, then global problems as a whole, which are a complex system that embraces man, society and nature in their numerous relationships and interdependencies beyond the power of individual sciences. The scope of specific disciplines is too narrow to see one or another particular problem - the object of their study in the context of other global problems. Therefore, regardless of what specific tasks this or that discipline solves, a necessary condition is always a philosophical view of the processes and phenomena that accompany them, i.e. on the whole situation as a whole, including the results obtained in the end.

Any private sciences at a certain stage, one way or another, need a philosophical understanding of the subject of their research. Without such a broad, holistic view of its subject matter and the problems facing humanity, which would also reflect all the latest achievements in other fields of knowledge, neither fundamental discoveries nor the development of science itself in general are possible.

Thus, on the one hand, we are talking about the philosophical solution of issues, and on the other hand, that philosophy stimulates the interaction of a wide range of sciences, in the process of which their interdisciplinary association occupies an important place.

Philosophy plays a significant role in solving global problems, although there is an opinion that it (philosophy) studies too general issues, rather abstracted from the daily life and practice of people. However, this is not an entirely correct, or rather, superficial judgment about philosophy, because it is well known that generalizing theories, if considered in a broader perspective, often turn out to be much more practical than many specific areas of knowledge. Of course, one cannot say that philosophy necessarily and directly influences the adoption of political and other decisions, although this point should not be excluded at all. But still, its main function is to form a worldview and thus have an indirect influence on the process of developing practical solutions. Its task is not to directly consider the natural scientific or technical aspects of global problems, but to provide an ideological, methodological, cultural, ethical basis for relevant decisions from other sciences.

Based on the achievements of specific disciplines in a given area, philosophical research is abstracted from particulars and considers global problems only to the extent that they condition each other. In other words, the philosophical approach involves the consideration of global problems in their unity, integrity and interconnection from the point of view of their social significance and social conditioning. Such a study presupposes, first of all, the identification of the essence of global problems, since the establishment of their true nature and genesis largely determines the ways of their further scientific and practical solution.

Features of the philosophical approach

Highlighting the specifics of the philosophical understanding of global problems, we note the most important features inherent only in this form of cognition, arising from the main functions of philosophy.

First, philosophy, shaping the worldview, sets certain values that largely determine the direction of human activity. Thus, its ideological and axiological functions are realized.

Secondly, the lack of a holistic view of complex systems studied by various sciences is a serious obstacle to the interaction of various disciplines. In this regard, the methodological function of philosophy, generalizing theories that arise in its depths, turn out to be fundamentally necessary, because they contribute to the integration of scientific knowledge.

Thirdly, philosophy makes it possible to explain social phenomena and processes in a historical context, it formulates the most general laws of the development of society and nature, and therefore, in the study of global problems, aims at understanding them as a natural phenomenon organically connected with social progress. The emergence of global problems, therefore, is seen not as an accident or a manifestation of a blind fate dooming humanity to death in advance, but as the result of an objective process of the contradictory development of human history.

Fourth, from a philosophical standpoint, it seems possible to see the general trend in the development of global problems, the dynamics of their interaction and the interdependence in which they are located.

Fifthly, philosophy performs a culturological function in that it makes it possible to develop a culture of theoretical thinking. The study of the history of the philosophy of various peoples also makes it possible to get acquainted with their culture, in isolation from which none of the problems facing these people can be solved.

Sixth, the result of a holistic vision of the natural history process and a dialectical approach to its interpretation is the possibility of a clearer orientation in the rapidly growing flow of scientific information on global problems.

Seventh, philosophy raises questions about the meaning of human life, death and immortality, which in the face of the threat from global problems acquires special significance and relevance.

And, finally, another important methodological function of philosophy is the development of a number of categories: "nature", "society", "civilization", "social progress", "scientific and technological revolution", etc. problems of mankind and playing an important role in comprehending and understanding the objective trends of world development.

Having specified the actual philosophical approach to the study of global problems of our time, let us now consider the problems themselves from these positions.

Conclusion: Now, in the 21st century, mankind has come close to the most acute global problems that threaten the very existence of civilization and even life itself on our planet. The term “global” itself originates from the Latin word “globe”, that is, the Earth, the globe, and since the end of the 60s of the XX century it has become widespread to refer to the most important and urgent planetary problems of the modern era affecting humanity as a whole. . This is a set of such acute vital problems, on the solution of which the further social progress of mankind depends, and which, in turn, can be resolved only thanks to this progress.

Philosophy plays a significant role in solving global problems and the philosophical approach involves considering global problems in their unity, integrity and interconnection from the point of view of their social significance and social conditioning. Such a study aims, first of all, to reveal the essence of global problems, since the establishment of their true nature and genesis largely determines the ways of their further scientific and practical solution.

Chapter 2. Terrorism and the fight against it.

2.1. Terrorism is a global problem of our time

This transformation is due to the following reasons:

First, terrorism, unfortunately, is becoming more and more widespread on a planetary scale. It manifests itself both in the regions of traditional international conflicts (for example, the Middle East, South Asia), and the most developed and prosperous states (in particular, the United States and Western Europe) were not immune from this dangerous phenomenon.

Secondly, terrorism is a serious threat to the security of individual states and the entire world community as a whole. Every year, hundreds of acts of terrorism are committed in the world, and the mournful account of their victims is thousands of killed and maimed people;

Thirdly, the efforts of one great power or even a group of highly developed states are not enough to fight terrorism. Overcoming terrorism as a growing global problem requires the collective efforts of the majority of states and peoples on our planet, of the entire world community.

Fourthly, the connection of the modern phenomenon of terrorism with other topical global problems of our time is becoming more and more obvious and evident. At present, the problem of terrorism should be considered as an important element of the whole complex of universal, global problems.

Let's consider in more detail the most important of them.

First of all, one should pay attention to the fact that the problem of terrorism is connected with the main spheres of life of the world community and the societies of individual countries: politics, national relations, religion, ecology, criminal communities, etc. This connection is reflected in the existence of various types of terrorism, which include: political, nationalist, religious, criminal and environmental terrorism.

Members of groups carrying out political terror set themselves the task of achieving political, social or economic changes within a particular state, as well as undermining interstate relations, international legal order. Nationalist (or as it is also called national, ethnic or separatist) terrorism pursues the goal of resolving the national issue, which has recently become more and more separatist aspirations in various multi-ethnic states.

The religious type of terrorism is due to the attempts of armed groups professing a particular religion to fight against a state dominated by a different religion or other religious trend. Criminal terrorism is formed on the basis of some kind of criminal business (drug business, arms trafficking, smuggling, etc.) with the aim of creating chaos and tension in the conditions of which it is most likely to receive super profits. Ecological terrorism is carried out by groups that, using violent methods, generally oppose scientific and technological progress, environmental pollution, the killing of animals and the construction of nuclear facilities.

Another distinctive feature of the global problem of terrorism is the significant influence of international criminal communities, certain political forces and some states on it. This influence undoubtedly leads to an aggravation of the problem under consideration.

In the modern world, there are manifestations of state terrorism associated with attempts to eliminate heads of foreign states and other political figures; with actions aimed at overthrowing the governments of foreign countries; creating panic among the population of foreign countries, etc.

Terrorism is now an integral part of the proliferation of transnational criminal organizations supported by corrupt government officials and politicians. Thus, in the widely known work of British scientists “Global Transformations” it is noted: “There are also negative forms of international organizations, such as terrorist and criminal organizations. Despite centuries of conflict between smugglers and the authorities, in recent years the growth of transnational criminal organizations is associated with the drug trade (now, according to experts, its annual turnover is over 300 billion dollars) and the widespread organized crime. Solving these problems has become one of the most important challenges for governments and police forces around the world.”

Another specific feature of the global problem of terrorism is its difficult predictability. In many cases, the subjects of terrorism are mentally unbalanced people, overly ambitious politicians. Terrorism is often seen as a way to achieve goals on the world stage and in international relations that cannot be achieved by any other means. In modern conditions, the forms of terrorist activity are becoming more and more complex, and are increasingly at odds with universal human values and the logic of world development.

Thus, the problem of terrorism poses a real planetary threat to the world community. This problem has its own specifics, which distinguishes it from other universal human difficulties. However, the problem of terrorism is closely interconnected with most of the global problems of modern international relations. It can be considered as one of the most urgent global problems of our time.

Under these conditions, the global problem of terrorism cannot be considered only as an independent phenomenon. It began to turn into an important component of a more general military-political global problem related to the fundamental issues of war and peace, on the solution of which the further existence of human civilization depends.

2.2. Possible methods of overcoming the main problem of our time

Humanism as a value basis for solving the problem of terrorism

The solution to the global problem of our time - terrorism - is a common

In philosophical literature, there are various
interpretation of the concept of "humanism". Historically, humanism was most often understood as a system of values aimed at satisfying human needs. In this sense, the concept of "humanism" coincided in its meaning with the concept of "humanity", "philanthropy".
Humanism as a certain system of value orientations and attitudes, brought to its logical conclusion, acquires the value of a social ideal. With this approach, a person is considered as the highest goal of social development, in the process of which the creation of the necessary conditions for the full realization of all his potentialities, the achievement of harmony in the socio-economic and spiritual sphere of life, the highest flowering of a particular human personality is ensured. In other words, the highest goal
humanity is, obviously, in achieving full
implementation of the principles of humanism as the triumph of the human principle. Humanism in this sense should not be understood one-sidedly, only as the full realization of the human principle in the spiritual sphere, moral relations. Humanism is inextricably linked
with all spheres of people's lives, including social production, and with the system of production relations, since without meeting the material needs of society and man, there can be no question of any spiritual and moral development of the individual.

Along with these approaches, in modern philosophical literature it is most often emphasized that the implementation of the principles of humanism means the manifestation of a universal human principle. Humanism, in accordance with this approach, is defined as a system of ideas and values that affirm the universal significance of human existence in general and the individual in particular. The universal in this approach is considered as something significant not for some limited circle of people (social group, class, party, state or coalition of states), but as something that matters for all mankind. These can be certain specific values and material objects, on the sufficient number of which the existence of mankind depends. Or vice versa,
an excess of such objects, lack of proper control over
they pose a threat to humanity. Thus, the global problems of our time - awareness of the tragic prospects of mankind in the face of a nuclear threat, the threat of starvation and environmental catastrophe - force humanity to overcome the narrow horizon of local, particular, relative values and turn to the search for universal human values. Humanity is driven to this not only by the desire for survival, the instinct of self-preservation, but also by a deep need
person in an organic connection with other people, which
has now become more conscious and more urgent, which is expressed in such a still very little explored phenomenon as the growth of planetary consciousness. At an invariably higher level, while maintaining the richness of individual self-expression, humanity, as it were, turns to the times when the individual was seen not only as a representative of a clan, tribe, community, but as a representative of the entire human race. This range of universal values is a consequence of historical necessity, it is mundane and only contributes to the external unification of people in the struggle for survival. However, along with this meaning, the term "universal values" has a broader character. Human values are considered as transcendental values.

transcendent values are understood as limiting, historically non-localizable. They belong to all peoples to one degree or another, but not all are expressed in the same way. This expression depends on the degree of metaphysical mentality of the people, its striving for something absolute, transcendent, including an obscure element and requiring special respect, reverence. These values are determined by the peculiarities of the cultural and historical development of a particular country, its religious traditions, and the type of civilization. So, for example, the metaphysical nature latently present in the minds of Russians found its expression
in a universal feeling, a messianic idea, designed to unite the decayed branches of universal human progress. Hence the attractiveness of the idea of communism, which stirred up the consciousness of the Russian people, and, in fact, turned the whole social life of Russia upside down.

Transcendental values have a deep inner meaning, hidden from the external view, which, as a rule, is not captured, because its comprehension implies an ascent to the very origins of a fundamental tradition that retains its spiritual content. Then the values
appear not merely as external moral rules,
but as objects of direct inner experience, that is, at their basis
it turns out, ultimately, the idea of God as the embodiment of goodness, love, beauty, truth and justice. God is the standard by which human deeds are judged.

A person's striving for some other, higher activity is an important and indestructible psychological need that gives impetus to activity, the development of creativity, without which no great achievements are possible. “The greatest beauty that is achieved in this world,” wrote
N. A. Berdyaev, - is not connected with the fact that mankind set itself purely earthly goals in this reality, but with the fact that it
set goals outside of this world . The impulse that led mankind to another world was embodied in this world in
the only possible, highest beauty for him, which
always has a symbolic nature, not a realistic one.

Human values are an ideal, a symbol, a model, a regulative idea, and as such they have the right to occupy an appropriate place in our consciousness, in our worldview. In this sense, universal human values are not just an invention, an empty dream, behind them is the experience of mankind, its potentialities and aspirations. The modern era has not only highlighted the important role of universal human values, but also shown their contradictions and dynamics, moreover, in various interconnected plans. We are talking about contradictions in the very nature of universal human values, about contradictions between them and specific historical values.
phenomena in heterogeneity in the system of these values.

The concept of universal human values as a regulative idea, ideal, model is opposed by the notion that these values, as such, are contradictory in nature and cannot be different, since one and the same is universal. The same scale applies to different, including mutually exclusive, phenomena. So, further, the highest motives in the name of goodness, good things can turn into evil for many people and everything
society, when they are equally, by the same measure
extend to those who are simply deaf to them, and use the call for good for selfish purposes, to harm specific people and the whole society.

And yet, the inconsistency of universal human values has not led in history to a refusal to present them as an integral, non-contradictory ideal, that is, to the recognition of their relative nature, relativization. In
in many respects this did not happen because the relativization of values has always been resisted by various religions. In the religious interpretation, universal human values are comprehended as values that have a divine nature. This cleansed them of internal contradictions, although in
to a certain extent focused attention on the existence of a contradiction between them and earthly reality.

Consolidation of international forces

The worldview of people is manifested not only in what they know about the world, but also in how they interpret this information, what conclusions they draw, how they act. Therefore, speaking of the urgent need for the whole world to urgently solve global problems, one cannot but pay attention to the fact that, having some success in theory and some practical results, humanity has not yet stopped the negative trends in world development. There is also no proper consolidation of international forces, their coordinated, purposeful and, most importantly, effective actions that would be adequate to the emerging danger. Why and what prevents it? Is coordination of actions possible in such a heterogeneous and contradictory world as it became at the end of the second millennium? And if possible, on what basis? These are the main questions that social thought and, last but not least, philosophy are solving today.

Historical experience shows that the rapprochement of different peoples best occurs where their interests coincide, and the better they are conscious, the more tangible the result of integration. On this basis, various difficulties are confidently overcome, trade is successfully developing, economic, political, and cultural ties are growing stronger, which are inconceivable without mutual understanding and coordination in actions.

Usually, the biggest difficulties that have to be overcome on this path are associated with ideological conservatism, an established way of thinking, and traditions. They tend to change, but this happens for a very long time, with great difficulty and, as a rule, under the pressure of external or internal circumstances. External, for example, are: the aggravation of the ecological crisis, the consequences of the "demographic explosion", the danger of war and other global problems, which, as we have already noted, have significantly changed not only the living conditions of people, but have already affected their consciousness. The internal ones are connected with the interest, subjective, personal beginning of a person, which is reflected in the well-known expression "if geometric axioms affected the interests of people, they would be refuted." This circumstance must certainly be taken into account if one tries to understand why the severity of environmental problems does not decrease, at least in cases where there are necessary conditions and sufficient grounds for this.

Conclusion: Recently, the problem of terrorism has become one of the most acute global problems of our time.

The problem of terrorism has many common features characteristic of other universal human predicaments, such as the planetary scale of manifestation; great sharpness; negative dynamism, when the negative impact on the life of mankind increases; the need for an urgent solution, etc. At the same time, the global problem of terrorism also has its own specific features.

business of all mankind. Mankind must develop effective forms of cooperation that would allow all countries to act together, despite differences in socio-political, religious, ethnic and other worldview orientations. And for this it must be based on certain basic value orientations. Many modern philosophers rightly believe that the values of humanism can be such basic orientations.

Conclusion

As a result of the work performed, the following conclusions can be drawn.

Now, in the 21st century, humanity is faced with the most acute global problems that threaten the very existence of civilization and even life itself on our planet. The term “global” itself originates from the Latin word “globe”, that is, the Earth, the globe, and since the end of the 60s of the XX century it has become widespread to refer to the most important and urgent planetary problems of the modern era affecting humanity as a whole. .

Recently, the problem of terrorism has become one of the most acute global problems of our time.

Solving the global problem of terrorism is a common
business of all mankind. Mankind must develop effective forms of cooperation that would allow all countries to act together, despite differences in socio-political, religious, ethnic and other worldview orientations. And for this it must be based on certain basic value orientations. Many modern philosophers rightly believe that the values of humanism can be such basic orientations.

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