The mobile Topol is not a weapon at all. Topol-M - keeps nuclear parity Radius of destruction of a nuclear bomb poplar m
Rocket 15Zh58 (RT-2PM)
Rocket 15Zh58 made according to the scheme with three marching steps. To ensure high energy-mass perfection and increase the firing range in all marching stages, a new, developed at the Lyubertsy LNPO Soyuz, a more advanced mixed fuel of increased density with a specific impulse increased by several units was used compared to the fillers of previously created engines.
10.
11.
All three steps have RDTT with one fixed nozzle. On the outer surface of the tail section of the first stage there were folding rotary lattice aerodynamic rudders (4 pcs.), Used for flight control in conjunction with gas-jet rudders and 4 lattice aerodynamic stabilizers. The second stage structurally consists of a connecting compartment and a mid-flight RDTT. The third stage has almost the same design, but it additionally includes a transition compartment, to which the head part is attached.
 12. First step |
 13. Second step |
 14. Third stage |
 15. Tail compartment |
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The shells of the upper stages were for the first time made by the method of continuous winding from organoplastic according to the “cocoon” scheme. The third stage was equipped with a transition compartment for attaching the warhead. Controlling the firing range was the most difficult technical task and was carried out by cutting off the third-stage propulsion engine, using a thrust cut-off unit, with eight reversible bells and "windows" cut through DUZ ami ( DUZ- detonating elongated charge) in the organoplastic power structure of the body. The thrust cut-off unit was located on the front bottom of the upper stage housing.
An autonomous, inertial control system was developed at the NPO Automation and Instrumentation under the guidance of Vladimir Lapygin. The aiming system was developed under the guidance of the chief designer of the Kyiv plant "Arsenal" Serafima Parnyakova. The inertial control system has its own onboard computer, which made it possible to achieve high firing accuracy. The control system provides missile flight control, routine maintenance on the missile and launcher, pre-launch preparation and missile launch. All operations of pre-launch preparation and launch, as well as preparatory and regulatory workfully automated.
The head part is monoblock, nuclear weighing about 1 ton. The head part includes a propulsion system and a control system that provides circular probable deviation ( QUO) 400 m (so our sources say, in the West the accuracy is estimated at 150-200 m). " Poplar"equipped with a set of means to overcome the missile defense of a potential enemy. The nuclear warhead was created at the All-Union Research Institute of Experimental Physics under the leadership of the chief designer Samvel Kocharyants. According to Western sources, the missile was tested at least once with four individually targetable warheads, but this option was not further developed.
The flight control of the rocket is carried out by rotary gas-jet and lattice aerodynamic rudders. New nozzle devices for solid propellant engines have been created. To ensure stealth, camouflage, false complexes, and camouflage have been developed. Like the previous mobile complexes of the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering. Rocket 15Zh58 produced in Votkinsk.
The entire life of the rocket 15ZH58 (RT-2PM) conducts in a sealed transport and launch container 22 m long and 2 m in diameter.
Initially, the warranty period for the operation of the rocket was 10 years. Later the warranty period was extended to 15 years.
Launcher and equipment
During operation, the rocket is located in a transport and launch container installed on a mobile launcher. It is mounted on the basis of a seven-axle chassis of a MAZ heavy truck. The rocket is launched from a vertical position using a powder pressure accumulator ( PAD), located in the transport and launch container ( TPK).
The launcher was developed at the Volgograd Central Design Bureau "Titan" under the leadership of Valeriana Soboleva and Viktor Shurygin.
As a chassis for the launcher of the mobile complex, a seven-axle MAZ-7912 (15U128.1) , later - MAZ-7917 (15U168) wheel arrangement 14x12 (factory "Barricades" in Volgograd). This car of the Minsk Automobile Plant is equipped with a 710 hp diesel engine. Yaroslavl Motor Plant. chief designer of a rocket launcher Vladimir Tsvyalev. The vehicle was equipped with a sealed transport and launch container with a diameter of 2 m and a length of 22 m. The mass of the launcher with the rocket was about 100 tons. Despite this, the complex « Poplar"had good mobility and patency.
Solid propellant charges of engines were developed in the Lyubertsy NPO "Soyuz" under the guidance of Boris Zhukov(later the association was headed Zinovy Pack). Composite materials and the container were developed and manufactured at the Central Research Institute of Special Machine Building under the guidance of Victor Protasova. Rocket hydraulic steering drives and self-propelled launcher hydraulic drives were developed at the Moscow Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics.
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Some sources reported that the launch could have been made from any point on the patrol route, but according to more accurate information: “ Upon receipt of a launch order ASBU, calculation APU is obliged to take the nearest waypoint suitable for launch and deploy APU» . In the field (i.e. on the field BSP and MBP shelves " Poplars"are on combat duty, as a rule, for 1.5 months in winter and the same amount in summer). Start RS-12M could also be produced directly from a special unit 15U135 « Crown" wherein " Poplars» are on combat duty on stationary BSP . For this, the roof of the hangar is made sliding.
Combat readiness (time to prepare for the launch) from the moment the order was received to the launch of the rocket was increased to two minutes. In order to be able to start PU hung on jacks and leveled. These operations enter deployment mode. The missile container is then lifted to a vertical position. For this in the "Start" mode, a powder pressure accumulator is activated ( PAD) located on the very APU. It is needed in order for the hydraulic system to lift the boom with TPK into the vertical. In other words, this is an ordinary gas generator. On the Pioneer, the boom was raised (i.e., the hydraulic pump engine was working) from the drive from the propulsion engine ( HD) chassis, which led to the need to have a system to maintain HD in the "hot state", duplicate the start system HD air balloons, etc. But such a scheme somewhat reduced reliability. Start type - artillery: after installation TPK to a vertical position and the shooting of its upper protective cap is triggered first by the first PAD TPK– for extending the movable bottom TPK to "rest" on the ground for more stability, and then the second PAD already pushes the rocket to a height of several meters, after which the main engine of the first stage is launched. |
Control APU carried out PKP « Zenith"(divisional link) and" Granite"(regimental link).
For the Topol complex, a mobile command post of the regiment was developed ( PKP RP). Aggregates PKP RP placed on the chassis MAZ-543. Compound PKP RP:
Unit 15V168- command and control vehicle
Unit 15V179– communication machine 1
Unit 15V75– communication vehicle 2
Each unit was accompanied by a unit MOBD(combat support vehicle), also on the chassis MAZ-543. At first it was a unit 15V148, then (with 1989 g.) unit 15V231.
One MOBD included the functions of 4 units of the complex Pioneer: MDES, canteen, hostel, MDSO). Those. had diesel units, household compartment, BPU.
APU RK « Poplar» were equipped with a modernized system RBU, which made it possible to receive commands to start using the system " Perimeter» for 3 ranges.
The security of all life on earth is ensured by the balance of nuclear weapons of the eternal enemies of the United States and Russia. On the scales of these scales lie the Topol-M intercontinental ballistic missile on one side, and the Trident II missile on the other.
Someone can say why such a weapon is needed? We must destroy it and fight by conventional means. But war is very bad. This is the loss of territory, resources, and most importantly, the death of people, moreover, mostly civilians. And the presence of such weapons has a deterrent character. The enemy will think a hundred times whether he should attack our country when, in response, Poplars begin to grow on his territory. It gives a chance, a huge chance to prevent a war without starting hostilities.
History of creation
After the end of World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States of America carried out large-scale developments in the field of nuclear weapons and means of delivering warheads to the target. Developments were carried out with varying success. The Americans were the first to create atomic weapons and were even able to test them against Japan. The USSR soon caught up with its opponents and conducted its own tests of this type of weapon.
In the middle of the 20th century, the Cuban Missile Crisis flared up, and again thermonuclear weapons were at the forefront. Although the Soviet Union was inferior to the United States in terms of the number of warheads, the Americans still did not dare to unleash a third world war sparing their territories. The USSR had delivery vehicles that allowed it to hit the territory of America, and this cooled the hotheads. The remoteness of the continent has ceased to play into the hands of the United States.
In 1985, a new deterrent appears. First on combat duty missile regiment equipped with Topol installations. At the end of the same decade, work began on a new ICBM for mine and mobile complexes. For development involved:
- Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering (the design team already had experience in creating a mobile soil complex);
- Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in Dnepropetrovsk (the main developer of silo-based missiles).
This tandem was supposed to produce a unified complex
But this was not destined to come true, because the country collapsed. As a result, many enterprises involved in the creation of the new complex ended up on the territory of different states. For example, Yuzhnoye Design Bureau became owned by Ukraine.
By decree of the President of the Russian Federation in 1993, all the developments on this installation were preserved and formed the basis for a deep modernization of the already existing RT-2PM complex. The task was set to create the Topol-M complex. Having carried out deep improvements in performance, almost completely redesigning the rocket, the designers did not go beyond the existing international treaties. They left a big foundation for future modernization, thereby maintaining the Strategic Missile Forces in an effective and combat-ready form.
In the course of modernization, great attention was paid to the breakthrough of promising missile defense probable adversary.
"Topol-M" was supposed to be able to launch a retaliatory or retaliatory missile attack on enemy territory.
This implied the possibility of launching missiles when a nuclear strike on our country had already taken place and damaging factors from it were raging around. Or enemy missiles are in the air. Then another problem arises, which the complex must solve successfully. This is overcoming the nuclear shield over the targets. Also, such installations should have had greater autonomy.
Democracy was raging in the country. fell apart scientific institutes, technical laboratories, factories of the military-industrial complex went "for darma" into private hands. Big-headed people fled to the west to have a decent salary and the opportunity to provide for their families. But, despite all the difficulties, the patriots of their homeland worked on its defensive power.
A year later, a test launch of a silo-based missile was made. By the end of 1998, near Tatishvo, the first modernized complexes of mine location took up experimental duty. AT early XXI century, the mine-based complex was put into service. After that, work on the mobile complex accelerated. Six years after the adoption of the mine complex, the first mobile division "Topol-M" took up combat duty.
This missile became the first mass-produced, universal ground-based intercontinental missile. Even unification with the sea-based Bulava missile system has been carried out.
Description of the complex
The Topol-M rocket incorporated all the latest in rocket science and all the best in the scientific and technical sector of our country's development. According to many experts, everything related to this project can be singled out with one term “For the first time”.
Almost all the differences from the first model are incorporated in the process of delivering the warhead to the target.
They hide in the system of stable flight and penetration through the countermeasure system of a potential enemy. The active phase of the rocket flight was reduced due to the improvement of main engines. And the control devices make its trajectory difficult to determine for the means of detecting the enemy. The guidance system has also been improved, it has become insensitive to powerful electromagnetic pulses.
The rocket has three stages. All of them are solid fuel, made of composite materials under the Cocoon project. Management is carried out by tilting the nozzles of the propulsion engine. The case is coated with a special coating with a high content of rare elements. The cables of the control circuit are covered with a special protective cover and shielded from all types of radiation.
The control system of the Topol-M complex was created on the basis of a high-powered digital on-board computer and a gyro-stabilized platform with command gyroscopic instruments. An element base has been installed that increases survivability in conditions nuclear explosion.
The warhead is detachable, designed in a monoblock type, contains a thermonuclear charge with a capacity of 550 kt in TNT equivalent.
It can be equipped with a block-type split head. The number of blocks varies from 3 to 7. Each block has its own guidance system.
The anti-missile defense complex installed on this instance consists of:
- active and passive decoys. At the same time, they are practically indistinguishable from the original in all tracking ranges throughout the entire flight path. In the atmospheric section of the trajectory, they ensure confident overcoming of high-resolution radars. It consists of 15 to 20 Volnolet class targets;
- means of distortion of characteristics. They consist of a combination of various coatings and active interference generators, dipole reflectors and aerosols. Influence the means of detecting the enemy;
- trajectory correction engines. They create a chaotic movement of the warhead towards the target, making it difficult to aim countermeasure systems at it.
The launch of a rocket is akin to a mortar shot - vertically upwards. This provides additional security for complex technical system management.
After the rocket leaves the TPU, the first stage engine is started. The warhead itself is already moving along the descending branch of the trajectory.
Classification
- The installation received the designation RT-2MP2.
- The missile was given the designation 15Zh65.
- The mobile complex was given the name 15P165. The complex includes 9 ICBMs at APU.
- The stationary complex was given the name 15P065. The complex includes 10 ICBMs in silos.
- According to international treaties, the complex passes as RS-12M2.
- According to the NATO designation SS-27 “Sikle-B”, which means “Sickle” in translation.
Possibility of accommodation
The complex can be both stationary and mobile-based. Carried out partial unification with the "Mace".
Mine launchers are used for placement. Silo is a vertical well with load-bearing structures placed in it with fastening, as well as devices for servicing and launching a rocket.
From above, it is closed with an armored plate, which can slide off to the side or rise on a hinge, depending on design features. Provides compliance with the specified climatic and temperature regimes. Supports the rocket constant readiness to launch. At present, converted silos from Stiletto and Voyevoda are used for stationary complexes. In the mines, the missiles are placed in a metal transport and launch container.
The structure of one complex includes 10 missiles and a command module with a high degree of protection. The process of loading the rocket into the mine takes more than 8 hours. The term of combat duty of one missile is up to 15 years.
To accommodate the complex "Topol-M" used self-propelled chassis MZKT-79221. This is a special multi-axle chassis heavy duty, developed by Minsk designers in 1997.
Serial production started in 2000.
The wheelbase provides good maneuverability, overcoming various obstacles and driving on various types soil. The rocket is placed in a fiberglass TPU, which performs all the functions of ensuring readiness for launch. The dimensions of the mobile unit allow launching from almost any place:
- length - 22 meters;
- width - 3.4 meters;
- weight 120 tons.
The complex includes 9 mobile units, escort and security vehicles, and a control vehicle. Since 2013, the complex began to receive cars engineering camouflage. They hide the traces of the complexes that have entered the database. And they also create clearly visible traces leading to false positions.
The area of responsibility along the patrol route of one complex is 25 thousand square kilometers.
Tactical and technical characteristics
The mobility of the complex is ensured by the installation of a powerful turbodiesel engine on the chassis. The tractor is equipped with pneumatic tires 1600 * 600-685 in size, which allow you to move off-road. Additionally, a pressure control system is installed.
| Rocket | 15Ж65 |
|---|---|
| Damage radius, km | 12000 |
| Starting weight, t | 46,5 |
| Flight speed, km/s | Up to 7 |
| Length of missile with warhead, m | 22,6 |
| Missile length without warhead, m | 17,5 |
| Hull diameter max, m | 1,81 |
| Rocket weight in TPU, t | 76 |
| Warhead weight, t | 1,2 |
| Probable deviation diameter, m | 150-200 |
| Fuel | solid mix |
| Warhead | thermonuclear charge |
| Warhead power, t (TNT equivalent) | 550 |
| Tractor | MZKT-79221 |
| engine | YaMZ-847.10 |
| Engine power, h.p. | Engine power, h.p. |
| Carrying capacity, t | 80 |
| Weight, t | 44 |
| Length, m | 22,7 |
| Width, m | 22,7 |
| Width, m | 3,4 |
| Height, m | 3,3 |
| Ground clearance, mm | 475 |
| Turning radius, m | 18 |
| Crossable ford, m | 1,1 |
| Power reserve, km | 500 |
| Max speed, km/h | 45 |
| Tank volume, l | 875 |
The missile guidance system ensures that targets are hit with a small error. And given the power of the warhead, this deviation can not be taken into account.
Outcome
The characteristics of the Topol-M missile make it possible to say with confidence that the enemy will be defeated in any conditions of warfare.
The Strategic Missile Forces of our country will always keep parity, having such a complex in service strategic purpose. And overseas "friends" will look back a hundred times before taking an ill-considered aggressive step towards unleashing an armed conflict.
In addition to the Topol, the final test will soon come into service. newest complex ICBM with multiple warhead.
The characteristics of this weapon are secret, the appearance of some data is possible only after the complex is on combat duty.
Video
In recent years, the word "poplar" in Russian funds media is much less often used in its direct meaning - a fast-growing tree of the willow family - than before. Now much more often this word is used in a military and even geostrategic perspective. The Russian Topol-M ballistic missile has become one of the main information trends of recent times. It is with the presence in service Russian army this variety strategic weapons began to bind the positions of the Russian Federation in the international arena.
Start "Topol-M": 93.75% success
The RT-2PM2 (Topol-M) missile system really has not only a purely military, but also a strategic and ideological character and significance. Since this is the first intercontinental ballistic missile developed and put into service in Russia after the abolition of the Soviet Union. "Topol-M" is the most frequent and reasoned response of Russian supporters in any geopolitical discussions. “We are not some banana republic that was lucky enough to inherit nuclear weapons, we are capable of creating high-tech weapons at the level of the best world standards ourselves” - Topol-M is most often mentioned in this context. Development started missile system"Topol-M" is still in Soviet times when the task of creating a missile system with a solid-propellant rocket and two types of launchers for it was formulated - stationary (that is, from a launch silo) and mobile (from a mobile platform). But the main part of the work was carried out after the collapse of the USSR - for example, the tests of Topol-M started already in 1994.
In just twenty years, from December 1994 to November 2014, 16 test launches of the missile system were carried out. Of these, only one was unsuccessful: in October 1998, the launch of Topol-M was accompanied by a deviation of the rocket from the course, and it was decided to shoot it down. Thus, the effectiveness of the Topol-M rocket today is 93.75%. The placement of the missile in the launch silos began in 1997, although Topol-M, whose effective range depends on the individual characteristics of the target and the environment, was officially put on combat duty in 2000. In 2011, the political and military leadership of the country decided that the Topol-M missile system had fulfilled its task, that is, it had ensured Russia's nuclear security for more than a decade and a half. Since 2012, the acquisition of the Topol-M complex by the Armed Forces has been discontinued, in the future it is planned to put into operation the next generation missile system, the RS-24 Yars intercontinental ballistic missile. At the moment, 60 stationary mine complexes and 18 Topol-M mobile complexes are on combat duty.
"Topol-M": characteristics for envy, for fear and for conscience
Regardless of the method of basing, stationary (that is, being in launch silos), or mobile (installed on a transport platform), the Topol-M missile itself has the same characteristics, with the exception of the number of missiles. In the case of the stationary complex, these are ten missiles, the mobile version provides for one missile. The Topol-M rocket consists of three solid-fuel stages. Features of the fuel system and engine operation allow the Topol-M to quickly gain combat speed, which distinguishes it from the previous Soviet ballistic missiles. In addition, a sophisticated autonomous maneuvering system makes this missile a very difficult target for the air defense systems of a potential enemy.
The flight range of Topol-M is 11 thousand kilometers, which is quite enough to defeat strategic targets on the territory of other states that have nuclear weapons. The mass of the thrown warhead is approximately 1.2 tons, the power nuclear stock estimated at 550 kilotons of TNT. These indicators are associated with such a characteristic as the radius of destruction of the Topol-M missile: there is no single value in this case. The fact is that in order to determine the radius of damage nuclear warhead you need to know all the accompanying quantities: the location of the explosion (air, ground, water), the characteristics of the object that the rocket collided with (what material it consists of), the type of environment (type of soil, the presence of natural or artificial obstacles) and so on. Based on the theoretical indicators of the size of the zone of destruction of a nuclear explosion, it is possible to calculate the conditional value during the explosion of the charge of the Topol-M rocket with a capacity of 550 kilotons. In this case, the zone of complete destruction will be approximately 2 kilometers from the epicenter of the explosion, the zone of strong and medium destruction - up to 4 kilometers, the zone of weak destruction - about 7 kilometers.
What is carrying a nuclear bomb
Of particular interest is the mobile version of the Topol-M missile system. Moreover, this interest primarily affects not the rocket itself, but the transport platform on which it moves. So, as a "workhorse" for Topol-M, they use the MZKT-79221 wheeled chassis specially designed for such purposes. It has 16 wheels (wheel formula 16x16/12) and a load capacity of 80 tons. At the same time, the curb weight of the MZKT-79221 itself is about 44 tons. The engine of this wheeled chassis is diesel, the power of which is 588 kW (equivalent in horsepower - 800 hp). With such an “engine”, a fully equipped Topol-M mobile missile system is capable of speeds up to 45 kilometers per hour.
This may seem more than modest speed from the point of view of an ordinary motorist, but do not forget that we are talking about a colossus total weight 90 tons (44 tons of wheeled chassis and 46 tons of rockets) and a turning radius of 18 meters. Given the huge amount of fuel required for the operation of a complex of this magnitude, an indicator of 500 kilometers of power reserve with a full refueling should be considered very good. But armed forces have the ability to maneuver and create a flexible nuclear defense system, launchers intercontinental missiles which can change position relatively quickly. Add to this the system of carrying "false targets" and the increased resistance of the launched missile to electromagnetic impulses - and you get a weapon that can play a decisive role in a possible nuclear war.
Alexander Babitsky
Complex RS-12M / 15P158.1 / 15P158 "Topol", missile RT-2PM / 15ZH58 - SS-25 SICKLE / PL-5
Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) / mobile ground missile system (PGRK). The preliminary study of the project of the complex has been carried out since 1975 by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering (MIT) under the leadership of Alexander Davidovich Nadiradze on the basis of ICBM and MRBM. Chief designer since 1987 - Boris Lagutin (until 1993). The full-fledged development of the Topol ICBM for use as part of the PGRK was started by the Decree of the USSR Council of Ministers of 07/19/1976 ( ). The next Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on the development of the Topol complex with solid-fuel ICBMs was issued on July 19, 1977.
In 1979, development began on the manufacture of charges for the engines of the second and third stages of the rocket at the Pavlograd Chemical Plant ().
The first launch of an ICBM from a specially equipped silo was carried out at the Kapustin Yar test site on October 27, 1982. Probably, one of the launch tasks was to check the operation of the launch systems and the exit of the rocket from the TPK, followed by the launch of the main engine of the first stage. The launch was unsuccessful. Flight design tests (LKI) of the 15Zh58 ICBM began with a launch from a converted silo at the Plesetsk training ground on February 08, 1983. The launch was completely successful. In total in 1983-1984. 12 launches took place under the LCI program. All launches were carried out at the Plesetsk test site. The test launch of the LCI program took place on November 20, 1984.
Serial production of the Topol missile system began according to the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of December 28, 1984 ( ist. - Strategic missile). The rocket has been mass-produced by the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant since 1985. The self-propelled launchers of the complex were manufactured by the Barrikady plant (Volgograd). In 1984, the construction of stationary-based facilities and the equipment of combat patrol routes for the PGRK began. The objects were located in those divisions of the Strategic Missile Forces, where the RT-2P, MR-UR-100 and UR-100N ICBMs were removed from combat duty. At the same time, the PGRK complex was deployed in the position areas of the Pioneer IRBM ( ist. - Strategic missile).
The first division of the PGRK 15P158.1 Topol entered combat duty on July 23, 1985 as part of the Strategic Missile Forces regiment in Yoshkar-Ola, Mari Autonomous District of the USSR (). Until the end of 1985, another half of the PGRK took up combat duty ( ist. - Strategic missile). The first regiment of the Strategic Missile Forces with RS-12M missiles, equipped with a mobile regimental command post "Barrier" (), was put on alert on April 28, 1987 in the region of Nizhny Tagil and on May 27, 1988, the first missile regiment was put on alert with a modernized mobile regimental command post "Granit" (), based - Irkutsk (). The Topol ICBM complex was adopted by the USSR Strategic Missile Forces on December 1, 1988 ().
Since 1997, the RS-12M ICBMs have been gradually replaced by ICBMs and .
http://tvzvezda.ru/).
ICBM launches RS-12M "Topol":
| No. pp | the date | Launch site | Result | Description |
| 29.09.1981 | Plesetsk | There was probably no such launch, but it is mentioned in a number of foreign sources (). The date is called as the start date of the LCI in some sources (). The launch is mentioned in the 2002 book on the history of the Plesetsk cosmodrome. With a high probability, this is a throw test of an early prototype / test rocket of the 15Zh58 rocket |
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| 30.10.1981 | Plesetsk | Throwing launch (?) | ||
| 25.08.1982 | Plesetsk | Throwing launch (?) | ||
| 00 | 27.10.1982 | Kapustin Yar | failed launch | Launch from a specially converted silo. |
| 01 | 08.02.1983 (02/18/1983 according to other data) | Plesetsk | successful launch | The launch was carried out by the combat crew of the 6th NRU. Launch from a specially converted silo RT-2P (). The first launch of the LKI rocket 15Zh58. |
| 02 | 03.05.1983 (05/05/1983 according to other data) | Plesetsk | successful launch | Launch from a specially converted silo RT-2P (). 2nd start LKI () |
| 03 | 30.06.1983 (05/31/1983 according to other data) | Plesetsk | successful launch | Launch from a specially converted silo RT-2P (). 3rd launch LKI () |
| 04 | 10.08.1983 | Plesetsk | emergency start | First launch from SPU PGRK. 4th launch of LKI. In the book "Navigators of the Planets" (under the general editorship of E.L. Mezhiritsky, 2008), the launch is called emergency - not through the fault of the control system (). |
| 05 | 25.10.1983 | Plesetsk | successful launch | 5th launch LCI () |
| 06 | 20.02.1984 | Plesetsk | successful launch | 6th launch LKI () |
| 07 | 27.03.1984 | Plesetsk | successful launch | 7th launch LKI () |
| 08 | 23.041984 | Plesetsk | successful launch | 8th launch LKI () |
| 09 | 23.05.1984 | Plesetsk | successful launch | 9th launch LCI () |
| 10 | 26.07.1984 | Plesetsk | successful launch | 10th launch of LCI () |
| 11 | 10.09.1984 | Plesetsk | successful launch | 11th launch LKI () |
| 12 | 02.10.1984 | Plesetsk | emergency start | 12th launch of LKI (). In the book "Navigators of the Planets" (under the general editorship of E.L. Mezhiritsky, 2008), the launch is called emergency - not through the fault of the control system (). |
| 13 | 20.11.1984 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Test start LCI () |
| 14 | 06.12.1984 | Plesetsk | successful launch | 13th LCI launch |
| 15 | 06.12.1984 | Plesetsk | successful launch | 14th LCI launch |
| 16 | 29.01.1985 | Plesetsk | emergency start | 15th launch of the LKI program (). In the book "Navigators of the Planets" (under the general editorship of E.L. Mezhiritsky, 2008), the launch is called emergency - not through the fault of the control system (). |
| 17 | 21.02.1985 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch |
| 18 | 22.04.1985 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch () |
| 19 | 14.06.1985 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch () |
| 20 | 06.08.1985 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch () |
| 21 | 25.08.1985 (08/28/1985 according to other data) | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch () |
| 22 | 04.10.1985 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch () |
| 23 | 24.10.1985 (25.10.1985 according to other data) | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch () |
| 24 | 06.12.1985 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 25 | 18.04.1986 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 26 | 20.09.1986 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 27 | 29.11.1986 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 28 | 25.12.1986 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 29 | 11.02.1987 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 30 | 04/26/1987 (05/26/1987 according to other data) | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 31 | 30.06.1987 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 32 | 14.07.1987 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 33 | 31.07.1987 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 34 | 23.12.1987 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 35 | 23.12.1987 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Last launch of the joint test program PGRK "Topol" (). 16th launch of LKI (). |
| 36 | 29.04.1988 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch of the Topol ICBM () |
| 37 | 07/05/1988 (08/05/1988 according to other data) | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 38 | 14.09.1988 | Plesetsk | successful launch | |
| 39 | 08.10.1988 (10/20/1988 according to other data) | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 40 | 09.12.1988 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 41 | 07.02.1989 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 42 | 21.03.1989 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 43 | 15.06.1989 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 44 | 20.09.1989 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 45 | 10/26/1989 (10/27/1989 according to other data) | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 46 | 29.03.1990 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 47 | 21.05.1990 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 48 | 24.05.1990 | Plesetsk | successful launch | |
| 49 | 31.07.1990 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 50 | 08.08.1990 | Plesetsk, site №169 | successful launch | 1st launch of the 15Yu75 command missile test program based on the 15Zh58 missile of the Perimeter-RTs system ( , ) |
| 51 | 16.08.1990 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 52 | 17.10.1990 | Plesetsk, site №169 | successful launch | 2nd launch of the 15Yu75 command missile based on the 15Zh58 missile of the Perimeter-RTs system ( , ) |
| 53 | 01.11.1990 | Plesetsk, site №169 | successful launch | 3rd launch of the 15Yu75 command missile based on the 15Zh58 missile of the Perimeter-RTs system ( , ) |
| 54 | 25.12.1990 | Plesetsk, site №169 | successful launch | 4th launch of the 15Yu75 command missile based on the 15Zh58 missile of the Perimeter-RTs system ( , ) |
| 55 | 25.12.1990 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 56 | 07.02.1991 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () Combat training launch from the 2nd launcher of the 306th missile regiment () |
| 57 | 05.04.1991 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 58 | 25.06.1991 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 59 | 19.08.1991 (08/20/1991 according to other data) | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 60 | 02.10.1991 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 61 | 25.02.1993 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 62 | 25.03.1993 | Plesetsk | partially successful launch | LV EK-25 "Start-1" ( , ) |
| 63 | 23.07.1993 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 64 | 22.06.1994 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 65 | 23.09.1994 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 66 | 10.11.1994 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 67 | 28.03.1995 | Plesetsk | emergency start | "Start" launch vehicle (5 stages), load - EKA-2 overall weight model and Gurwin Techsat 1A and UNAMSat A satellites were not put into orbit (). |
| 68 | 14.04.1995 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 69 | 10.10.1995 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 70 | 10.11.1995 | Plesetsk | successful launch | |
| 71 | 17.04.1996 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 72 | 03.10.1996 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 73 | 11/09/1996 (11/05/1996 according to other data) | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 74 | 04.03.1997 | Free | successful launch | The first successful launch of the launch vehicle "Start-1.2" (), satellite "Zeya" (). |
| 75 | 03.10.1997 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 76 | 24.12.1997 | Free | successful launch | Launch vehicle "Start-1" (), AES Early Bird (). |
| 77 | 16.09.1998 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 78 | 01.10.1999 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 79 | 11.10.2000 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch () |
| 80 | 05.12.2000 | Free | successful launch | Launch vehicle "Start-1" (), satellite EROS A (). |
| 81 | 16.02.2001 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch () |
| 82 | 20.02.2001 | Free | successful launch | Launch vehicle "Start-1" (), satellite "Odin" (). |
| 83 | 03.10.2001 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch () |
| 84 | 01.11.2001 19-20 Moscow time | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura range (Kamchatka). Allegedly tested combat equipment (). |
| 85 | 12.10.2002 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch () |
| 86 | 27.03.2003 12-27 Moscow time | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura range (Kamchatka). The missile was on combat duty for 18 years. According to media reports, this is the 79th Topol launch from the Plesetsk training ground and the 43rd combat training launch (). |
| 87 | 18.02.2004 13-30 Moscow time | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura range (Kamchatka). According to Western data, it is possible that the launch was carried out in order to test advanced combat equipment ( , ). |
| 88 | 02.11.2004 | Plesetsk | successful launch | |
| 89 | 01.11.2005 | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | According to Western data (the target IP-10 is mentioned), the launch is the purpose of the test advanced combat equipment, 15Zh58E missile. The launch was made at the Sary-Shagan test site () |
| 90 | 29.11.2005 10-44 Moscow time | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch of the Topol ICBM at the Kura range (Kamchatka). The purpose of the launch is to test the reliability of a rocket with a long shelf life. For the first time in the Strategic Missile Forces, the shelf life of a rocket was 20 years (). |
| 91 | 25.04.2006 | Free | successful launch | Launch vehicle "Start-1" (), satellite EROS B (). |
| 92 | 03.08.2006 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura range (Kamchatka). |
| 93 | 18.10.2007 09-10 Moscow time | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura range (Kamchatka). The service life has been extended to 21 years. |
| 94 | 08.12.2007 17-43 Moscow time | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | |
| 95 | 28.08.2008 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura range (Kamchatka). Probably a 15Zh58E missile. " Experimental warhead missiles from high precision hit a conditional target at the training ground of the Kamchatka Peninsula, thereby demonstrating the ability to reliably hit point highly protected objects "(). |
| 96 | 12.10.2008 11-24 Moscow time | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura range (Kamchatka). |
| 97 | 10.04.2009 12-09 Moscow time | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura range (Kamchatka). The launch was made by the calculation of the Irkutsk formation of the Strategic Missile Forces. Launched rocket was manufactured in 1987 and until August 2007 was on combat duty in the Teikovsky missile formation (,). |
| 98 | 10.12.2009 | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | advanced combat equipment. The launch was made at the Sary-Shagan test site (). |
| 99 | 28.10.2010 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura range (Kamchatka). The launched missile was manufactured in 1987 and until August 2007 was on combat duty at the Teikovsky missile formation (Ivanovo region), and then was stored at one of the arsenals of the Strategic Missile Forces (). |
| 100 | 05.12.2010 | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | Launch of the 15Zh58E "Topol-E" rocket for the purpose of testing advanced combat equipment. The launch was made at the Sary-Shagan test site (). |
| 101 | 03.09.2011 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura range (Kamchatka). The missile was launched by the industry in 1988 and until March 2011 was on duty in the Novosibirsk missile formation. According to media reports, the rocket was launched with a new experimental warhead (). |
| 102 | 03.11.2011 10-45 Moscow time | Plesetsk | successful launch | Launch as part of work to extend the service life of Topol missiles, launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka). The launch used a rocket manufactured by the industry in 1987 and as of July 2007 the rocket was on alert in the Tagil formation of the Strategic Missile Forces. The launch was made by space troops and personnel of the Strategic Missile Forces unit from Yoshkar-Ola. according to the results of the launch, the service life of the RS-12M missiles was extended to 25 years. |
| 103 | 07.06.2012 21-39 Moscow time | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | Launch of the Topol-E missile to test advanced combat equipment. The launch was made at the Sary-Shagan test site. "The objectives of this launch were to confirm the stability of the main flight performance missiles of this class during the period of extended service life, testing of measuring instruments of various types of measuring systems in the interests of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, another test combat equipment of intercontinental ballistic missiles" (). |
| 104 | 19.10.2012 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura range (Kamchatka). "The goals of this launch were to confirm the stability of the main flight performance of missiles of this class during the period of operation extended to 24 years and to assess the possibility of extending the operation by 25 years" (). |
| 105 | 10.10.2013 17-39 Moscow time | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | Launch of the Topol-E rocket for the purpose of testing advanced combat equipment. The launch was made at the Sary-Shagan test site. According to Western data TEST 1 () |
| 106 | 30.10.2013 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura range (Kamchatka). The launch was made by a rocket and crew from the 14th division of the Strategic Missile Forces (Yoshkar-Ola). The launch was carried out as part of an exercise with a sudden check of the readiness of the Aerospace Defense and Strategic Missile Forces. |
| 107 | 27.12.2013 21-30 Moscow time | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | Launch of the Topol-E rocket for the purpose of testing advanced combat equipment. The launch was made at the Sary-Shagan test site. According to Western data TEST 2 () |
| 108 | 04.03.2014 22-10 Moscow time | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | Rocket "Topol-E". "The purpose of the launch was to test the promising combat equipment of intercontinental ballistic missiles. The training warhead of the missile hit a conditional target at the Sary-Shagan training ground with a given accuracy. According to Western data TEST 3 () |
| - | March 2014 | Kapustin Yar | launch plan 2 | In addition to the launch on 03/04/2014, according to the Ministry of Defense of Kazakhstan, in March it was planned to conduct two more launches of ICBMs at the Sary-Shagan training ground (). |
| 109 | 08.05.2014 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura range (Kamchatka). The launch was carried out as part of an exercise with a sudden check of the readiness of the Aerospace Defense and Strategic Missile Forces (). |
| 110 | 20.05.2014 21-08 Moscow time | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | Rocket "Topol-E". "The purpose of the launch was to test the promising combat equipment of intercontinental ballistic missiles. The training warhead of the missile hit a conditional target at the Sary-Shagan test site () with the given accuracy. According to Western data TEST 4 () |
| 111 | 11.11.2014 | Kapustin Yar | emergency start | According to Western data, the Topol-E rocket. shooting was carried out at the Sary-Shagan training ground. Presumably one of the launches with promising combat equipment. According to Western data TEST 5 () |
| 112 | 22.08.2015 18-13 Moscow time | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | Rocket, probably "Topol-E". "The purpose of the launch was to test the promising combat equipment of intercontinental ballistic missiles. The training warhead of the missile hit a conditional target at the Sary-Shagan training ground (). |
| 113 | 30.10.2015 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Successful launch as part of the training of the strategic forces control system. |
| 114 | 17.11.2015 15-12 Moscow time | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | |
| 115 | 24.12.2015 20-55 Moscow time | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | Rocket, probably "Topol-E". "The purpose of the launch was to test advanced combat equipment for ICBMs." The training warhead of the rocket hit a conditional target at the Sary-Shagan training ground with a given accuracy. |
| 116 | 09/09/2016 | Plesetsk | successful launch | The purpose of the launch was to confirm the main flight performance of the intercontinental ballistic missile"Topol", as well as testing advanced combat equipment and means of overcoming missile defense. The set goals of the launch were achieved in full. The experimental warhead of the rocket hit a mock target with high accuracy at the training ground of the Kamchatka Peninsula () |
| 117 | October 12, 2016 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Successful launch at the Kura test site in Kamchatka as part of the program for confirming the extended life of ICBMs (). Probably this launch was carried out command rocket 15Y75 (). |
| - | 2016-2017 | According to the Ministry of Defense of Russia for 2016-2017. planned to conduct 7 launches of Topol ICBMs. The insured amount of one launch is 180 million rubles. | ||
| 118 | 09/26/2017 | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | Rocket, probably "Topol-E". "The purpose of the launch was to test advanced combat equipment for ICBMs." The training warhead of the rocket hit a conditional target at the Sary-Shagan training ground with a given accuracy. "During the test, experimental data were obtained on the parameters of the target environment formed by the combat equipment of advanced ballistic missiles in the process of overcoming anti-missile defense. Subsequently, this information will be used in the interests of developing effective means of overcoming missile defense to equip a promising group of Russian ballistic missiles with them" |
| 119 | October 26, 2017 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Successful launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka) during the exercises of strategic nuclear forces. |
| 120 | December 26, 2017 | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | Rocket, probably "Topol-E". The purpose of the launch was to test advanced combat equipment of intercontinental ballistic missiles. During the test, experimental data were obtained that will be used in the interests of developing effective means of overcoming missile defense, equipping them with a promising group of Russian ballistic missiles (). |
| 121 | 12/11/2018 | Kapustin Yar | accident | The launch at the 107th site of the Topol-E rocket at the Sary-Shagan range ended with the explosion of the first stage of the rocket in the first seconds of the flight. The official version is the explosion of an anti-aircraft missile of the S-350 complex (). |
Decommissioning: The RS-12M Topol ICBM is scheduled to be decommissioned in 2022 (December 2016, ).
Launch and ground equipment:
silos- an experimental mine launcher was used at the first stage of testing ICBMs. In the mid-1980s, some Western sources speculated that the SS-25 ICBMs would also be deployed in silos.
PGRK - autonomous launcher APU 15U128.1- missile system 15P158.1 "Topol" with a dot "" - MAZ-7912 chassis - this type of SPU was part of the Topol PGRK on initial stage deployment of the complex. SPU was developed by the Central Design Bureau "Titan" of the "Barricades" plant (Volgograd). In part, the source notes that the 15U128.1 installation was precisely the SPU, and not the APU.
The length of the APU with TPK - 22.3 m (Poster from the exhibition "Army-2015",)
Chassis length - 17.3 m
APU width - 3.85 m
Minimum turning radius - 27 m
Power reserve - 400 km
SPU 15U128.1 on MAZ-7912 chassis with TPK - Topol complex (official photo from documents under SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).
SPU 15U128.1 on MAZ-7912 chassis without TPK - Topol complex (official photo from documents under SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).
Serial APU 15U128.1 on the MAZ-7912 chassis, complex 15P158.1 (http://military.tomsk.ru/forum).
PGRK - SPU 15U168- missile system 15P158 "Topol" - MAZ-7917 chassis. According to a number of sources, the SPU can launch from any point on the patrol route without preliminary geodetic reference and marking of the starting position (probably not true). SPU was developed by the Central Design Bureau "Titan" of the "Barricades" plant (Volgograd) under the leadership of V.M. Sobolev and V.A. Shurygin. Chassis MAZ-7917 developed in Minsk automobile factory under the leadership of V.P. Chvyalev ( ist. - Strategic missile). The SPU is equipped with an autonomous power source, a navigation system, radio and intercom equipment, a set of spare parts and accessories, a set for mounting and sheltering the unit on a railway platform.
Calculation - 3 people
Engine - 710 hp diesel.
The length of the SPU with TPK - 22303 mm (Poster from the exhibition "Army-2015", )
SPU length without TPK - 19520 mm ()
Chassis length - 18.4 m
TPK length - 22.3 m ()
TPK diameter - 2 m ()
Width of APU in stowed position- 3.85 m (Poster from the exhibition "Army-2015", )
Height with TPK - 4350 mm (Poster from the exhibition "Army-2015", )
Height without TPK - 3000 mm ()
Ground clearance with full load - 475 mm ()
Gross weight of APU - 105.1 tons (Poster from the exhibition "Army-2015", )
Minimum turning radius - 26 m (Poster from the exhibition "Army-2015", )
Power reserve - 400 km
Speed max():
- 40 km/h (roads 1-2 categories)
- 25 km/h (roads 3-4 categories)
APU 15U168 on MAZ-7917 chassis with TPK - Topol complex (official photo from documents under SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).
APU 15U168 on the MAZ-7917 chassis without TPK - the Topol complex (official photo from the documents under the SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).
TPK missiles 15Zh58 / RS-12M (official photo from documents under SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).
APU 15U168 on the MAZ-7917 chassis of the Topol complex after a rocket launch at the Plesetsk training ground, 2000s (http://militaryphotos.net).
APU 15U168 of the complex 15P158 "Topol" of the Novosibirsk division of the Strategic Missile Forces, 12/09/2011 (photo - Alexander Kryazhev, http://visualrian.ru/).
APU 15U168 of the 15P158 "Topol" complex at the exercises of graduates of the Serpukhov Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces, publication 12/12/2013 (photo - Konstantin Semenov, http://tvzvezda.ru/).
SPU 15U168 complex 15P158 "Topol", Military Historical artillery museum, St. Petersburg, 05/09/2012 (photo - A.V. Karpenko, http://bastion-karpenko.narod.ru/).
http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).
SPU 15U168 complex 15P158 "Poplar" in the prelaunch position (http://www.nationaldefense.ru).
SPU 15U168 complex 15P158 "Poplar". On the starboard side of the SPU, some essential structural elements are missing. Exhibition "Patriot", Kubinka, 2015 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).
The aft part of the SPU 15P168 complex 15P158 "Topol" (Strategic ground-based missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).
http://pressa-rvsn.livejournal.com/).
The control system cables were cut off for the first time by pyrodevices ( ist. - Strategic missile). TPK is covered with a special fire-resistant intumescent coating SGK-1.
Unit 15U135 "Krona" - a hangar with a retractable roof for carrying PGRK combat duty at a stationary equipped position. The rocket could be launched directly from the structure, which was equipped with a retractable roof.
Rocket RT-2PM / 15Zh58:
Design- a three-stage solid-propellant rocket with a sequential arrangement of steps. For the first time in the USSR, the stair cases are made of organoplastic by the method of continuous winding of the "cocoon" type. All steps are equipped with transition compartments.
The first stage of the rocket is equipped with 4 lattice aerodynamic stabilizers and 4 lattice aerodynamic rudders combined with gas-jet rudders.
Launch of ICBM 15Zh58 / RS-12M "Topol" from the Plesetsk test site, presumably 2007-2010. (http://pressa-rvsn.livejournal.com/).
The spent first stage of the Topol ICBM after launch from the Plesetsk test site in northern Russia, photo no later than 2013 (http://www.edu.severodvinsk.ru/).
One of the launches of ICBM 15Zh58 / RS-12M "Topol" from the Plesetsk test site, presumably 2007-2012, published on 01/15/2013 (http://pressa-rvsn.livejournal.com/).
The composition of the rocket:
- starting PAD
Stage 1 - fixed-nozzle solid-propellant rocket engine with gas-jet rudders (synchronized with aerodynamic lattice rudders).
Stage 2 - solid propellant rocket motor with a fixed nozzle with a fixed nozzle.
Stage 3 - solid propellant rocket engine with one fixed nozzle with a fixed nozzle. In front of the solid propellant rocket engine there are cut-off windows for engine thrust, which were opened with the help of detonating elongated charges (DEZ).
Warhead launch stage
http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).
Rocket 15Zh58 complex 15P158 "Topol". The photo was probably taken at the MIK at the "Ice" site of the Plesetsk test site (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).
Control system: autonomous inertial missile control system using on-board computer. The system was developed by NPO Automation and Instrumentation (chief designer Vladimir Lapygin). Firing accuracy has been improved through the use of new, more sensitive accelerometers and an on-board computer that implements direct guidance methods, which calculated at the current time the warhead flight trajectory to the point of impact. ( ist. - Strategic missile). The aiming system was developed by the design bureau of the Arsenal plant (Kiev), the chief designer is Serafim Parnyakov. All operations of pre-launch preparation and launch, as well as preparatory and maintenance work are fully automated.
One of the main components of the missile aiming system is the automatic gyrocompass (AGK) SPU 15U168 of the 15P158 Topol complex. On the starboard side of the SPU, some essential structural elements are missing. Exhibition "Patriot", Kubinka, 2015 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).
The course and pitch control was carried out at the 1st stage by gas-jet rudders synchronized with aerodynamic rudders, at the second and third stages - by blowing gas into the supercritical region of the nozzle. Range control was carried out by cutting off the thrust of the third stage engine.
Engines: development of production and manufacture of charges for solid propellant rocket engines of the 2nd and 3rd stages of the rocket began at the Pavlograd chemical plant in 1979 ().
Start PAD
Stage 1 - solid propellant rocket engine with a new mixed fuel with increased density and specific impulse developed by LNPO "Soyuz" (Lyubertsy). The engine is equipped with one fixed nozzle with gas jet rudders (synchronized with aerodynamic lattice rudders).
Rocket engines passed fire tests in NIO-1 (Sofrinsky artillery range of the Research Institute "Geodesy") ().
The first stage of the 15Zh58 / RS-12M rocket. The photo was probably taken at the MIK at the "Ice" site of the Plesetsk test site (official photo from the documents under the SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).
Probably, the preparation of the engine of the 1st stage of the ICBM 15ZH58 "Topol" for experimental testing for the purpose of experimental combustion under the joint program of MIT, FTsDT "Soyuz", Moscow State University and the company "Lockheed Martin" (USA) in NIO-1 (Sofrinsky artillery range of NII "Geodesy") ().
The nozzle block of the first stage of the 15Zh58 rocket of the 15P158 Topol complex. The photo was probably taken at the MIK at the "Ice" site of the Plesetsk test site (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).
- Stage 2 - solid propellant rocket engine with a new mixed fuel with increased density and specific impulse developed by LNPO "Soyuz" (Lyubertsy). The engine is equipped with one fixed nozzle with a fixed nozzle. The thrust vector was controlled by blowing gas into the supercritical region of the nozzle. The blowing is provided by a special gas generator ( ist. - Strategic missile).
The second stage of the 15Zh58 rocket of the 15P158 Topol complex. The photo was probably taken at the MIK at the "Ice" site of the Plesetsk test site (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).
- Stage 3 - solid propellant rocket engine with a new mixed fuel with increased density and specific impulse developed by LNPO "Soyuz" (Lyubertsy). The engine is equipped with one fixed nozzle with a fixed nozzle. In front of the solid propellant rocket engine there are 8 cut-off windows for engine thrust, which were opened using detonating elongated charges (DUZ). The thrust vector was controlled by blowing gas into the supercritical region of the nozzle. For the first time, part of the engine charge is made of metal-free fuel - the combustion products of this part of the charge are removed through filters to special injection valves through devices in the nozzle flange ( ist. - Strategic missile).
The third stage of the 15Zh58 rocket of the 15P158 Topol complex. The photo was probably taken at the MIK at the "Ice" site of the Plesetsk test site (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).
- warhead launch stage - 4 x solid propellant rocket motors
Launch stage of the warhead of the 15Zh58 missile of the 15P158 Topol complex. The photo was probably taken at the MIK at the "Ice" site of the Plesetsk test site (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).
TTX missiles:
Length:
- full - 21.5 m
- without warhead - 18.5 m
- first stage - 8.1 m
- second stage - 4.6 m
- third stage - 3.9 m
- head part - 2.1 m
Diameter:
- hulls of the first stage - 1.8 m
- hulls of the second stage - 1.55 m
- hulls of the third stage - 1.34 m
- TPK (transport and launch container) - 2.0 m
The area of the combat patrol area is 125,000 sq. km
Warhead types:
The basic version is a thermonuclear warhead with a capacity of 550 kt (,). The charge was developed by VNIIEF under the leadership of Samvel Kocharyants. The warhead is equipped with a set of means to overcome missile defense.
Warhead mass - 1000 km
Launch vehicle "Start-1" in the workshop of the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant (http://www.iz-article.ru/).
Launch vehicle "Start-1" in the workshop of the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant (Yu. Solomonov. Nuclear vertical. M., Intervestnik, 2009).
Launch of the launch vehicle "Start".
Infrastructure and auxiliary facilities of the complex:
As of 1999, 4-5 missile regiments were based simultaneously in one position area of the PGRK. The regiment includes three missile divisions - i.e. 9 SPU, a mobile command post and a stationary command post at the place of permanent deployment of the regiment. ( ist. - Strategic missile).
The composition of the complex includes:
- self-propelled ICBM launchers;
- combat control vehicle (MBU);
- communication machine;
- combat duty support vehicles;
Combat duty support vehicle (MOBD) 15V148 / 15V231 of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis was intended for recreation personnel on combat duty.
Combat duty support vehicle (MOBD) 15V148 / 15V231 of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis (official photo from documents under SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).
Combat duty support vehicle (MOBD) 15V148 / 15V231 of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).
Combat duty support vehicle (MOBD) 15V148 / 15V231 of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis at the exercises of graduates of the Serpukhov Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces, publication on 12.12.2013 (photo - Konstantin Semenov, http://tvzvezda.ru/).
Combat duty support vehicle (MOBD) 15V148 of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis. Exhibition "Patriot", Kubinka, 2015 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).
- vehicle for training drivers on the MAZ-7917 chassis.
A vehicle for driver training on the MAZ-7917 chassis (official photo from the SALT documents, http://www.fas.org).
Tropospheric radio communication station 15V78 from the means of providing the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis. Exhibition "Patriot", Kubinka, 2015 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).
The set of arsenal equipment of the complex includes a transport trolley for the TPK, probably developed by the Central Design Bureau "Titan" (Volgograd) and produced at the "Barrikada" plant.
The transport trolley with the TPK of the 15Zh58 missile of the Topol complex, in the second picture in the foreground, a model of the ICBM warhead is visible. Photos taken on the day open doors in the 42nd Tagil Missile Division of the Strategic Missile Forces, Nizhny Tagil, 03/04/2015 ().
Status: USSR / Russia
ICBM RS-12M "Topol" - SS-25. Illustration from the Soviet Military Power Yearbook 1986 (http://www.defenseimagery.mil).
ICBM RS-12M "Topol" - SS-25 in position in Eastern Siberia. Illustration from the Soviet Military Power Yearbook 1988 (http://www.defenseimagery.mil).
- 2013 December 19 - information appeared in the media that on the basis of the Research Institute "Geodesia" ("object 103") in Krasnoarmeysk near Moscow, a center is being created for the disposal of large-sized solid propellant rocket engines for missiles such as "Tochka-U", "Iskander" and " Poplar". On the day, 2 solid propellant rocket engines "Topol" () will be disposed of at the facility.
Engines of the 2nd stage of the Topol ICBM before disposal at "object 103", 2013 (photo - Anatoly Sokolov,).
The test site of the Topol PGRK at the Plesetsk training ground, launched on 20/30/2015 (video footage from the Russian Ministry of Defense).
Launch of the Topol ICBM at the Plesetsk training ground, 20/30/2015 (video footage of the Russian Ministry of Defense, processed, the first frame is a different date).
- 2015 November 03 - the media reported that by December 2016, the Strategic Missile Forces plans to dispose of 17 APUs of the Topol PGRK in accordance with the START-III agreement signed in 2010. Liquidation and disposal will take place in military unit 25850 (Belezino township, Republic of Udmurtia , .
2021 - according to a media statement by the commander's consultant Rocket troops of strategic appointment, Colonel General Viktor Yesin dated July 21, 2015, by 2021, it is planned to remove the Topol PGRK from combat duty and completely replace the Yars and Yars-M ICBMs.
)
Sources:
Cosmodrome "Plesetsk". Dedicated to the 45th anniversary of the creation of the Plesetsk cosmodrome. M., 2002
Lenta.ru. 2011
Missile system RS-12M, Topol (SS-25, Sickle), 2013 ()
RT-2PM, 2013 ().
Northern Cosmodrome of Russia. Mirny, Plesetsk cosmodrome, 2007
Ground-based strategic missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007
Complex RT-2PM2 "Topol-M"(code RS-12M2, according to NATO classification - SS-27 Sickle "Serp") - Russian strategic missile system with an intercontinental ballistic missile, developed in the late 1980s - early 1990s on the basis of the RT-2PM "Topol" complex . The first intercontinental ballistic missile developed in Russia after the collapse of the USSR. Adopted in 1997. The lead developer of the missile system is the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering (MIT).
Rocket complex "Topol-M" is a solid fuel, three-stage. The maximum range is 11,000 km. Carries one thermonuclear warhead with a capacity of 550 kt. The missile is based both in silo launchers (silos) and on mobile launchers. In the mine-based variant, it was put into service in 2000.
Designed to perform tasks of applying to the territory of the enemy in the face of opposition from existing and advanced systems PRO, with multiple nuclear impact in the positional area, when the positional area is blocked by high-altitude nuclear explosions. It is used as part of the 15PO65 mine-based and 15P165 mobile-based complex.
Stationary complex "Topol-M" includes 10 intercontinental ballistic missiles mounted in silo launchers, as well as a command post.
The main characteristics of the Topol-M rocket
| Number of steps | 3 |
| Length (with MS) | 22.55 m |
| Length (without HF) | 17.5 m |
| Diameter | 1.81 m |
| starting weight | 46.5 t |
| Thrown weight | 1.2 t |
| Type of fuel | Solid mixed |
| Maximum range | 11000 km |
| head type | Monoblock, nuclear, detachable |
| Number of warheads | 1 + about 20 dummies |
| Charge power | 550 kt |
| Control system | Autonomous, inertial based on the BTsVK |
| Basing method | Mine and mobile |
Mobile complex "Topol-M" represents one missile placed in a high-strength fiberglass transport and launch container (TPK), mounted on an eight-axle chassis MZKT-79221 with high cross-country ability and structurally practically does not differ from the mine version. The weight of the launcher is 120 tons. Six of the eight pairs of wheels are swivel, which provides a turning radius of 18 meters.
The pressure on the ground of the installation is two times less than that of a conventional truck. Engine V-shaped 12-cylinder turbocharged diesel YaMZ-847 with a power of 800 hp. The depth of the ford to be overcome is up to 1.1 meters.
When creating systems and units of the mobile Topol-M, a number of fundamentally new technical solutions compared with the Topol complex. Thus, the incomplete hanging system makes it possible to deploy the Topol-M launcher even on soft soils. Improved patency and maneuverability of the installation, which increases its survivability.
"Topol-M" is capable of launching from anywhere in the position area, and also has improved means of camouflage, both against optical and other reconnaissance means (including by reducing the infrared component of the unmasking field of the complex, as well as the use of special coatings that reduce radar visibility).
intercontinental missile consists of three stages with solid propellant propulsion engines. Aluminum is used as fuel, ammonium perchlorate acts as an oxidizing agent. The stair cases are made of composites. All three stages are equipped with a rotary nozzle for deflecting the thrust vector (there are no lattice aerodynamic rudders).
Control system- inertial, based on the onboard computer and gyro-stabilized platform. The complex of high-speed command gyroscopic instruments has improved accuracy characteristics. The new BTsVK has increased productivity and resistance to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. Aiming is provided through the implementation of an autonomous determination of the azimuth of the control element installed on a gyro-stabilized platform using a ground-based command instrumentation complex located on the TPK. Increased combat readiness, accuracy and continuous operation life of onboard equipment are provided.
Start method - mortar for both options. The rocket's solid propellant sustainer engine allows it to pick up speed much faster than previous types of rockets of a similar class, created in Russia and the Soviet Union. This greatly complicates its interception by missile defense systems in the active phase of the flight.
The missile is equipped with a detachable warhead with one thermonuclear warhead with a capacity of 550 kt TNT equivalent. The warhead is also equipped with a set of means to overcome missile defense. The complex of means of overcoming missile defense consists of passive and active decoys, as well as means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead. A few dozens auxiliary engines corrections, instruments and control mechanisms allow the warhead to perform maneuvers on the trajectory, making it difficult to intercept it in the final section of the trajectory.
decoys indistinguishable from warheads in all ranges of electromagnetic radiation (optical, laser, infrared, radar). False targets make it possible to imitate the characteristics of warheads in almost all selective characteristics on the extra-atmospheric, transitional and significant part of the atmospheric section of the descending branch of the flight path of missile warheads, are resistant to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and radiation from a super-powerful nuclear-pumped laser. For the first time, false targets have been designed that can withstand super-resolution radars.
In connection with the termination of the START-2 treaty, which prohibited the creation of multiply charged intercontinental ballistic missiles, the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering is working on equipping the Topol-M with individually targetable multiple warheads. Perhaps the result of these works is the RS-24 Yars. A mobile version of this complex, located on the chassis of an eight-axle tractor MZKT-79221, is being tested.
The high resistance of the 15Zh65 missile to the impact of potential enemy missile defense systems is achieved due to:
- Reducing the time and length of the active site by extremely fast acceleration of the rocket. The acceleration time to the final speed (over 7 km/s) is less than 3 minutes.
- The ability of the missile to maneuver on the active site, which complicates the enemy’s solution of the interception task, as well as to perform a program maneuver when passing through a cloud of a nuclear explosion
- Body protective coating new development, which provides comprehensive protection against the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and weapons based on new physical principles.
- A complex to overcome missile defense, including passive and active decoys and means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead. LCs are indistinguishable from warheads in all ranges of electromagnetic radiation (optical, laser, infrared, radar), allow you to simulate the characteristics of warheads in almost all selective features on the extra-atmospheric, transitional and a significant part of the atmospheric section of the descending branch of the missile warhead flight path, up to altitudes 2 - 5 km; are resistant to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and the radiation of a super-powerful nuclear-pumped laser, etc. For the first time, LCs capable of withstanding super-resolution radars have been designed. The means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead consist of a radio-absorbing (combined with a heat-shielding) coating of the warhead, active jammers, etc. The radar visibility of the warhead is reduced by several orders of magnitude, the RCS is 0.0001 sq.m. Its detection range has been reduced to 100 - 200 km. Optical - and IR visibility of the BB is extremely reduced due to the effective cooling of the surface of the BB in the extra-atmospheric area and the decrease in the luminosity of the wake of the BB in the atmospheric area, achieved incl. due to the injection of special liquid products into the trace area, which reduce the radiation intensity. As a result measures taken overcoming a monoblock warhead of a promising multi-layered missile defense system with space-based elements with a probability of 0.93 - 0.94 is ensured. The high- and trans-atmospheric part of the missile defense system is overcome with a probability of 0.99, the atmospheric one - with a probability of 0.93 - 0.95.
The 15Zh65 missile is equipped with a thermonuclear monoblock warhead with a capacity of 0.55 MGt. ICBMs with MIRVs (from 3 to 6 MIRVs with a capacity of 150 kt.) were tested. In the future, it is planned to equip the missile with a maneuvering warhead (which was also successfully tested in 2005 and continues), and therefore the possibility of intercepting warheads, in the opinion Russian specialists will be practically reduced to zero.
The circular probable deviation is no more than 200 m, which allows the semi-megaton power warhead to confidently hit heavily protected point targets (in particular, command posts and silos). Due to the limited throw-in weight, which limits the power of the nuclear warhead, the Topol-M rocket, unlike the 15A18 rocket "Voevoda"(the power of a monoblock warhead of which was 20-25 MGt) has restrictions on the implementation of a destructive effect on a large area target.
The 15P165 mobile-based complex has unique characteristics initial survival, is able to function covertly and autonomously for a long period of time. The patrol area of the complex is 250,000 sq. km.
Rocket "Topol M" unified with the rocket "Mace" sea-based, created to arm the SSBNs of project 955. The Bulava's competitor is the R-29RMU2 liquid-propellant ICBM " blue". It significantly surpasses the Bulava (like all other ICBMs) in energy-mass perfection, but is inferior in what is important for Russian missiles sea-based criterion - survivability in the active site due to the lower acceleration speed and greater vulnerability to laser weapons, characteristic of liquid-propellant missiles compared to solid-propellant ones. However, the Bulava missile, with a launch weight of about 37 tons, is significantly inferior in terms of impact power to existing heavier solid-propellant missiles, including the Trident-2 rocket with a launch weight of 59 tons. (Warhead "Maces" - 6x150 kt, "Trident-2" (theoretically) - 8x475 kt). The project of equipping the naval component of the Russian nuclear forces with SSBNs with light ballistic missiles "Bulava" is criticized by experts pointing to the need to arm domestic SSBNs with the high-tech solid-propellant SLBM R-39UTTKh, the tests of which were curtailed in the 90s. and which, if put into service, would have no world analogues among SLBMs in terms of strike power and flight performance.
Rocket transportation and loading into the mine
Transportation and loading into the mine of the intercontinental ballistic missile system of the 5th generation RT-2PM2 "Topol-M". Location: 60th Taman Order of the October Revolution Red Banner Missile Division.
