The term art is ambiguous most often it. Rational level of moral consciousness. The influence of art on the consciousness and life of a child. How to explain modern works of art to a child

23.11.2019

The concept of "art" is known to everyone. It surrounds us throughout our lives. Art plays a big role in the development of mankind. It appeared long before the creation of writing. From our article you can learn about the role and tasks.

What is art? general information

The concept of "art" is quite multifaceted. Usually, it means a branch of human activity that can satisfy one spiritual need, namely the love of beauty. Art is a special form of social consciousness. It is the artistic reflection of human life. Thanks to him, you can find out how people lived in that other time period.

The very first author who revealed the concept of "art" was Charles Batyo. He created a whole treatise in which he classified this branch of human activity. His book The Fine Arts Reduced to One Principle was published in 1746. Charles Batyo believes that they can be identified according to several criteria. The author is sure that art brings pleasure, and also it has a spiritual, not bodily character.

The concept of "art" includes painting, music, poetry, architecture and much more that we encounter on a daily basis. Any kind of artistic activity has certain positive qualities. Each area of art has a special way of reproducing reality and artistic tasks. All types of artistic activity are divided into genera and genres.
Usually art is divided into three groups:

tonic (music and poetry);
figurative (architecture, painting and sculpture);
mixed (choreography, acting, oratory and others).

There are various types of art:

spatial, in which, thanks to the construction, a visible image is revealed (sculpture, architecture);
temporary, in which the composition unfolding in real time (poetry, music) acquires significance;
spatio-temporal - spectacular art (circus performance, cinema, choreography).

Graphic arts

Graphic art is a type that includes drawing and printed graphics of images (engraving, minotopia, etc.). Her expressive means are contour, stroke, background and spot. It is known that this is the most popular type of fine art. In terms of content and form, graphics have much in common with painting.

Engraving is a type of graphics in which the drawing is a printed impression. It is applied with a special engraver. Engraving can be depicted on metal, wood and linoleum.

Another popular type of graphics is a special type of flat printing, in which the surface of a stone serves as a printing plate. This species was invented in 1798. The image is applied to the stone using a special ink or pencil.

The art of graphics is the most ancient of all existing. The first images exist from the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Our ancestors carved a pattern on the walls of caves and rocks. After some time, images were applied to weapons and household items. After the appearance of writing, graphics were used in the design of letters, books and letters.

Methods for copying drawings were unknown for many years. That is why all images were created in a single copy. It is no secret that today such graphic drawings are in demand among collectors.

In the middle of the 20th century, specialists began to develop the technique of black and white graphics. More than 20 variants of graphic texture were created. Training manuals have been published. Today, graphics occupies a leading place in art.

Bento

Bento is an unusual art for children and adults. It is no secret that many parents do not know how to teach their child to eat healthy. Today, on the shelves of stores there is a large selection of harmful and even dangerous food. A new art form, bento, can come to the rescue. It appeared in China. The Chinese call this term the food that they pack in special boxes and take with them to study or work. Bento is a work of art that can be eaten. Talented housewives and cooks create figurines and small paintings from food. The main difference between such food is the balance and the presence of a large amount of vitamins. The Chinese create an edible work of art only from wholesome food.

Bento is an art for children and adults, thanks to which the child will enjoy eating healthy foods. It is not yet so popular with us, but several masters who have mastered this technique are already known.

The influence of art on the consciousness and life of a child. How to explain modern works of art to a child?

Art plays an important role in the life of a child and the development of his personality. Today, absolutely every person should have at least basic knowledge about a particular field of activity. Society is developing rapidly, and therefore each person must be multifaceted. Many modern parents try to instill in their child a love of art as early as possible. For this, a considerable number of upbringing methods have been developed that can be used from the first months of a child's life.

The child receives the concept of art forms at school. Usually parents, teachers and educators pay a lot of attention to writing, reading, counting and other subjects for which the left hemisphere of the brain is responsible. To develop the right one, you will need to study music, dance and other arts. It is important to develop both hemispheres of the brain in order to become a fully formed personality in the future.

Thanks to the development of art in a child:

personality is formed;
the level of intellectual potential increases;
moral guidelines are formed;
the ability of creative thinking develops;
self-confidence and self-esteem increase;
develops memory and attention;
horizons are expanding.

In order to introduce a child to art, it is important first of all to organize a zone in which all the materials necessary for creative activity will be stored. You will need to have several art books at home. From early childhood, the child needs to read them. It is important to discuss everything learned. To get acquainted with art, you will need to visit museums, galleries, theaters and exhibitions with your child at least once a month. In no case should you throw away drawings, applications and crafts created by the hands of children. Thanks to them, you can see the creative growth of the child. It is also important to enroll him in a thematic circle as soon as possible, classes in which he will like.

Some works of contemporary art cause bewilderment on the part of not only children, but also adults. It is not uncommon for a particular child to not understand the architecture that was designed by the modernists. It is important to explain to the student that any work of art is an important stage in the development of mankind.

Many questions in children cause abstract paintings. There are a number of special editions that parents can use to show their child how difficult it is to create such a work of art. One of them is Kandinsky himself.

Often children are interested in whether it is possible to compare modern and primitive art. You can find out this and much more in our article.

Art. The history of its development in Russia

There are many different kinds of arts. Each of them has its own characteristics and advantages. Almost everyone knows what fine art is. Children are introduced to it at an early age.

This is a kind of artistic activity, thanks to which the master can, with the help of special tools, reproduce the world around him. Its history in Russia is divided into two periods, the boundary of which was marked by the Petrine reforms. B was closely associated with icon veneration. Icons had their own artistic style. The purpose of such works of art is to show prayerful composure and tranquility in communion with God. This explains the presence in the icons of the presence of some artistic means. Over time, the masters mastered the opening of schools of icon painting. The most famous work is considered to be "Trinity" by A. Rublev. Icons of the 15th-16th centuries are distinguished by the harmony of colors.

In the 17th century, the icons of "Fryazhsky writing" were popular. They are characterized by elements of Western European painting, namely oil paints, a semblance of light and shade modeling, accurate depictions of people and nature. Interest in the icon as a work of art arises only in the 19th century.

Old Russian sculpture existed in the form of stone and wood carvings. Most often, the masters depicted images of saints. Particular attention was paid to the face. In the 18th and 19th centuries, sculptors and painters from other countries were in demand. After some time, domestic masters became popular.

In the 18th century, it becomes most popular. It is characterized by the severity of the drawing, the conventionality of color and the use of scenes from the Bible and mythology. Thus, national art was gradually born.

In 1860-1880, the first galleries were opened, and domestic masters became famous all over the world. Gradually, new trends emerge. Each of them has taken an important place in the formation of cultural heritage. In the 18th and 19th centuries, mankind not only knew what fine art was, but also actively used it.

Themes covered in art

Surprisingly, all the themes and problems that the masters reveal in their works of art have been relevant for many centuries. The ancient Romans argued that art, unlike human life, is eternal. This is no coincidence. Themes in art illuminate social problems that are often encountered today. That is why they are of great value to mankind. Masters often reveal the theme of love, nature and friendship in their works.

Over time, trends in art change and new masters appear, but the themes and images remain unchanged. That is why any work remains relevant for many years.

Art and its role

The role of art in the life of society is invaluable. It is based on an artistic and figurative reflection of reality. Art forms the spiritual appearance of people, their feelings, thoughts and worldview. Figurative recreation of reality creates our personality. Art helps to develop and improve oneself. And also to know the world around you and yourself.

Art is a cultural heritage. Thanks to works of art, you can find out how people lived at one time or another. Recently, various art techniques have become especially popular. Through art, you can learn to control yourself. By creating an art object, you can forget about problems and get rid of depression.

Art and its tasks

Maxim Gorky believed that the tasks of art are the moral and aesthetic evaluation of all essential phenomena. The writer said that thanks to this, one can learn to understand oneself, fight vulgarity, be able to understand people and find something good in them. Today, three functions of artistic activity are known. The tasks of art are research, journalism and education. Masters believe that the function of artistic activity is to bring beauty into the souls and hearts of people. Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol argued that the task of art is to depict reality.

Modern and primitive art

Many are interested, At first glance, this is impossible. However, it is not. If we perceive art as a way of self-expression of the individual, then both modern and primitive are on the same plane. Comparing them, you can understand how the perception of a person has changed.

Human thinking has become more abstract. This indicates the active development of the intellect. Over time, a person has changed priorities and today perceives life differently than primitive ancestors. Previously, the masters were interested in the appearance of the object and its form, but now the main role in the works is occupied by emotions. This difference has existed since the end of the 19th century.

Summing up

It is important to develop not only the left but also the right hemisphere of the brain from an early age. To do this, you need to do art. It is especially important to pay due attention to the creative development of the child. We strongly recommend doing this from the first years of his life. Not everyone understands the role, tasks and types of art. Briefly described information in our article allows you to get basic knowledge about various artistic fields of activity.

Rational level moral consciousness includes a set of moral norms, principles, ideals, as well as moral values and assessments.

Moral standards - the simplest type of moral requirement, acting as a prescription or prohibition of any form of behavior and expressing the imperative (imperative) nature of morality. It is moral norms that are the main regulators of people's behavior, the benchmarks by which their actions are verified. The conformity or non-compliance of an act with a moral norm allows us to draw a conclusion about the right or wrong behavior. Such norms include the well-known biblical commandments: do not kill, do not steal, etc.

There are a lot of moral norms that regulate human behavior. It is difficult for a person to assimilate them if he does not rely on the principles of morality. Moral principle - this is a generalized expression of moral requirements, covering all human behavior in a certain area of moral relations. Among the basic principles of morality, the so-called "golden rule of morality" stands out: always act as you would like to be treated towards you. It is impossible to imagine morality without such principles as humanism and justice.

A special place in morality is occupied by values and assessments. In the most general sense moral value - this is the moral meaning of a particular phenomenon (act, relationship, requirement), and the definition of value is called evaluation. Norms and principles of morality show how to act, values orient on how best to act, and the assessment defines the moral value of the act.

Among the values of morality, good and good, duty and conscience, honor and dignity, happiness and the meaning of life stand out. Both the requirements for behavior and the behavior itself can act as moral values. Morally valuable is both the category of duty and adherence to duty, for example, in the performance of official duties.

Among all moral values, a person chooses for himself the most significant ones, on which he focuses, to achieve which he strives. The desire to achieve certain moral values is called value orientation.

The most common element of moral consciousness is moral ideal. It can be defined as a synthesis of moral norms, principles and assessments, as common in a given society ideas about a morally perfect person and his behavior. The moral ideal, in contrast to norms and principles, is a largely hypothetical phenomenon, aimed at the future.

Functions of morality

The role of morality in public life is revealed through its functions. Among the functions of morality, they usually distinguish regulatory, evaluative-orienting, cognitive, educational, etc.

1. Regulatory function reveals the main content and purpose of morality. Although there are other social regulators in society (politics, law, administrative regulations), moral regulation cannot be replaced by any of them. On the contrary, it is morality that permeates all the regulative activities carried out in society.

2. Estimated-orienting function directs people's behavior to establish relationships based on the principles of goodness, justice and humanism.

3. Cognitive function indicates that morality, on the one hand, arises as a result of people's knowledge of social reality, as an awareness of social needs, and on the other hand, mastering the norms and principles of morality, each person gets to know society and the people around him more deeply, acquires knowledge and communication skills .

4. Educational the function is that morality teaches a person to observe certain rules of living together, forms a person who cares not only about his own well-being, but also about the interests of the people around him.

6.4. Religion and its role in society. world religions

Religion has a special place in the sphere of spiritual culture.

Under religion understand the views and ideas of people, as well as the corresponding activities based on the belief in the supernatural, primarily in non-natural beings standing above the world.

In developed religions, such a supernatural being is God.

The religious worldview is characterized by the doubling of the world into the earthly world, this world and heavenly, otherworldly, as well as the recognition of the immortality of the soul. Religion presupposes the presence of a mysterious (mystical) connection between a person and God or other supernatural forces, the worship of these forces, the possibility of a person communicating with them.

The roots of religion

The emergence and existence of religion is due to a number of causes and conditions, the totality of which is usually called the roots of religion. Among them are social, psychological, epistemological roots.

social roots Religions are connected with the fact that a person is a part of nature and society, he obeys the objective laws of their development. These laws are not fully known by people, and therefore many natural and social phenomena are incomprehensible and inexplicable for them. They make a person not free, powerless in the face of the objective conditions of life. Trying to resist these conditions, people find their explanation and refuge in religion. Social roots, in turn, are the basis for the emergence psychological roots religion. Being unable to explain and overcome various phenomena of natural and social reality (death and illness of loved ones, social injustice, etc.), a person begins to experience fear, suffering, despair and other negative mental states, the way out of which he finds in religion .

The emergence and existence of religion is largely facilitated by a person's ability to imagine, the ability of consciousness to abstract, to replace real objects with ideal images. This is fraught with the danger of separating these images from real things, endowing them with properties and qualities that do not exist in reality, which is epistemological roots religion.

The Structure of Religion

The structure of religion usually includes religious consciousness, a religious cult and religious organizations.

religious consciousness is a set of ideas, views, ideas, moods, emotions, in which the attitude of a person and society to the real existence of the supernatural, other world is expressed.

It is characterized by faith, sensual visibility, images created by the imagination, a combination of the reflection of reality with illusions, strong emotionality, and special religious vocabulary.

In addition to religious consciousness, all religions have cult - a system of established rituals, rituals, an external form of manifestation of faith. The cult includes, for example, the sign of the cross, bows, procession, baptism, prayers, worship, religious holidays, etc.

The early forms of religion were characterized by such manifestations of the cult as ritual dances around the images of animals, incantation of spirits, and sacrifices. The means of worship are church utensils, a cross, an icon, sacred books, etc.

organizational forms religions are the church and sects.

Church is a religious organization of the clergy and believers, based on a common belief and religious cult. Sects - these are religious communities that have broken away from the church, retaining the foundations of belief inherent in a particular church, but differing from it in some features of religious doctrine and worship.

Forms of religion

The emergence of religion is attributed to the period of a relatively high stage of development of primitive society (40-50 thousand years ago). The early forms of religion are totemism, magic, fetishism, animism, shamanism, cult of ancestors and etc.

At present, there are many different kinds of religious beliefs and church organizations. This is due to the fact that although belief in the supernatural is a feature of all religions, the understanding of this supernatural and the forms of worship of it among different people and nations can vary significantly. In addition to the early religious forms preserved in a number of places, national religions(Judaism, Hinduism, Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism, etc.) and world religions. A special place is occupied by world religions, which have their adherents all over the world, regardless of state borders and political regimes. The latter include Buddhism, Christianity and Islam with their many offshoots, churches and sects.

Buddhism

The world's first religion is Buddhism. It originated in ancient India in the 6th-5th centuries. BC. and got its name from the name of its founder buddha, that is, "enlightened", "awakened", to whom the way of salvation of mankind was opened. At present, Buddhism is most widespread in the countries of South, Southeast and East Asia. Buddhist communities also exist in many other countries, including Russia (Buryatia, Kalmykia, Tuva). In a number of states (Burma, Cambodia, Thailand) Buddhism is the state religion, and in some countries (Japan) it is combined with national religions (Shintoism).

The main idea of Buddhism is the doctrine of "four noble truths":

1) in every life there is suffering;
2) the cause of suffering is in the egoistic desires of a person;
3) you can get rid of suffering only by getting rid of these egoistic desires;
4) the "noble middle eightfold path" leads to this liberation, that is, the path consisting of eight steps (steps). Having traveled this path, a person reaches nirvana - the highest enlightenment of the spirit, absolute peace.

Like any religion, Buddhism pays considerable attention to moral requirements, which are based on the principle of non-violence. Buddhism preaches abstinence from causing harm or pain and love for all living things.

Feature of the Buddhist cult - meditation, which actually replaces prayer. Meditation is aimed at bringing a person into a state of deep concentration, detachment from the outside world and unity with the spiritual world.

Christianity

Christianity has a history of two thousand years and is currently the most widespread religion on earth. It got its name from Jesus Christ its founder and object of worship, who was martyred for the sake of atonement for original sin and the happiness of mankind. The teachings of Jesus Christ formed the basis of Christian dogma, which includes the idea of triune essence of God(God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit), the idea of the sinfulness of man as the cause of all his misfortunes, the doctrine of deliverance from sins through prayer and repentance, the preaching of love for one's neighbor, humility and forgiveness. Christianity relies on faith in the other world and the second coming of Christ to carry out the Last Judgment on sinners and recompense the righteous. The moral positions of Christianity are expressed in the well-known commandments set forth in Sermon on the Mount of Christ.

During its development in the XI century. Christianity split into Western (Catholicism) and eastern (Orthodoxy). In the XV century. emerged in Catholicism Protestant direction. Protestantism is the general name for various creeds that arose during the Reformation as a protest against the Roman Catholic Church (Lutheranism, Calvinism). The main thesis of Protestantism, put forward by Martin Luther, is "salvation by faith", which does not require the mediation of the church and the clergy.

At present, Christianity exists in the form of these three branches (Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Protestantism). Orthodoxy is professed mainly by the Slavic peoples, Catholicism and Protestantism are most common in Europe and America.

Islam

Islam (Islamism) arose in the 7th century. among the Arabian Arab tribes and currently has about a billion of its adherents, mainly in Asia and Africa. Considered the founder of Islam prophet Muhammad, who received the word Allah and carried it to the people. This Word has become Koran- the holy book of Muslims.

Islam translated into Russian means "submission". Man, as a weak being, must trust in Allah, hope for his help and support. Islam requires Muslims to strictly fulfill five basic duties ("pillars of Islam"): to believe that "there is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet"; pray five times a day; observe fasting (uraza); give alms, including once a year to share income in favor of the poor (zakat); make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime. Sometimes a sixth is added to these five "pillars" - jihad, or ghazavat, that is, a holy war with the infidels.

One of the hallmarks of Islam is sharia, which intertwines legal, religious, moral norms, as well as establishes penalties for their violation, and which regulates human behavior in all spheres of his life.

Functions of Religion

The role of religion in society is determined by the functions it performs, which include ideological, compensatory, communicative, integration, cultural, educational.

1. ideological religion realizes the function due to the presence in it of a certain type of views on a person and his place in the world, on the world as a whole and the reasons for his existence.

2. Compensatory function is manifested in the fact that religion makes up for the lack of people's knowledge about the world, relieves social and mental tension, compensates for the lack of sincerity in secular communication with religious communication.

3. Communicative the function of religion is expressed in the exchange of information between believers with each other, in their communication with each other, as well as with God and the ministers of the church.

4. Integration the function has a dual character: on the one hand, religion brings people together, unites them, on the other hand, it divides them, an example of which are religious wars, social conflicts based on religious differences.

5. cultural function is that religion stores the cultural experience of mankind, passes it on from generation to generation, is itself part of the culture of human society.

6. Possessing great moral potential, religion preaches positive moral values, calls for worthy behavior, thereby realizing educational function.

6.5. Art and its types

Term "art" polysemantic. Most often it is used in two meanings:

1) skill, ability, dexterity, dexterity, based on knowledge of the matter;
2) a specific type of spiritual and practical development and aesthetic attitude to reality.

It is in the second meaning that art enters the content of the spiritual culture of society.

Art reflects the world in artistic images in which reality is intertwined with fiction. This imagery is necessary in order to:

express generalized, important, close to the mass of people in a personal form;
expand, deepen the life experience of an individual with the world created by the artist's imagination.

influence the feelings and emotions of people, forcing them to empathize and express their attitude to the content of the artistic image.

Art allows a person to reveal his abilities, which he cannot realize in real life, helps him to enrich himself intellectually, to join the spiritual experience of mankind.

Functions of art

The variety of forms of aesthetic assimilation of reality gives rise to a variety of functions of art, which include cognitive, information-communicative, value-oriented, educational, aesthetic.

1. Essence cognitive function lies in the fact that art gives a person knowledge about the world and about the person himself. But if science cognizes the world through the achievement of truth, morality reflects the world through the categories of good and evil, then art enriches a person with knowledge in an artistic and figurative form. It teaches to see the world through the prism of imagery, giving a person the opportunity to translate these images into a rational form. Art does not aim to give people any special knowledge, such as science. It does not seek to identify patterns or solve material and practical problems. Like science, art seeks to reveal the general, but unlike science, it presents this general not in the form of generalized abstractions, but in the form of specific sensually visual images.

2. Art is very informative. It serves to generalize individual experience and express it through other forms of the individual. These forms take the form of works of literature, cinema, painting, music, theater, and so on. Works of art embody cultural, historical, national, religious and other features of a particular era, a particular people, as well as the features of the skill and worldview of the creator of the work. Through these creations, not only information is transmitted about the world reflected in them, but also communication links are established between the author and the viewer or reader, as well as between art lovers themselves, since it makes people exchange opinions, express their positions, express their attitude to works of art. All of this is content. information and communication functions of art.

3. value orientation the function of art manifests itself in two ways: on the one hand, the works of art themselves are cultural values, acquiring special significance for people; on the other hand, the content that art carries, orients people in the system of social values, makes it possible to choose life guidelines for themselves.

4. Close in content to the value-oriented function is the function educational. Art always involves the impact on the worldview and behavior of people. Through his work, the artist seeks to convey to the viewer, listener, reader the norms and values of social life that are close to him. True art carries a high humanistic charge, orients one towards the achievement of the ideal. But this ideal is not reduced to a "positive hero-ideal", it is an aesthetic ideal that is designed to evoke good feelings, desires and actions in people, despite the fact that the author can refer to both negative images and satire.

5. aesthetic The functions of art were already given paramount importance by the ancients. It consists in the ability of art to form the aesthetic tastes, abilities and needs of a person, to awaken his creativity, to give pleasure and enjoyment from the contemplation of beauty.

The structure of art

The structure of art is distinguished by its multiplicity of manifestations, flexibility, variability. In art, it is customary to distinguish kinds(painting, architecture, sculpture, literature, music, theater, cinema and others), childbirth(e.g. epic and lyric), genres(for example, a story, novel, poem in literature; suite, oratorio, symphony in music; portrait, landscape, still life in painting; gothic, baroque, classicism in architecture).

Most often, when speaking about the structural elements of art, they mean its types. The division of art into different types is due both to the variety of spheres of reality covered by artistic creativity, and the variety of forms of expression by the creator of his aesthetic vision of the world. The boundaries between individual types of art are not absolute, they often combine or interpenetrate. Thus, the theater organically combines dramaturgy, music, dance, theatrical painting.

The existing system of art forms is historically changeable. Expanding the boundaries of artistic creativity leads to the emergence of new types. For example, in the XX century. art forms such as cinema, photography arose, and television art is being formed. This has led to the fact that among scientists there is still no consensus on which areas of artistic creativity can be considered its types. In addition to literature, sculpture, architecture, theatre, painting, music, choreography and applied arts, which have traditionally been considered the main art forms, and newly emerged ones - photography, film and television, some experts refer to art forms, for example, the art of urban planning, gastronomic art , hairdressing. But such an expansion of the boundaries of art is hardly justified and, rather, refers to the understanding of art in a broad sense as a high level skill.

Each historical era brings to the fore those types of art that are more capable of reflecting the spirit of the time, the characteristics of the culture of a given historical period (for example, painting and architecture in the Renaissance, cinema and television at the present time).

Review questions

1. How does the spiritual life of society differ from the material?
2. What is the content of the spiritual sphere of society?
3. What are the main elements of the spiritual sphere of society.
4. Which definition of culture do you like best? Why?
5. How is material culture different from spiritual culture?
6. What is meant by types of culture? Name the new types of culture.
7. What is the specificity of morality and its significance in the life of society and each person?
8. What place do moral values and norms occupy in the structure of morality? Give examples of moral values and norms.
9. Conduct a comparative analysis of moral and legal norms.

10. What are the reasons for the emergence and existence of religion?
11. Why are Buddhism, Christianity and Islam called world religions? What are their similarities and differences?
12. Why does religion play an important role in public life?
13. How does aesthetic knowledge of the world differ from ordinary and scientific knowledge?

September 21, 2017

An artist is a rather ambiguous term, which is usually understood as a representative of any spectacular art: theater, music, ballet, cinema, stage or circus. In the feminine form, the word "artist" is used.

The meaning of the word "artist"

An artist is (fr. artiste, medieval - lat. artista - a craftsman, artist, master from lat. ars - art) a person who conducts his activities in the field of art. An artist is called such a person who shows his talented skill in front of the audience. The meaning of the word is very voluminous in its essence. It combines several directions in its concept.

So, an artist can be an opera singer, a circus worker, a dramatic actor, a stage performer or a performer of roles in films. Artists are also divided into musical, choreographic, stage, as well as dancers. A figurative, ironic interpretation of this word is also in demand.

An artist is a person who has a high skill in some creative field. From the word "artist" the adjective "artistic" is formed, which characterizes a person as a person with creative skills or gifted in the artistic field.

Also, an artist can be called an artist in the narrow sense: a painter, sculptor, architect, engraver. The word "artist" was not known in ancient times. The Greeks and Romans under this word understood two expressions. So, an artist could be both an artist-artist and a craftsman.

In the modern world, it is difficult to draw a specific line that could determine where artistic activity ends and handicraft work begins. Therefore, the word "artist" is a concept that sometimes refers to the masters of one industry or another, bringing into their work a little bit of taste and understanding of the elegant.

The origin of this concept

The ancestors of the artists, oddly enough, were shamans and sorcerers. Just the representatives of this kind of activity turned out to be the first people who sang songs and demonstrated various dance movements, reincarnating as the patrons of the clan - totem animals. However, it is worth noting that shamans and sorcerers did not make any special efforts to arouse sympathy among their contemporaries, since their main goal was to connect with the other world.

It turns out that, according to its inner content, the word "artist" can be applied to anyone who seeks in any way to impress the beautiful, elegant or harmonious. At the same time, it does not matter whether the idea of beauty being embodied is a personal creation and a manifestation of the talent of a particular person, or whether it is an example of skillful imitation.

Artist or actor

Both terms come from French. They are, of course, interconnected. However, to consider that they are synonyms is an erroneous assumption.

So, an actor is a person who has a profession that can be applied on a theater stage, in a film frame or an advertising video. Actors are performers of diverse roles.

Comparison of consonant words

The main distinguishing feature of the actor is his narrow specialization. A person is exclusively engaged in the performance of roles. He can play both a comedic role and a tragic one. The actor must have the ability to masterfully impersonate and perfectly fit into the image of a particular hero. Outwardly, such a transformation occurs with the help of a successful make-up and selection of costumes. Actors must have the right characteristics to be successful.

However, it is worth noting that a person who has reached heights in her creative activity is called an artist. This word is always included in the honorary state title.

Source: fb.ru

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Miscellaneous

Art (lat. experimentum - experience, test) - figurative understanding of reality; the process or result of expressing the internal or external (in relation to the creator) world in an artistic image; creativity directed in such a way that it reflects interests not only of the author himself, but also of other people. Art (along with science) is one of the ways of cognition, both in the natural sciences and in the religious picture of the perception of the world. The concept of art is extremely broad - it can manifest itself as an extremely developed skill in a particular area. For a long time, art was considered a kind of cultural activity that satisfies a person's love for beauty. Along with the evolution of social aesthetic norms and assessments, any activity aimed at creating aesthetically expressive forms has gained the right to be called art. On the scale of the whole society, art is a special way of knowing and reflecting reality, one of the forms of artistic activity of social consciousness and part of the spiritual culture of both man and all mankind, a diverse result of the creative activity of all generations. In science, art is called both the actual creative artistic activity and its result - a work of art. In the most general sense, art is called craftsmanship (Slovak. Umenie), the product of which gives aesthetic pleasure. The Encyclopedia Britannica defines it as: "The use of skill or imagination to create aesthetic objects, settings or activities that can be shared with others." Thus, the criterion of art is the ability to evoke a response from other people. TSB defines art as one of the forms of social consciousness, the most important component of human culture. The definition and evaluation of art as a phenomenon is the subject of ongoing debate. During the Romantic era, the traditional understanding of art as craftsmanship of any kind gave way to a vision of it as "a feature of the human mind along with religion and science." In the XX century. In understanding the aesthetic, three main approaches have been outlined: realistic, according to which the aesthetic qualities of an object are immanent in it and do not depend on the observer, objectivist, which also considers the aesthetic properties of an object to be immanent, but to some extent dependent on the observer, and relativistic, according to which aesthetic the properties of an object depend only on what the observer sees in it, and different people may perceive different aesthetic qualities of the same object. From the latter point of view, an object can be characterized according to the intentions of its creator (or lack of any intentions), for whatever function it was intended. For example, a goblet that can be used as a container in everyday life may be considered a work of art if it was created only for ornamentation, and an image may turn out to be a handicraft if it is produced on an assembly line.

In its first and broadest sense, the term "art" (art) remains close to its Latin equivalent (ars), which can also be translated as "skill" or "craft", as well as to the Indo-European root "composing" or "make up". In this sense, everything that was created in the process of deliberately compiling a certain composition can be called art. There are some examples that illustrate the broad meaning of this term: "artificial", "art of war", "artillery", "artifact". Many other commonly used words have a similar etymology. Artist Ma Lin, an example of painting of the Song era, circa 1250 24.8 H 25.2 cm art antiquity knowledge

Until the 19th century, the fine arts referred to the ability of an artist or artist to express their talent, to awaken aesthetic feelings in the audience and to engage in the contemplation of "fine" things.

The term art can be used in different senses: the process of using talent, the work of a gifted master, the consumption of works of art by an audience, and the study of art (art history). "Fine Arts" is a set of disciplines (arts) that produce works of art (objects) created by gifted masters (art as activity) and evoke a response, mood, convey symbolism and other information to the public (art as consumption). A work of art is the intentional and talented interpretation of an unlimited number of concepts and ideas in order to communicate them to others. They may be created specifically for a specified purpose, or they may be represented by images and objects. Art stimulates thoughts, feelings, representations and ideas through sensations. It expresses ideas, takes many different forms, and serves many different purposes. Art is a skill that can be admired. Art that evokes positive emotions and mental satisfaction with its harmony can also evoke a creative response from the perceiver, inspiration, incentive and desire to create in a positive way. This is how the artist Valery Rybakov, a member of the Professional Union of Artists, spoke about art: “Art can destroy and heal the human soul, corrupt and educate. And only bright art can save humanity: it heals spiritual wounds, gives hope for the future, brings love and happiness to the world ".

Art as a structural element of human culture is its universal language, the universal language, functioning in all social time and in all social space.

A. N. Iliadi argued that it is enough to present at least one of the countless masterpieces of art in order to understand what actual significance they retain for the present, since they are, first of all, monuments (often the only ones) that, in an emphatically emotional form, testify to the life of past eras, about social processes and events from the life of those generations under which they were created. Therefore, according to them, in all possible versatility, the descendants of the culture of past eras are recreated in the unity of its material and spiritual sides. Even when the evidence of historians and scientific treatises, political and religious doctrines, codes of morality and morality have been preserved from this era, art and only art can unite all this into an integrity, isomorphic to the life of a seemingly irretrievably past era. This happens because art conveys to us not just information about the facts of history, events and scientific discoveries. Through the centuries, masterpieces of art carry the meaning and meaning of life, as it seemed to the person of that era, not only in the general tribal sense, but also in the personal experience of significance, and in the sense of their life activity, their struggle for hopes and ideals, from which thoughts ultimately crystallize, aspirations, experiences and struggle for the future or against it of certain people, estates, classes, peoples, states.

“The significance of art as a universal language of human culture,” A. N. Iliadi rightly concluded, “is enshrined in the artistic and imaginative structure of its constructions, making it the most complete of all language systems known to mankind (natural languages, languages of science), available for the education of humanity as a whole, and not only outside the ethnic or state boundaries of a given era, but also in subsequent centuries. Thus, a kind of dialogue is established between different generations, actualizing the experience of the past life activity and creating the possibility of a further “jump” into the social future from the springboard of this actualized experience.

Thus, art as a universal language of culture is, on the one hand, the reproduction of this culture in its specific systems, i.e., the reproduction of a concrete historical way of life of people of different eras and ethnic regions, and on the other hand, the affirmation and development of the reflected way of life, reflected culture. This is a complex mechanism of dialectics of culture and art, a way of life and its artistic resultant.

Art, being a universal language of culture, a special sign system, uses various signs. But the signs are purely artistic.

Art sign- a term denoting reality not in the purely objective being of art, but rather in its functioning.

Because of this, the starting point is not the problem of the sign as such, but the problem of isolating sign diversity, which manifests itself primarily in social life - consumption, perception of art. An element of an artistic form, whether it be a melodic turn, an architectural detail, or an isolated image of a separate object in painting, has four properties of a sign:

1) it has meaning;
2) informs us about something different from it;
3) is used to convey information (although not ordinary, but colored by the emotional and aesthetic attitude of the author to the represented);
4) functions in a semiotic situation (as long as the work is not perceived by us, it does not exist for us as a phenomenon of art). Therefore, such an element can be called an artistic sign.

But four more properties distinguish this artistic sign from the usual one. Each means in art is highly ambiguous, while the sign is singular and stable in meaning. The ambiguity of each of the expressive means of art has a dual nature. Its various meanings depend, on the one hand, on the situation and context in which it is applied (E. Basin calls such a polysemy "speech"), and on the other hand, on its interpretation by perceiving individuals ("linguistic polysemy"). Both kinds of polysemy are not wholly arbitrary. As Basin writes, works of art are always perceived not only by the eye of the individual, but through him through the eyes of the "social subject" - society. That is why the "linguistic" meaning of works of art is largely determined by society and relatively independent of the individual. Thus, in art, in addition to “speech” meaning and “speech” polysemy, there is a linguistic meaning - a relatively stable social and generally significant ". Nevertheless, the ambiguity of the expressive means of art remains an indisputable fact. Both in music and in painting, yes

and in any kind of art, the sign cannot be unambiguous. The content (the meaning that the author puts into it) is not always read by the addressee completely adequately. Sometimes this content can be even more complete than the author himself intended. Often the content that the perceiver extracts is already the one that the artist had in mind. The specificity of music lies in the fact that performance is of great importance in perception. Cases are well known when the first performance decided the fate of a work. And even when we look only at the musical text, we unwittingly act as an interpreter. (However, when perceiving a pictorial canvas, we are in a certain way its interpreter.) It is no coincidence that the performance of his works is so important for a composer. The second difference of an artistic sign is that it cannot be isolated from a given context and used without changes in another context, as is typical for an ordinary sign. Finally, the most important differences are the large independent role of the form of an artistic sign and its different relationship with content than that of ordinary signs. With them, in most cases, the material form is arbitrary in relation to the meaning. In art, even with a slight change in form, the content also changes. We are not indifferent, for example, in what register, what instrument, at what tempo this or that melody is performed, not to mention the change in at least one or two sounds in it. In the same way, without prejudice to the content, one cannot rearrange the words in verses, thereby changing the rhythm, or replace any word with a synonym. One of the reasons for the impossibility of obtaining a complete picture of a painting from a reproduction is the change, even with a high level of technology, of all elements of form, color, texture, etc. That is why the concept of "artistic sign" can only be used as a metaphor.

Since we are interested in the nature of the correspondence of artistic signs to the forms of real objects, from all the numerous existing classifications of signs, we take the one that is based on the division of signs according to their type of relationship with denotations (it was first proposed by C. Pierce). And although today semiotics has gone far from Peirce's theory and is often very critical of it, this kind of classification of signs can help in many ways to explain the specifics of artistic signs. From this point of view, signs are divided into three groups:

1) signs-images (iconic signs);
2) signs-signs (symptoms, indexes, indicators);
3) conventional signs (signs-symbols).

By analogy with this, three main types can be distinguished among artistic signs: artistic images that will be close to classical signs-images, artistic “expressive devices” (including intonational signs) and artistic “symbolic means”. The term "symbol" is ambiguous and has different meanings in different areas. Therefore, it should be borne in mind that here it is used only in one of many senses, namely, as a designation of elements of an artistic form, which are analogous to a conventional sign and which must be compared with types of signs outside of art. However, before such a comparison can be made, an important caveat must be made. It should be emphasized that the proposed division of artistic signs is exceptionally approximate, conditional, arising from the ambiguity and multifunctionality of each of them. A specific artistic medium used in a particular work of art is characterized simultaneously from the pictorial, expressive, and symbolic (conventionally sign) sides. Artistic depiction and artistic symbolic means are always, to some extent, expressive devices at the same time, since emotional expressiveness is an integral, obligatory quality of any art and “permeates” through and through the entire fabric of a work of art. Expressive device and symbolic means often (although not always, not in all types of art) have at least some features of the image. Finally, images and expressive devices necessarily contain features of conventionality, which brings them closer to symbolic means. Therefore, it is more accurate to speak of the coexistence of three types of artistic signs.

In relation to the language of art, the concept of a sign system can only be partially applied.

An artistic language has three properties of a sign system: the connection of existing "signs" and the introduction of new ones based on rules, the dependence of the meaning of a "sign" on its place in the system. But other properties of the usual sign system are not inherent in it. It is impossible to compile a “dictionary” of the means used in this art form for several reasons, and in particular, due to the fact that the artist almost does not use ready-made means created by others, but creates new means on the model of those that existed before. Consequently, the language of each type of art is not a set of ready-made "signs" ("words"), but only certain typical forms, from which the author repels when creating his own language, consisting largely of new original elements. In the absence of such elements, the artist's work is perceived as banal in terms of language, epigone, having no independent value, although more than once there have been projects to create a dictionary of artistic language, for example, music, based on linking it to natural language.

Another difference between an artistic language and a sign system is the impossibility of translating texts created on its basis into another artistic language. Here we mean not the well-known cases of creating new, independent works in one art form based on images of another type (a program musical work based on the plot of a poem or a picture, a theatrical staging or film adaptation of a novel, etc.), but translations that are completely equivalent to the original capable of replacing it.

The stated position is not refuted by the well-known fact of the existence of full-fledged translations from one language into another in the literature. The fact is that when translating prose, the artistic language (as a system of figurative means) does not change at all; only the material (verbal language) becomes different. In poetry, however, translation becomes already a kind of independent creativity, since in the transition to another verbal language, part of the figurative means of the original inevitably changes. However, this also applies to many prose works, marked by a high degree of poetry.

In different types of art, different signs can have similar content, and, conversely, similar signs can express different content: the art of painting and music are different sign systems. N. N. Punin wrote about this:

What is said once and in this particular language cannot be repeated by translating into another language - this is the law for all artistic creativity 1 .

M. M. Bakhtin also speaks about this. However, linking the impossibility of translation from one language of art to another with the problem of the text, Bakhtin writes:

Behind every text is a system of language. In the text, it corresponds to everything repeated and reproduced and repeated and reproduced, everything that can be given outside the given text (givenness). But at the same time