teacher universities. Soap Story Research Project

Soap making Few products are as popular and widely used in everyday life as soap. It has become very important to make soap with your own hands as a gift. With early childhood and until old age this "fragrant friend" is an invariable attribute of our life. Soap came to us from ancient times and gradually turned from luxury into an essential item. Back in the 19th century, a chemist said that the wealth and culture of a nation is determined by how much soap it consumes. Today, soap is an integral part of personal hygiene and good health. How did it happen that this product has taken such an important place in our lives? And is it really necessary for each of us? I will try to answer these and other questions in my work.

The purpose of my work was to make soap with my own hands at home. There is an extensive literature on this topic. Anna Zaitseva in the book "Beautiful DIY Soap" describes the most simple ways, described step by step, how to cook soap with fillers, decorate it with carvings. I make soap by looking at the master class alone. Research hypothesis: I assume that you can make your own scented soap at home.

History of soap Morning of the French king Louis XIV It began with many hours of ritual dressing and a very short wash. A large magnificent bowl was brought to him, at the bottom of which water splashed. The king moistened his fingertips and lightly touched them to the eyelids. This was the end of the procedure - it was not customary to wash entirely in those days, but it was an urgent need to perfume yourself with various perfumes. The age of hygiene came only at the end of the 18th century. However, soap was known long before that.

There is a legend that tells about the appearance of soap: at the foot of Mount Sapo, the ancient Romans burned sacrificed animals. The fat was mixed with ash and washed off by rain into the nearby Tiber River. Women who washed clothes in this river noticed that the water began to foam, and the stains got better off their clothes ... The Roman scientist and politician Pliny the Elder claims that even the ancient Gauls (who inhabited the territory modern France) and the Germans knew about making soap. According to the historian, these wild tribes made some kind of miraculous ointment from beech tree fat and ash, which was used to cleanse and dye hair, as well as to treat skin diseases.

Egyptian archaeologists, after excavations in the Nile Delta, came to the conclusion that the production of soap was established at least 6,000 years ago. Some Egyptian papyri contain recipes according to which, in order to obtain soap, animal or vegetable fats should be heated together with alkaline salts, which are abundantly available on the shores of one of the lakes. Although soap had already been invented, many peoples of the ancient world continued to use lye, bean flour, glue, pumice, barley sourdough and clay for a long time.

For example, historians know that Scythian women made washing powder from cypress and cedar wood, then mixed it with water and incense. With the resulting gentle ointment, which had a delicate aroma, they rubbed the whole body. Then the solution was removed with scrapers, and the skin became clean and smooth. In the Middle Ages, its main suppliers in Europe were the cities of Naples and Marseille. Gradually, the craft of making soap was learned in other places. The attitude to this craft was the most serious. In 1399, in England, King Henry IV founded an order, a special privilege of whose members was considered ... washing in a bath with soap. In this country long time under pain of death, a member of the soap makers' guild was forbidden to spend the night under the same roof with masters of other crafts - so as not to betray the secret. In the second half of the 17th century, a royal decree was issued in France allowing soap to be made only in summer time and only from ashes and olive oil.

Finally, the fashion for purity was instilled medieval Europe knights who have been in time crusades in Arab countries. Sometimes soap served as a gift. The Crusaders brought the famous soap balls from Damascus and brought them as gifts to their loved ones. It is known that in the XV and XVI centuries. knights and merchants brought smelling balls from Venice. They were embossed with lilies, fir cones. In Russia, the Lodygin factory soap was very famous, it was considered the best after the Italian one. It was cooked in cow, almond, oil - white and colored, with and without perfume. Tar soap was also offered. Soap has long been a luxury item and was valued along with expensive medicines and potions. But even wealthy people could not afford to wash their clothes. For this, various clays and plants were used. Laundry was a difficult job, and it was mostly men who did it. So, the debate about who humanity owes the invention of soap has not yet been completed.

Think soap making at home is hard? Not at all! It's an easy and enjoyable creative process. In addition, as a result, you will receive wonderful handmade souvenirs. Also, homemade soap is much more beneficial for the skin, because it is made from natural, not chemical ingredients. Soap handmade will have all the properties you need, and besides, it can be given any shape, endowed with any smell, and painted in any color.

Soap making at home In order to do soap making at home, we need: 1. A special soap base. It can be bought in specialized stores. 2. A variety of oils. For example, olive, almond, tea tree or any other of your choice. They are needed to soften and nourish the skin. You can also add different oils to the same soap. 3. Dyes. You can buy special or use food. Soap can also be decorated with dry sparkles by mixing them into a liquid base. 4. Forms for pouring soap. Use plastic packaging from various products. For example, if we take a package with cells from chocolates, you get cute little soaps. Soap is often poured into silicone cookie molds.

TECHNOLOGY OF OBTAINING SOAP AT HOME CONDITIONS Briefly: Making soap from a soap base is very simple, you need to melt the base in the microwave, then add everything you need, dyes, oils, flavors, and pour it into a special mold, depending on what kind of soap you will have, how many layers, what form, etc. Next, put the soap in the refrigerator, remove the cooled soap from the mold and you're done!

Conclusion Soap making is a real art, where there is room for creativity. Became popular in recent times handmade soap is a craft known for many centuries. And if before the manufacture of soap by hand was forced necessity, but now it has become an art that gives joy to people. If anyone is interested in my topic, then I will add that the best ingredients, and most importantly natural ones, will be added to the soap that you make with your own hands. extraordinary shape, bright colours and enriched with healing properties due to natural fillers (dried plants, aromatic oils, spices). You will use it with great pleasure, and your loved ones will be delighted with such a gift. LITERATURE M. Gamblin Handmade soap, p.111 Elena Kaminskaya: DIY soap 2011 - V. Kornilova: Decorative soap. Technique, techniques, products, Ekaterina Meshkova: DIY soap, om.htm - The origin of soap and its composition oapstory.htm - The history of soap

Research project "Long Live Soap!"

Municipal Autonomous Preschool educational institution municipality Nyagan "Child Development Center - Kindergarten No. 5 "Burovichok"

Project participants:

• Babich Alexander Vyacheslavovich
• Pronina Anastasia Denisovna
• Sudakov Avdey Mikhailovich

pupils of the preparatory group

Project manager: educator Olga V. Burdina, Nyagan, 2015

One morning, coming to the kindergarten, Vika brought a small beautiful box. Surrounding it, we saw inside an unusual amazing house. It was brightly colored and had a pleasant smell. We had many suggestions what it was: a toy, a cookie, a souvenir. But no one guessed that it was soap! Vika said that this fabulous handmade soap was given to her by her grandmother. We were interested in Vicki's story, and we wanted to learn as much as possible about soap, and whether it is possible to make soap with our own hands.

We assumed that if handmade soap exists, then we can also make soap with our own hands, beautiful and fragrant.

Object of study: soap.

Subject of study: soap making.

The goal of the project: to learn how to make soap with your own hands.

Project objectives:

1. To get acquainted with the history of soap making and soap making in Russia.
2. Find out what soap is.
3. Make different soaps with your own hands.
4. Draw conclusions from the study.

Research stages

Preparatory stage

1. Collection of information about soap.
2. Acquaintance with the history of soap making and soap making in Russia.
3. Excursion to a hardware store.
4. A visit to the famous soap-maker of the city of Nyagan, Maria Ivanova.
5. Excursion to the medical office of the kindergarten, conversation with the senior nurse Nina Ivanovna.
6. Creation of a collection of finished soap.
7. Preparation of the necessary equipment for the manufacture of soap.

main stage

1. Conducting a survey on the use of soap among older children.
2. Making a variety of handmade soaps.
3. Album making "Ah - this is a different soap" .

The final stage

1. Formulation of conclusions.
2. Formulation of a new problem.
3. Project presentation.

Main part

We started our work on the project by searching for information about soap. They searched in books, on the Internet, asked their parents, went to visit the soap maker and on excursions to the hardware store, to the medical office of the kindergarten.

As a result of the search, we learned a lot interesting facts. From the ancients times people strove for purity.

In ancient times, the Ancient Greeks cleansed the body with fine sand. The Egyptians washed their faces with paste beeswax which was dissolved in water.

For a long time, for washing, people used wood ash or a cleaning agent that consisted of parts coniferous trees, water and essential oil.

Once people noticed that if you mix ash and fat, then it will become easier to wash off the dirt from the body, and so the first soap appeared.

It, of course, did not smell as fragrant as modern soap, and its color was gray, but people were still happy with such an assistant.

The history of soap making has about 6 (six)

thousand years.

The birthplace of soap is Ancient Rome. In 1424, the first bar of solid soap was produced in this country. It was from there that soap spread throughout the world. In Russia, soap was first made under Tsar Peter I.

Entire villages were engaged "sweet business" , so soap-making used to be called. Soap at that time was made from lard, fat and vegetable oil.

Soap in Russia has long been a luxury item and a very expensive means of maintaining cleanliness. Even the most noble and wealthy people could not afford to wash their clothes. For this, different clay and plants were used. The peasants washed and washed with lye - a mixture of wood ash, filled with boiling water and steamed in an oven, half-baked potatoes and small balls of fern ash were used for washing.

In Russia, the most famous factory for its soap was in the city of Shuya. Even the coat of arms of this city depicts a bar of soap. The Lodygin factory soap was very famous, it was considered one of the best in the world.

It was cooked in cow, almond butter - white and colored, with and without perfume. Tar soap was also offered - "for ailments" (for diseases).

Now soap is used in every home. It is an important personal hygiene product. Every morning we wash our hands

several times a day. Soap helps us fight germs and bacteria. And everyone has their favorite! It can have a variety of colors,

shape, size and flavor.

It can not only cleanse the skin, but also saturate it with vitamins, moisturize, and of course bring aesthetic pleasure when used.

Having collected information about soap, we learned that modern soap consists of fats, alkali, vegetable oils, dyes, and active additives. We also learned that it can be for children, bathing, toilet, household, medical and others. By appearance solid and liquid. Liquid soap. The most hygienic, as it does not come into contact with dirty surfaces.

The most important thing is that it has a high content of potassium, so it is more gentle for the skin, while it foams well and cleanses the skin. It contains many more useful additives: vitamins, acids, fragrant oils, medicinal herbs. Therefore, it is more suitable for washing the face than others.

Baby soap is the safest; it practically does not contain any additives and dyes. The chemicals in this soap are replaced with pomace from a variety of herbs.

Baby soap will never harm anyone, it is ideal for cleansing the skin.

Antibacterial soap is distinguished by the fact that it contains triclosan, a substance that kills bacteria. To a person, it may seem that such soap is close to ideal, since it copes with two tasks at once, while simultaneously cleaning hands and killing bacteria. The bad news is that this soap kills not only the bad bacteria, but also the good ones. Although the strongest bacteria will still remain on the skin. Prolonged use of this

soap can cause great harm to human health.

Scrub soap. This soap differs from others in that it perfectly cleanses the skin of old skin particles.

Usually a scrub is crushed raspberry, oat, apricot and so on. It is worth using this soap no more than once a week, and then if there are no wounds on the body. And it threatens with the fact that you can spread the infection throughout the body.

Bath soap. Bath soap contains various therapeutic additives that have a very good effect on the skin, since when

steaming the skin pores open, allowing

This soap is better to cleanse the skin of fats and toxins.

It is only worth remembering that when choosing a bath soap, you need to carefully look at its composition, as it may contain substances that a person may be allergic to.

Toilet soap with cream. Cream or milk is added to the composition of this soap, which nourishes and moisturizes the skin.

Glycerin soap. From its name, you can understand that the soap contains

glycerol (about 8-16%) which softens

and moisturizes the skin.

Medical soap. The composition of this soap depends on what therapeutic effect it will have. It has a rather strong and sharp, not pleasant smell. More often this soap is used for skin diseases, as a prophylaxis, or doctors for hand disinfection.

Laundry soap. The name speaks for itself - it is intended for use in the household - washing things, removing various stains from clothes, laundering

various surfaces

(when there is no special means)

and many more.

On the Internet we found interesting information about unusual ways use of ordinary soap in everyday life:

Soap perfectly protects hands and nails during the work with the earth. You need to lather them very well and get to work when they dry. Soap forms a film on the hands and protects against dirt.

Soap helps to better wash out the dirt from under the nails. You should scrape a bar of soap with your nails before starting work. The dirt can then be easily washed off.

The soap solution protects houseplants from bacteria, germs and insects.

If you grease a tight zipper with soap, then the lock on it will move well.

You can paint with soap on paper, on fabric, and even with watercolors on glass.

Small soap residue

(remnants) use in their

work of tailors.

The soap leaves clear lines on the fabric and then rinses off well.

It is useful to wash your hair with laundry soap, rinsing them with decoctions of herbs or water with lemon juice. Hair will be shiny and thick.

Laundry soap is often used in medicine. It successfully helps to fight germs and bacteria.

Nina Ivanovna, the nurse of our kindergarten, told us about the use of laundry soap in medicinal purposes. If you get scratched, cut, burned, you need to lather the affected area with laundry soap

and leave to dry. The infection will not penetrate the wound and this will speed up its healing. If hurt, immediately lubricate sore spot soap. This will prevent bruising and swelling. Laundry soap foam can relieve itching from insect bites and repel mosquitoes. An excellent means of preventing flu and colds is the treatment of the nasal mucosa with laundry soap.

Nina Ivanovna also told us that many additives in soap can cause allergies, so it is better for children to use special children's soap or soap made by themselves.

Having gone to visit the famous soap maker of our city, Maria Ivanova, we learned a lot of interesting things. We saw how and from what handmade soap is made at home. We learned what needs to be added to soap so that it is not only beautiful, but also useful for humans.

Soap - handmade is the most useful and best, because we know exactly what it consists of. In addition, making soap is a fascinating and creative process.

When we arrived at the kindergarten, we decided to do research and make different soaps on our own.

To do this, we needed to prepare necessary equipment. Together with parents and our teacher, we prepared: soap making kits, baby soap, soap containers and molds, pipettes, stirring sticks, a spray bottle with alcohol for spraying soap, essential oils, food colorings. We prepared soap crumbs, a microwave oven, a mixer, special clothes, a grater, water, gloves, an hourglass.

Started research.

City scientific and practical conference

Magnitogorsk Scientific Society of Students

"First Discoveries"

Direction: world of exact sciences (chemistry)

Subject: Soap making at home

Magnitogorsk

Introduction 3

Main part 4

Theoretical part 4

Sociological survey 6

Practical work 7

Conclusion 8

Bibliographic list 10

Appendix…………………………………………………………..................11

Introduction

Everyone knows the lines of K.I. Chukovsky “Long live fragrant soap!”. We use soap every day. When I go shopping with my mom, I am always amazed by the assortment of soaps. In stores, we see soap of all colors of the rainbow, different in shape, composition, smell, liquid and solid.

Now it's impossible to imagine life without it. important tool hygiene, we choose soap according to our preferences. But imagine that once upon a time there was no soap. How did it happen that this product has taken such an important place in our lives?

In my project, I tried to answer the questions:

How did people manage without soap?

Who Invented Soap?

How and from what is the soap that we buy made?

Can you make soap with your own hands?

Objective of the project: create soap with your own hands.

Assumption: you can make your own soap if there are safe ways its manufacture.

Tasks:

1. Establish facts from the history of soap;

2. Identify the components from which soap is made;

3. To study the technology of making soap at home;

To achieve our goals, we used the following research methods:

1. The study of literature and Internet - information on the topic.

2. Sociological survey of adults and children.

3. Experimental work.

4. Processing of data obtained during the study.

5. Generalization of the material.

1.Main part

1.1. Theoretical part

During the study various sources I received answers to my questions. I learned how people in antiquity did without soap.

The first detergent, of course, was ordinary water. True, in waterless areas they used simply sand: they rubbed off spots with it. But when water alone did not help, other means were used: ox bile and marrow bones, egg yolks and boiling milk, honey and brewer's yeast, warm bran and bean flour, sawdust, ash, and so on and so forth. In many countries, the roots, bark or fruits of the soapwort plant were used for washing. They contain a liquid that foams in water due to the presence of saponins in it - detergents that nature has created. In decoctions of soapwort, silk was washed. At the same time, the fabric did not collapse and did not shed. In Russia, soap began to be made during the time of Peter I, but for a very long time only noble people used it. The peasants washed and washed with lye - wood ash was poured with boiling water and steamed in the stove. The city of Shuya was the main center of soap making, and even a bar of soap is depicted on its coat of arms. Moscow firms were also widely known - the Ladygin factory, the Brokar perfume factory. Brocard's factory initially had only three boilers, a wood-burning stove and a stone mortar. But he managed to become famous by releasing cheap, penny soap for all segments of the population. Brokar tried to make inexpensive products attractive. For example, his soap "cucumber" looked so much like a real vegetable that it was bought even out of sheer curiosity. In ancient times, special clays were used that could absorb dirt and dust from clothes. By the way, the name Sapun-mountain near Sevastopol means "soapy mountain". Clay mined from this mountain was used to wash the body and wash clothes. But Russian craftsmen quickly learned how to make soap from salts from the ashes of burnt plants - potash and animal fats. Thus, this much-needed product was made in every house. There were more and more small soap workshops, because in Russia there was enough wood, and ash was the basis of potash. Potash began to be sold abroad, which led to mass felling forests. By the beginning of the reign of Peter I, it was urgent to find a cheaper substitute for potash. The problem was solved in 1685 when the French chemist Nicholas Lebmann was able to obtain from table salt soda. This excellent alkaline material has supplanted potash.

The first soap factories began to appear in Russia only in the 18th century. At that time, two were known in Moscow: in the Novinskaya and Presnenskaya parts. Numerous cloth, cotton-printing and dyeing factories bought soap from soap factories. But at that time they still did not understand how soap is made. Only at the end of the 18th century. was clarified chemical nature fats and clarified the reaction of their saponification. In 1779, the Swedish chemist Scheele showed that when olive oil reacts with lead oxide and water, a sweet and water-soluble substance is formed. The sweet substance obtained by Scheele was called glycerin. Forty years later, Berthelot established the nature of glycerin and explained chemical structure fats.

In the literature, I found the answer to the question “How is soap made now?”

At first, soap in the factories was brewed in huge open cauldrons. The process was monitored by an experienced soap maker, who from time to time needed to stir the viscous mass.

Now soap in the industry is brewed in three stages. First, fats and oils are treated with caustic alkali to obtain purified soap and glycerin. Then the purified soap is heated and formed into small balls. In the last step, the soap balls are mixed with perfumes, dyes and other chemical additives that determine the properties and aroma of the soap. I found out that industrial soap making is difficult. chemical process.

Having examined the packaging of soap, on which the composition is indicated, I saw among the main components: alkalis, fats, oils, water, and various chemical additives. Some additives that are added to soap in industrial production are considered dangerous. Particularly dangerous are such additives as:

propylene glycol (cheap substitute for glycerin)

Sodium laureth sulfate (creates a lot of foam)

Surfactants (surfactants)

Formalin

Dyes (charcoal tar)

Parabens

Be careful when buying soap!

1.2. Sociological survey

Continuing the research, I conducted a survey among adults and children. They were asked questions:

1) Why should you wash your hands with soap?

2) What is soap made of?

3) How is soap made?

The survey showed that:

93% of children do not know what soap is made of;

91% of adults answered that soap consists of alkali, fats.

98% of kids don't know how soap is made

70% of children know why they need to wash their hands (so as not to get sick)

100% of adults specified that soap prevents harmful bacteria from entering our body.

Conclusion: Basically, children and adults know why they need to wash their hands with soap. Most children do not know what soap is made of and how it is made.

1.3. Practical work

When making soap, I wanted to make a solid soap that lathers well, has an unusual shape and is colored. I think that adults would also like this soap.

In the literature on soap making, I learned the composition and method of making soap at home.

There are three main ways to make beautiful and fragrant soap at home:

- "soap from soap" by melting baby soap;

Soap base ( special composition for the production of soap);

Soap "from scratch" from fats, oils, alkali.

The third option is one of the most difficult and suitable for experienced soap makers, because it is a chemical process. The second way is the most creative and fastest, but soap base is not available everywhere.

But the option of remelting baby soap is the most affordable, simple and safe. But you need to cook under the supervision of adults.

I used soap base. Soap base cut into 4 pieces. I put one piece in a plastic cup. I put it in the microwave for 30 seconds for the firebox (the safest option.)

After the mass has warmed up and become homogeneous, we are preparing to pour it into molds. You can take any molds, but not glass. I took plastic molds in the form of fruits, greased them with oil so that the soap could be easily pulled out after drying. Divide the mass into moulds. At room temperature, it is recommended to dry the soap for a day or two. To speed up the process, you can put the molds in the freezer for 30-40 minutes.

As a result, from one piece of soap base I got a piece of colored, diverse in shape, well-foaming soap. To easily pull out the soap, you can immerse the mold in hot water for a few seconds. After that, the soap should dry for 2-3 days at room temperature. And you can go take a bath with exclusive homemade soap! And you can give to relatives or friends, having issued in a beautiful package.

Conclusion

1. At home, you can make a beautiful foaming soap of any color and with different smells.

2. Handmade soap does not contain harmful chemical substances. The most natural: we always know what's inside.

3. Soap making at home is an exciting activity that gives a huge scope for creativity and an exclusive result.

Let the production of a soap miracle bring you joy, delight, creativity and a bar of soap!

Bibliographic list

1 Linda Gamblin Handmade Soap

2. Sidorov V. R. "Soap making at home"

3. Encyclopedia “Decorative soap. Technics. Receptions. Products".

4. http://sdelay.tv/poisk?searchid

5. http:///forum/interesnosti-so-vsego-sveta/istoriya-poyavleniya-mila-v-rossii-t3383.html

6. http:///202/kak-poyavilos-mylo/

7. http:///archive/home. help. naturesoap/201004/.html

Vershinina Tatiana

The following questions were studied during the project:

History of soap making;

The value of soap for health;

Soap manufacturing technology;

Variety of soap composition;

The student presented the results of a survey conducted in the 4th grade.

The value of the project lies in the fact that it presents the stages of making soap at home.

Download:

Preview:

Municipal autonomous educational institution

secondary school №2

Soap making. Soap with your own hands.

Project work

Made by Tatyana Vershinina

Pupil 4 "B" class MAOU secondary school No. 2.

Leader: primary school teacher

Zelova Lyubov Nikolaevna

Berezniki 2013

Introduction……………………………………………………..…………………………………………..……... 2

Chapter 1

1.1.What is soap………………………………………………………………………….……………………3

1.2.History of soap making………………………………………………………..………………………….…4

1.3. The composition of the soap……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1.4. The value of soap for a person………………………………………………………………………..9

Chapter 2

2. 1. DIY soap making technology…………………………………...11

2.2. A study of students' knowledge of how to make soap………….12

2.3. Stages of making soap………………………………………………………………………..13

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………….17

References………………………………………………………………………………………………18

Introduction

I chose the theme of the work “Soap making. Do-it-yourself soap” is not accidental. Soap making is my hobby. This is very interesting activity! Soap making is not a very common hobby, but if you try at least once, you won't come off. I have been making soap for a long time and give it to all my friends and family. Over time, I wanted to learn more about soap. How soap was brewed before, what was used before soap, what is the composition of the soap. Many people do not seriously think about these topics, but we cannot do without soap. Almost everyone uses soap. And basically no one thinks about what kind of soap to wash, although this is very important. It turns out that soap is not so harmless. I will try to talk about all its pros and cons.

The purpose of the project is to study the process of making soap.

To do this, the following tasks will be solved:

1. Learn about the history of soap making.
2. Determine the composition of the soap.
3. Explain the meaning of soap for a person.
4. Learn about soap making.
5. The study of students' knowledge about soap making.
6. Conduct a master class for classmates on making soap.

Research methods used: study of bibliographic sources, Internet materials, questioning, experiment.

Chapter 1.

1. What is soap?

Soap is a cleaning product that we use every day. Soap happens different forms and sizes. Additionally, various flavors, dyes and other additives can be added to it.

If we were talking chemical language, we would immediately give a definition of soap - soap is salt. Acid and base react with each other and are neutralized in the form of a salt or soap. A more understandable explanation is that oils or fats are combined with alkali or sodium hydroxide in a process called saponification or saponification.

Soap is a product that people use when they take a bath or shower to keep the body clean, smell pleasantly fresh, or some other fragrance, such as a flower. It all depends on the fragrance that is included in the composition. This tool comes in liquid and solid form, you can choose one that is convenient to use.

1. 2. History of soap making

Mankind has been using soap since time immemorial: the history of soap making goes back at least 6,000 years.

At the time of Homer, soap was not yet known. The ancient Greeks cleansed the body with sand - especially fine sand brought from the banks of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians washed their faces with beeswax paste dissolved in water.

For a long time, wood ash was used for washing.

The honor of the invention of soap is attributed to several ancient peoples at once. The Roman scientist and politician Pliny the Elder argued that humanity owes its acquaintance with detergents not to the highly civilized Egyptians, and not to the resourceful Greeks or Babylonians, but to the wild Gallic tribes, with whom the Romans "got to know better" at the turn of our era. According to the historian, the Gauls made some kind of miraculous ointment from beech tree tallow and ash, which was used to cleanse and dye hair, as well as to treat skin diseases. A color medium - red paint - was obtained from clay. They oiled their long hair vegetable oil, to which paint was added. If water was added to this mixture, a thick foam formed, which washed the hair cleanly.

In the II century this "ointment" began to be used for washing hands, face and body in the Roman provinces. The ancient Romans added the ashes of sea plants to this mixture, and real high-quality soap came out. And before that, the ancient peoples had to "get out", as they were lucky: someone used ash brewed with boiling water for washing, and someone used soapwort juice, a plant that became famous for its ability to foam in water. However, recent discoveries of scientists do not coincide with this version. Not so long ago detailed description soap making process has been found... on Sumerian clay tablets dating back to 2500 BC. The method was based on a mixture of wood ash and water, which was boiled and the fat was melted in it, obtaining a soapy solution.

Another version of scientists says that soap was still invented by the Romans. According to legend, the very word soap (on English language- soap) was formed from the name of Mount Sapo, where sacrifices were made to the gods. A mixture of melted animal fat and wood ash from a sacrificial fire was washed away by rain into the clay soil of the banks of the Tiber River. Women who washed clothes there noticed that thanks to this mixture, clothes were washed much easier. So, gradually they began to use the "gift of the gods" not only for washing clothes, but also for washing the body. By the way, the first soap factories were also discovered by archaeologists on the territory ancient rome, and more precisely - among the ruins of the famous Pompeii. During archaeological sites Pompeii were found premises of soap factories. Soap at that time was semi-liquid.

Soap has long been a luxury item and was valued along with expensive medicines and potions. But even wealthy people could not afford to wash their clothes. For this, various clays and plants were used. Laundry was a difficult job, and it was mostly men who did it. So, the debate about who humanity owes the invention of soap has not yet been completed. Nevertheless, it is known that the production of detergents was put on stream in medieval Italy.

A hundred years later, the secrets of this craft reached Spain, and from the XI century. Marseille became the center of soap making, then Venice. So, starting from the 9th century AD, Marseille became the main supplier of soap in Europe, due to the presence of raw materials sources in the nearby territory, that is, olive oil and soda. The oil obtained after the first two pressings was used for food, and after the third was used to make soap.

Only from the end of the XIV century, Marseille soap gave way to international trade Venetian. Soap making actively developed in Italy, Greece and Spain.

True, it cannot be said that the medieval inhabitants European countries cleanliness was abused: only representatives of the first two layers used soap - nobles and priests, and even then not all of them without exception. The fashion for cleanliness was brought to Europe by knights who visited Arab countries during the Crusades. That is why from the 13th century the production of detergents began to flourish, first in France, and then in England. The business of soap making was treated with excessive seriousness.

In Western Europe, the craft of soap making was finally formed only by the end of the 17th century. An important role in the development of soap making was played by the geographical factor. Soap making ingredients varied by region. In the north, animal fat was used to make soap, and in the south, olive oil, thanks to which the soap turned out to be of excellent quality.

When this craft was learned in England, King Henry IV even issued a law that forbade the soap maker to spend the night under the same roof with other artisans: the method of soap making was kept secret. But on a large scale, soap making developed only after the development of industrial production of soap. The first bar of hard soap was produced in Italy in 1424.

Since the XIV century, soap factories began to appear in Germany. Soaps were made from beef, lamb, pork, horse, bone, whale and fish fat, waste fats of various industries. Vegetable oils were also added - linseed, cottonseed.

As for Russia, here the secrets of making soap were inherited from Byzantium, and their own master soap makers appeared only in the 15th century. Craftsmen learned how to make soap from potash and animal fats. Thus, in every house, the production of this product, which is so necessary in everyday life, was established. The number of small soap-making workshops was expanding, especially since Russia had all the resources necessary for this, and primarily wood, since ash was the basis of potash. Potash has become one of the main export products, which has led to massive deforestation. By the beginning of the reign of Peter I, the question arose of finding a cheaper substitute for potash. The problem was solved in 1685, when the French chemist Nicholas Lebmann was able to obtain soda from table salt. This excellent alkaline material has supplanted potash.

The industrial production of soap was established under Peter. AT XVIII century The factory of the city of Shuya became famous for its soap. Even the coat of arms of the city depicts a bar of soap. The Lodygin factory soap was very famous, it was considered the best after the Italian one. It was cooked in cow, almond, oil - white and colored, with and without perfume. It was also offered tar soap - "from bestial ailments."

In 1839, at the highest wish of Emperor Nicholas I, the Union was founded for the production of stearin candles, olein and soap.

The famous Moscow perfume factory "Volya" was founded in 1843 by the Frenchman Alphonse Rallet. The factory was then called "Ralle and Co" and produced soap, powder and lipstick.

By 1853, the number of soap factories in the Moscow province had grown to eight. Numerous cloth, cotton-printing and dyeing factories became consumers of soap factories.

Children love soap extraordinary form: vegetables, fruits, animals. It turns out that such a fancy soap was produced already in the 19th century. The Brocard factory produced it in the form of cucumbers. The soap looked so much like a real vegetable that it was hard for the buyer to resist the fun purchase. The founder of the factory, Heinrich Afanasievich Brokar, was the king of perfumery in Russia, and he started his business from scratch. The original equipment of his factory consisted of three boilers, a wood-burning stove and a stone mortar. At first he made cheap, penny soap, but the trade went so fast that soon Brokar began to produce expensive perfumes, colognes and soap. Steam engines in the factory largely replaced manual work.

At the beginning of the 20th century, many buyers were happy to buy soap that did not sink in water. It kept afloat well due to the air cavity inside the soap bush.

Currently industrial production soap adjusted everywhere.

one . 3. Soap composition

Chemically, the main component of solid soap is a mixture of soluble salts of higher fatty acids. Usually these are sodium, less often potassium and ammonium salts of such acids as stearic, palmitic, myristic, lauric and oleic.

One of the options chemical composition solid soap - C17H35COONa (liquid - C17H35COOK).

Additionally, soap may contain other substances that have washing action, as well as flavorings and dyes.

Modern liquid soaps are aqueous solutions synthetic ionic or non-ionic surfactants with added preservatives, fragrances, colorants, viscosity control salts, calcium and magnesium ion binding additives, etc.

When the adhesive soap is cooled, laundry soap is obtained. Solid soap contains 40-72% basic substance, 0.1-0.2% free alkali, 1-2% free Na or K carbonates, 0.5-1.5% water-insoluble residue.

1.4. Significance for a person

The most important plus in soap is the cleansing property. Since the soap lathers well, it is very effective in ridding the skin of dirt, dust and bacteria. And all this is due to the fact that soap contains fatty acids.

Soap has a different effect on different types skin. If the skin is dry, then it is better not to use soap. And if the skin is oily, then soap can be used and there will be no harm to it. Many people believe that natural soap is safer than regular soap. They differ in composition. Natural soap contains only natural ingredients and no additives or impurities.

Now many have switched to using liquid soap and rightly so. It does not bring skin great harm, gently and reliably cleanses the skin, and the surface protective layer is not erased. Alkali, which is so harmful to our skin, this soap does not contain. And also liquid soap is very convenient to use: you only need one click. You can still name a lot of advantages of liquid soap, but there are almost no disadvantages of such soap at all.

Buying soap is not easy. All packages are beautifully made and the eyes just run up. If you read what is included in the composition of this soap, then this is also useless. If you see a package of soap with a shelf life of 3 years, then this soap has a lot of alkali. And it is better to use soap only for hands, and then after that lubricate your hands with a nourishing, moisturizing cream.

Soap - a cake with various flavors, such as creme brulee. This soap is very colorful, beautiful, etc. But it will not be completely natural. The good news is that this soap is handmade and is still much better than regular soap.

Chapter 2

2.1. Techniques for making soap with your own hands.

Making soap with your own hands is not as difficult as it seems. Let's give examples of making soap with your own hands.

Baby soap soap

One of the ways is grinding and melting ready-made soap (for example, for children). A piece of soap is rubbed on a grater, water or another desired liquid is added (for example, decoctions of herbs), then the whole mass is placed in a water bath and heated over low heat with regular stirring. When the mass becomes homogeneous, it is removed from the water bath and essential oils and other ingredients are added as desired. The difficulty of this method lies in the fact that the finished soap used by the soap maker is quite refractory and the process of its digestion is long. This method is used by beginners in soap making, since it does not require significant financial costs.

Soap from the finished base

Handmade soap can also be made from a special soap base sold in specialty shops. Unlike industrial soap, handmade soap lathers worse because the ingredients in the soap base are more gentle and soft. For the same reason, it rinses out faster than commercial soap of the same weight; and it's pretty slippery. But for that it has great useful properties than any other.

Soap from scratch

Soap made directly from lye and fats by hand requires the soap maker to follow safety procedures when working

alkali. On the other side, full control behind the soap making process allows the soap maker to create exactly the product he needs.

2.2. The study of students' knowledge about how to make soap.

We conducted a questionnaire among students of the 4th "B" class. The following questions were asked in this survey:

1. Have you ever heard of handmade soap?
2. Do you know how handmade soap is made?
3. Do you know how soap is made and what it consists of?
4. Do you use handmade soap?

The results of the survey showed that not all students have heard of handmade soap (60%) and not all use it (38%), many do not know how to make it (82%), do not know how ordinary soap is made and what it is made of consists (62%).

2.3. Soap making steps

Scrub Soap "Apple Cake"

We bring to your attention a recipe for making soap. We held a master class for classmates on making soap.

1. We prepare all the necessary ingredients. In my case, these are: green dye, vanilla and apple candy flavors, avocado cosmetic oil, natural loofah loofah and a mini cupcake mold.

1. We cut and melt the soap base in a water bath.

1. Pour into a container and let cool slightly (until a film forms). Then add vanilla flavoring, avocado oil and 6 drops of green dye.

1. The resulting composition is poured into a mold and sprinkled with alcohol.

1. Pour a little melted soap base into another container and add apple candy flavor, 3 drops of green dye and avocado oil to it.

1. We put 2 pieces of loofah on the first layer and fill the second layer, sprinkle with alcohol.

1. When the resulting mass has cooled down, fill it again with the composition as in paragraph 3.
2. We put a piece of loofah into the resulting mass.

1. When the product has cooled, remove it from the mold and pour it with a white base on top, creating smudges.
2. Let the product cool down completely and use it for its intended purpose.

Conclusion

As a result of the work on the project, the tasks set can be considered completed. We determined the importance of soap, studied how its composition changed over time, held a master class on making soap at home.

AT modern world On the shelves of the store there is a wide variety of soaps. They include a variety of components. We can choose the desired flavor, composition, form. But still, handmade soap is more pleasant to receive as a gift. It contains the warmth of hands, kindness and love for loved ones. When you make soap, you think about the person to whom it is intended, you remember pleasant moments, you imagine how happy the person will be with this gift.

Such soap will bring a person joyful and pleasant moments.

Bibliography:

1. "Handmade soap"
   
2. "We make soap at home"

Astrel Publishing House, 2012

1. Website "Wikipedia"

Boldorovich Sergey

This project was completed and presented to the city scientific and practical conference"Step into Science" This project reveals the technology of making soap with your own hands.

Download:

Preview:

To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com

Slides captions:

Boldorovich Sergey, student 4 "b" class. MOU secondary school №1 Head: Fedorova T.N.

Handmade soap

The purpose of my work: to learn how to make soap at home. Tasks in the course of the study: 1. To study what types of soap are. 2. Find out if you can make soap at home? 3. Find ways to make soap. 4. Learn and make soap at home. Hypothesis: it is possible that soap can only be made in factories, using special equipment, but it is impossible to do this at home.

Ingredients Base oils (olive, almond, jojoba, etc.) Fragrances Soap base Essential oils

Useful properties of handmade soap environmentally friendly product; cares for the skin of the face and body; o has a delicious aroma; thanks to the original composition of natural ingredients gives youthfulness to the skin

Soap Samples Whipped Soap Loofah Soap

Soap making technology Melt the soap base

Add natural oils

Add essential oils

Add dye

Add perfume