Presentation on the topic: damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion Impact of damaging factors after a nuclear explosion presentation

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Learning objectives: 1. The history of the creation of nuclear weapons. 2. Types of nuclear explosions. 3. Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. 4. Protection against damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.

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Questions to test knowledge on the topic: "Safety and protection of people from emergencies" 1. What is an emergency? a) a particularly complex social phenomenon b) a certain state of the natural environment c) the situation in a certain territory, which may entail human casualties, damage to health, significant material losses and violations of living conditions. 2. What are the two types of emergencies according to their origin? 3. What are four types of situations in which a modern person can find himself? 4. Name the system created in Russia for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations: a) a system for monitoring and controlling the state of the environment; b) the Unified State System for the Prevention and Elimination of Emergencies; c) a system of forces and means to eliminate the consequences of emergency situations. 5. RSChS has five levels: a) object; b) territorial; c) local; d) settlement; e) federal; f) production; g) regional; h) republican; i) regional.

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The history of the creation and development of nuclear weapons This conclusion was the impetus for the development of nuclear weapons. In 1896, the French physicist A. Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactive radiation. It marked the beginning of the era of the study and use of nuclear energy. 1905 Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. A very small amount of matter is equivalent to a large amount of energy. 1938, as a result of experiments by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, they manage to break a uranium atom into two approximately equal parts by bombarding uranium with neutrons. British physicist Otto Robert Frisch explained how energy is released when the nucleus of an atom divides. In early 1939, the French physicist Joliot-Curie concluded that a chain reaction was possible, which would lead to an explosion of monstrous destructive power and that uranium could become an energy source, like an ordinary explosive.

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On July 16, 1945, the world's first atomic bomb test, called Trinity, was carried out in New Mexico. On the morning of August 6, 1945, an American B-29 bomber dropped the Little Boy uranium atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The power of the explosion was, according to various estimates, from 13 to 18 kilotons of TNT. On August 9, 1945, the Fat Man plutonium atomic bomb was dropped on the city of Nagasaki. Its power was much greater and amounted to 15-22 kt. This is due to the more advanced design of the bomb. The successful test of the first Soviet atomic bomb was carried out at 7:00 on August 29, 1949 at the constructed test site in the Semipalatinsk region of the Kazakh SSR. Bomb testing showed that the new weapon was ready for combat use. The creation of this weapon marked the beginning of a new stage in the use of wars and military art.

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NUCLEAR WEAPONS are explosive weapons of mass destruction based on the use of intranuclear energy.

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The explosion power of nuclear weapons is usually measured in units of TNT equivalent. The TNT equivalent is the mass of trinitrotoluene that would provide an explosion equivalent in power to the explosion of a given nuclear weapon.

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Nuclear explosions can be carried out at different heights. Depending on the position of the center of a nuclear explosion relative to the surface of the earth (water), there are:

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Ground Produced on the surface of the earth or at such a height when the luminous area touches the ground. Used to destroy ground targets Underground Produced below ground level. Characterized by severe contamination of the area. Underwater Produced underwater. Light emission and penetrating radiation is practically absent. Causes severe radioactive contamination of water.

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Space It is used at an altitude of more than 65 km to destroy space targets High-altitude Produced at altitudes from several hundred meters to several kilometers. There is practically no radioactive contamination of the area. Airborne It is used at an altitude of 10 to 65 km to destroy air targets.

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Nuclear explosion Light radiation Radioactive contamination of the area Shock wave Penetrating radiation Electromagnetic pulse Damaging factors of nuclear weapons

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A shock wave is an area of ​​sharp compression of air, propagating in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed. The shock wave is the main damaging factor in a nuclear explosion and about 50% of its energy is spent on its formation. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the front of the air shock wave. And it is characterized by the magnitude of excess pressure. As you know, overpressure is the difference between the maximum pressure in the front of an air wave and the normal atmospheric pressure in front of it. Overpressure is measured in Pascals (Pa).

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In a nuclear explosion, four zones of destruction are distinguished: ZONE OF COMPLETE DESTRUCTION The territory exposed to the shock wave of a nuclear explosion with an overpressure (on the outer border) of more than 50 kPa. All buildings and structures, as well as anti-radiation shelters and part of the shelters, are completely destroyed, solid blockages are formed, and the utility and energy network is damaged.

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During a nuclear explosion, four zones of destruction are distinguished: ZONE OF STRONG DESTRUCTION The territory exposed to the shock wave of a nuclear explosion with excess pressure (on the outer border) from 50 to 30 kPa. Ground buildings and structures are severely damaged, local blockages are formed, continuous and massive fires occur.

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In a nuclear explosion, four zones of destruction are distinguished: ZONE OF MEDIUM DESTRUCTION The territory exposed to the shock wave of a nuclear explosion with an overpressure (on the outer border) from 30 to 20 kPa. Buildings and structures receive medium damage. Shelters and shelters of the basement type are preserved.

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During a nuclear explosion, four zones of destruction are distinguished: ZONE OF WEAK DAMAGE The territory exposed to the shock wave of a nuclear explosion with an overpressure (on the outer border) from 20 to 10 kPa. Buildings receive minor damage.

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Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy, including visible, ultraviolet and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot products of the explosion and hot air up to millions of degrees. Light radiation spreads almost instantly and, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, the time of the fireball lasts 20-30 seconds. The light radiation of a nuclear explosion is very strong, it causes burns and temporary blindness. Depending on the severity of the lesion, burns are divided into four degrees: the first is redness, swelling and soreness of the skin; the second is the formation of bubbles; the third - necrosis of the skin and tissues; the fourth is charring of the skin.

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Penetrating radiation (ionizing radiation) is a stream of gamma rays and neutrons. It lasts for 10-15 seconds. Passing through living tissue, it causes its rapid destruction and death of a person from acute radiation sickness in the very near future after the explosion. In order to assess the effect of various types of ionizing radiation on a person (animal), two of their main characteristics must be taken into account: ionizing and penetrating abilities. Alpha radiation has a high ionizing but weak penetrating power. So, for example, even ordinary clothes protect a person from this type of radiation. However, getting alpha particles into the body with air, water and food is already very dangerous. Beta radiation is less ionizing than alpha radiation, but more penetrating. Here, for protection, you need to use any shelter. And finally, gamma and neutron radiation have a very high penetrating power. Alpha radiation is helium-4 nuclei and can be easily stopped with a sheet of paper. Beta radiation is a stream of electrons that an aluminum plate is enough to protect against. Gamma radiation has the ability to penetrate even denser materials.

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The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is characterized by the magnitude of the radiation dose, i.e., the amount of radioactive radiation energy absorbed by a unit mass of the irradiated medium. Distinguish: the exposure dose is measured in roentgens (R). characterizes the potential danger of exposure to ionizing radiation with a general and uniform exposure of the human body; the absorbed dose is measured in rads (rad). determines the effect of ionizing radiation on biological tissues of the body, having different atomic composition and density Depending on the dose of radiation, four degrees of radiation sickness are distinguished: total dose of radiation, rad degree of radiation sickness duration of the latent period 100-250 1 - mild 2-3 weeks (curable) 250-400 2 - average week (with active treatment, recovery after 1.5-2 months) 400-700 3 - severe for several hours (with a favorable outcome - recovery after 6-8 months) More than 700 4 - extremely severe no (lethal dose )

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Radioactive particles, falling from the cloud to the ground, form a zone of radioactive contamination, the so-called trace, which can extend for several hundred kilometers from the epicenter of the explosion. Radioactive contamination - contamination of the terrain, atmosphere, water and other objects with radioactive substances from the cloud of a nuclear explosion. Depending on the degree of infection and the danger of injuring people, the trace is divided into four zones: A - moderate (up to 400 rad.); B - strong (up to 1200 rad.); B - dangerous (up to 4000 rad.); G - extremely dangerous infection (up to 10,000 rad.).

Nuclear weapons A weapon whose destructive effect is based on the use of intranuclear energy released during a chain reaction of fission of heavy nuclei of some uranium and plutonium isotopes or during thermonuclear fusion reactions of nuclei of light hydrogen isotopes. Nuclear bomb explosion in Nagasaki (1945)

Depending on the type of nuclear charge, one can distinguish: thermonuclear weapons, the main energy release of which occurs during a thermonuclear reaction - the synthesis of heavy elements from lighter ones, and a nuclear charge is used as a fuse for a thermonuclear reaction; neutron weapon - a nuclear charge of low power, supplemented by a mechanism that ensures the release of most of the explosion energy in the form of a stream of fast neutrons; its main damaging factor is neutron radiation and induced radioactivity.

Soviet intelligence had information about the work on the creation of an atomic bomb in the United States, which came from atomic physicists who sympathized with the USSR, in particular Klaus Fuchs. This information was reported by Beria to Stalin. However, it is believed that a letter addressed to him in early 1943 by the Soviet physicist Flerov, who managed to explain the essence of the problem in a popular way, was of decisive importance. As a result, on February 11, 1943, the State Defense Committee adopted a resolution on the start of work on the creation of an atomic bomb. The general leadership was entrusted to the Deputy Chairman of the GKO, V. M. Molotov, who, in turn, appointed I. Kurchatov as the head of the atomic project (his appointment was signed on March 10). The information received through intelligence channels facilitated and accelerated the work of Soviet scientists.

On November 6, 1947, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, V. M. Molotov, made a statement regarding the secret of the atomic bomb, saying that "this secret has long ceased to exist." This statement meant that the Soviet Union had already discovered the secret of atomic weapons, and they had these weapons at their disposal. The scientific circles of the United States of America accepted this statement by V. M. Molotov as a bluff, believing that the Russians could master atomic weapons no earlier than 1952. US spy satellites have located the exact location of Russian tactical nuclear weapons in the Kaliningrad region, contradicting Moscow's claims that tactical weapons were transferred there.

The successful test of the first Soviet atomic bomb was carried out on August 29, 1949 at the constructed test site in the Semipalatinsk region of Kazakhstan. On September 25, 1949, the Pravda newspaper published a TASS report "in connection with the statement of US President Truman about an atomic explosion in the USSR":

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"Nuclear explosion" - The shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation and EMP are most fully manifested in an air nuclear explosion. Types of nuclear explosions. Air explosions are divided into low and high. Characteristic of an underwater explosion is the formation of a sultan (column of water), the basic wave formed during the collapse of the sultan (column of water).

"Poisonous substances" - The rule of behavior and actions in the focus of chemical damage. Haloperidol, spiperone, fluphenazine. Combat properties of OV. Adamsite, diphenylchlorarsine. Nialamide. poisonous substances. Denatonium salts. Tricyanoaminopropene. Mustard gas, lewisite (there are service agents). Anxiogens - cause an acute panic attack in a person.

"Gas attack" - Phosgene was widely used during the First World War. The use of phosgene for gas attacks was proposed as early as the summer of 1915. Haber was in the service of the German government. Water significantly weakens the effect of chlorine, which dissolves in it. History of the use of chemical weapons. Nastrodamus on the first use of chemical weapons.

"Nuclear weapon" - Electromagnetic impulse. The focus of nuclear destruction is divided into: Nuclear weapons. A zone of complete destruction. Zone of Extremely Dangerous Infection. Rds-6s. The first Soviet aviation thermonuclear atomic bomb. Surface. Physics presentation. Air. Prepared by: Altukhova N. Checked by: Chikina Yu.V. high-rise.

"Submachine guns" - 5.66 mm APS. The submachine gun is in service with the Austrian army. Automatic submachine gun of the Kalashnikov system (prototype). Rifling - 4 (right-handed). Reactive infantry flamethrower with increased range and power. The Walter R-99 model appeared in the mid-90s. Machine gun automation is used on the principle of using the energy of powder gases.

"Weapons of Mass Destruction" - Weapons of Mass Destruction. The action is based on the use of the pathogenic properties of microorganisms Bacteria Viruses And also toxins produced by some bacteria. The shock wave is the main damaging factor. The destroyed city of Hiroshima. Chemical weapons of mass destruction. In August 1945, American pilots dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In total, more than 200 thousand people died.

83\nand a mass number\nA > 209.\n\nArtificial\nradioactivityradioactivity of isotopes \nobtained artificially in \nnuclear reactions..jpg","smallImageUrl":"\/\/pedsovet.su\/_load-files\/load \/35\/53\/7\/f\/page-5_300.jpg"),("number":6,"text":"NUCLEAR\nWEAPONS - weapons\n\nof mass destruction\nexplosive,\nbased on the \nuse of \nintranuclear \nenergy, which is \nreleased during\nchain reactions\nfission of heavy nuclei\nof some isotopes\nof uranium and plutonium, or \nthermonuclear \nfusion reactions of\nlight \nisotope nuclei of hydrogen - deuterium and\ntritium into heavier ones, for example\nhelium isotope nuclei..jpg","smallImageUrl":"\/\/pedsovet.su\/_load-files\/load\/35\/53\/7\/f\/page-6_300.jpg" ),("number":7,"text":"\n\n\n\n\n\nShock wave.\nLight radiation.\nPenetrating radiation.\nRadioactive contamination of the area.\nElectromagnetic pulse. .jpg","smallImageUrl":"\/\/pedsovet.su\/_load-files\/load\/35\/53\/7\/f\/page-7_300.jpg"),("number" :8,"text":"At the center of the nuclear explosion, the pace The temperature \ninstantly rises to several \nmillion degrees, as a result of which \nthe charge substance turns into \nhigh-temperature plasma \nemitting X-rays.\nThe pressure of gaseous products at first \nreaches several billion \natmospheres. The sphere of hot gases \nof the glowing area, tending to expand, \ncompresses the adjacent layers of air, \ncreates a sharp pressure drop at the \nboundary of the compressed layer and forms a shock \nwave that propagates from the center of \nthe explosion in various directions. Since the \ndensity of the gases \ncomprising the fireball is much lower than the density \nof the surrounding air, the ball quickly\nrises upwards. This creates a \nmushroom-shaped cloud containing \ngases, water vapor, small soil particles, and\na huge amount of radioactive\nexplosion products. Upon reaching the \nmaximum height, the cloud is \ntransported by air currents over long distances, dissipates, and\nradioactive products fall on\n\n","imageUrl":"\/\/pedsovet.su\/_load-files\/load \/35\/53\/7\/f\/page-8..jpg"),("number":9,"text":"The damaging factors of a nuclear\nexplosion.\n\nThe shock wave of a nuclear explosion occurs in \nexpansion of the luminous incandescent mass of gases in the center of the\nexplosion and is a region of sharp compression of air,\nwhich propagates from the center of the explosion at supersonic\nspeed and lasts for several seconds.\nA distance of 1 km shock wave travels in 2 s, 2 km - in 5 sec, 3\nShockwave Hits\nkm in 8 sec. \ncaused both by the action of \nexcessive pressure, and\nby its \npropelling action\n(velocity pressure),\ndue to the \nmovement of air in the wave. People and \nequipment located in \nopen areas are \nmainly affected \nas a result of the \npropelling action of the shock wave, while \nlarge objects \ncan also be inflicted as a result of \n(buildings, etc.) - indirect \naction shock wave (debris of buildings,\noverpressure.\ntrees, etc.)..jpg","smallImageUrl":"\/\/pedsovet.su\/_load-files\/load\/35\/53\ /7\/f\/page-9_300.jpg"),("number":10,"text":"The parameters of the shock wave are affected by the terrain,\nforests and vegetation. On the slopes facing the\nexplosion with a steep more than 10°, the pressure increases: the steeper the slope, the greater the pressure.On the reverse slopes\nof hills, the opposite phenomenon takes place.In hollows,\ntrenches and other earth-type structures\nlocated perpendicular to the direction\nof propagation of the shock wave, the action is significant\ nLess than in open areas.The blast pressure \ninside the forest is less than in open areas.\n about due to the resistance of trees to air masses \nmoving at high speed behind the front of the shock wave..jpg","smallImageUrl":"\/\/pedsovet.su\/_load-files\/load\/35\/53\/7 \/f\/page-10_300..jpg","smallImageUrl":"\/\/pedsovet.su\/_load-files\/load\/35\/53\/7\/f\/page-11_300 .jpg"),("number":12,"text":"Nuclear explosion light is visible, \nultraviolet and infrared radiation that lasts\nfor a few seconds. In humans, it can cause skin burns, damage to the eyes, and temporary blindness. Burns \noccur from direct exposure to light \nradiation on open areas of the skin (primary burns), as well as \nfrom burning clothes in fires (secondary \nburns). Depending on the severity of the lesion, burns are divided into four degrees: the first - redness, swelling and tenderness of the skin; the second is the formation of bubbles; the third is the necrosis of the skin and tissues; the fourth - \ncharring of the skin.\nIn order to\nprotect\nit is necessary\nto use\nfortifications\nstructures and \nprotective \nproperties\nof the area..jpg","smallImageUrl":"\/\/pedsovet.su\/_load-files \/load\/35\/53\/7\/f\/page-12_300..jpg","smallImageUrl":"\/\/pedsovet.su\/_load-files\/load\/35\/ 53\/7\/f\/page-13_300..jpg","smallImageUrl":"\/\/pedsovet.su\/_load-files\/load\/35\/53\/7\/f\ /page-14_300.jpg"),("number":15,"text":"The penetrating radiation of a nuclear explosion is \ncombined gamma radiation and neutron radiation. \nGamma quanta and neutrons, propagating in any medium,\ncause its ionization. As a result of the ionization of the atoms \ncomprising a living organism, the vital processes \nof cells and organs are disrupted, which leads to \nradiation sickness. Penetrating radiation\ncauses darkening of optics, illumination\nof light-sensitive photographic materials and disables\nelectronic equipment, especially those containing\nsemiconductor elements..jpg","smallImageUrl":"\/\/pedsovet.su\/_load-files\/load\ /35\/53\/7\/f\/page-15_300.jpg"),("number":16,"text":"Radioactive contamination of terrain, airspace, water and\nother objects occurs as a result of fallout of radioactive \nsubstances from the cloud of a nuclear explosion during its movement. Gradually \nsettling on the surface of the earth, radioactive substances create a \nsite of radioactive contamination, which is \nradioactive trace. Radioactive contamination of the area is\ncharacterized by the level of radiation (exposure dose rate), hour (R\/h)..jpg","smallImageUrl":"\/\/pedsovet.su\/_load-files\/load\/35\/53\/7\/f\/page-16_300. jpg"),("number":17,"text":"According to the degree of danger to people, the radioactive trace is conditionally divided\n into four zones: \nzone A - moderate contamination;\nzone B - severe contamination;\nzone C - dangerous contamination;\nzone D - extremely dangerous contamination.\nRadiation levels (dose rates) at the outer boundaries of these zones 1\nhour after the explosion are 8; 80; 240 and 800 R \ / h, and after 10 hours - 0.5; 5; 15 and\n50 R\/h respectively..jpg","smallImageUrl":"\/\/pedsovet.su\/_load-files\/load\/35\/53\/7\/f\/page- 17_300.jpg"),("number":18,"text":"\n\n\n\n\nProtection\nProtection\nProtection\nProtection\n\nby distance.\ntime.\nscreening.\ nradio protector..jpg","smallImageUrl":"\/\/pedsovet.su\/_load-files\/load\/35\/53\/7\/f\/page-18_300.jpg"),(" number":19,"text":"PROTECTION AGAINST WEAPONS OF MASS DEFAULT (WMD) - a system of measures\ncarried out to prevent or minimize the impact\nof nuclear, chemical, biological weapons and provides for: warning\nof the threat of using WMD; dispersal of the population and changing their \nresidence areas; use of the protective properties of the terrain and camouflage;\nensuring the safety of people in contaminated areas; identifying \nradiation, chemical, biological conditions, contamination zones and alerting them..jpg","smallImageUrl":"\ /\/pedsovet.su\/_load-files\/load\/35\/53\/7\/f\/page-19_300.jpg"),("number":20,"text":"1. \n\n2.\n3.\n4.\n\n5.\n6.\n\n7.\n8.\n\n9.\n\nMake a supply of water and food in airtight containers.\nAll employees will be accommodated in the shelter premises.\nSeal the shelter premises.\nWhen a radioactive cloud approaches, close the building\nof the enterprise.\nGather employees of the enterprise.\nUse dosimeters to monitor the level of \nradiation in the shelter.\nPerform iodine prophylaxis.\nAfter the cloud passes, leave the building\nof the enterprise with using PPE.\nDistribute cotton-gauze bandages..jpg","smallImageUrl":"\/\/pedsovet.su\/_load-files\/load\/35\/53\/7\/f\/page- 20_300.jpg"),("number":21,"text":"Instructor-organizer of life safety\nAndrey Vyacheslavovich Spirin\nPhysics teacher Tatyana Fesenko\nVladimirovna\n\n","imageUrl":"\/\/pedsovet. su\/_load-files\/load\/35\/53\/7\/f\/page-21..jpg"),("number":22,"text":"","imageUrl": "\/\/pedsovet.su\/_load-files\/load\/35\/53\/7\/f\/page-22..jpg"),("number":23,"text": "Resources:\n\n","imageUrl":"\/\/pedsovet.su\/_load-files\/load\/35\/53\/7\/f\/page- 23.jpg")]">

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Integrated lesson on life safety and physics in grade 10 Teacher-organizer of life safety MBOU secondary school 2 Belorechensk Spirin A.V.

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 Introduce students to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.  Analyze different types of electromagnetic radiation.  Learn to operate in the zone of radioactive contamination.

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Natural radioactivity Radioactivity observed in unstable isotopes that exist in nature. For large nuclei, instability arises due to the competition between the attraction of nucleons by nuclear forces and the Coulomb repulsion of protons. There are no stable nuclei with charge number Z > 83 and mass number A > 209. Artificial radioactivity is the radioactivity of isotopes produced artificially in nuclear reactions.

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NUCLEAR WEAPONS - weapons of mass destruction of explosive action, based on the use of intranuclear energy, which is released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or during thermonuclear reactions of fusion of light hydrogen isotope nuclei - deuterium and tritium into heavier ones, for example, nuclei of helium isotopes . These reactions are characterized by an extremely large release of energy per

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     Shock wave. Light emission. penetrating radiation. radioactive contamination of the area. electromagnetic impulse.

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At the center of a nuclear explosion, the temperature instantly rises to several million degrees, as a result of which the substance of the charge turns into a high-temperature plasma that emits X-rays. The pressure of gaseous products initially reaches several billion atmospheres. The sphere of incandescent gases of the luminous region, seeking to expand, compresses the adjacent layers of air, creates a sharp pressure drop at the boundary of the compressed layer and forms a shock wave that propagates from the center of the explosion in various directions. Since the density of the gases that make up the fireball is much lower than the density of the surrounding air, the ball rises rapidly. In this case, a mushroom-shaped cloud is formed, containing gases, water vapor, small particles of soil and a huge amount of radioactive explosion products. Upon reaching the maximum height, the cloud is transported over long distances under the action of air currents, dissipates, and radioactive products fall on

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The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. The shock wave of a nuclear explosion arises as a result of the expansion of a luminous hot mass of gases in the center of the explosion and is an area of ​​sharp air compression that propagates from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed. Its action lasts for several seconds. A shock wave travels a distance of 1 km in 2 s, 2 km in 5 s, 3 km in 8 s. are caused both by the action of excess pressure and its propelling action (velocity pressure), due to the movement of air in the wave. People and equipment located in open areas are affected mainly as a result of the propelling action of the shock wave, and large objects. etc.). In some cases, the severity of damage from indirect exposure may be greater than from

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The parameters of the shock wave are affected by the terrain, forests and vegetation. On slopes facing the explosion with a steepness of more than 10°, the pressure increases: the steeper the slope, the greater the pressure. On the reverse slopes of the hills, the opposite phenomenon takes place. In hollows, trenches and other earth-type structures located perpendicular to the direction of shock wave propagation, the effect is much less than in open areas. The pressure in the shock wave inside the forest is less than in open areas. This is due to the resistance of trees to air masses moving at high speed behind the front of the shock wave.

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The light radiation of a nuclear explosion is visible, ultraviolet and infrared radiation, acting for several seconds. In humans, it can cause skin burns, eye damage, and temporary blindness. Burns occur from direct exposure to light radiation on open areas of the skin (primary burns), as well as from burning clothes, in fires (secondary burns). Depending on the severity of the lesion, burns are divided into four degrees: the first is redness, swelling and soreness of the skin; the second is the formation of bubbles; the third - necrosis of the skin and tissues; the fourth is charring of the skin. In order to protect, it is necessary to use fortifications and the protective properties of the terrain.

Nuclear weapon

and its damaging factors

The presentation was made by: SIRMAY Yana Yurievna, teacher of life safety,

MBOU "Tomponskaya multidisciplinary gymnasium", 2014

Nuclear weapon

• What is a nuclear weapon
• Types of explosions.
• The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.
• The focus of nuclear destruction

What is a nuclear weapon?

Nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction of explosive action, based on the use of intra-nuclear energy, instantly released as a result of a chain reaction during the fission of atomic nuclei of radioactive elements (uranium-235 or plutonium-239).

The power of a nuclear weapon is measured in TNT equivalent, i.e. mass of trinitrotoluene (TNT), the explosion energy of which is equivalent to the explosion energy of a given nuclear weapon and is measured in tons,

Atomic bomb explosion in Nagasaki 1945

Types of explosions

ground

Underground

Surface

Underwater

Air

high-rise

Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion

shock wave

light emission

Electromagnetic

pulse

radiation

infection

Penetrating

radiation

Shock wave The main damaging factor of a nuclear explosion. This is an area of ​​sharp compression of air, propagating in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed. The source of the air wave is the high pressure in the explosion area (billions of atmospheres) and the temperature reaching millions of degrees.

The hot gases formed during the explosion, rapidly expanding, transfer pressure to neighboring layers of air, compressing and heating them, and they, in turn, act on the next layers, etc. As a result, a high-pressure zone propagates in the air at supersonic speed in all directions from the center of the explosion.

So, during the explosion of a 20-kiloton nuclear weapon, the shock wave travels 1000 m in 2 seconds, 2000 m in 5 seconds, and 3000 m in 8 seconds. The front boundary of the wave is called the front of the shock wave.

Directly behind the front of the shock wave, strong air currents are formed, the speed of which reaches several hundred kilometers per hour. (Even at a distance of 10 km from the site of the explosion of a munition with a capacity of 1 Mt, the air speed is more than 110 km / h.)

The damaging effect of SW is characterized by the amount of excess pressure.

Excess pressure is the difference between the maximum pressure in the SW front and normal atmospheric pressure, measured in Pascals (PA, kPa).

To characterize the destruction of buildings and structures, four degrees of destruction were adopted: complete, strong, medium and weak.

• Complete destruction
• Strong destruction
• Medium destruction
• Weak destruction

The impact of the shock wave on people is characterized by light, medium, severe and extremely severe lesions.

• Light lesions occur at an excess pressure of 20–40 kPa. They are characterized by temporary hearing loss, slight contusions, dislocations, bruises.
• Moderate lesions occur at an overpressure of 40–60 kPa. They manifest themselves in concussions of the brain, damage to the organs of hearing, bleeding from the nose and ears, and dislocations of the limbs.
• Severe lesions are possible with excess pressure from 60 to 100 kPa. They are characterized by severe contusions of the whole organism, loss of consciousness, fractures; possible damage to internal organs.
• Extremely severe lesions occur at excess pressure over 100 kPa. People have injuries of internal organs, internal bleeding, concussion, severe fractures. These lesions are often fatal.

Shelters provide protection from shock waves. In open areas, the effect of the shock wave is reduced by various recesses and obstacles. It is recommended to lie on the ground with your head in the direction from the explosion, preferably in a recess or a fold in the terrain.

light emission

Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy, including the ultraviolet, visible and infrared regions of the spectrum.

It is formed by products of the explosion heated to a million degrees and hot air.

The duration depends on the power of the explosion and ranges from fractions of a second to 20-30 seconds.

The strength of the light radiation is such that it can cause skin burns, eye damage (up to

blindness). Radiation leads to massive fires and explosions.

Protection for a person can be any barriers that do not let light through.

penetrating radiation

ionizing radiation

The radiation that is generated

during radioactive decay, nuclear transformations and forms ions of various signs when interacting with the environment. Basically, it's a stream

elementary particles that are not visible and not felt by man. Any nuclear radiation, interacting with various materials, ionizes them. The action lasts 10-15 seconds.

There are three types of ionizing radiation - alpha, beta, gamma radiation. Alpha radiation has a high ionizing but weak penetrating power. Beta radiation is less ionizing but more penetrating. Gamma and neutron radiation have a very high penetrating power.

Protection against penetrating radiation is provided by various shelters and materials that attenuate the radiation and neutron flux.

Pay attention to the difference in the protective potential in gamma and neutron radiation.

Radiation (radioactive)

area contamination

Among the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion, radioactive contamination occupies a special place, since it can affect not only the area adjacent to the site of the explosion, but also the area remote by tens and even hundreds of kilometers. At the same time, contamination can be created over large areas and for a long time, posing a danger to humans and animals. The fission products falling out of the explosion cloud are a mixture of approximately 80 isotopes of 35 chemical elements of the middle part of the Mendeleev Periodic Table of Elements (from zinc #30 to gadolinium #64).

Since a significant amount of soil and other substances are involved in a fireball during a ground explosion, when cooled, these particles fall out in the form of radioactive fallout. As the radioactive cloud moves, radioactive fallout occurs in its wake, and thus a radioactive trail remains on the earth. The density of contamination in the region of the explosion and in the wake of the movement of the radioactive cloud decreases with distance from the center of the explosion.

The radioactive trace with the same wind direction and speed has the shape of an elongated ellipse and is conditionally divided into four zones: moderate (A), strong (B), dangerous (C) and extremely dangerous (D) contamination.

Zones of radioactive contamination

Zone

Extremely

dangerous

infections

danger zone

infections

Strong zone

infections

Zone

moderate

infections

Nuclear explosions in the atmosphere and in higher layers lead to the formation of powerful electromagnetic fields with wavelengths from 1 to 1000 m or more. These fields, in view of their short-term existence, are usually called an electromagnetic pulse (EMP). The consequence of exposure to EMR is the burnout of individual elements of modern electronic and electrical equipment. The duration of the action is several tens of milliseconds.

Potentially poses a serious threat, disabling any equipment that DOES NOT HAVE A PROTECTIVE SCREEN.

Electromagnetic pulse (EMP)

The focus of nuclear destruction

This is the area directly affected by the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.

The focus of a nuclear lesion is divided into:

Full zone

destruction

The zone of the strong

destruction

Medium zone

destruction

zone of the weak

destruction

destruction

Depending on the type of nuclear charge, one can distinguish:

Thermonuclear weapons, the main energy release of which occurs during a thermonuclear reaction - the synthesis of heavy elements from lighter ones, and a nuclear charge is used as a fuse for a thermonuclear reaction;

Neutron weapon - a low-power nuclear charge, supplemented by a mechanism that ensures the release of most of the explosion energy in the form of a stream of fast neutrons; its main damaging factor is neutron radiation and induced radioactivity.

Participants in the development of the first samples of thermonuclear weapons,

who later won the Nobel Prize

L.D. Landau I.E. Tamm N.N. Semenov

V.L.Ginzburg I.M.Frank L.V.Kantorovich A.A.Abrikosov

The first Soviet aviation thermonuclear atomic bomb.

Bomb body RDS-6S

Bomber TU-16 -

nuclear weapon carrier