The organic world of the Atlantic Ocean: features and description. General description of the organic world of the Pacific Ocean
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Physical geography of continents and oceans
OCEANS
PACIFIC OCEAN
Features of the organic world of the Pacific Ocean
In the waters of the Pacific Ocean is concentrated more than half of the living matter of the entire oceans Earth. This applies to both plants and animals. The organic world as a whole is distinguished by species richness, antiquity, and a high degree of endemism.
The fauna, numbering up to 100 thousand species in general, is characterized by mammals living mainly in temperate and high latitudes. A representative of toothed whales, the sperm whale, has a massive distribution, and several species of striped whales from toothless whales. Their fishing is strictly limited. Separate genera of the eared seal family (sea lions) and fur seals are found in the south and north of the ocean. Northern fur seals are valuable fur-bearing animals, the trade of which is strictly controlled. In the northern waters of the Pacific Ocean, there are also very rare sea lions (from eared seals) and walrus, which has a circumpolar range, but is now on the verge of extinction.
very rich fauna fish. In tropical waters, there are at least 2000 species, in the northwestern seas - about 800 species. The Pacific Ocean accounts for almost half of the world's fish catch. The main fishing areas are the northern and central parts of the ocean. The main commercial families are salmon, herring, cod, anchovies, etc.
The predominant mass of living organisms inhabiting the Pacific Ocean (as well as other parts of the World Ocean) falls on invertebrates that live at different levels of ocean waters and at the bottom of shallow waters: these are protozoa, coelenterates, arthropods (crabs, shrimps), molluscs (oysters, squids, octopuses), echinoderms, etc. They serve as food for mammals, fish, sea birds, but also constitute an essential component of marine fisheries and are objects of aquaculture.
The Pacific Ocean, due to the high temperatures of its surface waters in tropical latitudes, is especially rich in various species corals, including those with a calcareous skeleton. In no other ocean is there such an abundance and variety of coral structures of various types as in the Pacific.
basis plankton are unicellular representatives of the animal and plant world. There are almost 380 species in the phytoplankton of the Pacific Ocean.
The greatest wealth of the organic world is characteristic of areas where the so-called upwelling(raising to the surface of deep waters rich in minerals) or mixing of waters with different temperatures occurs, which creates favorable conditions for the nutrition and development of phyto- and zooplankton, which feed on fish and other animals of the nekton. In the Pacific, upwelling areas are concentrated along the coasts of Peru and in divergence zones in subtropical latitudes, where there are areas of intensive fishing and other trades.
Against the background of normal, annually recurring conditions, the Pacific Ocean is characterized by disruptive event circulation and hydrological processes and not observed in other parts of the oceans. It manifests itself at intervals of 3 to 7 years and entails a violation of the usual environmental conditions within the intertropical space of the Pacific Ocean, affecting the life of living organisms, including the population of the coastal regions of the land. It consists in the following: at the end of November or in December, i.e. shortly before Christmas (why the phenomenon received the popular name " El Niño”, which means “Holy Child”), for reasons not yet understood, there is a weakening of the south trade wind and, consequently, a weakening of the South Trade Wind and the influx of relatively cold waters to the shores of South America and to the west of it. At the same time, winds usually unusual for these latitudes begin to blow from the northwest towards the southern hemisphere, carrying relatively warm waters to the southeast, intensifying the Equatorial countercurrent. This disrupts the upwelling phenomenon both in the zone of intratropical divergence and off the coast of South America, which, in turn, leads to plankton death, and then the fish and other animals that feed on it.
El Niño phenomenon regularly observed since the second half of the 19th century. It has been established that in many cases it was accompanied by a violation of environmental conditions not only in the ocean, but also on vast areas of adjacent land: an anomalous increase in precipitation in the arid regions of South America and, conversely, droughts in the island and coastal regions of Southeast Asia and Australia. The consequences of El Niño in 1982-1983 and 1997-1998 are considered especially severe, when this unfavorable phenomenon lasted for several months.
- Pacific Ocean
- Ocean floor, mid-ocean ridges and transition zones
- Features of the organic world
natural areas. If you compare the distribution of the natural zones of Australia and Africa, you will find that in Australia, as well as in Africa, a large area is occupied by savanna and tropical desert zones. Tropical deserts and semi-deserts are located in the central and western parts of the mainland. Savannas border this zone from the north, east, southeast and southwest.
The peculiarity of the organic world. Although Australia has the same natural zones as South Africa and Madagascar, except for the altitudinal zones, the organic world here is completely different. Nature has created a huge nature reserve in Australia, where many plants and animals are preserved, close to those that inhabited the Earth in ancient times and disappeared on other continents. The species composition of plants and animals is characterized by poverty and originality. This is due to the fact that Australia and the adjacent islands have long separated from other continents.
The organic world has long developed in isolation. Up to 75% of mainland plant species are found only in Australia. These include many types of eucalyptus, which are very diverse. There are giant eucalyptus trees, more than 100 m high. The roots of such trees go 30 m into the ground and, like powerful pumps, pump moisture out of it. There are stunted eucalyptus trees and shrub eucalyptus trees. Eucalyptus trees are well adapted to dry climates. Their leaves are located with an edge to the sunlight, the crown does not shade the soil, so the eucalyptus forests are light. In eucalyptus trees, hardwood is a good building material. And their leaves are used for the production of oils, paints, medicines.
In addition to eucalyptus, Australia is characterized by acacias, casuarinas with leafless thread-like branches, which are not found on other continents.
In the subequatorial forests, among tall grasses, along with other trees (palms, ficuses, etc.), peculiar bottle trees grow .. - with a trunk thick at the base, sharply tapering upwards. A characteristic feature of the subtropical forests is the dominance of various types of eucalyptus trees intertwined with lianas, and many tree ferns.
Thickets of dry shrubs are common in the interior desert regions, consisting mainly of low-growing prickly acacias and eucalyptus trees. Such thickets are called scrub. There is almost no vegetation on mobile sandy ridges and stony placers. In contrast to Africa, there are no oases in Australia, but the deserts do not look as lifeless as, for example, the Sahara.
The fauna of Australia is also very peculiar. Only here live the most primitive mammals - echidna and platypus. They are interesting in that they hatch the young from eggs, and feed them with milk, like mammals. There are many marsupials in Australia. Their cubs are born very small, and the mother wears them in a bag representing a fold of skin on her stomach.
The vast majority of marsupial families are unique to Australia. Among them, the kangaroo family is especially common. Giant kangaroos reach 3 m. There are dwarf kangaroos, 30 cm in size. There are also wombats resembling marmots. In the eucalyptus forests, you can meet the marsupial koala bear. It lives in trees and leads a sedentary nocturnal lifestyle, it is also called the Australian sloth. A very rare predator, the marsupial devil, has survived on the island of Tasmania.
The world of birds is rich, diverse and also peculiar. Especially a lot of parrots. In the forests there is a beautiful bird lyrebird, birds of paradise with bright plumage, in dry savannahs and semi-deserts - emu. There are lizards, poisonous snakes, crocodiles are found in the reservoirs of Northern Australia.
Australians love and care about the nature of their mainland. They pay much attention to the protection of plants and animals and their study. The emu and kangaroo are depicted on the state emblem of the country, and the echidna, platypus, lyrebird are depicted on Australian coins.
End of work -
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Topic: The natural originality of the organic world of Australia The objectives of the lesson: - To get acquainted with the features of the nature of Australia and the classes of first animals and marsupial mammals. - To expand the horizons of students within the framework of the topic. -Cultivate attention, observation, involve in the search for new knowledge.
The peculiarity of the organic world Nature in Australia is a huge nature reserve, where many plants and animals are preserved, close to those that inhabited the Earth in ancient times and disappeared on other continents. The species composition of plants and animals is characterized by poverty and originality. The organic world developed in isolation. Thickets of dry shrubs, consisting of low-growing prickly acacias and eucalyptus trees, are common in the interior desert regions. Such thickets are called scrub.
Vegetation of Australia Up to 75% of the plant species of the mainland are found only in Australia. These include many types of eucalyptus, which are very diverse. There are giant eucalyptus trees, more than 100 m high. There are undersized eucalyptus trees and eucalyptus shrubs. Eucalyptus trees are well adapted to dry climates. In eucalyptus trees, hardwood is a good building material. The leaves are used to make oils, paints, and medicines.
An amazing symbol of Australia The marsupials, or lower animals, include possums, kangaroos, marsupial wolf, koala, marsupial mole, etc. The State Emblem of Australia is easy to distinguish, if only because it is the only one that depicts a kangaroo. Giant kangaroos reach 3 m. There are dwarf kangaroos, 30 cm in size. Marsupial cubs are born very small, and the mother wears them in a bag representing a fold of skin on the abdomen.
The emu lives in dry savannahs and semi-deserts. The representative of the emu genus is characterized by a uniform gray coloration and a relatively fully feathered head and neck. They live in small groups of 4-6 individuals. Only the male takes care of the offspring.
Plant protection Australians love and care about the nature of their mainland. They pay a lot of attention to the protection of plants. Every major city in Australia has its own botanical garden. The Canberra Botanical Garden was created on the site of a natural eucalyptus forest. It also has a patch of wet rainforest. Australia's oldest botanical garden, Sydney contains a particularly rich collection of tropical plants. Each state of the Commonwealth of Australia has its own botanical emblem.
Animal Conservation Australians also love their unique animals, taking care of their conservation. Attention to the animal world is shown even in the fact that some of its representatives are depicted on Australian coins (echidna, platypus, lyrebird bird). In Australia, a number of legislative measures have been taken to actually save and protect their rarest animals: they have banned their export, captivity, limited or completely banned the hunting of certain species.
Answer the questions. What are the features of the location of natural areas in Australia? How are they explained? What is the uniqueness of the plant and animal world? Explain the reasons for this peculiarity? Why are there so many endemics in Australia? How can one explain the fact of the absence of primates? What is a "scrub"? Where does he meet? Which island off the southern coast of Australia bears the name of a large Australian animal? Why was a law passed in Australia in the 19th century prohibiting the importation of wild plants and animals into the mainland?
The peculiarity of the organic world of Australia
Lesson Objectives:
Educational: to repeat the features of mainland Australia, to familiarize with the features of the organic world of the mainland, to conduct a comparative description of the organic world of Africa and Australia.
Developing: with create the necessary conditions for the development of a system of skills to work with different sources of information, skills to analyze and generalize the knowledge gained.
Educational: with contribute to the education of an active creative person who can solve non-standard problems; educate communication skills, tolerance in group work
Means of education: geography textbook grade 7, grade 7 atlas, physical map of Australia, map of natural areas of Australia, projector, computer, presentation, video "Nature of Australia"
Epigraph:
“Traveling is penetration into the realm of the significant and beautiful!” (K.P. Paustovsky)
During the classes
Introduction by the teacher.
“This region is the most curious on the globe! Its origin, the organic world, the climate - all this surprised, surprised and will surprise more than once ... The most bizarre, most illogical country of all that has ever existed!
Imagine, my friends, a continent that, in its infancy, rose from the sea waves not with its central part, but with its edges, like a kind of giant ring; the mainland, which perhaps hides in its core a half-evaporated sea; the mainland, where the rivers dry up every day, where there is no dampness either in the air or in the soil; where trees annually lose not leaves, but bark; where the leaves give no shade; where animals are unusual; quadrupeds have beaks, kangaroos have legs of different lengths ...
O! The most bizarre, most illogical country! The earth is paradoxical, rejecting all the laws of nature!” So wrote about Australia one of the heroes of Jules Verne in the novel "Children of Captain Grant"
Guys, you are already familiar with the features of the geographical location of Australia, let's remember the features of the mainland.
What hemisphere is Australia in?(In the southern hemisphere)
What is the Great Barrier Reef? What is its length?(Along the northeastern part of the mainland, as if fringing the coastline, stretches the world's largest coral reef, 2 thousand km long)
What is a coral reef made of?(Corals are representatives of intestinal animals, leading an attached lifestyle, having a calcareous skeleton. After dying, they turn into peculiar rocks, forming coral reefs)
Who discovered Australia?(Europeans, the Dutch navigator Abel Tasman explored most of the mainland, the English navigator and explorer James Cook discovered the east coast, and the west coast was discovered by the Dutchman Willem Janszon)
Why was Australia discovered later than other inhabited continents?(the opening was prevented by remoteness from Europe and the isolation of the mainland)
Australia is the opposite.
Australia is the opposite.
She is above us.
There are rivers flowing without water
The trees themselves climb out of the bark,
There the rabbits are worse than the flood.
Saves the south from the northern heat
The capital has no population.
There cats get snakes for food,
Animals are born from eggs
And the dogs don't know how to bark. (Galina Usova)
Teacher - Well, guys, tell me, how did you understand the meaning of these lines? You had an advanced task - using atlases and additional literature, explain the processes and phenomena described in this work, prove or refute the words of the author. Let's figure it out
1 student-
Australia is the opposite.
Its source is at London Pier:
Cleared the way for predators
Exiles and hard labor people.
From the end of the 18th century Australian exploration begins. The Australian government first exiled criminals to Australia.
In the southeast of the mainland, the city of Sydney arose as a colony of convicts. In connection with the discovery of the richest gold deposits in the middle of the 19th century. many “seekers of happiness” rushed to Australia. England declared the entire mainland a colony of England.
2 student
Australia is the opposite.
She is above us.
They obviously walk upside down there;
There's an inside-out year.
Gardens bloom in October
There is summer in January, not July,
There are rivers flowing without water
They disappear in the desert somewhere.
Due to the location of the mainland in the Southern Hemisphere, the Australian summer begins in December, autumn in March, winter in June, and spring in September. Most of the mainland is located in the tropical zone, so a tropical dry climate prevails there. Only a third of the territory receives sufficient or excessive moisture. The climate is arid: in summer +20+28 C. In winter +12+24C, precipitation is 5 times less than in Africa. In the dry winter period, the grasses burn out, the trees shed their leaves. Life freezes. Savannah turns yellow. In the rainy season, nature comes to life, juicy grasses grow. Savannah is brimming with life
Student 3
There the rabbits are worse than the flood,
There are traces of wingless birds in the thickets
There cats get snakes for food,
Animals are born from eggs
And the dogs don't know how to bark.
Introduced to the mainland, rabbits and Dingo dogs quickly settle, which suppresses the local organic world. Rabbits and sheep contribute to a significant decrease in marsupials, which used to feed on the same pastures.
Echidna and platypus live in Australia, they are endemic Australia, i.e. are not found anywhere else. They are interesting in that they hatch their young from eggs, and feed them with milk, like mammals. Another endemic ostrich, Emu, is a ratite bird, i.e. not flying
Pupil 4
The capital has no population.
The capital of Australia is Canberra, which was conceived and built. as a garden city, located in a picturesque river valley among the hills, overgrown with eucalyptus trees. 12 million trees from different countries of the world were planted here. In 1913, the laying of the capital took place, and in 1927 its official opening.
Well done boys. With the help of this poem, we got to know Australia a little better. Now open the atlases. Map of natural areas of Australia. Notice in Australia, just like in Africa. A large area is occupied by savannas and tropical deserts. Tropical deserts and semi-deserts are located in the central and western parts of the mainland. Eucalyptus, acacia, bottle trees grow here among the herbs.
To the south, deserts are common. Low thorny eucalyptus trees and other shrubs grow in the Australian deserts, their thickets are called scrub. Such deserts are good pasture for sheep.
In the subequatorial forests, among tall grasses, along with palm trees and ficuses, peculiar bottle trees grow. Up to 75% of Australian plants- endemics mainland.
The animal world is also unique. Only here live the most primitive mammals - echidna and platypus. They are interesting in that they hatch the young from eggs, and feed them with milk, like mammals. There are many marsupials here - kangaroos. Their cubs are born very small, and their mother wears them in a bag, representing a fold of skin on the stomach. By the way, you know that the kangaroo got its name quite by accident. There is a legend according to which James Cook, while exploring the mainland, saw an interesting animal jumping like a rabbit, from the bag on the stomach of which a cub looked out. He asked the Aboriginal leader "Who is this?" to which the chief replied “I don’t understand” in his own language, James Cook thought that this was the chief’s answer and was the name of the animal, since then this animal has been called the kangaroo.
The vast majority of marsupial families are unique to Australia - giant kangaroos 3 m high, pygmy kangaroos only 30 cm in size, wombats, a marsupial koala bear that lives in trees and leads a nocturnal sedentary lifestyle, for which the locals called it the Australian sloth.
A very rare predator, the marsupial devil, has survived on the island of Tasmania. It is also called the Tasmanian wolf, it is a very aggressive predator, it screams very loudly and with a wheeze, so it can be heard from afar.
The world of birds is also rich and varied - there are many parrots, lyrebirds, birds of paradise, the ostrich Emu. There are also lizards, poisonous snakes, crocodiles.
On the state emblem of the Commonwealth of Australia, the ostrich Emu and the kangaroo are depicted, and the echidna, platypus, bird lyrebird are depicted on Australian coins.
Guys, what do you think. Why are these animals so honored?? (These are endemic, rare species. They are under state protection)
We got acquainted with the organic world of this amazing continent. Now let's play a little and summarize. I offer you such a game - I read the sentence, if you agree, clap your hands once, if not, then do not clap. So, let's begin…
Koala eats only eucalyptus leaves (+)
In Australia there are lions, bears and hippos (-)
The natural areas of Australia and Africa have similar features (+)
Platypus and echidna - egg-laying mammals (+)
There are many rivers and lakes in Australia (-)
Dingo dogs can't bark (+)
Capital of the Commonwealth of Australia Sydney (-)
Bottle trees grow in both Australia and Africa (+)
Oaks and birches grow in Australia (-)
Corals are animals (+)
Well done. Completed this task
The next task is "Guess" You must determine this or that plant or animal from the description.
The leaves of this tree are used to produce oils, paints and medicines? Their leaves are lighter than those of ordinary trees. Do koalas eat its leaves? (Eucalyptus)
These animals are the only marsupial predators, they are black in color with white patches on the sides, massive and strong jaws, feed on mammals and reptiles. It emits a very strong and nasty scream with a wheeze. Listed in the Red Book (marsupial devil, Tasmanian wolf)
This is a large bird with powerful legs. Runs fast and doesn't fly (Ostrich Emu)
What kind of joke is this?
No fluff, no feather
The tail of a beaver, and the nose of a duck,
And neither duck nor beaver (platypus)
Looks like a hedgehog
But not for a haircut.
And it brings out, like birds,
Generation from eggs (echidna)
You had one more advanced task - to prepare interesting facts about Australia
Student-
Australia is the largest island and smallest continent on the planet.
Mount Uluru has become a symbol of central Australia for changing its hues at sunset and sunrise.
The Blue Mountains got their name because they are shrouded in a blue haze - the evaporation of eucalyptus oils.
Lake Aire is the lowest point in Australia.
Most of Australia's lakes do not have a runoff and are saline. Many lakes are filled with water only during the wet period. The largest of them is Lake Eyre.
In Sydney Harbor is the Harbor Bridge, which looks like a giant coat rack
The Sydney Opera House is rightfully considered one of the most beautiful built after the Second World War, it is surrounded by water on three sides
The only venomous mammal living in Australia is the platypus.
To protect against Dingo dogs in Australia, the longest fence in the world was installed, with a length of 8 thousand km.
Due to Australia's location in the Southern Hemisphere, Australian summer begins in December, autumn in March, winter in June, and spring in September.
The most unique continent! But with the development of the mainland, nature suffered greatly. Many animals are on the verge of extinction. Significant areas. Cleared from the forest, they are occupied by fields and vineyards. Rabbits and sheep quickly settled and took their place in the food chain, poplar, oak and other plants not typical for Australia, brought from other continents, are settled. Australia's unique and peculiar organic world is changing, so Australians are trying to preserve the uniqueness of the organic world. To this end, laws have been passed prohibiting the import of plants and animals, and the export of rare native species is also strictly controlled. To preserve natural complexes and save endangered rare plants and animals, a significant number of national parks and reserves have been created.
Guys, today we repeated the features of the geographical location of the mainland Australia, and also got acquainted with the unique organic world. I am very pleased with you, you did a good job. Now write down your homework - using the atlas and additional literature, fill in the comparative table "Organic world of Africa and Australia", prepare a report on the topic "Amazing Australia"
This concludes our lesson. I hope you enjoyed it, you learned a lot of interesting information. I suggest you evaluate our lesson. Do you have questionnaires on the table for evaluating the lesson, how satisfied were you with the lesson, did you learn something new and interesting for yourself?
comparison table
organic world
Africa
Australia
Plants
Fish
reptiles
Amphibians
mammals
Birds
Questionnaire
I worked actively/passively in class today (underline)
With their work in the lesson ... satisfied / dissatisfied (underline)
The lesson for me was long/short (underline)
interesting/boring (underline)
easy/difficult (underline)
Material understood/did not understand (underline)
reflective screen
Today I found out...
I was interested to know that….
It was difficult for me...
Now I can…
I purchased...
I was surprised...
It was a revelation for me that...
1.
Describe the African savannas. What explains the diversity of his animal
peace?
2.
What signs underlie the division of the Earth into parts? What is the difference between parts
light from the continents?.
Ticket number 10
1.
What is the reason for the formation of currents? What is the role of ocean currents in
shaping the climate of the continents? (give examples)
2.
The climate of Antarctica is called harsh. What is included in this concept?
Ticket number 11
1.
Each of the continents has its share of deserts. Which one and why are they
occupy the largest area?
2.
What is the uniqueness of the organic world of Australia?
Ticket number 12
1.
Give examples of the positive and negative impact of economic
activities of the population on the nature of Eurasia.
2.
Oceania. Geographical position, origin of the islands, features
organic world.
Ticket number 13
1.
The peoples of Africa.
2.
Deserts. Features of nature.
landforms
4. What does the geography of continents and oceans study
5. Hypotheses of the origin of continents and oceans
6. determine the geographical coordinates of the extreme points of Australia
7.History of the discovery of Antarctica
8. describe on the map the major river systems of South America
9. characterize the climate zone
10. Patterns of the geographical shell
11. Systematic belts of the earth
12. determine the geographical coordinates of the extreme points of the mainland Africa
13history of discovery and exploration of Central Asia
14describe the Arctic Ocean
15 Determine the length of Africa from north to south
16climatic maps features of the distribution of heat and moisture on the surface of the earth
17African reserves
18Describe the Amazon River
19physical and geographical characteristics of the Pacific Ocean
20value of natural resources (mineral, climatic, water, land, biological)
21show the seas around the mainland Eurasia
22 main types of air masses their influence on climate
23need for international cooperation in the use of nature
24description of the river nile according to plan
25permanent winds and conditions for their formation
26characteristics of the countries of southern Europe
27describe the population of mainland australia
28waters of the oceans
29peculiarities of nature uk
30determine the geographical coordinates of Italy
31natural areas of africa
32the future of the oceans
34determine the geographical coordinates of the extreme points of the mainland Eurasia
35peculiarity of the organic world australia
36formations of currents and their types
37description of italy according to plan
38Change in the nature of the mainlandSouth America under the influence of human efficiency
39describe any natural area
40determine the length of the mainland of Australia from west to east in kilometers
41maps - the second language of geography
42inland waters of Eurasia
43determine the geographical coordinates of the extreme points of the mainland South America
45nature of antarctica
46Australian relief features
47 seas washing the mainland north america
48human land development
49continental and oceanic crust
50show on political map
51peculiarities of the nature of Antarctica
52change in nature under the influence of human economic activity
53characteristics of the Don River according to the plan
54natural complexes of land and ocean
56modern exploration of the continent antarctica
57show large lithospheric plates on the map