Consequences of the liberalization of foreign economic activity. Liberalization of foreign economic activity

20.09.2019

Introduction

The liberalization of foreign trade, which began back in 1989-1990 and accelerated sharply in late 1991-early 1992, significantly increased the degree of openness of the Russian economy. Therefore, after a short time after the release of prices, world markets began to significantly influence the dynamics of the cost of many Russian goods. In many cases, not domestic demand, but the level of prices on world markets began to determine trends in pricing. As a result, prices for goods that are in demand outside of Russia, and above all, for fuel and raw materials, began to grow at a faster pace.

The topic I have considered is still relevant today, since Russia is still feeling the consequences of liberalization. The Russian economy is still recovering after the reforms of the 1990s. Our country recently joined the WTO, which will also have its consequences for the economy. The consequences of liberalization can be viewed from two sides, positive and negative.

The object of this course work is the foreign economic activity of Russia, the subject is its consequences after liberalization and its regulation by the state.

The purpose of the work is to consider the goals and objectives of liberalization, as well as its consequences for the external economy of Russia. Based on this goal, we will consider the following tasks:

· Consider the causes of liberalization in Russia and its consequences in the 1990s;

· To study the goals of creating free economic zones and Russia's foreign economic activity in general;

· Conduct an analysis of the liberalization of foreign economic activity;

· Identify the main consequences of liberalization;

· Consider the current state of Russia's foreign economic activity.

In the first chapter, I will consider the causes and consequences of liberalization in Russia in the 90s, as well as the main reasons for the creation of the SEZ and the foreign economic activity of Russia in the 90s.

In the second chapter of my work, I will analyze the liberalization of foreign economic activity and consider the consequences of liberalization.

In the third chapter, based on the problems I have identified, I will define and consider the current state of Russia after liberalization and its prospects.

Beginning of liberalization in Russia

Liberalization of foreign economic activity on the territory of Russia in 1991

Since 1991, state regulation of foreign economic activity has been born in Russia in the form of an economic and legal mechanism of inducement and coercion.

At the same time, the formation of market relations was accompanied by two different approaches to foreign economic activity - full liberalization and state control. The first direction was fixed by Decree of the President of the RSFSR No. 213 on 15.11. 1991 "On the liberalization of foreign economic activity on the territory of the RSFSR" See Appendix 1, the second - by the Law of the Russian Federation "On the state regulation of foreign trade activities" Law of the Russian Federation "On the state regulation of foreign trade activities". In 1991, when the Decree was adopted, the state policy was aimed at stimulating foreign economic activity, stabilizing the domestic market and attracting foreign investment. All types of foreign exchange deductions were abolished, as well as taxes on imports and exports. By the end of 1991, the ratio of the money supply to the supply of goods reached a threefold level, which indicated a threatening economic disequilibrium. This was manifested in the growing shortage of goods, especially food in large cities. For most specialists, it became obvious that a transition was needed. National economy countries on a market track, which will require the abandonment of state regulation in the field of pricing. The release of prices was the first item in Boris Yeltsin's program of urgent economic reforms proposed to the Fifth Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, held in October 1991. In fact, the radical liberalization of consumer prices was carried out on January 2, 1992 in accordance with Decree of the President of the RSFSR of 03.12.1991 N 297 "On measures to liberalize prices" and Decree of the Government of the RSFSR of 19.12.1991 N 55 "On measures to liberalize prices", as a result whereby 90% of retail prices and 80% of wholesale prices were exempted from government regulation. Decree of the President of the RSFSR of December 3, 1991 N 297 “On measures to liberalize prices” and Decree of the Government of the RSFSR of December 19, 1991 N 55 “On measures to liberalize prices” At the same time, control over the price level for a number of socially significant consumer goods and services was left behind the state. Initially, margins on such goods were limited, but in March 1992 it became possible to lift these restrictions, which was used by most regions. In addition to the release of prices, starting from January 1992, a number of other important economic reforms were carried out, in particular, the liberalization of wages, and the freedom of retail trade was introduced. In 1995, the protection of economic sovereignty, ensuring economic security Russian Federation, stimulating the development of the national economy in the implementation of foreign trade activities and providing conditions for the effective integration of the economy of the Russian Federation into the world economy. The first legislative acts that consolidated certain provisions of the state regulation of foreign economic activity were the Law of the Russian Federation No. 3615-1 dated. October 09, 1992 "On currency regulation and currency control" and the Customs Code of the Russian Federation, adopted on June 18, 1993

At its core, foreign trade policy is a set of principles, directions and activities that the state determines in the field of foreign trade. On the basis of foreign trade policy, the state determines its attitude to the regulation of foreign trade as a process, on the one hand, and the order of state management of the sphere of foreign trade relations, on the other.

The control of foreign trade activity is a special mechanism of administrative supervision by the state over compliance with the rules and norms of foreign trade regulation. It is a check by the state of compliance with the law, that is, it is control over the correctness and legality of the commission currency transactions and the application of liability for their violation. International economic relations. Textbook (under the editorship of V.E. Rybalkin.-m, UNITI, 2006-577s

Foreign trade - export-import relations between countries, which are based on the international division of labor. It is one of the sectors of the economy that greatest influence on the economic security of the state. Failure to comply with the provisions of the economic and legal mechanism of the state should entail the reaction of the state apparatus with the use of coercive forces to hold accountable for the commission of offenses. It is all the more important to bring to justice for committing misconduct that has a negative impact on the economic security of the state. For violation of the established procedure for the implementation of foreign economic activity, both administrative and criminal liability is provided. Externally economic policy: Tutorial. / Babin E.P., Isachenko T.M. - M.: Economics - 2009

Russia's foreign economic policy was aimed at ensuring a surplus in key operations, as well as at stabilizing the production and financial sectors, at deepening the systemic reform of the economy and creating a competitive environment. In the current conditions, the foreign economic policy was reoriented towards solving such tasks as stabilizing the export of raw materials, accumulating resources for the transition to an active investment policy and restructuring of the export potential, maintaining an adequate level of solvency on commercial loans and long-term obligations to foreign commercial banks, attracting additional foreign exchange and investment resources for the development of export opportunities, as well as the implementation of active commercial and industrial support for Russian economic interests in the markets and exports of products from processing industries. The most important task of the Government of the Russian Federation and authorized state bodies is the strictest control over compliance with customs and other legislation regarding exports, especially strategic resources, and mandatory prosecution for violation of the established procedure.

A simple act to abolish the state monopoly on foreign trade created a fundamentally new situation in the country. On the whole, foreign economic reform in a transitional economy can be characterized as the liberalization of foreign economic activity.

The most important areas of foreign economic reform were the following:

The abolition of the state monopoly of foreign trade.

Instead of specialized and, in fact, state-owned enterprises that traded with the outside world, at first practically all enterprises, many of which had not yet been corporatized, received the right to carry out these operations.

Almost all restrictions on imports were lifted.

Finally, a partial but nonetheless radical liberalization of the exchange rate was carried out, with some reservations and restrictions.

All this was done at the very end of 1991 and in 1992 under very unfavorable conditions: a sharp liberalization of prices in the presence of an acute shortage of virtually all goods and a crisis public finance.

Such a general liberalization of foreign economic activity almost immediately showed its negative traits. First of all, it led to intense competition between Russian exporters and a general deterioration in export conditions. Export volumes fell sharply, and with many commodities in short supply on the domestic market, export earnings were not enough to meet the necessary imports of goods. As a result of the liberalization of foreign trade, Russia's foreign trade turnover in 1992 more than halved compared with 1990.

Therefore, in the second half of 1992, the process of strengthening state control over the export of goods began, that is, the process of partial liberalization of foreign trade. It manifested itself not only in the restoration of export control, but also in the introduction of temporary, and a little later, permanent import customs tariffs. Gradually, empirically, practically by touch, a system of regulation of foreign economic activity of a new type, characteristic of a market economy, was formed.

In order to quickly saturate, at least in some volume, the empty domestic consumer market, imported consumer goods were not subject to import duties at all until mid-1992. In order to prevent an ultra-fast jump in domestic energy prices (which in the Soviet economy were tens of times lower than world prices), which would inevitably lead to instant bankruptcy of the vast majority of manufacturing enterprises, export tariffs had to be immediately introduced. In order to replenish the treasury, which was almost empty by the end of 1991, from the beginning of 1992, a mandatory sale of 40% of foreign exchange earnings at a special rate and 10% at a market rate was introduced.

As a result of the almost instantaneous opening of the Russian market, the country's economy turned out to be almost defenseless against the massive expansion of foreign producers. With the low competitiveness of most domestic goods produced by the manufacturing industry and agriculture, this has brought most Russian enterprises to the brink of bankruptcy. Only those enterprises survived that produced fuel and raw materials or such goods, the production costs of which (with an acceptable quality for the world level) in Russia were noticeably lower. The latter was provided by low salary and the energy and raw materials component of these costs.

Another salutary circumstance for our economy turned out to be, paradoxical as it may sound, its weakness. The fact is that the massive import of foreign goods was limited by the volume of foreign exchange earnings, which was a derivative of the volume of our exports. As exports declined, foreign exchange earnings also decreased, which constrained the purchasing power of domestic importers.

In addition, the outflow of capital abroad that began immediately also reduced the volume of foreign exchange earnings that could be used to import goods. This self-regulation of foreign economic activity, which began spontaneously, led to the fact that almost immediately, starting from 1991, the country's trade balance became positive. The positive foreign trade balance increased from year to year with its natural fluctuations.

At the same time, the actual freedom of foreign exchange transactions, which was a consequence of the freedom of foreign trade, as well as the general weakness of the state at that time, led to another phenomenon characteristic of the Russian transitional economy - a negative balance of payments. The main reason for this is the massive outflow of Russian capital abroad.

The huge gap in price levels for the vast majority of goods within the country and on world markets, reaching up to a hundred times for individual goods, became the source of colossal savings embezzled by the top management of the still former state-owned enterprises. Financial flows were transferred to specially created enterprises, which were already private, which were organized by management specifically for these purposes. The policy was simple: costs - to state-owned enterprises, profits - to their private firms. The outflow of capital abroad began. To do this, foreign exchange earnings simply remained there, since it was not yet clear how long this freedom would continue and how it could end.

It is obvious that, first of all, the entrepreneurs of those industries that were able to export competitive goods abroad benefited from such liberalization. These commodities were mainly commodities and energy products: oil, gas, timber, fertilizers, metals. Thus, the liberalization of foreign trade almost instantly created powerful financial and political support for the new government and became a powerful factor in the initial accumulation of capital.

Some general positive results of the liberalization of foreign economic activity in the transitional economy should also be noted. Positive results for the Russian economy from the policy of liberalization of foreign economic activity were obtained almost immediately.

First, only thanks to this liberalization, despite the high price of such progress, the total shortage of goods, characteristic of the last period of the existence of the Soviet socialist economy, was very quickly eliminated.

Secondly, the appearance on the domestic market of foreign goods in large quantities turned out to be the only and powerful factor in partially overcoming the general monopolization, which was also characteristic of the Soviet socialist economy.

Thirdly, thanks to this policy, millions of Russian citizens ("shuttle traders", whose number reached 15 million people) became involved in foreign trade activities, which became for most of them a source of albeit small, but relatively stable income in the difficult years of the first phase. transformational transformations - transition to the market. At the same time, which was very important for the country at that time, this mass phenomenon made it possible to reduce social tension in the country.

Fourth, since 1993, the country's foreign trade turnover began to grow, and although during the first, downward phase of transformational transformations it did not reach the pre-crisis level, it remained positive all this time (since 1992).

In carrying out foreign economic reform, as in the entire transformation process, it is quite possible to distinguish two stages.

A pronounced feature of the first stage of reforms in this area can be considered the weak influence of the state on the development and implementation of an active policy to stimulate domestic economic growth and improve the efficiency of the Russian economy with the help of a new foreign economic mechanism. However, state regulation in this area began to increase not at the end of the downward phase of the transformation process, but almost immediately after the one-act liberalization of foreign economic activity - since 1993, the state began to pursue a contradictory, but partially protectionist policy.

Nevertheless, in the implementation of this policy, one can single out a period starting approximately from 2000, coinciding with the upward phase of transformational transformations.

THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FEDERAL RAILWAY TRANSPORT AGENCY

MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY

WAYS OF COMMUNICATION

LEGAL INSTITUTE

Department of Financial and Legal Disciplines

COURSE WORK

"Economic consequences of the liberalization of foreign economic activity in Russia"

Performed

4th year student of UTD - 419

Solovieva N.S.

checked

PhD in Law, Associate Professor

Korovyakovsky D. G.

Moscow 2013

Introduction

The liberalization of foreign trade, which began as early as 1989-1990 and accelerated sharply in late 1991 and early 1992, significantly increased the degree of openness of the Russian economy. Therefore, after a short time after the release of prices, world markets began to significantly influence the dynamics of the cost of many Russian goods. In many cases, not domestic demand, but the level of prices on world markets began to determine trends in pricing. As a result, prices for goods that are in demand outside of Russia, and above all, for fuel and raw materials, began to grow at a faster pace.

The object of this course work is the foreign economic activity of Russia, the subject is its consequences after liberalization and its regulation by the state.

· Consider the causes of liberalization in Russia and its consequences in the 90s;

· To study the goals of creating free economic zones and Russia's foreign economic activity in general;

· Conduct an analysis of the liberalization of foreign economic activity;

· Identify the main consequences of liberalization;

· Consider the current state of Russia's foreign economic activity.

In the second chapter of my work, I will analyze the liberalization of foreign economic activity and consider the consequences of liberalization.

In the third chapter, based on the problems I have identified, I will define and consider the current state of Russia after liberalization and its prospects.

Chapter 1. The Beginning of Liberalization in Russia

1Liberalization of foreign economic activity on the territory of Russia in 1991

Since 1991, state regulation of foreign economic activity has been born in Russia in the form of an economic and legal mechanism of inducement and coercion.

· the vastness of the allotted territories for the SEZ: the share of formally created "free zones" accounted for more than one third of the territory of Russia;

· mass distribution of benefits and privileges to zones by lobbying their interests in the Government of the Russian Federation;

· the desire of local authorities for sovereignty through the creation of free economic zones.

The Law "On Foreign Investments in the RSFSR", which came into force in September 1991, in which an entire chapter was devoted to free economic zones, noticeably streamlined the process of their formation. In free economic zones, a preferential regime for economic activity is established for foreign investments and enterprises with foreign participation: a simplified procedure for registering an enterprise with foreign investments. So, for enterprises with a contribution of foreign investors up to 75 million rubles, registration is carried out directly in the FEZ. Vigorous activity to attract foreign investment in the domestic economy began in the USSR during the years of perestroika - in 1987, the first regulatory documents on the creation and functioning of joint ventures Russian organizations with foreign partners, which initiated the regulation of foreign direct investment in the Russian economy.

Describing the current situation with the organization and functioning of free economic zones in Russia, we can state that they are in the process of formation, defining their tactics, choosing priorities and orientation. Without significant support from the state, this period can be very long, leaving many projects unrealized. Free economic zones in Russia, when used by the state as a mechanism for selective liberalization of the investment climate, should fulfill their role by concentrating export-oriented and import-substituting production. They should also stimulate the concentration of technical and technological innovations, promote the development of the modern market mechanism of management.

3 Reformation and foreign economic activity in Russia in 1995-1997

The reform of Russia's foreign economic relations is an integral part of the market reforms that have been carried out in the country since 1992. It is carried out on the basis of consistent liberalization of foreign economic activity. As a result, the monopoly of the state on the implementation of foreign economic and currency transactions, which is typical for countries with a centralized system of planning and management, was finally eliminated. The vast majority of foreign economic operations are currently carried out by non-state firms. Comprehensive state control over export-import and foreign exchange transactions has been replaced by a system of state regulation of foreign economic relations, within which enterprises and firms involved in foreign economic activity enjoy great freedom.

In 1992-1995 In Russia, a system of state regulation of foreign economic relations has been formed, using methods and tools widely used in countries with developed market economies. Russia has formed a fairly liberal system of regulation of foreign trade and other forms of foreign economic relations in less than five years. But the changes that were made to the system of state regulation were not supported by the relevant legislative norms of economic law, they did not fit well with those elements of economic management on the basis of which the development of the domestic sector of the national economy was regulated. Along with the obvious successes in the field of market reforms in the external sphere of the national economy of Russia and the development of exports, significant negative aspects were also revealed in the course of the reform. The development of this system took place under the influence of the confrontation between two points of view. Some economists believed that in the first period of economic reform it is dangerous to carry out an immediate and far-reaching liberalization of foreign economic relations. In conditions of total deficit, imbalance of the domestic market and money circulation, absence of a real exchange rate and normal market prices, situations often arose when the economic interests of participants in foreign economic activity came into conflict with national economic interests. Later, with the development of a free market pricing system, the improvement of the exchange rate, the normalization of money circulation and the entire domestic market, conditions were created that made it possible to widely liberalize the export and import of goods and services, and then capital.

Other economists shared the idea of "shock therapy". They believed that the faster and on a larger scale the liberalization of foreign trade takes place, the faster the Russian economy will be included in the world economy and its efficiency will increase.

The policy of liberalization of foreign economic relations was carried out in accordance with the Decree of the President of Russia "On the liberalization of foreign economic activity on the territory of the RSFSR" from the very beginning of 1992. The decree provided for a number of specific measures. First, it abolished the mandatory registration of Russian enterprises and firms as participants in foreign economic activity. This meant:

· all enterprises and their associations received the right to carry out foreign economic operations without special permission, which previously had to be obtained;

· the part of foreign exchange earnings remaining at the disposal of the exporter increased to 50%;

· taxes on imports were abolished, the rates of which on many items were unreasonably high;

· in accordance with the liberalization of prices for all products and resources, from January 1, 1992, the government expanded the scope of the use of the market rate, i.e. free price for foreign currency. In fact, this meant the devaluation of the ruble by almost 60 times. And from July 1 of the same year, the single market rate actually became the main exchange rate;

· the list of goods, the export of which was licensed and subject to quotas, was reduced.

A wide range of measures to liberalize foreign trade, as well as the devaluation of the ruble, on the one hand, created the prerequisites for the subsequent growth of exports and competitive pressure of imports on production, and on the other hand, they gave a strong impetus to the development of inflationary processes and created difficulties for a number of industries dependent on imports. The liberal regime of foreign trade and foreign exchange operations, the undervalued ruble exchange rate, and imperfect banking legislation also contributed to the intensification of capital flight from the country, which, however, took place already during the years of perestroika.

Export deliveries were regulated by a system of quotas and licenses. Quotas were set by the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation and on their basis licenses were issued for the export of products. Some groups of specific export goods were also subject to licensing, such as weapons and ammunition, special components for their production, precious metals, certain types of medicines, live animals, etc. Due to the significant difference between world and domestic prices for exported products, a system of export duties was used, which is rarely used in world practice. With the help of these duties, part of the income of exporters was seized in favor of the state budget. Imports were regulated by a system of licenses for specific goods such as medicines, protective chemicals, weapons and ammunition, precious metals, etc., as well as an import tariff. The import customs tariff of the Russian Federation was introduced by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation in mid-1992 in order to increase state budget revenues from foreign economic activity and create more favorable conditions for the development of certain types of production with a high degree of processing.

In subsequent years, adjustments were made to the mechanism for regulating foreign economic activity, partly dictated by the objective need to deepen reforms, and partly by the need to eliminate miscalculations. Thus, the system of state regulation of foreign economic relations was completed. In order to further liberalize exports, the volume of quotas and licensed products supplied for export was gradually reduced. Since January 1, 1994, the lists of quotas and licensed export goods included 12 commodity groups, in 1993 there were 17 such groups, and at the beginning of 1992 - 27. In 1995, export quotas and licenses were completely eliminated.

In connection with changes in domestic and world prices, export duties also changed. The most recent reduction in export duties took place at the end of 1995. It was carried out in order to increase the efficiency of exports in the conditions of the introduced currency corridor. Since April 1, 1996, the vast majority of export duties have been eliminated. Since July 1, 1996, Russia has abolished all export duties.

Currently, the import tariff is applied, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation N 454 of May 6, 1995. Over the next years, a number of changes were made to it. The general trend, manifested in the changes made to the import tariff, is that it solves two groups of problems:

· increase in federal budget revenues;

· strengthening customs protection of domestic production.

Since November 1, 1996, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On State Regulation of Foreign Trade Barter Transactions” dated August 18, 1996, barter transactions are also covered by currency control.

On the scale of the entire national economy, foreign economic activity is an important factor in the financial stabilization of the country. Revenues from foreign economic activity (customs duties, VAT, excises, non-tax revenues) form a significant share of the federal budget revenue. Only customs payments to the federal budget of the country annually account for more than 1/5 of all tax revenues.

In general, liberalization in Russia took place in several stages. At the first stage (end of 1991 - first half of 1992), liberalization measures included:

· removal of restrictions on the export of finished products (while maintaining strict quantitative and tariff restrictions on the export of fuel and raw materials);

· partial liberalization of the exchange rate (with the establishment of a special rate for settlements with the budget and the preservation of subsidies for critical imports);

· the abolition of any restrictions on imports.

At the second stage (the second half of 1992), the exchange rate was completely liberalized and an import tariff was introduced. The first of these measures was aimed at ending implicit import subsidies to the detriment of domestic producers, while the second was aimed at protecting the latter from increased competition for imported goods. To tighten control over the export of raw materials, the institution of special exporters of strategic goods was introduced.

At the third stage (1993-1994) the transition to tariff management methods was completed. The volume of export-import operations carried out on a centralized basis has decreased to 30% of the foreign trade turnover. the main role in WES passed to enterprises of all forms of ownership.

free economic zone import substitution

Chapter 2. Liberalization, analysis and its consequences

2.1Analysis of the liberalization of foreign economic activity: pros and cons

The most important direction of foreign economic reform was the abolition of the state monopoly of foreign trade. Virtually all enterprises that traded with the outside world received the right to carry out these operations instead of specialized and essentially state-owned enterprises. Almost all restrictions on imports have been lifted. A partial but nonetheless radical liberalization of the exchange rate was carried out, with some reservations and restrictions. All this was done at the very end of 1991 and in 1992 under very unfavorable conditions: a sharp liberalization of prices in the presence of an acute shortage of virtually all goods and a crisis in public finances.

Such a general liberalization of foreign economic activity almost immediately showed its negative features. The question arises, what has liberalization led to? What are the pros and cons of it? First of all, it led to intense competition between Russian exporters and a general deterioration in export conditions. Export volumes fell sharply, and with many commodities in short supply on the domestic market, export earnings were not enough to meet the necessary imports of goods. As a result of the liberalization of foreign trade, Russia's foreign trade turnover in 1992 more than halved compared to 1990. Considering the second half of 1992, one can observe the process of strengthening state control over the export of goods.

It manifested itself not only in the restoration of export control, but also in the introduction of temporary, and a little later, permanent import customs tariffs. Liberalization began to bring its advantages to Russia's foreign economic activity. Russia was on the verge of collapse, in order to replenish the treasury, which was almost empty by the end of 1991, from the beginning of 1992, the mandatory sale of 40% of foreign exchange earnings at a special rate and 10% at a market rate was introduced. In such a situation, only those enterprises that produced fuel and raw materials or such goods, the production costs of which in Russia were noticeably lower, survived.

Oddly enough, the fact that our country's economy was rather weak turned out to be saving for our economy. The fact is that the massive import of foreign goods was limited by the volume of foreign exchange earnings, which was a derivative of the volume of our exports. As exports declined, foreign exchange earnings also decreased, which constrained the purchasing power of domestic importers. In addition, the outflow of capital abroad that began immediately also reduced the volume of foreign exchange earnings that could be used to import goods. It can be seen that since 1991, the country's trade balance has become positive. The positive foreign trade balance increased from year to year with its natural fluctuations. Liberalization began to give its pluses. At the same time, the actual freedom of foreign exchange transactions, which was a consequence of the freedom of foreign trade, as well as the general weakness of the state at that time, led to another phenomenon characteristic of the Russian transitional economy - a negative balance of payments. The main reason for this is the massive outflow of Russian capital abroad. This liberalization has primarily benefited entrepreneurs in industries that were able to export competitive goods abroad even before.

Drawing a conclusion from everything, we can say that the liberalization of foreign trade almost instantly created powerful financial and political support for the new government and became a powerful factor in the initial accumulation of capital. Positive results for the Russian economy from the policy of liberalization of foreign economic activity were obtained almost immediately. First, only thanks to this liberalization, despite the high price of such progress, the total shortage of goods, characteristic of the last period of the existence of the Soviet socialist economy, was very quickly eliminated. Secondly, the appearance on the domestic market of foreign goods in large quantities turned out to be the only and powerful factor in partially overcoming the general monopolization, which was also characteristic of the Soviet socialist economy. Thirdly, thanks to this policy, millions of Russian citizens became involved in foreign trade activities, which became for most of them a source of relatively stable income, albeit small.

Fourth, as early as 1993, the country's foreign trade turnover began to grow.

After analyzing the implementation of Russia's foreign economic reform, two stages can be distinguished. The weak influence of the state on the development and implementation of an active policy to stimulate domestic economic growth and improve the efficiency of the Russian economy with the help of a new foreign economic mechanism can be considered the first stage of reforms in this area. However, state regulation in this area began to grow not at the end of the downward phase of the transformation process. but almost immediately after the one-act liberalization of foreign economic activity. The second stage can be called the period since 1993, when the state began to pursue a controversially pronounced, but partially protectionist policy.

However, in the implementation of this policy, one can distinguish main period, starting from about 2000, coinciding with the upward phase of transformational transformations.

2 Analysis and assessment of import substitution in the Russian Federation

The rapid, more than threefold, devaluation of the ruble in August-September 1998 led to a sharp decline in the real exchange rate. At the same time, the economy developed a tendency to increase production, which remained stable for a long period after the crisis. As can be seen from the table, in the 4th quarter of 1998 - the 1st quarter of 1999 there was a sharp fall in the real effective exchange rate, which was accompanied by a decrease in imports. Further, during 1999-2002. there was a slow recovery movement in the opposite direction, that is, an increase in imports against the backdrop of a gradual strengthening of the real ruble. The depreciation of the real exchange rate of the ruble in 1998 led to a relative rise in the price of imported goods. We can assume that this led to an increase in demand for Russian traded goods, which began to replace imports. According to this hypothesis, there should be a decrease in domestic consumption of imported goods and, accordingly, the volume of imports, and an increase in domestic consumption of domestic goods. In explaining the observed effects, other factors that influence the demand for imported and domestic goods must also be taken into account. In addition to the depreciation of the real exchange rate in the fall of 1998, there was a decline in the real incomes of enterprises and the population, which caused a general decline in demand for all types of goods. However, even in this case, it can be assumed that at first there is a decrease in the consumption of both categories of goods due to a decrease in income, but at constant relative prices, and then an additional decrease in the consumption of imported goods with an increase in the consumption of domestic goods with a relative rise in the cost of imports, assuming their price elasticity. From a formal point of view, there is a change in demand for domestic and imported goods under the influence of the income effect and the substitution effect. An increase in the consumption of domestic goods, together with a decrease in the consumption of imported goods, can be observed not only due to changes in relative prices, but also due to changes in the structure of imports, exports and production of domestic goods, as well as due to changes in preferences. The transformational recession in the Russian economy in the first years after price liberalization in last years was replaced by sustainable economic growth, one of the main reasons for which is the structural shifts and transformational processes in the economy that occur during the transition period during the formation of a market system. We see that one of the most important growth factors was the increase in the efficiency of enterprises, changes in the structure of investments and an increase in economic and investment activity, adaptation of labor resources, etc.

The dynamics of consumption of domestic and imported goods may, in addition to the reasons listed above, depend on changes in the propensity to consume imported goods. The rapid relaxation of restrictions on imports of goods and the expansion of the range of products available for purchase and consumption in the first half of the 1990s, together with the strengthening of the real exchange rate of the ruble, led to an increase in the propensity to consume imported goods even in the presence of similar domestic goods. It can be assumed that the devaluation of the ruble in 1998 caused a switch in consumption to domestic goods with a possible hysteresis effect, i.e., without switching back to imported goods, with a real strengthening of the ruble in recent years. The opposite effect is also possible - an increase in demand for imports associated with the need to maintain equipment imported earlier.

In 1999-2002 there was a strengthening of the real exchange rate, which was accompanied by a relative reduction in the cost of imports and an increase in their physical volumes. At the same time, it should be noted that the increase in imports occurred at a higher rate compared to the growth in the production of domestic goods. In this case, within the terminology used, there was a process reverse to import substitution, that is, the replacement of domestic goods with cheaper imports.

2.3 Consequences of price liberalization

Estimates of the radical economic reforms of the early 1990s were mixed. The government considered their main achievement the creation in Russia of an unregulated market and a layer of large owners. Opponents of the government's course pointed to their negative impact on the social sphere, suggested a search for a more acceptable reform option, a change in its radical course.

The results of liberalization can be divided into two types: positive and negative consequences. The positive results of the liberal reforms were: the elimination of commodity shortages and queues, the saturation of the consumer market with goods; development of market infrastructure: commercial banks, commodity exchanges, foreign exchange market, insurance companies; the rapid development of the private sector in the economy, private entrepreneurship. Despite these changes, the social cost of the reforms turned out to be extremely high. There was a depreciation of the savings of the population and enterprises in savings banks and banks, non-payment of wages, pensions and benefits became chronic, massive open and hidden unemployment continued to replenish the ranks of people not engaged in useful work, more than half of the country's population had minimal or low incomes, the middle strata of the intelligentsia and skilled workers were reduced to impoverishment; the financing of the spiritual sphere was sharply reduced: science, education, culture. All this led to the depopulation of the population and a reduction in life expectancy.

The public sector has lost its leading role in the economy. The share of the private sector in the production of GDP was more than 70%. The rapid implementation of price liberalization, foreign trade liberalization and privatization took place in an environment of lack of specificity and insecurity of property rights, the absence of a private sector and traditions of private enterprise, high degree monopolization of the national economy. This created huge incentives to maximize wealth through participation in various forms shadow economy. The economic transformations of the 1990s in Russia - in all their main directions - led to consequences not predicted by experts. Price liberalization gave rise to a much faster and longer-term price growth. The desire to stabilize prices at any cost led to the formation of a non-payment mechanism and the transition to barter exchanges, that is, in fact, to the formation of a non-monetary economy on new basis.

As a result of the reform of the 1990s, a full-fledged market economy was not created in Russia. The created economic system rather bore the features of state capitalism, it is called, in particular, “quasi-market”. Under the influence of hyperinflation, there was a profound deformation of all cost proportions and the ratio of prices for the products of individual industries, which changed the cost bases of the financial, budgetary, and monetary system. The consumer price index from 1992 to 1995 increased by 1187 times, and nominal wages by 616 times. A noticeable impoverishment of almost the majority of the population of Russia in the early 90s: the standard of living of the bulk of the population decreased in many ways by 1.5-2 times, to the indicators of the 40s and early 50s.

The structure of industrial production has also changed over the years of transformation. There was a decrease in high-tech industries, technical degradation of the economy, curtailment modern technologies. The decline in production in Russia in terms of its scale and duration significantly exceeded all peacetime crises known in history.

Raw materials were the main source of export earnings. The share of the service sector has grown, but the share of personal services has decreased, while the share of circulation services has increased.

In late 1998 and early 1999, a trend towards economic growth emerged. After the devaluation of August 1998. the competitiveness of imports was sharply reduced, which increased the demand for domestic goods in the food industry and other industries. The most important factor in economic growth was the growth in production volumes at all enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, where they sought to compensate for losses from falling prices on world markets - exports decreased in value during 1998, and increased in physical volumes.

Price liberalization and liberalization of foreign trade led to high rates of price growth in the Russian economy, as well as to cardinal and negative changes in price proportions for the development of the economy.

Chapter 3. Modern Russia after liberalization

1 Current conditions and opportunities for Russia after liberalization

After the long-awaited completion of all negotiations in December 2011 and the official invitation of the Russian Federation to join the WTO, once again returns to the issue of freedom of trade, integration into international economic processes and liberalization of foreign economic relations, the impact of these processes on the country and the possibility of using them to stimulate the development of the national economy . Modern economic research For the most part, they consider the consequences of the liberalization of international trade as a purely positive impact on the country's economy. Market liberalization, which primarily means lowering various barriers to trade in goods and services, is designed to stimulate economic growth and development, increase people's well-being, and so on. Modern level international globalization brought the issues of liberalization of economic activity to the fore.

To date, a lot of research has been carried out on modeling the world economy in conditions of full or partial trade liberalization. Most often, one of the starting points is the implementation of the main ideas of the Doha Round of WTO negotiations, which claims a relatively high level of economic openness, but has not yet been implemented. The main goal is the same - to identify the extent of the impact of further liberalization of the world economy on countries and some regions separately, as well as on the overall well-being of the world as a whole. There is a clear downward trend in growth expectations due to the liberalization policy.

There are a number of objective reasons that influence such expectations - an increase in the number of bilateral and multilateral agreements between countries that bypass the WTO as a whole, the establishment of special trade regimes, which enhances integration and reduces the effect of general actions. In addition, the continuous improvement in the quality and availability of statistical information plays an important role, which indicates the already fairly deep economic integration of national economies today. Despite this, all research results remain in the positive zone, which indicates a possible positive contribution of liberalization to the growth of the global economy. Full liberalization, removal of tariffs, domestic subsidies and subsidies will lead to an increase in global wealth by $100 billion or 0.33% of world GDP. At the same time, 73.8% of income will fall on developed countries, 24.1% on developing countries and 2.2% on the category of underdeveloped countries. According to the head of the WTO, Pascal Lamy, the total positive effect will be $130 billion. There are also a number of more optimistic studies that give even higher numbers with completely different proportions of the distribution of the final result between countries. Accordingly, they all agree that the overall effect on the world will be insignificant, but extremely positive.

Liberalization will not create new benefits for absolutely all members of society. Some categories of people may lose significantly in the process of redistribution of production functions and the new stream of profits that such an economic policy will lead to.

Russia's accession to the WTO is certainly a serious step towards the liberalization of the country's foreign economic activity. Today, all countries that are members of the WTO use a wide range of both tariff and non-tariff restrictions to support national economies. Moreover, if you look at the current economic situation in general and world trade undermined by the financial crisis, one can notice the growth of protective measures, which means that further liberalization is still being postponed, and this despite all the calls today to abandon protectionism. The growth of protectionism around the world is an established and sustainable trend that will dominate, at least in the medium term. Based on the understanding that international trade is a classic example of game theory, the introduction of protectionist measures in the short term will benefit some countries and provoke a transition to similar policies in others. All this will have a negative impact on international trade and set back the process of liberalization of national economies. Liberalization as such is not an absolute and indisputable blessing.

Russia's further integration, primarily the country's accession to the WTO, and the liberalization of foreign economic activity require an adequate adaptation of the methods of protecting the domestic market in order to further compensate for possible losses. For example, we can consider such a strategic for any state and significant from a socio-political point of view industry as agriculture. This is also an area where one can observe a wide range of all kinds of protectionist measures. If we consider the market support methods used today in Russia, we can state that they often have a weak effect, and some will soon be completely inaccessible due to the need to comply with WTO rules, which means that it is necessary to search for new tools to protect national producers. The volumes of imports set today will have to be raised in the near future, fulfilling the obligations assumed under the WTO. The quota system has been actively used by the government over the past decade and has yielded results in some areas. Any restrictive policy in the form of outright bans, strict quotas or high tariffs leads to higher prices for domestic consumers. As a result, this leads to a direct reflection of all tariff measures in the final price of the goods. With the introduction of state restrictions on trade, first of all, buyers suffer, forced to pay an inflated price for goods, while producers risk unbalancing the domestic market, producing more than is necessary according to market equilibrium theories. The achieved imbalance in any case leads to general losses of the economy, due to large losses of consumers, outweighing the benefits of producers and the potential income of the state. Russia often applies very strict restrictive measures. As an example, we can recall the ban on grain exports in 2010. Such measures have Negative influence on the economy. The main stated purpose of the ban is to keep domestic prices from rising. Such state measures will now be limited by WTO rules.

Structural changes in the economy can only occur as a result of large-scale shifts economic systems, a broad reorientation of the economy. Such shifts can be achieved through partial liberalization and increased competition. Here, one of the mechanisms for activating internal resources is an open economy. AT recent times The Russian government is gradually liberalizing foreign economic activity and systematically expanding the country's smooth and controlled economic integration into the world economy. One of the latest steps in this direction is the organization in 2010 Customs Union. The removal of certain trade barriers and the strengthening of the integration of the economies of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia will have a positive impact and will stimulate the further development of commodity producers in the three countries. Today, we can predict the strengthening of integration, the increase in trade and the growth of cargo transportation, import substitution within the united framework of the three states.

At the same time, agricultural producers in Russia are forced to put up with increased competition.

Gradual integration into the world economy and cautious entry of the post-Soviet countries into the WTO is a reasonable and correct strategy. Despite the complexity of implementation, the need to take into account a huge number of parameters and possible consequences, the state must pursue a consistent policy of liberalization in the long term. The gradual deepening of integration processes and trade liberalization should be combined with the adaptation of measures to support the domestic market and the formation of new instruments of state support and stimulation of the competitiveness of the national economy.

2 The current state and trends of Russia's foreign economic activity

From the end of the 80s. 20th century in Russia, a rapid transition to market relations began, it was then that the foreign economic reform began to be carried out, the essence of which was the decentralization of state foreign trade and the transition from a system of intergovernmental foreign economic relations to independent foreign economic activity (FEA) at the micro level. Thus, there has been a systemic change in Russia's foreign economic policy, directed towards building an open economy and integration into the system of world economic relations, as well as towards the liberalization of all forms of foreign economic activity. The liberalization of Russia's foreign economic activity coincided with the rapid development of the globalization of the world economy, which is accompanied by an ever-increasing intensification of international relations and the growing internationalization of national economies into the system of the international division of labor.

Both of these trends neutralized the barriers and obstacles to the entry of domestic enterprises into foreign markets, and also opened the way for the penetration of foreign investments and products into the Russian domestic market.

In the process of reforming the country's economy, foreign economic activity of Russian enterprises has taken an important place in the formation of the revenue part of the state budget. The positive effect of economic interaction with the global market is manifested, first of all, in additional opportunities for expanding domestic production. A narrow domestic market simply cannot be a consumer of all possible products of domestic enterprises, so their export activities help them increase their income and profits, maintain investment activity, and create new jobs. Export earnings ensure the expansion of domestic consumer demand and the market as a whole, which provides even greater opportunities for the development of domestic production. The liberalization of foreign economic activity of Russian enterprises helped to solve many problems and launched a number of processes useful for the country's economy:

· filling the domestic market

· creating competition

· the beginning of the use of modern management methods

· made the movement towards a market economy irreversible.

The development of foreign economic activity of enterprises and the elimination of barriers in foreign trade provide an opportunity to further use the advantages of the national economy, which will determine the nature of its trade. A country will export those goods in which it is relatively efficient, and import those goods where it is relatively inefficient.

In general, the Russian economy over the past 20 years has actually returned to the pre-industrial era: at the moment, the share of manufacturing in gross value added and in the number of employees has fallen by half; productivity in the field of mechanical engineering has decreased six times over the past 10 years; less than 1/5 of the output of Russian engineering is exported - in the total volume of exports, the share of products of this industry is practically not significant. Russia has become a raw materials appendage of more successful countries, supplying them with energy, metals, timber, fertilizers, etc.

In Russian exports, the share of highly processed industrial goods is only 12%, while in German exports it reaches 84%. Commodities and products primary processing in 2011 they accounted for 74.8% of Russian exports; in Brazilian exports, this share did not exceed 35%. The pronounced fuel and raw material orientation of Russian exports has a number of negative structural effects, leading to an increase in economic disproportions, socio-economic differentiation of regions, and an environmental burden on the economy. The increased profitability of the commodity business provokes an outflow of capital and labor from the industries of deep processing of goods, even with the overall low mobility of production factors in Russia. There is a "weighting" of the structure of industrial production, in fact, its detechnologization in conditions when the bulk of national resources are concentrated in the extractive sector and industries of primary redistribution of products. Today, approximately 2/3 of all industrial investments are made in the fuel and energy and metallurgical complexes. The export-raw material type of economic structure can at best only reproduce itself, provide stability, but it does not provide the ability and interest in development. Therefore, one of the most important directions of the economic policy of the Russian Federation in present stage is the development of exports, an increase in its structure of the share of highly processed products and an increase in the competitiveness of Russian products in the foreign market.

Export potential is the ability of the national economy to produce products that are competitive in world markets and export them in sufficient volumes at world prices. In this regard, the priority and most difficult problem is the development and diversification of the country's export potential. According to UN experts, at present, the structure of world exports is dominated by manufacturing products - more than 75% (of which half are technically complex goods and machines); 8% are food products (including drinks and tobacco); 15% - mineral raw materials and fuel. The main volume of trade in finished products falls on industrialized countries, their share in the export of machinery and transport equipment is almost 77%, in imports - 66%. Germany (14.2%), the USA (13%), Japan (12.9%) take the leading positions in the trade in finished products. Developing countries account for 21.8% of world exports of machinery and transport equipment and 30.9% of world imports (including 9% of exports provided by newly industrialized countries South-East Asia).

Against this background, the situation that has developed to date in the export sector of the Russian economy indicates that neither the volume nor the form of state support for export-oriented industries can be considered satisfactory and sufficient to form the prerequisites for active export expansion in foreign markets. The solution of this problem as the most important component of the development of the national economy is extremely important. More than 80% of Russian imports are finished products, including more than half of machinery and equipment, including consumer durables (cars, consumer electronics and electrical equipment, computers, mobile phones, etc.). In the leading countries, imports are formed from these goods to a lesser extent (45-69%).

In Russia, imports of just these categories of goods decreased the most, which led to a more noticeable reduction in imports in general.

Russia took 112th place out of 132 possible in the World Economic Forum (WEF) rating dedicated to the organization of trade. Compared to 2011, Russia has risen by two steps. WEF researchers have identified the following shortcomings in the organization of foreign economic activity in Russia: a high level of corruption and barriers at customs, crime, raiding, and violation of the delivery time of goods. The authors of the rating attributed only the widespread introduction of information technologies to the strong side of foreign economic activity in Russia. According to this indicator, the country took 51st place among other states participating in the rating.

Despite macroeconomic successes and other achievements, Russia's position in the field of global competitiveness remains weak: in the WEF Global Competitiveness Ranking 2012-2013. our country has dropped one position - from 66th to 67th place. Experts note a number of promising positions, the potential of which for increasing competitiveness Russia is not yet fully using. This is a high level of education of the population, developed infrastructure and a huge domestic market.

On August 22, 2012, the Russian Federation officially became a full member of the World trade organization. The protocol on the accession of the Russian Federation to the WTO entered into force, and Russia became the 156th member of this organization.

The official accession of Russia to the WTO opens new stage in the development of its foreign trade and the economy as a whole. During this stage, our country will have to fulfill its obligations, and the state and business will have to adapt to activities within the norms and rules of the multilateral trading system. Russia's accession to the WTO cannot but affect the behavior of Russian market participants. The upcoming changes will force business to act more transparently, since now its activities will be controlled not only by the Russian authorities, but also by representatives of other countries. Russia has one way: the way of fast economic development, diversification, the way to create a modern highly developed economy based on free market competition, developed private sector. To strengthen the positions of domestic producers in world markets and within the country, it is necessary to start expanding the sources of competitive advantages by including investments and innovations in their number. The intensive development of exports could become a significant source for Russia to increase the rate of economic growth, the effective use of intellectual, labor and material resources.

Conclusion

An analysis of the causes and course of reforming the Russian economy in the 1990s and the transition to a market system took place taking into account the trends in the development of the economic structure of the USSR. In Russia, as a result of the reforms of the 1990s, the possibility of restoring the old political and economic system was practically excluded, certain conditions were created for the development of entrepreneurship and business, and the shortage of goods was eliminated. However, attempts to correct unfavorable trends in the socio-economic development of the country have not fully justified themselves. Apparently, economic and social transformations in this period of time were not of a reasonable systemic nature and did not ensure a sustainable process of social development.

The liberalization of Russia's foreign economy has yielded results, for some they are positive, for others they are negative. In any case, in the 1990s, Russia needed a shake-up of the economy. Free economic zones were created, which accounted for more than one-third of the territory of Russia, mass distribution of benefits and privileges was carried out, the authorities strove for sovereignty. SEZs should also stimulate the concentration of technical and technological innovations and contribute to the development of the modern market mechanism of management.

From the first chapter, we can conclude that liberalization took place in 4 stages, during which restrictions on imports and exports were abolished, the exchange rate was liberalized, and a single import tariff was also introduced.

In the second chapter, an analysis was made of the liberalization of foreign economic activity in Russia. After analyzing the foreign economic reforms of the 90s, I identified two stages:

until 1993. Weak influence of the state on the development and implementation of an active policy to stimulate domestic economic growth and improve the efficiency of the Russian economy with the help of a new foreign economic mechanism.

the period since 1993, when the state began to pursue a protectionist policy.

Liberalization had a strong impact on Russia's external economy. It led to high rates of price growth in the Russian economy, as well as cardinal and negative changes in price proportions for the development of the economy.

After Russia's accession to the WTO in 2012, it will completely change the economy of our country. A new stage of development is opening for Russia. Our country faces many changes and great commitments. Now the participants of the Russian market will be controlled not only by the Russian authorities, but also by representatives of other countries, which will also significantly affect the country's economy.

List of sources used

Legislative and legal documents:

.Customs Code of the Customs Union 2010

2.Federal Law "On customs regulation in the Russian Federation" dated November 27, 2010 No. 311-FZ

.Law of the Russian Federation "On State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activities"

.Decree of the President of the RSFSR "On the liberalization of foreign economic activity on the territory of the RSFSR"

.Decree of the President of the RSFSR of December 3, 1991 N 297 "On measures to liberalize prices"

.Decree of the Government of the RSFSR of December 19, 1991 N 55 "On measures to liberalize prices"

.Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On State Regulation of Foreign Trade Barter Transactions"

.Law "On Foreign Investments in the RSFSR" 1991

Educational and reference literature:

.Barinov V.A. Foreign economic activity: Textbook / V.A. Barinov. - INFRA - M, 2006

2."Study of financial and economic consequences of import liberalization in Russia" July-August 2013

.Dzhabiev A.P. "State regulation of Russia's foreign trade" 2013

.Statistical analysis of the regional development of Russia, Special report in economic journal Review of the Russian Economy, No. 2, 1997, Progress-Academy Publishing House

.Bulletin of the Udmurt University, 2010

.Foreign Economic Policy: Textbook. / Babin E.P., Isachenko T.M. - M.: Economics - 2009

.Journal "Russian Foreign Economic Bulletin" No. 2, 2010

.Komissarova I.P., Marel M.B. Export Import. - M.: System GARANT, 2011

.International economic relations. Textbook (under the editorship of V.E. Rybalkin.-m, UNITI, 2006-577s

.International economic relations. Textbook (under the editorship of I.P. Faminsky.-M.: 1989-410s

11. Polterovich V. M.<#"justify">Applications

Appendix 1

PRESIDENT OF THE RSFSR

ON THE LIBERALIZATION OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ON THE TERRITORY OF THE RSFSR

(as amended by Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation of 14.06.92 N 629, of 27.10.92 N 1306)

In order to stimulate foreign economic activity, stabilize the domestic market and attract foreign investment, I decide:

To allow all enterprises and their associations registered on the territory of the RSFSR, regardless of their form of ownership, to carry out foreign economic, including intermediary, activities without special registration.

Currency transactions are carried out on the basis of licenses issued in the manner established by the Government of the RSFSR.

To the Government of the RSFSR:

cancel within a month restrictions on barter transactions in foreign trade that are not based on the laws of the RSFSR;

within a month, submit for approval a new list of goods (works and services), the export and import of which is licensed and subject to quotas, meaning a significant reduction in this list;

before January 1, 1992, to approve the Regulations on the system of licensing and quotas for exports and imports of goods (works, services) in the RSFSR for 1992, providing for the competitive or auction sale of quotas and licenses;

submit before January 1, 1992, proposals on the procedure for taxation of export-import transactions, including barter transactions, as well as the rates of taxation and customs tariffs.

Allow banks authorized to conduct foreign exchange transactions on the territory of the RSFSR to open foreign currency accounts for all legal entities and citizens.

Foreign currency in the accounts of citizens is issued at their request without any restrictions or permits.

Establish, starting from January 1, 1992, the mandatory sale of a part of foreign exchange earnings to enterprises located or registered on the territory of the RSFSR, to the Central Bank of the RSFSR for the formation of the republican foreign exchange reserve of the RSFSR.

The standards for the mandatory sale of part of the foreign exchange earnings of enterprises to the Central Bank of the RSFSR are determined by the Government of the RSFSR.

Funds accumulated in the republican currency reserve of the RSFSR are used to service the external debt, centralized orders for imports and for other purposes in the manner determined by the Government of the RSFSR.

The government of the RSFSR is to prepare within a month proposals for reducing import subsidies for 1992.

Repeal restrictions on the participation of citizens and legal entities registered on the territory of the RSFSR in conducting foreign exchange transactions through authorized banks, including restrictions on the purchase of cash currency.

Establish that the sale of foreign currency to legal entities registered in the territory of the RSFSR is carried out only for the purpose of importing goods and services (carrying out current operations), as well as to foreign investors for transferring profits and dividends abroad.

The exchange rate of the ruble against foreign currencies is formed on the basis of supply and demand at auctions, stock exchanges, the interbank market, when buying and selling foreign currency by commercial banks and other legal entities and citizens.

Recommend to the Central Bank of the RSFSR to establish the maximum difference in the rates of purchase and sale of cash currency in commercial offices and exchange offices, as well as limits on the purchase and export of currency abroad by citizens.

Cancel on the territory of the RSFSR all types of mandatory foreign exchange deductions, as well as taxes on the export and import of goods (works and services) established by the President of the USSR and the bodies of the USSR.

The exchange rates of the ruble against foreign currency established by the State Bank of the USSR are not applied on the territory of the RSFSR.

Propose to the Central Bank of the RSFSR to take measures for the comprehensive development of the foreign exchange market, including the interbank market, and to expand the network of exchange offices.

Prohibit on the territory of the RSFSR settlements and payments between legal entities, as well as between legal entities and citizens in foreign currency, with the exception of wages and payments in stores located in territories with extraterritorial status.

The paragraph is invalid. - Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of October 27, 1992 N 1306.

Establish that investments abroad, including the purchase of securities, by legal entities registered on the territory of the RSFSR and by Soviet citizens are carried out under licenses in the manner determined by the Government of the RSFSR.

The Ministry of Justice of the RSFSR shall submit proposals for amending the decisions of the Government of the RSFSR in connection with this Decree.

This Decree comes into force from the moment of its signing, with the exception of paragraphs 5 and 6 and the first paragraph of paragraph 8, which come into force on January 1, 1992.

President of the RSFSR

B. YELTSIN

Moscow Kremlin

November 1991213

Appendix 2

Note: Quarterly export and import index values are 4 times the ratio of exports and imports for the quarter to the value in the base year.

Annex 3

The liberalization of the Russian economy, carried out in the early 1990s, abolished the monopoly of foreign trade, opened up the possibility for Russian organizations to independently conduct foreign trade operations. At the same time, the lack of experience in working in market conditions and the economic crisis that began in the country significantly reduced Russia's share in world GDP and world exports.

Only towards the end of the 1990s. the situation in foreign trade has normalized. By that time, enterprises had gained experience in working on the world market, the state had formed an appropriate regulatory framework, the ruble had stabilized, and prices for raw materials, which are the basis of Russia's exports, had grown. All this contributed to the establishment of foreign trade relations of modern Russia, an increase in the export of Russian raw materials and products, as well as an increase in its share in world exports.

With the implementation of the liberalization of foreign trade, an active import of consumer goods and foodstuffs began to be observed. In a short time, the domestic market was filled with foreign goods, albeit not quite High Quality . The reverse side of this process was a drop in demand for domestic products, the sale of which turned out to be very difficult. As a result, the oversaturation of the market with imported goods led in subsequent years to the massive closure of enterprises in the light, electronic and other industries. As for the volume of imported new technologies, equipment, and especially science-intensive products, it was insignificant. The reformers' measures to stimulate foreign economic activity and stabilize the domestic market inevitably led to the convertibility of the national currency, which was influenced by factors such as inflation rates, the state of the balance of payments, the degree of confidence in the ruble both within Russia and abroad, and a number of others. World experience shows that the higher the inflation rate in a particular country, the lower the rate of its national currency. In Russia, this relationship between the exchange rate and the inflation rate was especially clearly seen, because if we accept that an annual inflation rate of 3-8% is considered ideal for the external convertibility of the ruble, then we can conclude that in conditions of high inflation for such convertibility ruble were not created the necessary conditions. It negatively affected the exchange rate of the ruble and the budget deficit, in which the Russian ruble depreciated and could depreciate further, which, according to experts, is "a direct consequence of the introduction of an unprepared free sale and purchase of foreign currency at the existing exchange rate for rubles in conditions of commodity inconvertibility." Rising prices led to the fact that the population's confidence in the ruble decreased, in this regard, the process of "dollarization" began to grow. With the steady growth of domestic prices during the first year of the reform, any attempts to fix the exchange rate of the ruble against the dollar objectively led to a decrease in the efficiency of export operations, which negatively affected the country's balance of payments. It should also be noted that at that time only Russia and the Baltic States went to the liberalization of prices and foreign trade. Therefore, mutual trade with the CIS countries had to be carried out with great difficulties, including those associated with customs and tariff quotas, with the lack of common exchange rates and an effective payment mechanism. Initially, it was supposed, for example, to levy export taxes from the former republics of the USSR that joined the CIS. But then it was decided to abandon this principle, because. the extension of such a procedure to these CIS states, in the opinion of the country's leadership, would mean the erection of customs barriers between its participants and would hinder the adoption of the principles of a joint customs policy being developed at that time. Nevertheless, the preservation of the state monopoly on foreign trade in the CIS countries and the absence, as noted, of common exchange rates, the “blurring” of relations and borders between Russia and the newly independent states created serious difficulties for mutual trade, especially if we consider that Russia is a country with raw materials, has large reserves of minerals, primarily gas, oil, coal, etc., which many former republics of the USSR needed and still need. The negative impact on mutual trade, as well as on the entire economy of Russia, was exerted by the lack of control over the economic activities of the former Soviet republics while maintaining a single ruble space, as well as an increase in the supply of unpaid raw materials and energy resources to the CIS, which exacerbated the problem of external debt of many newly independent states. In fact, Russia was subsidizing the economies of the latter.

In the spirit of the liberalization of foreign trade on the territory of Russia, a unified procedure for licensing and quoting exports and imports of goods was introduced, covering trade with all states-subjects and all economic entities.

The liberalization of prices and foreign trade resulted in high rates of price growth in the economy, as well as cardinal and negative for economic development changes in price proportions (especially at the initial stage of reforms).

The liberalization of prices and foreign trade in 1992 made it possible for the primary industries to repeatedly raise prices for their products relative to the average level in the economy. Thus, the price deflator in oil production in 1992 is 5 times higher than the average price index, in the gas industry - 4 times, in oil refining - 2.4 times, in metallurgy - 2 times. At the same time, in other sectors, a significant decrease in relative prices is observed: the deflator in agriculture is 2.4 times lower compared to the price index for the economy, in the food and light industry - 2 times lower, in mechanical engineering - 1.2 times.

It is the liberalization of foreign trade in the conditions of "scissors" between domestic and foreign energy prices that some researchers consider the main cause of inflation in 1992-1994.

It was expected that with accession to the WTO, the regime for regulating imports and exports would become even more liberal. This will provide more favorable conditions for foreign companies that import food into our country and, accordingly, for domestic exporters - for the export of agricultural products and food from Russia. As the domestic market is saturated with domestic food, the export of agricultural products and foodstuffs, including grain, vegetable oil, powdered milk, poultry and pig meat, and flax fiber, will increase. Accession to the WTO will allow Russia to enter the markets of the WTO member countries as a full partner, open up access to the international mechanism for resolving trade disputes, allow it to participate in the development of international trade rules taking into account its national interests, and create conditions for the competitiveness of domestic agricultural products.

However, the liberalization of foreign economic activity caused an aggravation of budgetary and debt problems, did not contribute to economic dynamics in most of the country's manufacturing sector, and increased social tension. The liberalization of the foreign economic sphere did not ensure sustainable economic growth. The opening of the Russian economy revealed its low competitiveness, showed the need for structural modernization and effective inclusion in the global economy. The search for effective mechanisms for protecting national producers, stimulating and diversifying exports, increasing investment attractiveness, etc., has become very important for Russia.

Through foreign trade, as before, there is an unauthorized outflow of capital abroad. The extremely high concentration of deliveries on a narrow group of fuel and raw materials and materials makes the country's economy very sensitive to fluctuations in the world commodity and currency markets, and limits the possibility of effective participation in the international division of labor. The expansion of imports in Russia, natural and normal for the stage of economic recovery, in the absence of a sufficient number of competitive domestic suppliers, was accompanied by a strengthening of the positions of foreign products in the domestic market, including in many positions important for the country. In addition, there is a high dependence of the stability and well-being of financial, budgetary and foreign economic indicators on world prices for the fuel and raw materials complex. Their fluctuations significantly affect the stability of the economy, making it extremely unstable.

The main task of the modern foreign economic policy of Russia is to provide favorable conditions for the effective operation of domestic business in the foreign economic sphere, and thus for the effective development of the national economy as a whole. Foreign economic relations will have a positive impact on the state of the national economy and its efficiency only if, on the one hand, they stimulate the development of export production, and, on the other hand, ensure the import of products. At the same time, imports will complement, rather than replace, domestic production, and exports will expand the possibilities for the rational sale of domestic products outside the national market. At the same time, a significant role in the regulation of foreign economic activity should still belong to the state.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/

THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FEDERAL RAILWAY TRANSPORT AGENCY

MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY

WAYS OF COMMUNICATION

LEGAL INSTITUTE

Department of Financial and Legal Disciplines

COURSE WORK

"Economic consequences of the liberalization of foreign economic activity in Russia"

Performed

4th year student of UTD - 419

Solovieva N.S.

checked

PhD in Law, Associate Professor

Korovyakovsky D. G.

Moscow 2013

Introduction

The object of this course work is the foreign economic activity of Russia, the subject is its consequences after liberalization and its regulation by the state.

· Consider the causes of liberalization in Russia and its consequences in the 1990s;

· To study the goals of creating free economic zones and Russia's foreign economic activity in general;

· Conduct an analysis of the liberalization of foreign economic activity;

· Identify the main consequences of liberalization;

· Consider the current state of Russia's foreign economic activity.

In the second chapter of my work, I will analyze the liberalization of foreign economic activity and consider the consequences of liberalization.

In the third chapter, based on the problems I have identified, I will define and consider the current state of Russia after liberalization and its prospects.

Chapter 1. The Beginning of Liberalization in Russia

1.1 Liberalization of foreign economic activity on the territory of Russia in 1991

Since 1991, state regulation of foreign economic activity has been born in Russia in the form of an economic and legal mechanism of inducement and coercion.

At the same time, the formation of market relations was accompanied by two different approaches to foreign economic activity - full liberalization and state control. The first direction was fixed by Decree of the President of the RSFSR No. 213 on 15.11. 1991 "On the liberalization of foreign economic activity on the territory of the RSFSR" See Appendix 1, the second - by the Law of the Russian Federation "On the state regulation of foreign trade activities" Law of the Russian Federation "On the state regulation of foreign trade activities". In 1991, when the Decree was adopted, the state policy was aimed at stimulating foreign economic activity, stabilizing the domestic market and attracting foreign investment. All types of foreign exchange deductions were abolished, as well as taxes on imports and exports. By the end of 1991, the ratio of the money supply to the supply of goods reached a threefold level, which indicated a threatening economic disequilibrium. This was manifested in the growing shortage of goods, especially food in large cities. For most specialists, it became obvious that the country's national economy needs to be transferred to a market economy, which will require the abandonment of state regulation in the field of pricing. The release of prices was the first item in Boris Yeltsin's program of urgent economic reforms proposed to the Fifth Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, held in October 1991. In fact, the radical liberalization of consumer prices was carried out on January 2, 1992 in accordance with Decree of the President of the RSFSR of 03.12.1991 N 297 "On measures to liberalize prices" and Decree of the Government of the RSFSR of 19.12.1991 N 55 "On measures to liberalize prices", as a result whereby 90% of retail prices and 80% of wholesale prices were exempted from government regulation. Decree of the President of the RSFSR of December 3, 1991 N 297 “On measures to liberalize prices” and Decree of the Government of the RSFSR of December 19, 1991 N 55 “On measures to liberalize prices” At the same time, control over the price level for a number of socially significant consumer goods and services was left behind the state. Initially, margins on such goods were limited, but in March 1992 it became possible to lift these restrictions, which was used by most regions. In addition to the release of prices, starting from January 1992, a number of other important economic reforms were carried out, in particular, the liberalization of wages, and the freedom of retail trade was introduced. In 1995, the protection of economic sovereignty, ensuring the economic security of the Russian Federation, stimulating the development of the national economy in the implementation of foreign trade activities and providing conditions for the effective integration of the economy of the Russian Federation into the world economy became paramount tasks. The first legislative acts that consolidated certain provisions of the state regulation of foreign economic activity were the Law of the Russian Federation No. 3615-1 dated. October 09, 1992 "On currency regulation and currency control" and the Customs Code of the Russian Federation, adopted on June 18, 1993

The control of foreign trade activity is a special mechanism of administrative supervision by the state over compliance with the rules and norms of foreign trade regulation. It is a check by the state of compliance with the law, that is, it is the control of the correctness and legality of foreign exchange transactions and the application of responsibility for their violation. International economic relations. Textbook (under the editorship of V.E. Rybalkin.-m, UNITI, 2006-577s

Foreign trade - export-import relations between countries, which are based on the international division of labor. This is one of the sectors of the economy that has the greatest impact on the economic security of the state. Failure to comply with the provisions of the economic and legal mechanism of the state should entail the reaction of the state apparatus with the use of coercive forces to hold accountable for the commission of offenses. It is all the more important to bring to justice for committing misconduct that has a negative impact on the economic security of the state. For violation of the established procedure for the implementation of foreign economic activity, both administrative and criminal liability is provided. Foreign Economic Policy: Textbook. / Babin E.P., Isachenko T.M. - M.: Economics - 2009

1.2 Creation of free economic zones in the early 1990s to attract foreign investment into the Russian economy

Free economic zones - a part of the national-state territories, which have special preferential conditions for foreign and national entrepreneurs. These are areas of very high concentration of trade, financial, technological, and industrial ties. the main objective creation of SEZ - the rise of the region's economy, increasing its efficiency. They are centers of a high level of development of market relations, entrepreneurship, a place for improving technology and the management mechanism. These formations at the end of the twentieth century have become a significant factor in the world economy and are a kind of "commercial centers".

For the first time, an official specific definition of a free economic zone was given in the Kyoto Convention of May 18, 1973. A free economic zone should be understood as a part of the territory of one state in which imported goods are considered as goods located outside the customs territory in relation to the right to import and related taxes and are not subject to ordinary customs control. The freedom of a separate part of the state space is not absolute, but relative. This territory is free only in the sense that goods imported into it are exempt from customs duties, import taxes and other types of import controls that, in accordance with the customs legislation of the country, apply to goods imported into other territories of this country. At the same time, laws do not exempt commodity owners and investors from the existing economic legal order, but only facilitate it. Customs law. Textbook. (under the editorship of B.N. Gabrichidze-M.: BEK, 1995-466s

International economic relations. Textbook (under the editorship of I.P. Faminsky.-M.: 1989-410s

Modern varieties of duty-free trade and warehouse zones include consolidated customs zones (CTZ). They are created to intensify foreign economic activity. Preferential treatment in free customs zones is based on the abolition or mitigation of customs duties and export-import controls on goods entering the zone and re-exported from it. FTZ are special duty-free trade and storage zones, which, while remaining part of the national territory, are considered from the point of view of the financial regime as being outside state borders. They serve both the trade turnover of the host country and international transit operations.

The world experience of the successful functioning of free economic zones in the mid-90s attracted the close attention of Russian reformers, as a result of which the task was set to create a wide network of such zones in two or three years. It was planned to create up to 50 free zones in various regions of the USSR. At the same time, the special zones themselves were often seen as a means of transition from a command, scarce economy to a market-oriented one.

The first attempts to promote and create free economic zones were made in the mid-80s. So, in 1986, the idea of creating the SEZ "Nakhodka" was born. By the end of the 1980s, a state concept for the development of free economic zones on the territory of the USSR appeared. According to the form, SEZs were supposed to represent free-enterprise zones, compactly located in areas with developed scientific and technical potential. Their important task was to attract foreign capital and technology. In December 1989, the government of the USSR adopted a resolution on the creation of free economic zones in the cities of Nakhodka and Vyborg. Six months later, brief provisions of a general nature with respect to free economic zones were set out in the Fundamentals of Legislation on Foreign Investments in the USSR. http://expert.ru/

By the beginning of the 1990s, the state concept of the SEZ was supplemented by a number of regional initiatives. These initiatives emphasized the significant autonomy of free economic zones. In the mid 1990s. The Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR decided to create 13 free economic zones. For each FEZ, the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR approved a separate provision, fixing its economic and legal status.

The process of formation of free economic zones in the early 90s was characterized by the following features:

Lack of a clear understanding of the real goals and objectives of the SEZ;

· the vastness of the allotted territories for the FEZ: the share of formally created "free zones" accounted for more than one third of the territory of Russia;

· mass distribution of benefits and privileges to zones by lobbying their interests in the Government of the Russian Federation;

· the desire of local authorities for sovereignty through the creation of SEZs.

The Law "On Foreign Investments in the RSFSR", which came into force in September 1991, in which an entire chapter was devoted to free economic zones, noticeably streamlined the process of their formation. Law "On Foreign Investments in the RSFSR" of 1991 In free economic zones, a preferential regime for economic activity is established for foreign investments and enterprises with foreign participation: a simplified procedure for registering an enterprise with foreign investments. So, for enterprises with a contribution of foreign investors up to 75 million rubles, registration is carried out directly in the FEZ. Vigorous activity to attract foreign investment in the domestic economy began in the USSR during the perestroika years - in 1987, the first regulatory documents on the creation and operation of joint ventures of Russian organizations with foreign partners were adopted, which laid the foundation for the regulation of foreign direct investment in the Russian economy.

1.3 Reformation and foreign economic activity in Russia in 1995-1997

In 1992-1995 In Russia, a system of state regulation of foreign economic relations has been formed, using methods and tools widely used in countries with developed market economies. Russia has formed a fairly liberal system of regulation of foreign trade and other forms of foreign economic relations in less than five years. But the changes that were made to the system of state regulation were not supported by the relevant legislative norms of economic law, they did not fit well with those elements of economic management on the basis of which the development of the domestic sector of the national economy was regulated. Polterovich V. M. On the way to a new theory of reforms. // Economic science in modern Russia, No. 3, 1999 Along with the obvious success in the field of market transformations in the external sphere of the national economy of Russia and the development of exports, significant negative aspects were revealed during the reform. The development of this system took place under the influence of the confrontation between two points of view. Some economists believed that in the first period of economic reform it is dangerous to carry out an immediate and far-reaching liberalization of foreign economic relations. In conditions of total deficit, imbalance of the domestic market and money circulation, absence of a real exchange rate and normal market prices, situations often arose when the economic interests of participants in foreign economic activity came into conflict with national economic interests. Later, with the development of a free market pricing system, the improvement of the exchange rate, the normalization of money circulation and the entire domestic market, conditions were created that made it possible to widely liberalize the export and import of goods and services, and then capital.

· all enterprises and their associations received the right to carry out foreign economic operations without special permission, which previously had to be obtained;

· part of the foreign exchange earnings remaining at the disposal of the exporter increased to 50%;

· taxes on imports were abolished, the rates of which on many items were unreasonably high;

· in accordance with the liberalization of prices for all products and resources from January 1, 1992, the government expanded the scope of use of the market rate, ie. free price for foreign currency. In fact, this meant the devaluation of the ruble by almost 60 times. And from July 1 of the same year, the single market rate actually became the main exchange rate;

· the list of goods, the export of which was licensed and subject to quotas, was reduced.

· increase in federal budget revenues;

· Strengthening customs protection of domestic production.

In general, liberalization in Russia took place in several stages. At the first stage (end of 1991 - first half of 1992), liberalization measures included:

· removal of restrictions on the export of finished products (while maintaining strict quantitative and tariff restrictions on the export of fuel and raw materials);

· Partial liberalization of the exchange rate (with the establishment of a special rate for settlements with the budget and the preservation of subsidies for critical imports);

abolition of any restrictions on imports.

At the third stage (1993-1994) the transition to tariff management methods was completed. The volume of export-import operations carried out on a centralized basis has decreased to 30% of the foreign trade turnover. The main role in the FES has passed to enterprises of all forms of ownership.

free economic zone import substitution

Chapter 2. Liberalization, analysis and its consequences

2.1 Analysis of foreign economic activity liberalization: pros and cons

Fourth, as early as 1993, the country's foreign trade turnover began to grow. Customs law. Textbook. (under the editorship of B.N. Gabrichidze-M.: BEK, 1995-466s

Nevertheless, in the implementation of this policy, one can single out the main period, starting around 2000, coinciding with the upward phase of transformational transformations.

2.2 Analysis and assessment of import substitution in the Russian Federation

The rapid, more than threefold, devaluation of the ruble in August-September 1998 led to a sharp decline in the real exchange rate. At the same time, the economy developed a tendency to increase production, which remained stable for a long period after the crisis. As can be seen from the table See Appendix 2, in the 4th quarter of 1998 - the 1st quarter of 1999 there was a sharp fall in the real effective exchange rate, which was accompanied by a decrease in imports. Further, during 1999-2002. there was a slow recovery movement in the opposite direction, that is, an increase in imports against the backdrop of a gradual strengthening of the real ruble. The depreciation of the real exchange rate of the ruble in 1998 led to a relative rise in the price of imported goods. We can assume that this led to an increase in demand for Russian traded goods, which began to replace imports. According to this hypothesis, there should be a decrease in domestic consumption of imported goods and, accordingly, the volume of imports, and an increase in domestic consumption of domestic goods. In explaining the observed effects, other factors that influence the demand for imported and domestic goods must also be taken into account. In addition to the depreciation of the real exchange rate in the fall of 1998, there was a decline in the real incomes of enterprises and the population, which caused a general decline in demand for all types of goods. However, even in this case, it can be assumed that at first there is a decrease in the consumption of both categories of goods due to a decrease in income, but at constant relative prices, and then an additional decrease in the consumption of imported goods with an increase in the consumption of domestic goods with a relative rise in the cost of imports, assuming their price elasticity. From a formal point of view, there is a change in demand for domestic and imported goods under the influence of the income effect and the substitution effect. An increase in the consumption of domestic goods, together with a decrease in the consumption of imported goods, can be observed not only due to changes in relative prices, but also due to changes in the structure of imports, exports and production of domestic goods, as well as due to changes in preferences. The transformational recession in the Russian economy in the first years after price liberalization has been replaced in recent years by sustainable economic growth, one of the main reasons for which is structural shifts and transformational processes in the economy that occur during the transition period during the formation of a market system. We see that one of the most important growth factors was the increase in the efficiency of enterprises, the change in the structure of investments and the increase in economic and investment activity, the adaptation of labor resources, etc. http://cyberleninka.ru

The dynamics of consumption of domestic and imported goods may, in addition to the reasons listed above, depend on changes in the propensity to consume imported goods. The rapid relaxation of restrictions on imports of goods and the expansion of the range of products available for purchase and consumption in the first half of the 1990s, together with the strengthening of the real exchange rate of the ruble, led to an increase in the propensity to consume imported goods even in the presence of similar domestic goods. Komissarova I.P., Marel M.B. Export Import. - M.: Sistema GARANT, 2011 It can be assumed that the devaluation of the ruble in 1998 caused a switch in consumption to domestic goods with a possible hysteresis effect, that is, without switching back to imported goods with a real strengthening of the ruble in recent years. The opposite effect is also possible - an increase in demand for imports associated with the need to maintain equipment imported earlier.

2.3 Consequences of price liberalization

The public sector has lost its leading role in the economy. The share of the private sector in the production of GDP was more than 70%. The rapid implementation of price liberalization, liberalization of foreign trade and privatization took place in conditions of lack of specificity and insecurity of property rights, the absence of a private sector and traditions of private entrepreneurship, and a high degree of monopolization of the national economy. This created huge incentives to maximize wealth through participation in various forms of the shadow economy. The economic transformations of the 1990s in Russia - in all their main directions - led to consequences not predicted by experts. Price liberalization gave rise to a much faster and longer-term price growth. The desire to stabilize prices at any cost led to the formation of a non-payment mechanism and the transition to barter exchanges, that is, in fact, to the formation of a non-monetary economy on a new basis.

As a result of the reform of the 1990s, a full-fledged market economy was not created in Russia. The created economic system rather bore the features of state capitalism, it is called, in particular, “quasi-market”. Foreign Economic Policy: Textbook. / Babin E.P., Isachenko T.M. - M.: Economics - 2009 Under the influence of hyperinflation, there was a deep deformation of all cost proportions and the ratio of prices for the products of individual industries, which changed the cost bases of the financial, budgetary and monetary system. The consumer price index increased 1187 times from 1992 to 1995, and nominal wages 616 times. A noticeable impoverishment of almost the majority of the population of Russia in the early 90s: the standard of living of the bulk of the population decreased in many ways by 1.5-2 times - to the indicators of the 40s and early 50s.

The structure of industrial production has also changed over the years of transformation. There has been a decline in knowledge-intensive industries, the technical degradation of the economy, and the curtailment of modern technologies. The decline in production in Russia in terms of its scale and duration significantly exceeded all peacetime crises known in history.

Chapter 3. Modern Russia after liberalization

3.1 Current conditions and opportunities for Russia after liberalization

After the long-awaited completion of all negotiations in December 2011 and the official invitation of the Russian Federation to join the WTO, once again returns to the issue of freedom of trade, integration into international economic processes and liberalization of foreign economic relations, the impact of these processes on the country and the possibility of using them to stimulate the development of the national economy . Modern economic studies for the most part consider the consequences of the liberalization of international trade as a purely positive impact on the country's economy. Market liberalization, which primarily means lowering various barriers to trade in goods and services, is designed to stimulate economic growth and development, increase people's well-being, and so on. The current level of international globalization has brought the issues of liberalization of economic activity to the fore.

To date, a lot of research has been carried out on modeling the world economy in conditions of full or partial trade liberalization. Most often, one of the starting points is the implementation of the main ideas of the Doha Round of WTO negotiations, which claims a relatively high level of economic openness, but has not yet been implemented. The main goal is the same - to reveal the extent of the impact of further liberalization of the world economy on countries and some regions separately, as well as on the general well-being of the world as a whole. There is a clear downward trend in growth expectations due to the liberalization policy.

Russia's accession to the WTO is certainly a serious step towards the liberalization of the country's foreign economic activity. Today, all countries that are members of the WTO use a wide range of both tariff and non-tariff restrictions to support national economies. Moreover, if you look at the current economic situation in general and world trade, undermined by the financial crisis, you can see the growth of protective measures, which means that further liberalization is still being postponed, despite all the calls today to abandon protectionism. The growth of protectionism around the world is an established and stable trend that will dominate, at least in the medium term. Based on the understanding that international trade is a classic example of game theory, the introduction of protectionist measures in the short term will benefit some countries and provoke a transition to similar policies in others. All this will have a negative impact on international trade and set back the process of liberalization of national economies. Liberalization as such is not an absolute and indisputable blessing.

Journal: Problems modern economy. Year of issue: 2012 Issue number:2 The quota system has been actively used by the government over the past decade and has yielded results in some areas. Any restrictive policy in the form of outright bans, strict quotas or high tariffs leads to higher prices for domestic consumers. As a result, this leads to a direct reflection of all tariff measures in the final price of the goods. With the introduction of state restrictions on trade, first of all, buyers suffer, forced to pay an inflated price for goods, while producers risk unbalancing the domestic market, producing more than is necessary according to market equilibrium theories. The achieved imbalance in any case leads to general losses of the economy, due to large losses of consumers, outweighing the benefits of producers and the potential income of the state. Russia often applies very strict restrictive measures. As an example, we can recall the ban on grain exports in 2010. Such measures have a negative impact on the economy. The main stated goal of the ban is to keep domestic prices from rising. Such state measures will now be limited by WTO rules.

Structural changes in the economy can only occur as a result of large-scale shifts in economic systems, a broad reorientation of the economy. Such shifts can be achieved through partial liberalization and increased competition. Here, one of the mechanisms for activating internal resources is an open economy. Recently, the Russian government has been gradually liberalizing foreign economic activity and systematically expanding the country's smooth and controlled economic integration into the world economy. One of the latest steps in this direction is the organization in 2010 of the Customs Union. The removal of certain trade barriers and the strengthening of the integration of the economies of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia will have a positive impact and will stimulate the further development of commodity producers in the three countries. Today, we can predict the strengthening of integration, the increase in trade and the growth of cargo transportation, import substitution within the united framework of the three states.

At the same time, agricultural producers in Russia are forced to put up with increased competition.

3.2 The current state and trends of Russia's foreign economic activity

http://vestnik.udsu.ru

Filling the domestic market

creation of competition

the beginning of the use of modern management methods

· made the movement towards a market economy irreversible.

In general, the Russian economy over the past 20 years has actually returned to the pre-industrial era: at the moment, the share of manufacturing in gross value added and in the number of employees has fallen by half; productivity in the field of mechanical engineering has decreased six times over the past 10 years; less than 1/5 of the output of Russian engineering is exported - in the total volume of exports, the share of products of this industry is practically not significant. Russia has become a raw material appendage of more successful countries, supplying them with energy, metals, timber, fertilizers, etc. see Appendix 3

The concept and essence of the special economic zone. The study of the stages of formation of free economic zones in Russia. Analysis of the effectiveness of the use of tax and customs benefits for business, attracting foreign investment in the national economy.

abstract, added 04/08/2014

The concept and legal foundations of foreign economic activity, the main types of regulation and control in the field of foreign economic activity, the system of bodies state power managing foreign economic activity in Russia.

thesis, added 05/26/2003

The main forms of regulation of foreign economic activity. Customs-legal regulation of foreign economic activity. Legal regulation of foreign trade. Legal regulation of free economic zones.

term paper, added 02/09/2007

Theoretical aspects of the organization of foreign economic activity of the enterprise. Analysis of the foreign economic activity of OJSC "Ammophos". Export potential of the chemical complex of Russia in the context of accession to the WTO.

term paper, added 04/10/2007

Studying the experience of international management of foreign economic activity of different countries. Analysis international mechanisms regulation of foreign economic activity. Assessment of the influence of the World Trade Organization on the Russian system of foreign economic activity management.

term paper, added 06/17/2013

Creation, development of the Udmurt CCI, goals and activities. Organization of foreign economic activity of the UCCI. Analysis of foreign economic activity, dynamics of technical and economic performance indicators. Problems and directions for improving efficiency.

practice report, added 08/08/2010

Essence of import and import operations. Analysis of the dynamics of attracting foreign investment in the Russian economy. The impact and consequences of the global financial and economic crisis on the investment climate in Belarus, practical advice for its improvement.

thesis, added 05/11/2014

Characteristics and development of foreign economic activity. Forms and methods of international trade. Analysis of the financial condition and foreign economic activity of OAO "NLMK", improvement, development prospects during the international crisis.

Consequences of the liberalization of foreign economic activity. Liberalization of foreign economic activity

Introduction

Beginning of liberalization in Russia

Liberalization of foreign economic activity on the territory of Russia in 1991

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Report a typo

Text to be sent to our editors:

Your comment (optional):