International organizations can be divided into two groups:

· universal: UN, WTO, OECD;

· regional, which are created within the framework of integration associations: CES, APEC, etc.

An important role in the interstate regulation of international economic relations is played by United Nations (UN), which includes 185 countries . Among the UN organizations directly associated with economic activity, we should mention the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), etc.

UN- the largest, universal and most authoritative international organization, designed to deal with the main political issues that excite humanity. The political activity of the UN is inextricably linked with the economic and social tasks directly related to world politics.

The most famous specialized agencies of the United Nations are International Monetary Fund (IMF) and world bank group , which includes international bank reconstruction and development(IBRD), International Finance Corporation(IFC), International Development Association(MAP) and International Investment Guarantee Agency(MIGA). Also, specialized bodies operate under the UN, for example, the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the UN Commission on Law international property(UNCITRAL), etc.

AT IMF includes 182 countries. The capital of the Fund is formed at the expense of contributions from member countries. Each state has its own quota in it, which is set depending on the share of the country in the world economy and trade. The largest quotas are: USA - 18.25%, Germany and Japan - 5.67% each, Great Britain and France - 5.10% each, Russia - 2.97%. A country's quota determines the number of its votes in decision-making in the IMF's Board of Governors, as well as its ability to use the Fund's resources.

The IMF was originally intended to financial support developed countries, regulating their balance of payments and maintaining the stability of their exchange rates. In 1947-1976. 60.6% of IMF loans were received by the industrialized countries of the West. From the 70s. the emphasis in the activities of the IMF has shifted from balance of payments problems to stabilization programs (economic recovery programs). The main borrowers of the Fund were developing countries (92% of all IMF loans). Most large sums IMF loans received (in descending order) Mexico, Russia, Republic of Korea, Argentina, India, United Kingdom, Brazil, Indonesia, Philippines and Pakistan.

The World Bank intended for lending to the economies of developing countries. But unlike ordinary commercial banks, it provides technical assistance, advises on how to use loans more profitably, and in every possible way promotes investment in the economies of these countries. However, the functions of the World Bank institutions are somewhat different from each other.

IBRD goals is: the provision of guarantees for private foreign investment in order to stimulate them; direct participation in the implementation of foreign investment, promotion of international trade.

To join the IBRD, a country must first become a member of the IMF. The bank's funds are made up of the authorized capital formed by subscription of member countries, borrowed funds that it draws on the world market loan capital through the issuance of bonds, and income from its own activities. The number of votes in the IBRD bodies is determined by the share in its authorized capital. The United States has the largest number of votes in the Board of Governors of the IBRD - more than 17%.

The IBRD, unlike the IMF, is aimed at stimulating the international flow of medium- and long-term investments, promoting the reconstruction and development of the economy. About 75% of all IBRD loans go to lending to specific projects - from schools to power plants and industrial enterprises– in developing countries and countries with economies in transition. Recently, the World Bank has been directing part of its loans for the purpose of structural adaptation of the economy (financing changes in the economy of a country to make it market-oriented), moreover, the bank gives loans only to those states that implement stabilization programs approved by the IMF.

International Finance Corporation (IFC) was founded in 1956. Its main goal is to mobilize national and foreign capital for the development of private entrepreneurship in developing countries.

International Development Association (MAP) was established in 1960 to assist the least developed countries. It provides them with interest-free and extra-long-term loans from funds contributed by rich countries. .

International Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), founded in 1968, provides investors with guarantees against non-commercial risks (currency restrictions, nationalizations and expropriations, armed conflicts and revolutions, etc.).

The Republic of Belarus is a member of the UN, as well as many specialized agencies of this organization (UNESCO, WHO, WMO, WIPO, ILO, UNIDO, UPU, ITU, ICAO, IMF).

The Republic supports the consistent policy of the UN in the field of maintaining international peace and security, in the field of strengthening and developing the existing international regimes to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, reduce and eliminate their existing arsenals.

Since July 1992 the Republic of Belarus has become a member of the International Monetary Fund. The republic's quota in the IMF is 280.4 million SDRs (about $373 million), or 0.19% of the total quota, which was subsequently increased to 386.4 million SDRs (about $542.1 million). USA).

Since 1993, Belarus has repeatedly used the Fund's resources to support the government's economic reform program. The IMF has provided technical assistance to Belarus in a number of areas, including public spending, taxation and customs, bank monitoring, monetary policy and the organization of the National Bank, and financial statistics (balance of payments, money, banking and real sectors of the economy).

The loans provided were mainly directed to the financial and credit sphere. In 1993, the Belarusian government signed an agreement with the IMF for a $200 million loan. United States through a systemic transformation fund to improve the balance of payments. The first tranche of this loan was received in August 1993 in the amount of SDR 70.1 million, which at that time was equivalent to $98 million. USA. It was intended to improve the republic's balance of payments. Its maturity was 10 years; moratorium on the payment of the principal debt - 4.5 years, interest rate- 5.67% (floating). The loan proceeds were used to purchase fuel oil, motor gasoline and diesel fuel, medical equipment, and were also partially used to ensure timely settlements with Russia for the supplied liquefied gas and maintain the exchange rate of the Belarusian ruble.

In 2001, a six-month Fund Monitoring Program (SMP) was implemented in the republic, serving as the basis for the transition to the stand-by mechanism.

The Republic of Belarus also closely cooperates with the World Bank Group (IBRD, IFC, MIGA, IDA) and other international organizations.

In the regulation of international trade in goods and services, a special role is played by World Trade Organization (WTO), which since January 1, 1995 replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Currently, 146 states are members of the WTO. The main task of the WTO is the liberalization of world trade on the basis of a consistent reduction in the level of customs duties and the elimination of various non-tariff barriers. Currently, WTO rules govern over 90% of world trade (by value).

The activities of the organization are based on a number of simple fundamental provisions:

trade without discrimination: WTO members undertake to provide each other with the principle of most favored nation in trade (i.e. conditions no worse than they are provided by any other country), as well as to provide goods foreign origin the same treatment as national goods in the field of internal taxes and duties, as well as in respect of national laws, orders and regulations governing internal trade;

· protection of domestic production with the help of customs tariffs: publicly and openly established customs tariffs (duties) are the main, and in the future - the only instrument for regulating exports and imports of the participating countries; they refuse to apply quantitative measures of foreign trade regulation (quotas, import and export licenses, etc.);

· a stable and predictable basis for trade: long-term fixing of duties in customs tariffs. Tariffs are set through multilateral negotiations;

· promotion of fair competition: counteracting such unfair methods of competition, such as the sale of goods at artificially low prices (dumping) or the use of government subsidies to underestimate export prices;

• publicity and openness in trade regulation;

· resolution of disputes and conflicts through consultations and negotiations.

One of the most important obligations that a country joining the WTO undertakes is to bring the national principles and rules governing its foreign trade into maximum compliance with the standards of this organization.

The main mechanism of WTO activity is rounds of multilateral negotiations. As a result of rounds of multilateral negotiations, the weighted average rate of customs tariffs in the United States, Western European countries and Japan was reduced from an average of 25-30% in the early 1950s. last century to about 4% in 1998. In 1996 - 1997. Within the framework of the WTO, agreements were reached on the liberalization of the telecommunications and information technology market and on the liberalization of the financial services market. The WTO leadership calls for the creation by 2020 of a single global free trade area.

Belarus' accession to the WTO is seen as the most important stage of integration into the world economy, which will provide the country with the necessary tools to protect and promote national interests within the framework of the international trade system. At the same time, accession to the WTO challenges the Republic of Belarus to ensure that its economic legislation complies with WTO rules, as well as to make balanced concessions to trading partners in order to ensure more open access for foreign goods and services to the domestic market.

An important role in the regulation of international economic relations is also played by such an institution as the Institute formed in 1960. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The following countries are members of the OECD: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Canada, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Mexico, Poland, Portugal, USA, Turkey , Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Finland, France, South Korea, Japan. To the share of OECD countries with 16% of the population the globe accounts for 2/3 of world production.

The main goal of the OECD is to analyze the state of the economy of member states and develop recommendations for member countries on the implementation of economic regulation at the macro and sectoral levels. These recommendations are generally taken into account by member countries when developing and implementing a national economic policy. In this regard, the Organization is actually a body for coordinating the economic policy of the leading Western countries.

In general, all international organizations aim to regulate certain aspects of the functioning of the world community in order to create all the conditions for its harmonious development in the future. In them, in many respects, a kind of legal space is created, within which all components of the world economy interact.

Control questions to the topic to topic No. 11

1. What is meant by interstate regulation of international economic relations?

2. List the factors under the influence of which the system of interstate regulation of international economic relations was formed.

3. Describe the main subjects of interstate regulation of international economic relations.

4. How can international organizations be classified?

5. What is the role of the UN and its specialized agencies in the regulation of IER?

6. What international organizations are included in the UN system?

7. Which international organizations regulate international trade?

The UN determines the priorities, goals and strategies for the development of international cooperation in the formation of the world economic space.

The activities of the UN are carried out in four main areas:

1) overcoming global economic problems;

2) cooperation assistance to countries with different levels of economic development;

3) promoting the economic growth of developing countries;

4) search for solutions to problems related to regional development.

Many specialized UN agencies play an active role in the development and unification of economic policies, analyze the state of international markets and infrastructure, and contribute to the harmonization of rules and procedures of private commercial law. Among the regulatory functions of the UN and the agencies responsible for developing international business regulations, the most important are the following:

· Enforcement of agreements on areas of state jurisdiction (General Assembly), which helps to determine which country has the authority in relation to a particular land and water territory, airspace, stipulating, for example, the conditions for transportation or mining;

Enforcement of agreements on intellectual property rights ( World Organization intellectual property - WIPO). The export of high-tech products, the protection of trademarks and patents would be difficult without respect for the strictly regulated intellectual property rights, which are protected through WIPO and TRIPS (Treaty on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights).

· Unification of economic terms, systems of measures and indicators (UN Statistical Commission, UN Commission on International Trade Law - UNCITRAL, etc.). Virtually all UN bodies provide some degree of standardization, which facilitates objective international comparisons;

· development and harmonization of the rules of international commercial activity (UNCITRAL, UN Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD). The regulation of commercial activities strictly through the proposed tools and procedures undoubtedly promotes trade and logically links the global flows of goods and information,

prevention of damage to goods and services presented on world markets and provision of compensation for costs (UNCITRAL, International Organization civil aviation, International Maritime Organization, International Telecommunication Union, Universal Postal Union). Without effective agreements to prevent damage to carriers and goods, as well as guarantees for the preservation of information, businesses would be less inclined to conduct international business transactions.

· combating economic crimes (United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice). Criminal activity creates an additional financial burden for law-abiding businesses, as it indirectly encourages corruption, limits free competition, and inevitably increases security costs;

collection, analysis and dissemination of reliable economic information that contributes to the conclusion international agreements(UNCITRAL, UNCTAD, World Bank) assists countries and companies in evaluating markets, comparing their own resources and capabilities, and developing foreign trade strategies.

The issues of investment in developing countries, the development of small and medium-sized businesses are currently among the most pressing. They affect any UN agency with a mandate in the field of economic development. Leading among them are the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). UNIDO is making the necessary efforts to increase the economic potential of developing countries and countries with economies in transition through the development of their industrial enterprises. UNIDO's guidance is intended to help these countries overcome social and economic difficulties and achieve greater and more successful participation in international cooperation.

UNDP promotes business development through financing and support mechanisms for private and public companies in developing countries. UNDP and UNCTAD, among other UN agencies, regularly involve business representatives in forums and seminars on economic issues

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD) was established in 1962 by decision of the UN ECOSOC. The initiator of the creation were developing and socialist countries in order to fill the lack of attention to the trade problems of the third world.

Tasks of UNCTAD: promoting the development of world trade, ensuring stable peace and equal and mutually beneficial cooperation; development of recommendations, principles, organizational and legal conditions and mechanisms for the functioning of modern international economic relations; participation in the coordination of the activities of other agencies of the UN system in the field of economic development, the establishment of economic ties and the promotion of international trade.

There are 6 committees in the structure of UNCTAD, specializing in the main areas of its activity: committees on commodities; finished products and semi-finished products; for maritime transport; on "invisible" articles of trade; financing and crediting of international trade; on preferences; on commercial technology transfer. A special area of ​​UNCTAD's activity is the control over the activities of international corporations.

Main principle UNCTAD work - group by socio-economic and geographical characteristics: A - Afro-Asian countries; B - industrialized countries; C - Latin American countries; D - former socialist (European) countries. Countries included in groups A and C, as well as Vietnam, Cuba, North Korea, Romania, Yugoslavia, created the group "77" in 1975.

United Nations Commission on International Trade Law(UNCITRAL) was established in 1964 to promote the progressive harmonization and unification of the law of international trade. The commission's assets include the preparation of the texts of the UN Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea ("Hamburg Rules"), the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Vienna Sales Convention), etc.

In general, the Commission has given priority to the development of uniform rules of law in areas such as the international sale of goods, international payments, international commercial arbitration and international law in the field of shipping.

International Chamber of Commerce(MTP) was established in 1922 and plays a generally complementary and supportive role. It publishes collections of international commercial terms (“INCOTERMS”), disseminates the customs, rules and regulations of international trade, and also acts as an intermediary in establishing contacts between traders and entrepreneurs. different countries and their chambers of commerce and industry.

The second group of organizations specializing in the regulation of international trade in certain types of goods includes:

OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries;

MOPEM- International Organization of Producers and Exporters of Metals;

APEF- Association of Iron Ore Exporting Countries;

SIPEC- Organization of Copper Exporting Countries;

ECSC- European Coal and Steel Organization;

ICCO- International Cocoa Organization;

IOC- International Coffee Organization;

MONK- International Organization for Natural Rubber;

ISO- International Sugar Organization, etc.

30. World Trade Organization: history of development, purpose, objectives, functions. WTO accession procedure.

The WTO plays a decisive role in regulating world trade in goods, services, intellectual property, as well as shaping the trade policy of member countries and regulating trade disputes between them.

The WTO was founded in 1995 and became the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), concluded in 1947. The WTO is both an organization and a complex legal documents, a kind of multilateral trade agreement that defines the rights and obligations of governments in the field of international trade in goods and services.

legal basis The WTO consists of three agreements:

General agreement on Tariffs and Trade (as amended in 1994);

General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS);

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).

The purpose of the WTO is the liberalization of international trade and giving it a sustainable basis, thus ensuring economic growth and development and improving the well-being of people.

The main tasks of the WTO are:

Liberalization of international trade;

Ensuring its fairness and predictability;

Contribute to economic growth and improve the economic well-being of people.

The specific task of the WTO is to regulate world trade mainly by tariff methods with a consistent reduction in the level of import duties, as well as the elimination of various non-tariff barriers, quantitative restrictions and other obstacles in the international exchange of goods and services.

The WTO in its composition in 2011 has 153 member countries (in 2012 - 157 members).

Decisions at the highest level in the WTO are taken by the Ministerial Conference, which meets at least twice a year. Subordinate to the Ministerial Conference is the General Council, which is responsible for the implementation of current work and meets several times a year at the WTO headquarters in Geneva (Switzerland) as part of representatives of WTO members. Ambassadors and heads of delegations of the participating countries usually act in their capacity. The General Council is responsible for two special body trade policy analysis and dispute resolution. A number of functional committees (on trade and development, on budget, finance and administrative issues) are also subordinate to him.

The WTO Secretariat, based in Geneva, has over 600 employees. The main responsibilities of the Secretariat are to ensure technical support various councils and committees, as well as the Ministerial Conference, to assist developing countries, analyze world trade and explain the provisions of the WTO.

The procedure for joining the World Trade Organization, developed over half a century of GATT/WTO existence, is multifaceted and consists of several stages. As the experience of applicant countries shows, this process takes an average of 5-7 years.

At the first stage, within the framework of special Working Groups, a detailed consideration at the multilateral level of the economic mechanism and the trade and political regime of the acceding country is carried out for their compliance with the norms and rules of the WTO. After that, consultations and negotiations begin on the conditions for the applicant country's membership in this organization. First of all, the negotiations relate to "commercially significant" concessions that the acceding country will be ready to provide to WTO members on access to its markets (fixed in the bilateral Protocols on access to markets for goods and services), as well as on the format and timing of the assumption of obligations under the Agreements, arising from WTO membership (formulated in the Report of the Working Group).

In turn, the acceding country, as a rule, receives the rights that all other WTO members have, which will practically mean the end of its discrimination in foreign markets. In case of illegal actions on the part of any member of the organization, any country will be able to file a corresponding complaint with the Dispute Settlement Body (DRB), whose decisions are binding for unconditional execution at the national level by each member of the WTO.

In accordance with the established procedure, the results of all negotiations on the liberalization of market access and the terms of accession are formalized in the following official documents:

Report of the Working Group, which sets out the entire package of rights and obligations that the applicant country will assume as a result of the negotiations;

List of obligations on tariff concessions in the field of goods and on the level of support for agriculture;

List of Specific Service Obligations and List of MFN (Most Favored Nation) Exemptions;

One of the main conditions for the accession of new countries to the WTO is to bring their national legislation and regulatory practices foreign economic activity in line with the provisions of the Uruguay Round package.

Decisions on the accession of new members are taken by the Ministerial Conference, which must approve the agreement on the conditions for the accession of a new country in 2/3 of the votes of the WTO members. When any new country joins the WTO, it must always be remembered that it will not be able to do after accession:

Autonomously raise import customs duties;

Discriminate imported goods at all stages of transportation and sale;

∙ apply quantitative restrictions;

Apply maximum and minimum mandatory prices;

Restrict transit and access to transit networks;

Link imports to an export obligation;

Apply export subsidies;

Apply measures restricting trade without their advance publication;

Grant privileges to your state enterprises or monopolies;

Limit current payments on foreign trade transactions;

Limit payments on capital transactions;

Deteriorate conditions for access to the market and activities in the service market;

License or otherwise restrict the activities of the service provider;

Discriminate the service provider or the service itself compared to the domestic provider or service.

At the final stage of accession, ratification by the national legislature candidate country of the entire package of documents agreed within the framework of the Working Group and approved by the General Council. After that, these obligations become part of the legal package of WTO documents and national legislation, and the candidate country itself receives the status of a WTO member.

The most important functions of the WTO are:

Monitoring the implementation of agreements and arrangements of the package of documents of the Uruguay Round;

Conducting multilateral trade negotiations between interested member countries;

Resolution of trade disputes;

Monitoring the national trade policy of member countries;

Technical assistance to developing countries within the competence of the WTO;

Cooperation with international specialized organizations.

31. International trade in goods and services: forms, volumes, structure.

international trade- the most important and ancient form of international economic relations, which is a combination of foreign trade of all countries of the world. The participation of countries in international trade is based on the international division of labor (MRT) - the specialization of individual countries in the production of certain goods and the subsequent exchange of these goods among themselves.

Basic forms: export (export of goods from the country sold to a foreign buyer for the purpose of sale on a foreign market or processing in another country) and import (import of goods into the country for the purpose of purchase), also re-export - export of goods previously imported into it from the country for the purpose of resale other countries, and re-import (re-import from abroad of previously exported national goods)

World trade- the totality of foreign trade turnover of all countries of the world: the totality of world exports and world imports . Nominal value international trade is usually expressed in US dollars at current prices, therefore it is highly dependent on the dynamics of the dollar exchange rate against other currencies . Real volume of MT is the nominal volume converted to constant prices using the chosen deflator.

2. The current role of the institutions of the UN system in regulating the world economy

The UN is characterized by great institutional diversity, which is manifested in the wide representativeness of both members and organizations cooperating with the UN. First, the UN is a set of bodies (the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat, etc.). Secondly, the UN acts as a system of organizations consisting of specialized and other independent institutions (the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the UN Conference on Trade and Development, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, etc.).

Many specialized UN agencies play an active role in the development and unification of economic policies, analyze the state of international markets and infrastructure, and contribute to the harmonization of rules and procedures of private commercial law. Among the regulatory functions of the UN and the agencies responsible for developing international business regulations, the most important are the following:

· Enforcement of agreements on areas of state jurisdiction (General Assembly), which helps to determine which country has the authority in relation to a particular land and water territory, airspace, stipulating, for example, the conditions for transportation or mining;

· Implementation of agreements on intellectual property rights (World Intellectual Property Organization - WIPO). The export of high-tech products, the protection of trademarks and patents would be difficult without respect for the strictly regulated intellectual property rights, which are protected through WIPO and TRIPS (Treaty on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights).

· Unification of economic terms, systems of measures and indicators (UN Statistical Commission, UN Commission on International Trade Law - UNCITRAL, etc.). Virtually all UN bodies provide some degree of standardization, which facilitates objective international comparisons;

· development and harmonization of the rules of international commercial activity (UNCITRAL, UN Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD). The regulation of commercial activities strictly through the proposed tools and procedures undoubtedly promotes trade and logically links the global flows of goods and information,

· prevention of damage to goods and services presented on world markets and provision of cost compensation (UNCITRAL, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Maritime Organization, International Telecommunication Union, Universal Postal Union). Without effective agreements to prevent damage to carriers and goods, as well as guarantees for the preservation of information, businesses would be less inclined to conduct international business transactions.

· combating economic crimes (United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice). Criminal activity creates an additional financial burden for law-abiding businesses, as it indirectly encourages corruption, limits free competition, and inevitably increases security costs;

· collection, analysis and dissemination of reliable economic information that contributes to the conclusion of international agreements (UNCITRAL, UNCTAD, the World Bank), helps countries and companies in evaluating markets, comparing their own resources and capabilities and developing foreign economic strategies.

The issues of investment in developing countries, the development of small and medium-sized businesses are currently among the most pressing. They affect any UN agency with a mandate in the field of economic development. Leading among them are the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). UNIDO is making the necessary efforts to increase the economic potential of developing countries and countries with economies in transition through the development of their industrial enterprises. UNIDO's guidance is intended to help these countries overcome social and economic difficulties and achieve greater and more successful participation in international cooperation.

UNDP promotes business development through financing and support mechanisms for private and public companies in developing countries. UNDP and UNCTAD, among other UN agencies, regularly involve business representatives in forums and seminars on economic issues

3. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD: place and role in the regulation of IER

conference international economic world

Created in accordance with the resolution General Assembly, in 1964 as a special permanent body of the United Nations. It is a representative multilateral trade and economic organization. The first session of the Conference took place in Geneva in 1964 (Switzerland). Membership in UNCTAD is open to any member state of the UN, UN specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy Agency. Thereafter, UNCTAD sessions were held every four years. The last session was held in Midrand (South Africa) in May 1996. The next X session was in 2000 and was held in Thailand.

UNCTAD members are 186 UN member states, including Russia and 3 members representing specialized agencies.

Aims and main activities of UNCTAD

Objectives of UNCTAD:

• promoting the development of international trade in order to accelerate economic growth and development, especially in developing countries;
• establishing principles and policies relating to international trade and related problems of economic development, in particular in the field of finance, investment, transfer of technology;
• consideration and assistance in organizing the activities of other agencies within the UN system in the field of international trade and related economic development problems;
• taking, if necessary, measures for negotiating and approving multilateral legal acts in the field of trade;
• coordinating the policy of governments and regional economic groupings in the field of trade and related development, acting as a center for such coherence. The activities of UNCTAD are based on the functions defined by Resolution 1995 (XIX) of the UN General Assembly.

The main activities of UNCTAD are as follows.

Regulation of trade and economic relations between states; development of concepts and principles for the development of world trade. A special place in this activity is occupied by the development of the "Principles of International Trade Relations and Trade Policy". These are: the implementation of trade and other economic relations between countries on the basis of equality, respect for sovereignty, non-interference in the internal affairs of countries and mutual benefit; inadmissibility of discrimination and methods of economic pressure in any form; consistent and universal application of the most favored nation treatment in all matters of trade, with the provision of special benefits by developed countries in favor of developing countries; the abolition of preferences enjoyed by certain developed countries in developing countries; facilitating the access of goods of third countries to the markets of member countries of economic groupings; stabilization of commodity markets through the conclusion of international commodity stabilization agreements; improving the commodity structure of developing countries' exports by increasing the share of finished and semi-finished products in it; promoting the improvement of the invisible trade of these countries; economic and technical assistance and the provision of concessional, public and private, credits by developed countries to developing countries in order to complement and facilitate the efforts of the latter without any conditions unacceptable to them of a political, economic, military or other nature. Subsequently, these principles formed the basis of the “Charter economic rights and Duties of States” (1976). The resolution adopted by the 1st session of UNCTAD notes the need to: stop the further growth of protectionism, reduce and eliminate quantitative restrictions on trade; the adoption by developed countries of measures to abolish the application of anti-dumping procedures and countervailing duties that are detrimental to third countries; seek changes in the international trading system with a view to improving and strengthening it through respect for the principles of most favored nation; renunciation of measures of economic coercion - the policy of trade restrictions, blockades, embargoes and other economic sanctions against developing countries.

The modern role of the institutions of the UN system in the regulation of the world economy (UNCTAD, UNIDO, etc.)

World economy and international law

Many specialized agencies of the United Nations play an active role in the development and unification of economic policies analyze the state of international markets and infrastructure contribute to the harmonization of the rules and procedures of private commercial law. The UN Conference on Trade and Development UNCTAD is called upon to regulate world trade relations. The GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was created and operated outside the framework of the UN.

The modern role of the institutions of the UN system in the regulation of the world economy (UNCTAD, UNIDO, etc.).

Many specialized UN agencies play an active role in the development and unification of economic policies, analyze the state of international markets and infrastructure, and contribute to the harmonization of rules and procedures of private commercial law.

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is called upon to regulate world trade relations. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was created and operated outside the UN. Therefore, many countries set the task before the UN - to have in its structures an independent and universal body, called on behalf of the world community to regulate the complex problems of international trade. For these purposes, an autonomous UN body was founded in 1964 to promote international trade, negotiate and develop international treaties and recommendations in this area, and currently includes about 170 states. The main body of UNCTAD is the conference, which is convened in session twice a year. More frequent sessions of UNCTAD committees are convened - on commodities, on finished and semi-finished products, on shipping, technology transfer, economic cooperation between developing countries, etc.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). Within its framework, a Section of Integrated Industrial Projects was created: development, coordination and control over the implementation of individual large-scale technical projects, development and management of joint technical cooperation programs with FAO. During the year, UNIDO is working on more than 100 interregional and global projects for Latin America and Asia in all sectors of the economy and training.

Environment Program (UNEP): protection of soil and water, flora and fauna, socio-economic aspects of energy, urban problems, cooperation in the field of education and exchange of information on environmental protection, practical implementation of environmental safety tasks.

International Labor Organization (ILO): development international conventions and recommendations on labor and trade union rights.

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO): collection and compilation of information on nutrition, environmental management, agricultural production, forestry and fisheries. Main field of activity - Agriculture peace.

The goal of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) is to financial assistance to the new states of Eurasia and Eastern Europe in carrying out economic reforms, in particular in financing "privatization programs" and encouraging "private initiative" and "entrepreneurial spirit". The real functioning of the bank began only in 1993. During 1994-1997, certain technical assistance was provided to a number of countries, but it is clear that the EBRD's capabilities are limited and that it will not have any significant financial impact on the CIS members, the Baltic countries and Eastern Europe expect is unrealistic.

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In the international life of the post-war world and practically the entire second half of the 20th century, as well as in international economic relations, the United Nations (UN) has played and is playing a special role.

The first step towards the creation of the UN was the signing on June 12, 1941 in London of the Declaration, in which the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition (until June 22 of the same year the USSR had not yet participated in the hostilities of the unleashed world war) pledged to strengthen their cooperation between themselves and other free peoples both in war and post-war world. In August of the same year, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and American President Franklin Roosevelt during a meeting aboard the aircraft carrier Missouri in the waters of Atlantic Ocean signed another document, which later became known as the "Atlantic Charter", in which the expression "united nations" was first mentioned. A few months later, in January 1942, representatives of the twenty-six allied anti-Hitler states, who acted as a united front against the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo axis, declared their support for the Atlantic Charter and with official recognition of the definition of the United Nations. Further, on October 30, 1943, at a meeting in Moscow of representatives of the governments of the Soviet Union, the United States of America, Great Britain and China, it was stated that it was necessary to create a new international organization, which was supposed to replace the League of Nations, which failed to prevent the start

World War II. This decision received official status in the very near future, during the Tehran Conference of the leaders of the three leading countries of the anti-Hitler coalition - the USSR, the USA and the United Kingdom. The final agreement on all issues on the creation of the United Nations was reached during the work of the Yalta (Crimean) Conference of the "Big Three" in 1945. And in the same year, from April 25 to June 26, the UN founding conference was held in the suburbs of San Francisco - Dumbarton Oakse, which was attended by fifty countries - allies in the anti-Hitler coalition, which adopted the Charter of the new organization. Officially, the UN Charter came into force on October 24, 1945, which is considered to be the day of the United Nations.

The preamble of the UN Charter states that its main goal is to promote the economic and social progress of all countries and peoples, and directly in the first chapter of the document - "The Purposes and Principles of the UN Charter" - among other things, the task of international cooperation in resolving international economic problems is set. The ninth chapter of the UN Charter is also devoted to this cooperation, which defines the main ways and directions in the field of research and development of recommendations, the creation of specialized agencies that should act in close cooperation with the UN. Close coordination of actions between the UN and various specialized organizations is carried out through the Coordinating Council of the United Nations System. At the same time, it will not be superfluous to note that, according to some data, up to 85% of the entire staff of the UN Secretariat is engaged in economic issues in the current activities of the UN.

Today, the United Nations is a complex system of international institutions led by six principal organs. Five of them - the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the Trusteeship Council and the Secretariat - are located at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. Sixth organ - International Court- located in the second Dutch capital - The Hague, where this institution has been from the very beginning of its establishment, since the time of the League

Nations. And finally, in the European Palace of the League, in Geneva, the UN European Office is located, in addition to which, in 1979, another European office of the UN was built in the Donau-Park district of Vienna in Austria.

To date, 192 states are members of the UN, regardless of their economic potential or the size of the territory and population, they have one vote.

Regular sessions of the UN General Assembly are traditionally convened every third Tuesday in September. At the request of the majority of UN member countries and by decision of the Security Council, a special or emergency session may also be convened.

Under the UN Charter, the Security Council is given primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. To implement the tasks and responsibilities arising from this, the Security Council has been given the widest powers, including the exclusive right to apply coercive measures, including the use of armed forces. The member states of the UN, after the decision (resolution) adopted by the Security Council, agree to obey the decisions and implement them.

The Security Council consists of 15 members. The Russian Federation, as the legal successor of the UN founding country of the Soviet Union, the USA, Great Britain, France and China are permanent members of the Council, and the remaining 10 countries are regularly re-elected by the UN General Assembly once every two years.

The decision of the Security Council is considered adopted if at least 9 votes are cast in favor of it, provided that none of the five permanent members voted against, since each of them has the right of veto in order to reach consensus on topical issues.

The Trusteeship Council, established in 1945, was aimed at exercising control over the trust (mandatory) territories in the process of decolonization of countries and today has practically fulfilled the functions originally assigned to it.

The main judicial body of the UN is the International Court of Justice, composed of 15 judges elected in their personal capacity by the UN General Assembly and approved by the Security Council for a term of 9 years. Moreover, a third of the members of the Court are re-elected every three years. At the same time, it is not allowed for the Court to have more than one representative of any of the UN member countries.

The main executive body of the UN is its Secretariat, which is headed by the Secretary General. Historically, it happened that the first General Secretary The Norwegian Trygve Lie was elected, who was also a Freemason of the highest 33rd degree. In a subsequent post General Secretary were occupied by the Norwegian Dag Hammarskjöld, the Burmese U Thant, the Austrian Kurt Waldheim, the Egyptian Boutros Gali, the citizen of Ghana Kofi Annan and the Korean Pak Ki-moon.

The UN Secretary General is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council and prior consultations with its five permanent members. The elective term of the General Secretary is limited to five years and the possibility of repeated re-elections. The United Nations Secretariat currently has about eleven thousand employees, of which almost half are stationed in New York.

The General Assembly exercises specific leadership in the field of international cooperation through ECOSOC. The Second Committee of the General Assembly considers the decision of economic and financial matters UN. In addition to them, the Assembly establishes such international cooperation bodies as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).

Established in 1946, ECOSOC consists of 54 members elected by the General Assembly, and five of its permanent members are permanent members of the Economic and Social Council, which coordinates the work of 14 UN specialized agencies, 10 functional and 5 regional commissions. In accordance with the UN Charter, ECOSOC contributes to raising living standards, contributes to ensuring full employment of the population and creating conditions for its economic and social progress. ECOSOC has more than 70% of the human and financial resources of the UN at its disposal. The annual sessions of the Council are held alternately in New York and Geneva. Since 1998, ECOSOC has established a tradition that, in addition to the annual July sessions, there are also meetings of finance ministers who chair task committees of the Bretton Woods institutions - the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.

According to the geography of the countries represented, ECOSOC is formed as follows: 11 seats are reserved for Asia, 14 for Africa, 10 for Latin America, Western Europe represented by 13 countries, and Eastern - 6.

In accordance with this, the following regional commissions have been identified and are functioning within the framework of ECOSOC:

• ? Economic Commission for Europe (ECE); established in 1947 with seat executive bodies in Geneva. In addition to Europe, the commission also includes the United States and Canada, which at the time of its creation corresponded to the tasks of restoring the economic potential undermined by the war European countries;
• ? Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. (ESCAP), also established in 1947 as part of 35 states, including the USA, Great Britain, Soviet Union(after 1992 - Russian Federation), France and the Netherlands. The entry of the United States and Russia into the commission is geographically undeniable, but the entry of other non-Asian states into its working structure was due to the large number of their colonial possessions in the region;
• ? Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), established in 1948 with 40 countries including the USA, Great Britain, Canada, the Netherlands, Spain and Portugal. The motive for including non-Latin American states in the commission was dictated by their geopolitical interests;
• ? the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), established in 1958 in connection with the mass processes of decolonization on this continent and uniting today 50 countries;
• ? The Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) is the youngest regional body of ECOSOC, established in 1973 to coordinate the development programs of 14 Arab states in the Middle East. For many reasons, the activities of this commission are connected with the process of resolving the long Arab-Israeli conflict and the state self-determination of the Arab people of Palestine.

UN expert bodies composed of members serving in their personal capacity. These include:

• ? Development Policy Committee;
• ? Meeting of Experts on the United Nations Program in government controlled and finance;
• ? Ad Hoc Group of Experts on International Tax Cooperation;
• ? Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights;
• ? Energy and natural resources for development;
• ? Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.

Bodies associated with ECOSOC:

• ? International Narcotics Control Board;
• ? Board of Trustees of the International Educational and Scientific research institute for the advancement of women;
• ? United Nations Population Prize Committee;
• ? Coordinating Council of the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS.

The main body of the UN General Assembly in the field of trade and development is UNCTAD, established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental organization and held its first session in Geneva, where it was decided that the UN Conference on Trade and Development is a body of the General Assembly, which means that does not have its own charter. Currently, 194 states, including all CIS countries, take part in the work of the Conference. The main objectives of the Conference are:

• ? establishing principles and policies in the field of international trade and problems of international economic development;
• ? implementation of a coordinated policy of governments and regional economic groupings in the field of trade and economic development;
• ? promoting the coordination of activities of other agencies within the UN in the field of international trade and economic development;
• ? encouragement of international trade between countries of different economic levels.

The latter function took into account the specific conditions in which the Conference was established, when during the period of mass decolonization of the countries of Asia and Africa, the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) did not fully represent their interests. At present, UNCTAD specializes in developing a global strategy in the field of economic development and international trade, coordinates international trade in goods and services in the field of commodity markets, and also promotes the development of the world's least developed landlocked countries and stimulates technology exchange processes.

One of the main functions of UNCTAD has been the publication of its annual reports on trade and development, which contain an analysis of the prevailing international global and regional trends and the interaction of trade, investment and financial flows.

The conference is convened at least once every four years at the ministerial level of the member countries. Between sessions, current activities are managed by the Trade and Development Board, which meets twice a year as needed. Since 1997, three specialized commissions have been the working bodies of the Council.

Two years after the creation of UNCTAD, in 1966, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) was established to promote the industrialization of developing countries, their industrial development by mobilizing both national and international resources. The main functions of UNIDO are:

• ? development of recommendations and provision of concrete assistance to countries in the preparation of programs for industrial re-equipment;
• ? assistance in organizing and directly conducting research work to justify the technical and economic design of new industrial facilities;
• ? provision of technical assistance in the implementation of specific projects and recommendations on the use of raw materials.

A subsidiary body of the UN General Assembly is the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), established in 1965. All funding through UNDP comes from voluntary contributions from member countries and is carried out on the basis of government requests from needy states.

In 1967, at the Stockholm Conference on Intellectual Property Problems, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) was established, which already in 1974 received the status specialized agency UN, which was dictated by the highest degree of relevance of the problem of the knowledge economy and the economic exchange of intellectual products in a dynamically changing world.

The purpose of the organization was to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world, to contribute to the conclusion and implementation of international agreements and the harmonization of national legislation in this area. In fact, WIPO became the assignee of the decisions of the Paris Convention of 1883 for the Protection of Industrial Property, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and works of art 1886, the Madrid Conference of 1891 on the international registration of factory and trademarks with their subsequent amendments and additions, as well as the Washington Treaty of 1970 on patent cooperation and a number of other agreements previously regulated at the international level under the Uruguay Round of GATT, adopted the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPPS 1993). And the GATT itself became the last in the chain of UN specialized bodies, having transformed in 1995 into the WTO - the World Trade Organization.

Organizationally, the WTO today unites 148 states. In accordance with its objectives, the WTO is called upon to provide activities for the application of control and implementation of all agreements on greater international coherence in the conduct of global economic policy. To this end, the WTO works closely with the IMF and IBRD, including their affiliates.

The supreme body of the WTO is the Ministerial Conference, which is convened at least once every two years. Between meetings of the Conference, its functions are performed by the General Council, formed from all WTO members, coordinating the activities of the Council for Trade in Goods, the Council for Trade in Services and the Council for Trade in Aspects of Intellectual Property.