Presentation "nuclear weapons and their damaging factors". Presentation on the topic "damaging factors of a nuclear explosion" Nuclear weapons and their damaging factors presentation

11.03.2020

Definition A nuclear weapon is an explosive mass destruction weapon based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of some uranium and plutonium isotopes or during thermonuclear fusion reactions of light nuclei of hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) into heavier nuclei, for example, isotope nuclei helium.

Sometimes, depending on the type of charge, narrower concepts are used, for example: atomic weapons (devices that use fission chain reactions), thermonuclear weapons. Features of the destructive effect of a nuclear explosion in relation to personnel and military equipment depend not only on the power of the ammunition and the type of explosion, but also on the type of nuclear charger.

Devices designed to carry out the explosive process of releasing intranuclear energy are called nuclear charges. The power of nuclear weapons is usually characterized by the equivalent of TNT, i.e. so much TNT in tons, the explosion of which releases the same amount of energy as the explosion of a given nuclear weapon. Nuclear weapons are conditionally divided by power into: ultra-small (up to 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (kt), large (100 kt - 1 Mt), extra-large (over 1 Mt).

Types of nuclear explosions and their damaging factors Depending on the tasks solved with the use of nuclear weapons, nuclear explosions can be carried out: in the air, on the surface of the earth and water, underground and water. In accordance with this, explosions are distinguished: air, ground (surface), underground (underwater).

This is an explosion produced at a height of up to 10 km, when the luminous area does not touch the ground (water). Air explosions are divided into low and high. Strong radioactive contamination of the area is formed only near the epicenters of low air explosions. Infection of the area along the trail of the cloud does not have a significant impact on the actions of personnel.

The main damaging factors of an air nuclear explosion are: an air shock wave, penetrating radiation, light radiation, and an electromagnetic pulse. During an air nuclear explosion, the soil swells in the area of the epicenter. Radioactive contamination of the terrain, which affects the combat operations of troops, is formed only from low air nuclear explosions. In areas of application of neutron munitions, induced activity is formed in the soil, equipment and structures, which can cause damage (irradiation) to personnel.

An air nuclear explosion begins with a short blinding flash, the light from which can be observed at a distance of several tens and hundreds of kilometers. Following the flash, a luminous area appears in the form of a sphere or hemisphere (with a ground explosion), which is a source of powerful light radiation. At the same time, a powerful flux of gamma radiation and neutrons propagates from the explosion zone into the environment, which are formed during a nuclear chain reaction and during the decay of radioactive fragments of nuclear charge fission. Gamma rays and neutrons emitted in a nuclear explosion are called penetrating radiation. Under the action of instantaneous gamma radiation, the atoms of the environment are ionized, which leads to the appearance of electric and magnetic fields. These fields, due to their short duration of action, are commonly called the electromagnetic pulse of a nuclear explosion.

At the center of a nuclear explosion, the temperature instantly rises to several million degrees, as a result of which the substance of the charge turns into a high-temperature plasma that emits X-rays. The pressure of gaseous products initially reaches several billion atmospheres. The sphere of incandescent gases of the luminous area, seeking to expand, compresses the adjacent layers of air, creates a sharp pressure drop at the boundary of the compressed layer and forms a shock wave that propagates from the center of the explosion in various directions. Since the density of the gases that make up the fireball is much lower than the density of the surrounding air, the ball rises rapidly. In this case, a mushroom-shaped cloud is formed, containing gases, water vapor, small particles of soil and a huge amount of radioactive explosion products. Upon reaching the maximum height, the cloud is transported over long distances under the influence of air currents, dissipates, and radioactive products fall to the earth's surface, creating radioactive contamination of the area and objects.

Ground (surface) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced on the surface of the earth (water), in which the luminous area touches the surface of the earth (water), and the dust (water) column from the moment of formation is connected to the explosion cloud. A characteristic feature of a ground (surface) nuclear explosion is a strong radioactive contamination of the terrain (water) both in the area of the explosion and in the direction of the explosion cloud.

Ground-based (surface) nuclear explosion During ground-based nuclear explosions, an explosion funnel and strong radioactive contamination of the area are formed on the surface of the earth both in the area of the explosion and in the wake of the radioactive cloud. During ground and low air nuclear explosions, seismic explosive waves arise in the ground, which can disable buried structures.

Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced underground (under water) and characterized by the release of a large amount of soil (water) mixed with nuclear explosive products (fragments of uranium-235 or plutonium-239 fission). The damaging and destructive effect of an underground nuclear explosion is determined mainly by seismic explosive waves (the main damaging factor), the formation of a funnel in the ground, and strong radioactive contamination of the area. Light emission and penetrating radiation are absent. Characteristic of an underwater explosion is the formation of a sultan (column of water), the basic wave formed during the collapse of the sultan (column of water).

Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion The main damaging factors of an underground explosion are: seismic explosive waves in the ground, air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the terrain and atmosphere. Seismic blast waves are the main damaging factor in a comflet explosion.

Surface nuclear explosion A surface nuclear explosion is an explosion carried out on the surface of the water (contact) or at such a height from it, when the luminous area of the explosion touches the surface of the water. The main damaging factors of a surface explosion are: air shock wave, underwater shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive contamination of the water area and coastal zone.

The main damaging factors of an underwater explosion are: an underwater shock wave (tsunami), an air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the water area, coastal areas and coastal facilities. During underwater nuclear explosions, the ejected soil can block the riverbed and cause flooding of large areas.

High-altitude nuclear explosion A high-altitude nuclear explosion is an explosion produced above the boundary of the Earth's troposphere (above 10 km). The main damaging factors of high-altitude explosions are: air shock wave (at an altitude of up to 30 km), penetrating radiation, light radiation (at an altitude of up to 60 km), X-ray radiation, gas flow (exploding products of an explosion), electromagnetic pulse, atmospheric ionization (at an altitude of over 60 km).

Space nuclear explosion Space explosions differ from stratospheric ones not only in the values of the characteristics of the accompanying physical processes, but also in the physical processes themselves. The damaging factors of cosmic nuclear explosions are: penetrating radiation; x-ray radiation; ionization of the atmosphere, due to which a luminescent glow of the air occurs, lasting for hours; gas flow; electromagnetic impulse; weak radioactive contamination of the air.

The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion The main damaging factors and the distribution of the share of the energy of a nuclear explosion: shock wave - 35%; light radiation - 35%; penetrating radiation - 5%; radioactive contamination -6%. electromagnetic pulse -1% Simultaneous exposure to several damaging factors leads to combined damage to personnel. Armament, equipment and fortifications fail mainly from the impact of the shock wave.

Shock wave A shock wave (SW) is a region of sharply compressed air propagating in all directions from the center of an explosion at supersonic speed. Hot vapors and gases, seeking to expand, produce a sharp blow to the surrounding layers of air, compress them to high pressures and densities, and heat them to high temperatures (several tens of thousands of degrees). This layer of compressed air represents the shock wave. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the front of the shock wave. The SW front is followed by an area of rarefaction, where the pressure is below atmospheric. Near the center of the explosion, the velocity of SW propagation is several times higher than the speed of sound. As the distance from the explosion increases, the wave propagation speed decreases rapidly. At large distances, its speed approaches the speed of sound in air.

Shock wave The shock wave of a medium-sized ammunition passes: the first kilometer in 1.4 s; the second in 4 s; fifth in 12 s. The damaging effect of hydrocarbons on people, equipment, buildings and structures is characterized by: velocity pressure; overpressure in the shock front and the time of its impact on the object (compression phase).

Shock wave The impact of SW on people can be direct and indirect. With direct exposure, the cause of injury is an instantaneous increase in air pressure, which is perceived as a sharp blow leading to fractures, damage to internal organs, and rupture of blood vessels. With indirect impact, people are amazed by flying debris of buildings and structures, stones, trees, broken glass and other objects. Indirect impact reaches 80% of all lesions.

Shock wave With an excess pressure of kPa (0.2-0.4 kgf / cm 2), unprotected people can get light injuries (light bruises and concussions). The impact of SW with excessive pressure kPa leads to lesions of moderate severity: loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocations of the limbs, damage to internal organs. Extremely severe lesions, often fatal, are observed at excess pressure over 100 kPa.

Shock wave The degree of damage by a shock wave to various objects depends on the power and type of explosion, mechanical strength (stability of the object), as well as on the distance at which the explosion occurred, the terrain and the position of objects on the ground. To protect against the impact of hydrocarbons, one should use: trenches, cracks and trenches, which reduce its effect by 1.5-2 times; dugouts 2-3 times; asylum 3-5 times; basements of houses (buildings); terrain (forest, ravines, hollows, etc.).

Light radiation Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy, including ultraviolet, visible and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and hot air. Light radiation propagates almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of a nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. However, its strength is such that, despite its short duration, it can cause skin (skin) burns, damage (permanent or temporary) to the organs of vision of people, and ignition of combustible materials of objects. At the moment of formation of a luminous region, the temperature on its surface reaches tens of thousands of degrees. The main damaging factor of light radiation is a light pulse.

Light emission A light impulse is the amount of energy in calories falling per unit area of the surface perpendicular to the direction of radiation, for the entire duration of the glow. The weakening of light radiation is possible due to its shielding by atmospheric clouds, uneven terrain, vegetation and local objects, snowfall or smoke. Thus, a thick layer attenuates the light pulse by A-9 times, a rare one by 2-4 times, and smoke (aerosol) screens by 10 times.

Light radiation To protect the population from light radiation, it is necessary to use protective structures, basements of houses and buildings, and the protective properties of the terrain. Any obstruction capable of creating a shadow protects against the direct action of light radiation and eliminates burns.

Penetrating radiation Penetrating radiation is a stream of gamma rays and neutrons emitted from the zone of a nuclear explosion. The time of its action is s, the range is 2-3 km from the center of the explosion. In conventional nuclear explosions, neutrons make up approximately 30%, in the explosion of neutron ammunition, % of the Y-radiation. The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is based on the ionization of cells (molecules) of a living organism, leading to death. Neutrons, in addition, interact with the nuclei of atoms of certain materials and can cause induced activity in metals and technology.

Penetrating radiation Y radiation photon radiation (with photon energy J) arising from a change in the energy state of atomic nuclei, nuclear transformations or particle annihilation.

Penetrating Radiation Gamma radiation is photons, i.e. electromagnetic wave that carries energy. In the air, it can travel long distances, gradually losing energy as a result of collisions with the atoms of the medium. Intense gamma radiation, if not protected from it, can damage not only the skin, but also internal tissues. Dense and heavy materials such as iron and lead are excellent barriers to gamma radiation.

Penetrating radiation The main parameter that characterizes penetrating radiation is: for γ-radiation, the dose and dose rate of radiation, for neutrons, the flux and flux density. Permissible exposure doses for the population in wartime: single dose within 4 days 50 R; multiple during the day 100 R; during the quarter 200 R; during the year 300 R.

Penetrating radiation As a result of the passage of radiation through the materials of the environment, the intensity of the radiation decreases. The weakening effect is usually characterized by a layer of half attenuation, i.e. with. such a thickness of the material, passing through which the radiation is reduced by 2 times. For example, the intensity of y-rays is reduced by a factor of 2: steel 2.8 cm thick, concrete 10 cm, soil 14 cm, wood 30 cm. Protective structures of GO are used as protection against penetrating radiation, which weaken its impact from 200 to 5000 times . A pound layer of 1.5 m protects almost completely from penetrating radiation. GO

Radioactive contamination (contamination) Radioactive contamination of the air, terrain, water area and objects located on them occurs as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances (RS) from the cloud of a nuclear explosion. At a temperature of approximately 1700 ° C, the glow of the luminous region of a nuclear explosion stops and it turns into a dark cloud, to which a dust column rises (therefore, the cloud has a mushroom shape). This cloud moves in the direction of the wind, and RVs fall out of it.

Radioactive contamination (contamination) The sources of radioactive substances in the cloud are the fission products of nuclear fuel (uranium, plutonium), the unreacted part of the nuclear fuel and radioactive isotopes formed as a result of the action of neutrons on the ground (induced activity). These RVs, being on contaminated objects, decay, emitting ionizing radiation, which in fact are the damaging factor. The parameters of radioactive contamination are: exposure dose (according to the impact on people), radiation dose rate, radiation level (according to the degree of contamination of the area and various objects). These parameters are a quantitative characteristic of damaging factors: radioactive contamination during an accident with the release of radioactive substances, as well as radioactive contamination and penetrating radiation during a nuclear explosion.

Radioactive contamination (contamination) Radiation levels at the outer boundaries of these zones 1 hour after the explosion are 8, 80, 240, 800 rad/h, respectively. Most of the radioactive fallout that causes radioactive contamination of the area falls out of the cloud an hour after a nuclear explosion.

Electromagnetic pulse Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is a combination of electric and magnetic fields resulting from the ionization of the atoms of the medium under the influence of gamma radiation. Its duration is a few milliseconds. The main parameters of EMR are currents and voltages induced in wires and cable lines, which can lead to damage and disable electronic equipment, and sometimes to damage to people working with the equipment.

Electromagnetic pulse During ground and air explosions, the damaging effect of an electromagnetic pulse is observed at a distance of several kilometers from the center of a nuclear explosion. The most effective protection against an electromagnetic pulse is the shielding of power supply and control lines, as well as radio and electrical equipment.

The situation that develops during the use of nuclear weapons in the centers of destruction. The focus of nuclear destruction is the territory within which, as a result of the use of nuclear weapons, mass destruction and death of people, farm animals and plants, destruction and damage to buildings and structures, utility and energy and technological networks and lines, transport communications and other objects occurred.

Zone of complete destruction The zone of complete destruction has an overpressure at the front of the shock wave of 50 kPa at the border and is characterized by: massive irretrievable losses among the unprotected population (up to 100%), complete destruction of buildings and structures, destruction and damage to utility and energy and technological networks and lines, as well as parts of civil defense shelters, the formation of solid blockages in settlements. The forest is completely destroyed.

Zone of severe destruction The zone of severe destruction with excess pressure at the front of the shock wave from 30 to 50 kPa is characterized by: massive irretrievable losses (up to 90%) among the unprotected population, complete and severe destruction of buildings and structures, damage to utilities, energy and technological networks and lines, the formation of local and continuous blockages in settlements and forests, the preservation of shelters and the majority of anti-radiation shelters of the basement type.

Medium damage zone Medium damage zone with overpressure from 20 to 30 kPa. It is characterized by: irretrievable losses among the population (up to 20%), medium and severe destruction of buildings and structures, the formation of local and focal blockages, continuous fires, the preservation of utility networks, shelters and most of the anti-radiation shelters.

Zone of weak destruction The zone of weak destruction with excess pressure from 10 to 20 kPa is characterized by weak and medium destruction of buildings and structures. The focus of the lesion but the number of dead and injured can be commensurate with or exceed the lesion in an earthquake. So, during the bombing (bomb power up to 20 kt) of the city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, most of it (60%) was destroyed, and the death toll amounted to people.

Exposure to ionizing radiation The personnel of economic facilities and the population that enter the zones of radioactive contamination are exposed to ionizing radiation, which causes radiation sickness. The severity of the disease depends on the dose of radiation (irradiation) received. The dependence of the degree of radiation sickness on the magnitude of the radiation dose is shown in the table on the next slide.

Exposure to ionizing radiation Degree of radiation sickness Radiation dose that causes disease, rad people animals Light (I) Medium (II) Severe (III) Extremely severe (IV) More than 600 More than 750 Dependence of the degree of radiation sickness on the magnitude of the radiation dose

Exposure to ionizing radiation In the conditions of hostilities with the use of nuclear weapons, vast territories can be in zones of radioactive contamination, and exposure of people to mass. In order to exclude overexposure of the personnel of facilities and the population in such conditions and to increase the stability of the functioning of objects of the national economy under conditions of radioactive contamination in wartime, permissible exposure doses are established. They are: with a single irradiation (up to 4 days) 50 rad; repeated irradiation: a) up to 30 days 100 rad; b) 90 days 200 rad; systematic exposure (during the year) 300 rad.

Exposure to ionizing radiation Rad (rad, abbreviated from the English radiation absorbed dose), non-systemic unit of absorbed radiation dose; it is applicable to any type of ionizing radiation and corresponds to a radiation energy of 100 erg absorbed by an irradiated substance weighing 1 g. dose 1 rad = 2.388×10 6 cal/g = 0.01 j/kg.

Exposure to ionizing radiation SIEVERT (sievert) is a unit of equivalent dose of radiation in the SI system, equal to the equivalent dose if the dose of absorbed ionizing radiation, multiplied by a conditional dimensionless factor, is 1 J/kg. Since different types of radiation cause different effects on biological tissue, a weighted absorbed dose of radiation, also called the equivalent dose, is used; it is obtained by modifying the absorbed dose by multiplying it by the conventional dimensionless factor adopted by the International Commission on X-Ray Protection. At present, the sievert is increasingly replacing the physical equivalent of the roentgen (FER), which is becoming obsolete.

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Presentation on the topic: AFFECTING FACTORS OF A NUCLEAR EXPLOSION

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Definition A nuclear weapon is an explosive mass destruction weapon based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of some uranium and plutonium isotopes or during thermonuclear reactions of fusion of light nuclei of hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) into heavier ones, for example, nuclei of helium isotopes.

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A nuclear explosion is accompanied by the release of a huge amount of energy, therefore, in terms of destructive and damaging effect, it can exceed the explosions of the largest ammunition filled with conventional explosives by hundreds and thousands of times. A nuclear explosion is accompanied by the release of a huge amount of energy, therefore, in terms of destructive and damaging effect, it can exceed the explosions of the largest ammunition filled with conventional explosives by hundreds and thousands of times.

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Among modern means of armed struggle, nuclear weapons occupy a special place - they are the main means of defeating the enemy. Nuclear weapons make it possible to destroy the means of mass destruction of the enemy, inflict heavy losses on him in manpower and military equipment in a short time, destroy structures and other objects, contaminate the area with radioactive substances, and also exert a strong moral and psychological impact on the personnel and thereby create favorable conditions for the party using nuclear weapons to achieve victory in the war. Among modern means of armed struggle, nuclear weapons occupy a special place - they are the main means of defeating the enemy. Nuclear weapons make it possible to destroy the means of mass destruction of the enemy, inflict heavy losses on him in manpower and military equipment in a short time, destroy structures and other objects, contaminate the area with radioactive substances, and also exert a strong moral and psychological impact on the personnel and thereby create favorable conditions for the party using nuclear weapons to achieve victory in the war.

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Sometimes, depending on the type of charge, narrower concepts are used, for example: Sometimes, depending on the type of charge, narrower concepts are used, for example: atomic weapons (devices that use fission chain reactions), thermonuclear weapons. Features of the destructive effect of a nuclear explosion in relation to personnel and military equipment depend not only on the power of the ammunition and the type of explosion, but also on the type of nuclear charger.

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Devices designed to carry out the explosive process of releasing intranuclear energy are called nuclear charges. Devices designed to carry out the explosive process of releasing intranuclear energy are called nuclear charges. The power of nuclear weapons is usually characterized by the equivalent of TNT, i.e. so much TNT in tons, the explosion of which releases the same amount of energy as the explosion of a given nuclear weapon. Nuclear weapons are conditionally divided by power into: ultra-small (up to 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (10-100 kt), large (100 kt - 1 Mt), extra-large (over 1 Mt).

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Air nuclear explosion An air nuclear explosion is an explosion produced at a height of up to 10 km, when the luminous area does not touch the ground (water). Air explosions are divided into low and high. Strong radioactive contamination of the area is formed only near the epicenters of low air explosions. Infection of the area along the trail of the cloud does not have a significant impact on the actions of personnel.

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An air nuclear explosion begins with a short blinding flash, the light from which can be observed at a distance of several tens and hundreds of kilometers. Following the flash, a luminous area appears in the form of a sphere or hemisphere (with a ground explosion), which is a source of powerful light radiation. At the same time, a powerful flow of gamma radiation and neutrons propagates from the explosion zone into the environment, which are formed during a nuclear chain reaction and during the decay of radioactive fragments of nuclear charge fission. Gamma rays and neutrons emitted in a nuclear explosion are called penetrating radiation. Under the action of instantaneous gamma radiation, the atoms of the environment are ionized, which leads to the appearance of electric and magnetic fields. These fields, due to their short duration of action, are commonly called the electromagnetic pulse of a nuclear explosion.

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In the center of a nuclear explosion, the temperature instantly rises to several million degrees, as a result of which the substance of the charge turns into a high-temperature plasma that emits X-rays. The pressure of gaseous products initially reaches several billion atmospheres. The sphere of incandescent gases of the luminous area, seeking to expand, compresses the adjacent layers of air, creates a sharp pressure drop at the boundary of the compressed layer and forms a shock wave that propagates from the center of the explosion in various directions. Since the density of the gases that make up the fireball is much lower than the density of the surrounding air, the ball quickly rises. In this case, a mushroom-shaped cloud is formed, containing gases, water vapor, small particles of soil and a huge amount of radioactive explosion products. Upon reaching the maximum height, the cloud is transported over long distances under the influence of air currents, dissipates, and radioactive products fall to the earth's surface, creating radioactive contamination of the area and objects.

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Ground (surface) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced on the surface of the earth (water), in which the luminous area touches the surface of the earth (water), and the dust (water) column from the moment of formation is connected to the explosion cloud. A characteristic feature of a ground (surface) nuclear explosion is a strong radioactive contamination of the area (water) both in the area of the explosion and in the direction of movement of the explosion cloud.

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Ground (surface) nuclear explosion The damaging factors of this explosion are: air shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive contamination of the area, seismic explosive waves in the ground.

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Ground-based (surface) nuclear explosion During ground-based nuclear explosions, an explosion crater and strong radioactive contamination of the area are formed on the surface of the earth both in the area of the explosion and in the wake of the radioactive cloud. During ground and low air nuclear explosions, seismic explosive waves arise in the ground, which can disable buried structures.

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Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced underground (under water) and characterized by the release of a large amount of soil (water) mixed with nuclear explosive products (fragments of uranium-235 or plutonium-239 fission). The damaging and destructive effect of an underground nuclear explosion is determined mainly by seismic explosive waves (the main damaging factor), the formation of a funnel in the ground and severe radioactive contamination of the area. Light emission and penetrating radiation are absent. Characteristic of an underwater explosion is the formation of a sultan (column of water), the basic wave formed during the collapse of the sultan (column of water).

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Underwater nuclear explosion The main damaging factors of an underwater explosion are: an underwater shock wave (tsunami), an air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the water area, coastal areas and coastal facilities. During underwater nuclear explosions, the ejected soil can block the riverbed and cause flooding of large areas.

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Stratospheric nuclear explosion The damaging factors of stratospheric explosions are: x-ray radiation, penetrating radiation, air shock wave, light radiation, gas flow, ionization of the environment, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive air contamination.

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Shock wave The shock wave of a medium-sized ammunition passes: the first kilometer in 1.4 s; the second - in 4 s; fifth - in 12 s. The damaging effect of hydrocarbons on people, equipment, buildings and structures is characterized by: velocity pressure; overpressure in the shock front and the time of its impact on the object (compression phase).

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Shock wave At an excess pressure of 20-40 kPa (0.2-0.4 kgf / cm2), unprotected people can get light injuries (light bruises and contusions). The impact of SW with an overpressure of 40-60 kPa leads to lesions of moderate severity: loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocations of the limbs, and damage to internal organs. Extremely severe lesions, often fatal, are observed at excess pressure over 100 kPa.

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Shock wave The degree of damage by a shock wave to various objects depends on the power and type of explosion, mechanical strength (stability of the object), as well as on the distance at which the explosion occurred, the terrain and the position of objects on the ground. To protect against the impact of hydrocarbons, one should use: trenches, cracks and trenches, which reduce its effect by 1.5-2 times; dugouts - 2-3 times; shelters - 3-5 times; basements of houses (buildings); terrain (forest, ravines, hollows, etc.).

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Penetrating radiation Penetrating radiation is a stream of gamma rays and neutrons emitted from the zone of a nuclear explosion. The time of its action is 10-15 s, the range is 2-3 km from the center of the explosion. In conventional nuclear explosions, neutrons make up approximately 30%, in the explosion of neutron ammunition - 70-80% of the Y-radiation. The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is based on the ionization of cells (molecules) of a living organism, leading to death. Neutrons, in addition, interact with the nuclei of atoms of certain materials and can cause induced activity in metals and technology.

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Penetrating Radiation Gamma rays are photons, i.e. electromagnetic wave that carries energy. In the air, it can travel long distances, gradually losing energy as a result of collisions with the atoms of the medium. Intense gamma radiation, if not protected from it, can damage not only the skin, but also internal tissues. Dense and heavy materials such as iron and lead are excellent barriers to gamma radiation.

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Penetrating radiation As a result of the passage of radiation through the materials of the environment, the intensity of the radiation decreases. The weakening effect is usually characterized by a layer of half attenuation, i.e. with. such a thickness of the material, passing through which the radiation is reduced by 2 times. For example, the intensity of y-rays is reduced by 2 times: steel 2.8 cm thick, concrete - 10 cm, soil - 14 cm, wood - 30 cm. up to 5000 times. A pound layer of 1.5 m protects almost completely from penetrating radiation.

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Radioactive contamination (contamination) The sources of radioactive substances in the cloud are the fission products of nuclear fuel (uranium, plutonium), the unreacted part of the nuclear fuel and radioactive isotopes formed as a result of the action of neutrons on the ground (induced activity). These RVs, being on contaminated objects, decay, emitting ionizing radiation, which in fact are the damaging factor. The parameters of radioactive contamination are: radiation dose (according to the impact on people), radiation dose rate - radiation level (according to the degree of contamination of the area and various objects). These parameters are a quantitative characteristic of damaging factors: radioactive contamination during an accident with the release of radioactive substances, as well as radioactive contamination and penetrating radiation during a nuclear explosion.

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Zone of complete destruction The zone of complete destruction has an overpressure at the front of the shock wave of 50 kPa at the border and is characterized by: massive irretrievable losses among the unprotected population (up to 100%), complete destruction of buildings and structures, destruction and damage to utility-energy and technological networks and lines, as well as parts of civil defense shelters, the formation of solid blockages in settlements. The forest is completely destroyed.

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Exposure to ionizing radiation Under the conditions of hostilities with the use of nuclear weapons, vast territories can be in the zones of radioactive contamination, and exposure of people can become widespread. In order to exclude overexposure of the personnel of facilities and the population in such conditions and to increase the stability of the functioning of objects of the national economy under conditions of radioactive contamination in wartime, permissible exposure doses are established. They are: with a single irradiation (up to 4 days) - 50 rad; repeated irradiation: a) up to 30 days - 100 rad; b) 90 days - 200 rad; systematic exposure (during the year) 300 rad.

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Definition

A nuclear weapon is a weapon of mass destruction of explosive action, based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or during thermonuclear reactions of fusion of light nuclei of hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) into heavier ones, for example, nuclei of helium isotopes .

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Devices designed to carry out the explosive process of releasing intranuclear energy are called nuclear charges. The power of nuclear weapons is usually characterized by the equivalent of TNT, i.e. so much TNT in tons, the explosion of which releases the same amount of energy as the explosion of a given nuclear weapon. Nuclear weapons are conditionally divided by power into: ultra-small (up to 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (10-100 kt), large (100 kt - 1 Mt), extra-large (over 1 Mt).

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Types of nuclear explosions and their damaging factors

Depending on the tasks solved with the use of nuclear weapons, nuclear explosions can be carried out: in the air, on the surface of the earth and water, underground and water. In accordance with this, explosions are distinguished: air, ground (surface), underground (underwater).

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Air nuclear explosion

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An air nuclear explosion is an explosion produced at an altitude of up to 10 km, when the luminous area does not touch the ground (water). Air explosions are divided into low and high. Strong radioactive contamination of the area is formed only near the epicenters of low air explosions. Infection of the area along the trail of the cloud does not have a significant impact on the actions of personnel.

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Ground (surface) nuclear explosion

This is an explosion produced on the surface of the earth (water), in which the luminous area touches the surface of the earth (water), and the dust (water) column from the moment of formation is connected to the explosion cloud. A characteristic feature of a ground (surface) nuclear explosion is a strong radioactive contamination of the terrain (water) both in the area of the explosion and in the direction of the explosion cloud.

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The damaging factors of this explosion are: air shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, electromagnetic impulse, radioactive contamination of the area, seismic explosive waves in the ground.

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During ground-based nuclear explosions, an explosion crater and a strong radioactive contamination of the area are formed on the surface of the earth both in the area of the explosion and in the wake of the radioactive cloud. During ground and low air nuclear explosions, seismic explosive waves arise in the ground, which can disable buried structures.

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Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion

Underground nuclear explosion with soil ejection

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Underground nuclear explosion

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This is an explosion produced underground (under water) and characterized by the release of a large amount of soil (water) mixed with nuclear explosive products (fragments of uranium-235 or plutonium-239 fission). The damaging and destructive effect of an underground nuclear explosion is determined mainly by seismic explosive waves (the main damaging factor), the formation of a funnel in the ground and strong radioactive contamination of the area. Light emission and penetrating radiation are absent. Characteristic of an underwater explosion is the formation of a sultan (column of water), the basic wave formed during the collapse of the sultan (column of water).

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The main damaging factors of an underground explosion are: seismic explosive waves in the ground, air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the terrain and atmosphere. Seismic blast waves are the main damaging factor in a comflet explosion.

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Surface nuclear explosion

A surface nuclear explosion is an explosion carried out on the surface of the water (contact) or at such a height from it when the luminous area of the explosion touches the surface of the water. The main damaging factors of a surface explosion are: air shock wave, underwater shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive contamination of the water area and coastal zone.

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Underwater nuclear explosion

An underwater nuclear explosion is an explosion produced in water at a certain depth.

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high altitude nuclear explosion

A high-altitude nuclear explosion is an explosion produced above the boundary of the Earth's troposphere (above 10 km). The main damaging factors of high-altitude explosions are: air shock wave (at an altitude of up to 30 km), penetrating radiation, light radiation (at an altitude of up to 60 km), X-ray radiation, gas flow (exploding products of an explosion), electromagnetic pulse, atmospheric ionization (at an altitude of over 60 km).

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Stratospheric nuclear explosion

High-altitude nuclear explosions are subdivided into: stratospheric - explosions at altitudes from 10 to 80 km, space - explosions at altitudes of more than 80 km.

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The damaging factors of stratospheric explosions are: x-ray radiation, penetrating radiation, air shock wave, light radiation, gas flow, ionization of the environment, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive contamination of the air.

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space nuclear explosion

Space explosions differ from stratospheric ones not only in the values of the characteristics of the accompanying physical processes, but also in the physical processes themselves. The damaging factors of cosmic nuclear explosions are: penetrating radiation; x-ray radiation; ionization of the atmosphere, due to which a luminescent glow of the air occurs, lasting for hours; gas flow; electromagnetic impulse; weak radioactive contamination of the air.

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Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion

The main damaging factors and the distribution of the share of the energy of a nuclear explosion: shock wave - 35%; light radiation - 35%; penetrating radiation - 5%; radioactive contamination -6%. electromagnetic pulse -1% Simultaneous exposure to several damaging factors leads to combined damage to personnel. Armament, equipment and fortifications fail mainly from the impact of the shock wave.

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shock wave

A shock wave (SW) is a region of sharply compressed air propagating in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed. Hot vapors and gases, seeking to expand, produce a sharp blow to the surrounding layers of air, compress them to high pressures and densities, and heat them to high temperatures (several tens of thousands of degrees). This layer of compressed air represents the shock wave. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the front of the shock wave. The SW front is followed by an area of rarefaction, where the pressure is below atmospheric. Near the center of the explosion, the velocity of SW propagation is several times higher than the speed of sound. As the distance from the explosion increases, the wave propagation speed decreases rapidly. At large distances, its speed approaches the speed of sound in air.

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The shock wave of an ammunition of medium power passes: the first kilometer in 1.4 s; the second - in 4 s; fifth - in 12 s. The damaging effect of hydrocarbons on people, equipment, buildings and structures is characterized by: velocity pressure; overpressure in the shock front and the time of its impact on the object (compression phase).

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The impact of HC on people can be direct and indirect. With direct exposure, the cause of injury is an instantaneous increase in air pressure, which is perceived as a sharp blow leading to fractures, damage to internal organs, and rupture of blood vessels. With indirect impact, people are amazed by flying debris of buildings and structures, stones, trees, broken glass and other objects. Indirect impact reaches 80% of all lesions.

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With an overpressure of 20-40 kPa (0.2-0.4 kgf / cm2), unprotected people can get light injuries (light bruises and concussions). The impact of SW with an overpressure of 40-60 kPa leads to lesions of moderate severity: loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocations of the limbs, and damage to internal organs. Extremely severe lesions, often fatal, are observed at excess pressure over 100 kPa.

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The degree of shock wave damage to various objects depends on the power and type of explosion, the mechanical strength (stability of the object), as well as on the distance at which the explosion occurred, the terrain and the position of objects on the ground. To protect against the impact of hydrocarbons, one should use: trenches, cracks and trenches, which reduce its effect by 1.5-2 times; dugouts - 2-3 times; shelters - 3-5 times; basements of houses (buildings); terrain (forest, ravines, hollows, etc.).

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light emission

Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy, including ultraviolet, visible and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and hot air. Light radiation propagates almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of a nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. However, its strength is such that, despite its short duration, it can cause skin (skin) burns, damage (permanent or temporary) to the organs of vision of people, and ignition of combustible materials of objects. At the moment of formation of a luminous region, the temperature on its surface reaches tens of thousands of degrees. The main damaging factor of light radiation is a light pulse.

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Light pulse - the amount of energy in calories falling per unit area of the surface perpendicular to the direction of radiation, for the entire duration of the glow. The weakening of light radiation is possible due to its shielding by atmospheric clouds, uneven terrain, vegetation and local objects, snowfall or smoke. So, a thick layer attenuates the light pulse by A-9 times, a rare one - by 2-4 times, and smoke (aerosol) screens - by 10 times.

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To protect the population from light radiation, it is necessary to use protective structures, basements of houses and buildings, and the protective properties of the terrain. Any obstruction capable of creating a shadow protects against the direct action of light radiation and eliminates burns.

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penetrating radiation

Penetrating radiation - a stream of gamma rays and neutrons emitted from the zone of a nuclear explosion. The time of its action is 10-15 s, the range is 2-3 km from the center of the explosion. In conventional nuclear explosions, neutrons make up approximately 30%, in the explosion of neutron ammunition - 70-80% of the Y-radiation. The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is based on the ionization of cells (molecules) of a living organism, leading to death. Neutrons, in addition, interact with the nuclei of atoms of certain materials and can cause induced activity in metals and technology.

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Y radiation - photon radiation (with a photon energy of 1015-1012 J) that occurs when the energy state of atomic nuclei changes, nuclear transformations or particle annihilation.

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Gamma radiation is photons, i.e. electromagnetic wave that carries energy. In the air, it can travel long distances, gradually losing energy as a result of collisions with the atoms of the medium. Intense gamma radiation, if not protected from it, can damage not only the skin, but also internal tissues. Dense and heavy materials such as iron and lead are excellent barriers to gamma radiation.

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The main parameter characterizing penetrating radiation is: for y-radiation - the dose and dose rate of radiation, for neutrons - the flux and flux density. Permissible exposure doses to the population in wartime: single - within 4 days 50 R; multiple - within 10-30 days 100 R; during the quarter - 200 R; during the year - 300 R.

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As a result of the passage of radiation through the materials of the environment, the intensity of the radiation decreases. The weakening effect is usually characterized by a layer of half attenuation, i.e. with. such a thickness of the material, passing through which the radiation is reduced by 2 times. For example, the intensity of y-rays is reduced by 2 times: steel 2.8 cm thick, concrete - 10 cm, soil - 14 cm, wood - 30 cm. up to 5000 times. A pound layer of 1.5 m protects almost completely from penetrating radiation.

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Radioactive contamination (contamination)

Radioactive contamination of the air, terrain, water area and objects located on them occurs as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances (RS) from the cloud of a nuclear explosion. At a temperature of approximately 1700 ° C, the glow of the luminous region of a nuclear explosion stops and it turns into a dark cloud, to which a dust column rises (therefore, the cloud has a mushroom shape). This cloud moves in the direction of the wind, and RVs fall out of it.

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The sources of RS in the cloud are the fission products of nuclear fuel (uranium, plutonium), the unreacted part of the nuclear fuel and radioactive isotopes formed as a result of the action of neutrons on the ground (induced activity). These RVs, being on contaminated objects, decay, emitting ionizing radiation, which in fact are the damaging factor. The parameters of radioactive contamination are: radiation dose (according to the impact on people), radiation dose rate - radiation level (according to the degree of contamination of the area and various objects). These parameters are a quantitative characteristic of damaging factors: radioactive contamination during an accident with the release of radioactive substances, as well as radioactive contamination and penetrating radiation during a nuclear explosion.

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Scheme of radioactive contamination of the area in the area of a nuclear explosion and in the wake of the movement of the cloud

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Radiation levels at the outer boundaries of these zones 1 hour after the explosion are 8, 80, 240, 800 rad/h, respectively. Most of the radioactive fallout, causing radioactive contamination of the area, falls out of the cloud 10-20 hours after a nuclear explosion.

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electromagnetic pulse

An electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is a combination of electric and magnetic fields resulting from the ionization of the atoms of the medium under the influence of gamma radiation. Its duration is a few milliseconds. The main parameters of EMR are currents and voltages induced in wires and cable lines, which can lead to damage and disable electronic equipment, and sometimes to damage to people working with the equipment.

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During ground and air explosions, the damaging effect of an electromagnetic pulse is observed at a distance of several kilometers from the center of a nuclear explosion. The most effective protection against an electromagnetic pulse is the shielding of power supply and control lines, as well as radio and electrical equipment.

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The situation that develops during the use of nuclear weapons in the centers of destruction.

The focus of nuclear destruction is the territory within which, as a result of the use of nuclear weapons, mass destruction and death of people, farm animals and plants, destruction and damage to buildings and structures, utility and energy and technological networks and lines, transport communications and other objects occurred.

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Zones of the focus of a nuclear explosion

To determine the nature of possible destruction, the volume and conditions for carrying out rescue and other urgent work, the nuclear lesion site is conditionally divided into four zones: complete, strong, medium, weak destruction.

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Zone of complete destruction

The zone of complete destruction has an overpressure at the front of the shock wave of 50 kPa at the border and is characterized by: massive irretrievable losses among the unprotected population (up to 100%), complete destruction of buildings and structures, destruction and damage to utility and energy and technological networks and lines, as well as parts shelters of civil defense, the formation of solid blockages in settlements. The forest is completely destroyed.

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Zone of severe destruction

The zone of severe destruction with excess pressure at the shock wave front from 30 to 50 kPa is characterized by: massive irretrievable losses (up to 90%) among the unprotected population, complete and severe destruction of buildings and structures, damage to public utilities and technological networks and lines, the formation of local and solid blockages in settlements and forests, the preservation of shelters and most anti-radiation shelters of the basement type.

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Medium damage zone

Zone of medium destruction with overpressure from 20 to 30 kPa. It is characterized by: irretrievable losses among the population (up to 20%), medium and severe destruction of buildings and structures, the formation of local and focal blockages, continuous fires, the preservation of utility networks, shelters and most of the anti-radiation shelters.

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Zone of weak damage

The zone of weak destruction with excess pressure from 10 to 20 kPa is characterized by weak and medium destruction of buildings and structures. The focus of the lesion but the number of dead and injured can be commensurate with or exceed the lesion in an earthquake. So, during the bombing (bomb power up to 20 kt) of the city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, most of it (60%) was destroyed, and the death toll amounted to 140,000 people.

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Exposure to ionizing radiation

The personnel of economic facilities and the population entering the zones of radioactive contamination are exposed to ionizing radiation, which causes radiation sickness. The severity of the disease depends on the dose of radiation (irradiation) received. The dependence of the degree of radiation sickness on the magnitude of the radiation dose is shown in the table on the next slide.

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Dependence of the degree of radiation sickness on the magnitude of the radiation dose

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Under the conditions of hostilities with the use of nuclear weapons, vast territories may turn out to be in the zones of radioactive contamination, and exposure of people may take on a mass character. In order to exclude overexposure of the personnel of facilities and the population in such conditions and to increase the stability of the functioning of objects of the national economy under conditions of radioactive contamination in wartime, permissible exposure doses are established. They are: with a single irradiation (up to 4 days) - 50 rad; repeated irradiation: a) up to 30 days - 100 rad; b) 90 days - 200 rad; systematic exposure (during the year) 300 rad.

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Rad (rad, abbreviated from English radiationabsorbeddose - absorbed dose of radiation), off-system unit of absorbed dose of radiation; it is applicable to any kind of ionizing radiation and corresponds to a radiation energy of 100 erg absorbed by an irradiated substance weighing 1 g. 1 rad = 2.388×10-6 cal/g = 0.01 j/kg.

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SIEVERT (sievert) - a unit of equivalent dose of radiation in the SI system, equal to the equivalent dose if the dose of absorbed ionizing radiation, multiplied by a conditional dimensionless factor, is 1 J / kg. Since different types of radiation cause different effects on biological tissue, a weighted absorbed dose of radiation, also called the equivalent dose, is used; it is obtained by modifying the absorbed dose by multiplying it by the conventional dimensionless factor adopted by the International Commission on X-Ray Protection. At present, the sievert is increasingly replacing the physical equivalent of the roentgen (FER), which is becoming obsolete.

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Radioactivity: alpha, beta, gamma radiation

The word "radiation" comes from the Latin radius and means a beam. In principle, radiation is all types of radiation existing in nature - radio waves, visible light, ultraviolet, and so on.

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Description of the presentation on individual slides:

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Learning objectives: 1. The history of the creation of nuclear weapons. 2. Types of nuclear explosions. 3. Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. 4. Protection against damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.

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Questions to test knowledge on the topic: "Safety and protection of people from emergencies" 1. What is an emergency? a) a particularly complex social phenomenon b) a certain state of the natural environment c) the situation in a certain territory, which may entail human casualties, damage to health, significant material losses and violations of living conditions. 2. What are the two types of emergencies according to their origin? 3. What are four types of situations in which a modern person can find himself? 4. Name the system created in Russia for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations: a) a system for monitoring and controlling the state of the environment; b) the unified state system for the prevention and liquidation of emergencies; c) a system of forces and means to eliminate the consequences of emergency situations. 5. RSChS has five levels: a) object; b) territorial; c) local; d) settlement; e) federal; f) production; g) regional; h) republican; i) regional.

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The history of the creation and development of nuclear weapons This conclusion was the impetus for the development of nuclear weapons. In 1896, the French physicist A. Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactive radiation. It marked the beginning of the era of the study and use of nuclear energy. 1905 Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. A very small amount of matter is equivalent to a large amount of energy. 1938, as a result of experiments by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, they manage to break a uranium atom into two approximately equal parts by bombarding uranium with neutrons. British physicist Otto Robert Frisch explained how energy is released when the nucleus of an atom divides. In early 1939, the French physicist Joliot-Curie concluded that a chain reaction was possible that would lead to an explosion of monstrous destructive power and that uranium could become an energy source, like an ordinary explosive.

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On July 16, 1945, the world's first atomic bomb test, called Trinity, was carried out in New Mexico. On the morning of August 6, 1945, an American B-29 bomber dropped the Little Boy uranium atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The power of the explosion was, according to various estimates, from 13 to 18 kilotons of TNT. On August 9, 1945, the Fat Man plutonium atomic bomb was dropped on the city of Nagasaki. Its power was much greater and amounted to 15-22 kt. This is due to the more advanced design of the bomb. The successful test of the first Soviet atomic bomb was carried out at 7:00 on August 29, 1949 at the constructed test site in the Semipalatinsk region of the Kazakh SSR. The test of the bombs showed that the new weapon was ready for combat use. The creation of this weapon marked the beginning of a new stage in the use of wars and military art.

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NUCLEAR WEAPONS are explosive weapons of mass destruction based on the use of intranuclear energy.

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The explosion power of nuclear weapons is usually measured in units of TNT equivalent. The TNT equivalent is the mass of trinitrotoluene that would provide an explosion equivalent in power to the explosion of a given nuclear weapon.

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Nuclear explosions can be carried out at different heights. Depending on the position of the center of a nuclear explosion relative to the surface of the earth (water), there are:

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Ground Produced on the surface of the earth or at such a height when the luminous area touches the ground. Used to destroy ground targets Underground Produced below ground level. Characterized by severe contamination of the area. Underwater Produced underwater. Light emission and penetrating radiation is practically absent. Causes severe radioactive contamination of water.

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Space It is used at an altitude of more than 65 km to destroy space targets High-altitude Produced at altitudes from several hundred meters to several kilometers. There is practically no radioactive contamination of the area. Airborne It is used at an altitude of 10 to 65 km to destroy air targets.

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Nuclear explosion Light radiation Radioactive contamination of the area Shock wave Penetrating radiation Electromagnetic pulse Damaging factors of nuclear weapons

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A shock wave is an area of sharp compression of air, propagating in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed. The shock wave is the main damaging factor in a nuclear explosion and about 50% of its energy is spent on its formation. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the front of the air shock wave. And it is characterized by the magnitude of excess pressure. As you know, overpressure is the difference between the maximum pressure in the front of an air wave and the normal atmospheric pressure in front of it. Overpressure is measured in Pascals (Pa).

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In a nuclear explosion, four zones of destruction are distinguished: ZONE OF COMPLETE DESTRUCTION The territory exposed to the shock wave of a nuclear explosion with an overpressure (on the outer border) of more than 50 kPa. All buildings and structures, as well as anti-radiation shelters and part of the shelters, are completely destroyed, solid blockages are formed, and the utility and energy network is damaged.

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During a nuclear explosion, four zones of destruction are distinguished: ZONE OF STRONG DESTRUCTION The territory exposed to the shock wave of a nuclear explosion with excess pressure (on the outer border) from 50 to 30 kPa. Ground buildings and structures are severely damaged, local blockages are formed, continuous and massive fires occur.

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In a nuclear explosion, four zones of destruction are distinguished: ZONE OF MEDIUM DESTRUCTION The territory exposed to the shock wave of a nuclear explosion with an overpressure (on the outer border) from 30 to 20 kPa. Buildings and structures receive medium damage. Shelters and shelters of the basement type are preserved.

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During a nuclear explosion, four zones of destruction are distinguished: ZONE OF WEAK DAMAGE The territory exposed to the shock wave of a nuclear explosion with an overpressure (on the outer border) from 20 to 10 kPa. Buildings receive minor damage.

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Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy, including visible, ultraviolet and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot products of the explosion and hot air up to millions of degrees. Light radiation spreads almost instantly and, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, the time of the fireball lasts 20-30 seconds. The light radiation of a nuclear explosion is very strong, it causes burns and temporary blindness. Depending on the severity of the lesion, burns are divided into four degrees: the first is redness, swelling and soreness of the skin; the second is the formation of bubbles; the third - necrosis of the skin and tissues; the fourth is charring of the skin.

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Penetrating radiation (ionizing radiation) is a stream of gamma rays and neutrons. It lasts for 10-15 seconds. Passing through living tissue, it causes its rapid destruction and death of a person from acute radiation sickness in the very near future after the explosion. In order to assess the effect of various types of ionizing radiation on a person (animal), two of their main characteristics must be taken into account: ionizing and penetrating abilities. Alpha radiation has a high ionizing but weak penetrating power. So, for example, even ordinary clothes protect a person from this type of radiation. However, getting alpha particles into the body with air, water and food is already very dangerous. Beta radiation is less ionizing than alpha radiation, but more penetrating. Here, for protection, you need to use any shelter. And finally, gamma and neutron radiation have a very high penetrating power. Alpha radiation is helium-4 nuclei and can be easily stopped with a sheet of paper. Beta radiation is a stream of electrons that an aluminum plate is enough to protect against. Gamma radiation has the ability to penetrate even denser materials.

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The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is characterized by the magnitude of the radiation dose, i.e., the amount of radioactive radiation energy absorbed by a unit mass of the irradiated medium. Distinguish: the exposure dose is measured in roentgens (R). characterizes the potential danger of exposure to ionizing radiation with a general and uniform exposure of the human body; the absorbed dose is measured in rads (rad). determines the effect of ionizing radiation on biological tissues of the body, having different atomic composition and density Depending on the dose of radiation, four degrees of radiation sickness are distinguished: total dose of radiation, rad degree of radiation sickness latent period duration 100-250 1 - mild 2-3 weeks (curable) 250-400 2 - average week (with active treatment, recovery after 1.5-2 months) 400-700 3 - severe for several hours (with a favorable outcome - recovery after 6-8 months) More than 700 4 - extremely severe no (lethal dose )

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Radioactive particles, falling from the cloud to the ground, form a zone of radioactive contamination, the so-called trace, which can extend for several hundred kilometers from the epicenter of the explosion. Radioactive contamination - contamination of the terrain, atmosphere, water and other objects with radioactive substances from the cloud of a nuclear explosion. Depending on the degree of infection and the danger of injuring people, the trace is divided into four zones: A - moderate (up to 400 rad.); B - strong (up to 1200 rad.); B - dangerous (up to 4000 rad.); G - extremely dangerous infection (up to 10,000 rad.).

Presentation "nuclear weapons and their damaging factors". Presentation on the topic "damaging factors of a nuclear explosion" Nuclear weapons and their damaging factors presentation

Presentation on the topic: AFFECTING FACTORS OF A NUCLEAR EXPLOSION

Definition

Types of nuclear explosions and their damaging factors

Air nuclear explosion

Ground (surface) nuclear explosion

Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion

Surface nuclear explosion

Underwater nuclear explosion

high altitude nuclear explosion

Stratospheric nuclear explosion

space nuclear explosion

Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion

shock wave

light emission

penetrating radiation

Radioactive contamination (contamination)

electromagnetic pulse

Zones of the focus of a nuclear explosion

Zone of complete destruction

Zone of severe destruction

Medium damage zone

Zone of weak damage

Exposure to ionizing radiation

Radioactivity: alpha, beta, gamma radiation

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