Humidity and health. The influence of weather, climate, air, wind strength, humidity on health, immunity What effect does high humidity have on a person

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INTRODUCTION

Human health directly depends on the quality and condition of the air that he breathes. After all, it affects the vital activity, performance and well-being of the human body. A survey I conducted among school students showed that the main characteristic of the air that respondents are interested in is cleanliness and few people think about the humidity of the air we breathe. But not only the state of human life depends on this factor, but also animals, plants, as well as the safety of technical objects, architectural structures, works of art. Of great importance is the knowledge of humidity in meteorology for weather forecasting. Food, Construction Materials, books and even electronic components can be stored in a strictly defined range of relative humidity. Many technological processes are possible only with strict control of the content of water vapor in the air of the production room.

In my work, I propose to consider in detail, learn how to measure and regulate such an important air characteristic as humidity.

Target: The study of the influence of air humidity on human life.

Tasks:

To get acquainted with the concept of air humidity, find out on what parameters it depends, how it is calculated.

Discuss the principle of operation of devices that measure air humidity.

master different ways measurement of air humidity.

To study the influence of air humidity on human life.

Measure the air humidity in different rooms of the school and compare the obtained data with sanitary and hygienic standards.

Suggest options for normalizing air humidity.

Object of study: percentage of moisture content in the premises of the school.

Subject of study: influence of air humidity on human activity.

Research methods:

Questioning.

Working with literature and materials in the media.

Experiment.

Comparison and analysis.

Hypothesis: if you find out on what parameters air humidity depends and learn how to regulate it, you can create a favorable microclimate for human life.

Practical significance: formulated ways to regulate air humidity.

THEORETICAL BASIS

1.1. Physical calculations and air humidity parameters

Atmospheric air consists of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and some other gases, which make up no more than 1% of total mass. But besides these gases, the air also contains water vapor and other impurities. Water vapor in the air is usually unsaturated. Saturated vapor is in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid. This state is characterized by the fact that the number of molecules leaving the surface of the liquid is equal, on average, to the number of vapor molecules returning to the liquid in the same time. The name of the steam - saturated - emphasizes that at a given temperature, a greater amount of steam cannot be in a given volume. If the vapor has not yet reached a state of dynamic equilibrium with the liquid, it is called unsaturated. The movement of air masses, ultimately due to the radiation of the Sun, leads to the fact that in some places on our planet at a given moment the evaporation of water prevails over condensation, while in others, on the contrary, condensation prevails.

Air humidity is understood as the amount of water vapor that is currently (and in a given place) contained in the air mass. To characterize the content of water vapor in the air, a number of quantities are introduced: absolute humidity, partial pressure and relative humidity.

Because, atmospheric air is a mixture of various gases and water vapor, then each of the gases contributes to the total pressure produced by air on the bodies in it. The pressure that water vapor would produce if all other gases were absent is called the partial pressure (or elasticity) of water vapor. The partial pressure of water vapor is taken as one of the indicators of air humidity. It is expressed in units of pressure - pascals or millimeters of mercury.

Absolute humidity (water vapor density) indicates how many grams of water vapor are actually contained in one cubic meter specific air mass . O bo-knowingab-so-fierce humidity: (as well as the usual-but-ven-noe designation of density). Unitsab-so-fierce humidity: (in SI) or (for convenience, due to a small amount of water vapor content in the air). Formula you-number-le-nia ab-so-lut-moisture-no-sti:

Designation:

mass of steam (water) in air, kg (in SI) or g;

the volume of air-du-ha, in some rum the indicated mass of steam is contained,.

But this ve-li-chi-na is inconvenient from the point of view of vos-pri-im-chi-in-sti-moisture of life-you-mi-or-ga-niz-ma-mi. Oka-zy-va-et-sya, for example, a person feels not the mass content of water in the air, but the name but its content is from-no-si-tel-but mak-si-mal-but possible-no-th meaning.

To describe such a perception of such a perception, enter-de-na such a ve-li-chi-on as from-no-si-tel-naya humidity. From-no-si-tel-naya humidity of the air-du-ha - ve-li-chi-na, in-ka-zy-va-yu-shcha, how far the steam is from the sy- schen-tion. That is, ve-li-chi-on from-but-si-tel-noy humidity, in-ka-zy-va-et the following: if the steam is far from na-sy -shche-tion, then the humidity is low, if close - you are with-kaya.

Designation-che-neot-no-si-tel-noy humidity:. Units of me-re-niyaot-no-si-tel-noy humidity:%. For-mu-la you-number-le-niya from-no-si-tel-noy humidity:

Designation: density of water vapor (absolute humidity), (in SI) or, partial pressure, Pa (SI) or mm Hg. Art. - density of saturated water vapor at a given temperature, (in SI) or, pressure saturated steam at a given temperature, Pa (SI) or mm Hg.

Thus relative humidity air is called the ratio of absolute humidity expressed as a percentage to the density of saturated vapor at a given temperature (or the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the pressure of saturated vapor at a given temperature).

The less relative humidity, the farther the vapor from saturation, the more intense the evaporation. Saturated vapor pressure at a given temperature is a tabular value. The partial pressure of water vapor (and hence the absolute humidity) is determined by the dew point. The dew point is the temperature at which water vapor becomes saturated.. When cooled below the dew point, vapor condensation begins: fog appears, dew falls, windows fog up. The dew point allows you to determine the elasticity of water vapor in the air at a certain temperature, and hence the partial pressure of water vapor and absolute humidity using tables that show the dependence of pressure and density of saturated water vapor on temperature.

The pressure of saturated water vapor at an air temperature equal to the dew point is the partial pressure of water vapor contained in the atmosphere.

1.2. Instruments for measuring air humidity

The problem of air humidity has been of interest to people since ancient times, especially where the climate is dry and hot. To solve it, the most common methods were used: cloth or paper soaked in water, dishes with liquid .. A modern device for measuring humidity is a hygrometer.

Currently, there are several versions of the hygrometer.

hairline;

• ceramic;

  condensation;

  electronic;

  psychrometric (psychrometer)

In fact, the principle of operation of any hygrometer is quite simple and is based on physical or chemical properties materials and substances.

Almost any hygrometer is suitable for domestic use, but electronic hygrometers still provide the most accurate data.

1.3. The influence of air humidity on human life

When the optimal humidity parameters change, immunity decreases. Human health is deteriorating, there is a feeling of fatigue and lethargy. At home, where the climate is changed, the natural balance of humidity is disturbed. This is especially felt in winter. It is at this time that the difference in humidity is the most significant. The air entering the room is dried due to the general heating in the rooms.

Air that is too dry can dry out the skin and dehydrate the body more quickly. First of all, mucous membranes that come into contact with open air suffer, they become covered with microcracks and dry out, opening a direct path to the body for harmful bacteria and viruses. With a relative humidity of less than 10%, even healthy people experience a feeling of dryness in the nasopharynx, “stinging” in the eyes, and nosebleeds may even begin. Dry air is especially dangerous for patients with bronchial asthma, they have a general deterioration in well-being, attacks are possible. A sufficiently long stay in dry air threatens with a decrease in immunity and frequent respiratory diseases. This happens due to the fact that the overdried mucous membrane prevents normal breathing, as a result of which the body does not receive enough oxygen.

However, dry air makes it easier to endure low and high temperatures. For example, at low relative humidity summer heat tolerated more easily than the same temperature, but in areas with high humidity. The same is true for negative temperatures. Severe frosts with low humidity bring much less discomfort than a small “minus” in humid air.

A large concentration of moisture does not allow the human body to maintain a normal temperature - the thermoregulation mechanism does not work properly. The human body uses sweat to cool itself. Sweat, evaporating from the surface of the skin, removes excess heat. With high humidity, the body begins to work with increased strength, and this leads to the opposite result - overheating. Lethargy, vomiting, loss of consciousness, strong blood viscosity and, as a result, heart problems are possible. It is even possible oxygen starvation of the brain.

Patients with hypertension, atherosclerosis, people with various cardiovascular diseases especially react strongly to high humidity. With very humid air (80 ... 95%), exacerbations and attacks are possible.

High humidity combined with low temperature is dangerous for too much hypothermia and frostbite. This can also happen around 0°C, and not only at minus.

Heat saturated with moisture is ideal conditions for the development of bacteria and all kinds of fungi, which can lead to the occurrence and intensification of allergic reactions.

The constant stay of a person in rooms with high humidity leads to a decrease in the body's resistance to infectious and colds, as well as to more serious consequences: kidney disease, tuberculosis, rheumatism, etc.

Not only the human body suffers from high humidity, but also the interior of the premises. In damp places, fungus and mold develop, releasing large amounts of spores into the indoor atmosphere, contaminating the air we breathe. The danger of high humidity is in the slow rate of reactions. For many years, you can not notice the reasons for the deterioration of health, well-being and the appearance of various diseases.

However, saturated moist air is very useful. That is why a person feels good on the shore of a lake or river. Such air saturates the human body, relieving headaches and other ailments. It is no coincidence that during the holidays many people are drawn to the sea coasts.

“Correct” humidity is one of the most important microclimate criteria for a child, especially a newborn. Despite the powerful protective functions of a newly born child, he still has especially vulnerable spots. And first of all, it is the skin, which until the moment of birth was always surrounded by amniotic fluid, and, especially, the mucous membranes.

Humid air in an infant's bedroom makes breathing easier, prevents nasal congestion, and is effective in treating bronchitis, dry coughs, croup, and other respiratory ailments.

Low humidity for an adult healthy body is in most cases just discomfort, for a newborn baby it is a catastrophe that provokes dysbacteriosis, kidney problems, and the appearance of allergic reactions. Dry air for a baby is dangerous not only with temporary complications, but with their relapses, which can lead to chronic diseases.

1.4. What determines the humidity of the air

First of all, humidity depends on geographical location and climate. So, for example, near the seas and oceans, the average relative humidity is 70-80%, in the depths of the continents it decreases (in deserts - only 4-5%). A rainy climate contributes to maintaining high humidity in a geographic region, while a dry climate does the opposite.

But no less important is the technogenic factor. AT big cities humidity is usually low. However, inside the premises, it can vary significantly, based on the specifics of their purpose (laundry, kitchen, swimming pool, etc.), as well as on the type of building and finishing materials used.

It is especially necessary to monitor the condition of the air in residential and working premises in winter, when the cold atmosphere cannot retain enough moisture, and the one that is available is trying to dry out the heating radiators.

An important factor is also the presence of ventilation in an apartment, house or any other room. The more intense the air exchange, the faster the air dries out (especially in the cold season). Air conditioners that do not provide the function of maintaining humidity also intensively utilize moisture.

1.5. Instruments and devices with which you can

regulate air humidity

The dehumidifier pushes moist air through the "evaporator" where the temperature difference (the temperature in the appliance is lower than in the room) turns the moisture into condensate. Drops of condensate flow into a special container. The air is heated again and enters the room. Thus, excess moisture disappears from the room. When buying a dehumidifier, the main focus is on its performance, which is calculated in "liters per day". A household dehumidifier can absorb 12 to 300 liters of water in 24 hours. Dehumidifiers are portable and stationary. Portable can be used in different rooms. Stationary mounted in the wall and can not be moved. However, they are more efficient. The advantage of dehumidifiers is their ability to function in cold rooms, since the frost formed during operation is removed automatically. When filling the water tank and untimely emptying it, the device turns off without the participation of the owner. In a small room, you can reduce the humidity with the help of moisture absorbers. The device includes a special tablet that adsorbs water from the air. It is designed for an area of ​​up to 20 m² on average. The inconvenience of the absorber is that the tablet needs to be changed frequently. The advantage is in the absence of noise, compactness and price. Especially the moisture absorber is suitable for those who have humidity - a seasonal phenomenon.

Humidifiers are designed to operate in one enclosed space, such as a room. They do not require special installation: all you need to do is pour water into the tank and plug the humidifier into the outlet. To select a humidifier, you need to know three main components: the volume of the room (the area multiplied by the height of the ceilings), the quality of the water (the water that you will pour into the humidifier), the conditions in which the humidifier will be operated (bedroom, office, children's room, etc.). etc.).

PRACTICAL RESEARCH

2.1. Determination of air humidity in school premises

Since during school year students have to spend more time at school, then the state of humidity in classrooms plays an important role. Based on this, I found out whether the conditions of our offices meet the sanitary standards. The measurements were carried out with an electronic hygrometer in subject rooms, in a computer class, in a canteen and in a sports hall. Measurements and readings are listed in tables.

Moisture point	Air temperature	Norm, according to SanPin	Relative Humidity		Norm, according to SanPin
Physics cabinet
Biology class
Library
Dining room
Gym
medical office

2.2 Making a psychrometric hygrometer (psychrometer)

To create an analogue of a psychrometric device, you will need: two alcohol thermometers designed to measure air temperature, distilled water, thread, cotton wool.

Set up two thermometers in a vertical position so that they are parallel to each other. Wrap the tip of one thermometer with cotton wool soaked in water, then tie it loosely with a thread. The principle of operation of such a device, assembled by oneself, is absolutely similar to the principle of operation of a psychrometric hygrometer. To calculate the relative humidity of the air, you need a special table. The difference between the dry and wet thermometer readings is used to calculate the ambient humidity.

2.3 Measurement of air humidity with improvised means

Equipment: a transparent glass beaker 200 ml, a vessel with water (temperature from 0 to 5 ° C), a vessel with hot water, a thermometer, a table of dependence of saturated water vapor pressure on temperature ..

Progress of work: Pour ice water into a transparent glass and lower the thermometer into it. After a while, the outer walls of the cup will fog up. Pour very slowly from the second glass hot water until the dew on the walls disappears. Notice the temperature at which the dew has disappeared. According to the table, we determine the partial pressure of water vapor p in the classroom, then, by measuring the room temperature, we determine the maximum pressure of water vapor R 0 in class. According to the formula =(p/p 0) 100% find the relative humidity in the classroom. t \u003d 25 C, p 0 \u003d 3.17 kPa, t \u003d 15 C, p \u003d 1.71 kPa, \u003d 53%.

FINDINGS

Dry thermometer readings - 25 ° С, wet - 17 ° С, difference in readings - 8 ° С, relative humidity - 44%, i.e. 1% higher than indicated by the electronic hygrometer, i.e. this self-made hygrometer gives quite accurate readings and can be used to measure humidity.

Air humidity can be measured by improvised means, for this you need the simplest equipment and a table showing the dependence of pressure and density of saturated water vapor on temperature. But this method turned out to be less accurate.

In all school premises, air humidity is within the norm, but is within the lower limit. By the end of the shift (6-7 lessons), the humidity in the classrooms rises. In offices with a lot of green spaces, the air humidity is much higher.

CONCLUSION

Water is an essential element for normal life. It enters the human body mainly with food or drink. However, a sufficient amount of moisture is necessary not only for internal organs, but also for the mucous membranes of the eyes, respiratory tract, and skin. Therefore, it is important not only to take the liquid inward, but also to obtain it from the surrounding moist air. For the normal well-being of people in the room, it is necessary that the optimal humidity of the air is approximately 40 to 60%.

In order to reduce the humidity in the room, you need:

1. Provide good ventilation in the room. Several times a day, it is necessary to ventilate the room where the humidity level exceeds the standard values. Arrange short drafts, but at the same time, the ventilation intensity should be high.

2. Repair all taps and other plumbing. Leaking faucets, radiators, and other structures add moisture to the air, so replace obsolete parts or repair leaking areas.

3. Reduce the number of indoor houseplants. Flowers and miniature trees increase the area of ​​evaporation of moisture in the room - water evaporates from the leaves and moist soil. Choose plants that are drought tolerant and reduce total indoor flowers. 4. Organize good system space heating. Heating in the cold season should work constantly - periodic shutdowns (for example, at night) increase the humidity of the air and contribute to the formation of dampness on the walls and ceiling.

5. Check the exhaust equipment of the room. The need to install the hood is dictated by the norms of the level of humidity - if the source of moisture is a stove with constant evaporation or a shower, then the construction of exhaust structures is simply necessary. The hood must ensure the removal of exhaust steam and regulate the level of humidity.

6. Choose the "right" finish for the walls. Considering different options for finishing walls, ceilings and floors, give preference to natural finishing materials that absorb excess moisture (drywall, wood).

7. Finish wet cleaning with dry wiping. Mopping, dusting and other chores using water should be completed with mandatory drying - walk over the surfaces with a piece of dry cloth with good absorbent properties.

8. Purchase a special device - an air dryer.

You can increase the humidity in the following ways:

1. Regularly ventilate the room, especially in wet weather, and carry out wet cleaning.

2. Houseplants humidifying the air, distributed throughout the apartment, will reduce the problem to nothing. For example, cyperus is able to evaporate up to 3 liters per day. Yes, and the process of regular spraying of plants will also significantly help.

3. Put a large aquarium, you can not even start the fish, but simply decorate the aquarium with decorative stones and algae.4. Arrange water reservoirs around the room, between sections of radiators or under them. It can be jugs or vases with water. You can hang wet towels or sheets on the batteries.

5. Indoor fountains not only moisturize the air well, but also decorate the interior of the room.

6. Use a special device - a humidifier. This device constantly evaporates a large amount of moisture into the air and is able to maintain optimal humidity in the room. You can buy such a device in almost any hardware store.

Practical use of the results.

Humidity is an important characteristic of the air, which has a significant impact on the quality of human life, so it is imperative to monitor the humidity in the room. A device for measuring humidity can be made independently (detailed instructions are given), methods for determining humidity are quite simple and affordable. In the course of the research work comparative analysis humidity control devices. Detailed recommendations are given to control the humidity in the room. A study of the premises at the school showed that the humidity standards correspond to the SanPiN standards, but are within the lower limit of the norm, which can be explained by the time of the study (heating season). This work can be used in physics lessons or extracurricular activities, as well as for self-education of students.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Purysheva N.S., Vazheevskaya N.E. Physics 10. M.: Bustard, 2013.

2. V.A. Burov. Workshop on physics. M.: Enlightenment, 1973.

3. G.S. Landsberg. Elementary textbook on physics. Moscow: Nauka, 1985.

4. Katz Ts.B. Biophysics at physics lessons. M.: Education, 2004.

5. Ryzhenkov A.P. Physics. Man. Environment. M.: Education, 2006.

6. Perelman Ya.I. Entertaining physics. M.: Nauka, 2008.

7. Methodical newspaper. Physics. No. 18. M.: First of September, 2009.

8. Scientific and methodical journal. Physics at school. M.: School press, 2007. 9. Free electronic library of technical literature.

http://www.allbeton.ru/

http://uchilok.net/

11. Journal "Health and sport". http://getmedic.ru/

12. Site of the company "Inrost".

http://www.inrost.ru/humidifiers/guide/optimal/html

13. The site of the company "Legin climate".

http://www.legion-klimat.ru/

14. Site "Knower".

http://uznay-kak.ru/

15. Economy.ru website. http://echome.ru/

Appendix 1

For the first time, Cardinal N. Cuzansky tried to determine the level of humidity in the middle of the 15th century. He used a scale with wool on one side and stones on the other. At high humidity, the wool pulled them, saturated with moisture, and the arrow showed this. With increased dryness, stones were pulled.

A doctor from Venice, two hundred years later, built another hygrometer - a string one. Tensioned threads, used as a moisture meter, made a different sound when it fluctuated.

And the Duke of Tuscany made a device in the form of a vessel. The conical vessel was filled with ice, moisture condensed on the outside of the glass and flowed into the measuring glass (the vessel was turned upside down). Everything would be fine, but where to get ice in the summer?

Amonton Guillaume, a mechanic from France, made a hygrometer from a leather ball. The volume of the ball changed, in the tube connected to it, the level of the liquid column changed.

In the 18th century, the Swiss B. Saussure took up the manufacture of a hygrometer seriously and for a long time. After trying many materials, he settled on hair. Boiling them in a soda solution, Saussure made a hygrometer. Created a centigrade scale, The length of the hair changed with changes in air humidity.

This phenomenon was studied in 1895 by B. I. Sreznevsky, a meteorologist, and deduced the dependence of hair elongation on the percentage of humidity. The elongation turned out to be directly proportional to the logarithm of the relative humidity.

Annex 2

Hair hygrometer

Hair hygrometers work on the basis of normal hair and its properties. Hair can change its length at different humidity levels. It is stretched on a plate or frame and, lengthening or shortening, moves the arrow, which in turn moves along the scale of the device.

Hair hygrometer is good for home use, if it is not necessary to obtain extremely accurate data.

Also, they should not be moved or mechanically acted upon in any other way. At the slightest impact, the hygrometer can fail, since its entire design is quite fragile and delicate.

Weight hygrometer

An absolute weight hygrometer consists of several tubes brought into the system. They contain a hygroscopic substance that can absorb moisture from the air.

A certain portion of air is drawn through the entire system, taken at one point in space.

So, a person determines the mass of the tube system before and after passing air through it, as well as directly the volume of air carried out and, with simple mathematical manipulations, can calculate the studied indicator in absolute terms.

Mechanical (ceramic) hygrometer

A porous or solid ceramic mass, which also includes metal elements, has electrical resistance. Its level is directly dependent on humidity.

For its correct action, the ceramic mass must consist of some metal oxides. Kaolin, silicon and clay are used as the basis.

Condensation hygrometer

This hygrometer is quite easy to use. The principle of its operation is based on the use of a built-in mirror. The temperature of this mirror changes along with the temperature of the air in the surrounding space.

Its temperature is determined at the initial moment of measurement. Further, drops of moisture or small ice crystals appear on the surface of the mirror. The temperature is measured again.

With the help of the temperature difference determined by the condensation hygrometer, the humidity of the air is determined.

Electronic hygrometer

A layer of lithium chloride is applied to a plate of glass or other similar electrically insulating material.

Humidity changes - the concentration and resistance of lithium chloride increases or decreases.

It is worth noting that the readings of an electronic (electrolytic) hygrometer can be slightly affected by air temperature, so it is often equipped with a built-in thermometer.

Such a hygrometer is extremely accurate and gives readings with a minimum error.

Psychrometric hygrometer (psychrometer)

The psychrometer is a system of two conventional alcohol thermometers. One of them is dry, and the second is wet (this state is regularly maintained).

The faster the moisture evaporates, the lower the relative humidity. The condensed liquid then begins to cool. Thus, the difference between the temperatures of two thermometers and the rate of evaporation are established, and on their basis the humidity of the air is found.

The psychrometer is not a hygrometer in the literal sense, but it measures the same indicator, so they are often identified.

Annex 3

Types and characteristics of air humidifiers:

1. "Traditional" or cold-type humidifiers are the simplest. Such devices are equipped with a tank into which water is poured, then it enters the tray on special moisturizing replaceable cartridges. The fan, which is built into such a humidifier, drives air through these cartridges and humidifies it naturally.

Most models of traditional humidifiers can also be used for aromatherapy. For this, a capsule with an aromatic substance is simply installed, and the device, while working, slowly begins to release and maintain a pleasant aroma. Such a procedure will not only improve the microclimate in the room, but will also have a tonic, relaxing and healing effect on the body.

But with all the ease of use and low cost, such humidifiers have their drawbacks. First of all, this is a limited maximum level of air humidity, up to 60% in total. Such devices, as it were, maintain “natural” humidity, but do not saturate the air forcibly. It is worth noting that for an ordinary apartment this drawback is very conditional. In addition, they are noisy, 35-40 dB are small numbers, but if you leave the device on overnight, it may cause discomfort for some.

Pros:

Quite simply, plus everything, there is also air purification from dust.

Small cost.

Easy to operate.

Can be used for aromatherapy.

Minuses:

Noise at work.

Limited hydration options.

Periodic filter change.

2. Steam humidifiers- these are a kind of small "trains", and according to the principle of operation they resemble electric kettles. You pour water into them, it heats up, boils and comes out in the form of steam, moistening the room. These humidifiers have many pros and cons.

Pros:

Works great with dirty and very hard water.

Possibility of use for inhalation (some models have special nozzles in the configuration).

High productivity (from 7 to 16 liters per day).

No consumables.

Humidification above 60%.

The possibility of using any solutions, including aroma oils.

Minuses:

High noise level.

High power consumption (from 300 to 600 W).

Hot burning steam (50-60 degrees at the exit).

Big sizes.

Possible education white plaque on furniture.

If you have small children or animals in your house, and you have not yet decided which humidifier to choose, then steam is not the most best idea, because such a device can burn with steam.

3. The most modern air humidifiers can be called ultrasonic. They are equipped with a special membrane, which, thanks to the high frequency of oscillation, easily “turns” water into cold steam.

Such devices are practically silent in operation (25 dB), here it is possible to regulate the required level of humidity by yourself, and this is done both automatically and manually thanks to the built-in hygrometer. Many ultrasonic humidifiers come with a hygrometer that measures the humidity level, but unfortunately it doesn't give an accurate picture, so don't trust it too much, it's better to get a separate hygrometer for more reliable data.

Some models are equipped with a “water heating” function, and this is a death sentence for many microbes. A very good option, but keep in mind that "many" does not mean that all.

Ultrasonic devices are much more comfortable for a person than their counterparts, steam and traditional, since they have low level noise.

The only thing that can cause discomfort is the rare “gurgling” of the cartridge, from which air bubbles come out.

Many models of such devices automatically turn off when the water disappears, and the built-in hygrometer will allow the device to turn on and off on its own, thereby maintaining the desired humidity level, and the rotating spray can be directed in the right direction.

Such devices are equipped with a highly efficient cartridge filter that purifies water from various impurities and minerals, thereby preventing the formation of white deposits on furniture and other items, as is the case with the use of steam and traditional humidifiers. But the service life of the filters is short, about 3 months, depending on the contamination and hardness of the water, after which replacement is required.

Such devices, depending on the model, are equipped with either touch buttons or a rotary knob. Separately, it must be said about the safety of such devices for any living beings. Ultrasonic radiation is aimed at splitting water and is completely harmless to any biological forms life living in your home.

Pros:

Noiseless at work.

Automatic humidity control.

Automatic shutdown in the absence of water.

Safety for animals in the house.

Automatic purification of water from impurities.

Wide range of humidity.

The ability to direct steam in any direction.

Do not leave a white coating on furniture.

Minuses:

More thorough care of the device.

The need to replace filter cartridges.

Price.

Appendix 4

Psychometric table

Annex 5

Dependence of pressure and density of saturated water vapor on temperature

Temperature t, °С	Pressure pH, kPa	Densityρ n, g / m 3	Temperature t, °С	Pressure pH, kPa	Densityρ n, g / m 3

On the state of human health big influence provides the composition of the air. Depending on this parameter, its performance and emotional condition. One of the main indicators is the moisture content in air masses. Its value decreases under the influence of various household appliances and heating systems. As a result, the body begins to age faster, the skin becomes dehydrated, and the risk of allergic reactions increases. In this article we will consider interesting facts about air humidity and the importance of this characteristic for human life.

Human sensations when humidity changes

AT summer period excessive moisture adversely affects the condition of people. Air masses contain a large amount of moisture. As the temperature rises, they “absorb” water into themselves. A person can hardly breathe, his pressure may increase. In winter, in the process of decreasing temperature indicators, there is a decrease in humidity. The body begins to give off heat. The importance of humidity in human life cannot be overestimated.

If the ambient temperature is high, but the composition of the air masses is characterized by a low moisture content, it is quite easy to endure the heat. With an increase in the values ​​of this parameter, a person may experience unpleasant conditions:

• body temperature rises;
• weakness and headache appear;
• pulse quickens;
• breathing becomes more frequent;
• there is profuse sweating.

In the presence of low temperature and high humidity, the human body, on the contrary, will supercool. In order for the living conditions to be comfortable, the percentage of moisture should be in the range of 30-60%. Otherwise, health problems may arise. The skin dries out, the body becomes dehydrated. Dryness of the mucous membranes allows the penetration of pathogenic viruses and bacteria.

Humidity plays a huge role in humans. Great content moisture leads to increased heat transfer. The body can quickly overheat. At long stay in such an environment, immunity is reduced. There is an exacerbation of heart disease, hypertension and atherosclerosis. This situation negatively affects not only the human body. The appearance of dampness contributes to the accelerated reproduction of fungal formations. Buildings are being destroyed. Furniture and interior items deteriorate.

Effects of changes in air moisture content on furniture and household items

Not only our well-being depends on the composition of the air masses. The value of humidity in everyday life is subject to special consideration. Wood products react very subtly to changes in the percentage of moisture content. The condition of furniture, interior structures and musical instruments is deteriorating. With high humidity, wooden coatings are deformed and change their shape.

Dry air is no less dangerous for household items. This becomes especially noticeable when cold weather sets in and central heating is turned on:

• the furniture surface is cracking;
• parquet begins to delaminate;
• musical instruments are more difficult to tune.

Dry air adversely affects the condition works of art art. The paint peels off the surface of the paintings. That is why special devices are installed in the premises of large museums and exhibition halls that record changes in the composition of air masses.

Humidity and metrology

Water covers the entire surface of the earth. It is found in every living organism. The atmospheric composition includes 15,000 km3 of moisture. It consists of the following formations:

• water drops;
• snow crystals;
• water vapor.

The amount of water vapor affects the weather and climatic conditions. Oceans, seas, lakes and rivers cover a huge area. Despite this, the water content in the atmosphere over different parts of the planet is not the same. As a result of the movement of air in certain places earth's surface liquid evaporates faster than it condenses.

Humidity in meteorology is characterized by several parameters:

• absolute humidity is understood as the density of water vapor contained in air masses;
• what is called the relative humidity of the air is the ratio of the pressure that water vapor creates at certain temperatures to the pressure of the vapors in a saturated state.

Relative humidity, in other words, indicates the saturation level of water vapor.

Methods for measuring moisture content

You can determine the moisture content using various measuring instruments:

• the composition of the psychometric device includes alcohol thermometers - "dry" and "wet". Using the temperature difference and a lookup table, calculate the relative humidity;
• the device with a weighing structure contains u-shaped tubes and an adsorbent. The air being tested passes through it. When the air mass is injected, the weight of the material increases or decreases. According to its change, the percentage of moisture is determined;
• hair and film hygrometers measure relative humidity;
• for ceramic devices, the resistance changes with an increase or decrease in air composition;
• in a condensation gyroscope, the temperature of the condensate on the mirror surface is measured. It is pre-cooled. The value obtained is compared with the ambient temperature.

The humidity table is used when measuring moisture content with dry and wet bulbs. The temperature difference corresponds to the relative humidity value.

Folk omens

When the weather changes, the moisture content of the air mass changes. Popular signs related to air humidity indicate that if clear and dry weather is expected, the smoke from the stove will rise vertically. Before the rain, it spreads on the surface of the earth.

If present hard frost and dry air, firewood in the stove burns with a bright flame and burns out for a short time. With a pale, dim flame, in large numbers the resulting soot and insufficient traction, there is a high probability of a high moisture content in the air masses.

In the evening, when there is no wind, the air temperature drops. Above the ground you can often see vaporous moisture - fog. By his behavior, you can also judge the upcoming weather. According to the signs, the rise of the fog up indicates future rain. If it lies on the surface of the earth, dry weather can be expected. Night and morning fog in the valley, which disappears with sunrise, speaks of the upcoming good weather. The same forecast can be made in the presence of heavy morning dew.

If the moisture content in the air masses increases, many flowers experience shrinkage of the inflorescences. The smell of rowan becomes sharper. At coniferous trees branches fall. When the air is dry, they rise.

MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION -

STAROGOL SECONDARY SCHOOL

RESEARCH

Influence of air humidity

on human health

Prepared

8th grade student

Aleshin Evgeny

Supervisor

Physics teacher

Tretyakova Marina Mikhailovna

2012 - 2013 academic year

Work plan

1. Introduction.

2. Influence of dry and humid air on people's well-being.

3. Instruments for measuring humidity.

Introduction

Humidity is one of the essential characteristics of the climate. It greatly affects the well-being of people, it is this characteristic, along with temperature, that determines the conditions for the existence of a person in his home and outside it.

ATwetness called the amount of water that is contained in the air at a given temperature compared to the maximum possible content at the same temperature.

To characterize the content of water vapor in the air, the following physical quantities are introduced: absolute air humidity, relative air humidity.

Absolute humidity shows how many grams of water vapor are contained in the air with a volume of 1 m3 under given conditions, i.e. the density of water vapor.

To judge the degree of air humidity, it is important to know whether the water vapor in the air is close to a state of saturation, the concept of relative humidity is introduced.

Relative humidity called the ratio of the absolute humidity of the air to the density of saturated water vapor at the same temperature, expressed as a percentage.

The optimal humidity level for humans is between 40 and 60% . But usually dry. summer weather humidity in residential buildings does not exceed 40%, and in winter it generally drops to 25-30%.

In too dry air, the smallest dust particles hang, which, when normal level humidity are, as it were, connected by it. Lack of humidity also leads to the fact that furniture and other wooden objects can dry out and crack. If the air in the apartment, animals and plants also do not feel very good.

If the air in the apartment is excessively dry, then people experience drowsiness and absent-mindedness, fatigue increases and immunity decreases. Too low humidity increases the risk of catching a respiratory infection. In some cases, with severe dryness, cracks can form on the mucous membrane, and small vessels bleed. It is also known that dry air contains an excess of positively charged ions, and this contributes to the development of stress conditions in people. Lack of moisture leads to dry skin and early aging.

The risk group for insufficient humidity is children and people with respiratory diseases, asthmatics and allergies.

High humidity is harmful. If it is too high, the fungus and mold are intensively spreading in the corners and on the walls of the room. Damp conditions spoil food quickly.

Depending on the amount of vapor in the atmosphere at a given temperature, the air has different degrees of humidity.

Water is indispensable component all living things. The body of a healthy person contains about 80% water. The loss of more than 10% of water leads to the death of a person, and with the loss of only 2%, serious biochemical disorders begin in the body, leading to a violation of constancy. internal environment.

The fluid leaves the human body through the urinary system, as well as by evaporation from the surface of the skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. This allows you to get rid of decay products, toxic substances that accumulate as a result of biochemical reactions. Due to the evaporation of sweat from the surface of the skin, the body is protected from overheating, and body temperature is one of the most constant parameters that change during illness.

Water daily enters the human body with food and through the skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract with air enriched with moisture.

There are a number of ailments associated with the pathology of the water exchange of the skin and mucous membranes. Dry skin is a symptom that occurs in many diseases such as dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis. The main symptom of severe dryness of the skin is itching. Patients complain of a constant feeling of skin irritation, which leads to nervous excitability, loss of sleep, up to nervous exhaustion. Senile changes in the lipid composition of the skin lead to excruciating itching due to a violation of the normal water balance. The condition worsens especially in the autumn-winter period, when the heating season begins. On the one hand, a feeling of comfort causes a temperature of 22-23C0. On the other hand, the heat source causes a significant decrease in air humidity in the living environment and leads to a serious loss of moisture from the surface of the skin.

There are many various methods prevent excessive evaporation of moisture from the surface of the skin (moisturizing cosmetics, cotton clothing, water procedures). A diet with salt restriction gives a good result in the normalization of water-salt metabolism, especially in the elderly. However, one of the most important conditions for maintaining normal water exchange is the normal regime of humidity and air temperature in a residential area. The state of the respiratory tract of a person also depends on these parameters.

High humidity (above 70%) also adversely affects the human body, both at high and at low temperatures. At high air temperature and high humidity, a person sweats a lot, but evaporation of moisture from the surface does not occur, which leads to overheating of the body and “heat stroke”.

At low temperatures, increased air humidity, on the contrary, leads to a strong cooling of the body, since in humid air, energy losses through convection and heat conduction increase sharply.

To determine the humidity of the air, instruments such as a hair hygrometer and a psychrometer are used.

The psychrometer consists of two thermometers, one of which indicates the air temperature, and the other is wrapped in a cloth, the end of which is lowered into the water. As the water evaporates, the thermometer cools and shows a temperature slightly lower than dry. The lower the relative humidity, the more intense the evaporation, therefore, the difference in thermometer readings will be greater. According to this temperature difference, using a special psychrometric table, the relative humidity of the air is determined. Thus, any person at home, having such a table and two identical thermometers, can measure the humidity of the air for its further adjustment.

Practical part

Since we have to spend a lot of time at school during the school year, the state of humidity in classrooms plays an important role. Based on this, I decided to find out if the air humidity in our offices meets sanitary standards. Measurements were made in subject rooms, a sports hall, in a corridor, an informatics room.

To measure the humidity of the air, I used a psychrometer, and entered all the data into a summary table.

	Name	Dry bulb readings	wet bulb readings	difference	Air humidity, %		conformity
	Informatics cabinet						insignificant excess
	Biology class						insignificant excess
	history cabinet
	Cabinet foreign language
	Russian language room
	Cabinet of Mathematics
	Cabinet of basics of life safety
	Gym
	dining room						excess

Note. According to the Sanitary and Epidemiological Rules and Standards SANPIN 2.4.1.1249 - 03, in the premises of educational institutions, the relative humidity of the air is maintained within 40-60%

findings

The air humidity in the school premises complies with the norms, with the exception of the dining room.

Comparing the readings of the device before and after wet cleaning, we can say with confidence that this is very effective method increase in humidity, as the indicators increase by 8-10%.

The indoor climate can be changed with available measures.

Even carrying out simple manipulations in order to increase the humidity in the living room leads to tangible results. Hanging wet sheets on hot batteries, wet cleaning, installing aquariums, mini-reservoirs, indoor fountains and even just water containers can increase the humidity parameter. But the most modern, efficient and convenient way is to use special household appliances - air humidifiers.

Conclusion

I chose this topic because I found it interesting to study and measure air humidity. Most people do not attach importance to the level of humidity in residential premises and in vain, because both low and high humidity leads to the development of many diseases and a deterioration in people's well-being. And, at the same time, anyone who is interested in this issue can easily measure the humidity of the air with a conventional thermometer and take further measures to correct the microclimate of their home. I think that everyone who listened to my work will think about how important it is to maintain a normal value of indoor air humidity.

There will be a file here: /data/edu/files/v1454740868.pptx (Influence of air humidity on human health)

Today, there is a lot of talk about indoor air humidity. More often than not, it needs to be upgraded. Sometimes about what needs to be downgraded. Let's figure it out! What should be the humidity? How to regulate it? And what role does ventilation play in this case?

How to measure?

First of all, thinking about the humidity in an apartment or in a house, it is advisable to get a hygrometer. This device shows how humid the air is as a percentage.

Recommended humidity indicators for a private house or apartment - 35-60% (depending on the time of year, the purpose of the room - for example, in a bathroom or in a children's room, the humidity may be slightly higher than in other rooms, and in an office or library, on the contrary, it is desirable that the air be drier).

Hygrometers are either mechanical or electronic. They are often produced in the same housing with other measuring instruments (thermometers, barometers, etc.) or built into climatic devices (for example, humidifiers). The most reliable information is shown by sensors located at a remote distance from heating sources and climate control equipment.

What and how affects the humidity in the room?

- Most of all, the humidity in the apartment or in the house is affected by ventilation. She is
removes moisture accumulated in the room and supplies Fresh air from the street.

Wherein small matter the weather outside the window can also provide. If it is winter and cold outside, the air will be dry (ventilation will reduce the humidity in the house), and if it rains, for example, in autumn, then the air will get humid into the room.

No lesser role playing heating- batteries, radiators, heaters raise the air temperature, and also increase natural ventilation (more on this effect in the article), and therefore make the air drier. That is why in the off-season or in the summer, when the heating is turned off, the humidity in houses and apartments becomes higher.

- Air conditioners(and not only in the "heating" mode, but also in the "cooling" mode), oddly enough, they dry the air, while excess moisture is collected in condensate, which is drained through special drainage tubes.

But washing, mopping, all kinds of water procedures, cooking food- increase the level of humidity in the house. The same effect is caused by indoor plants, aquariums, home fountains.

Wall insulation and the presence of sealed structures, for example, plastic windows impairs ventilation, which also leads to an increase in humidity and often causes condensation.

What to do if the air in the apartment is too dry?

Diagnostics: hygrometer indicators: up to 25-30%. External signs: leaves of houseplants dry up, clothes dry quickly after washing, dry mouth and thirst are felt.

Effects: nasal congestion, dry cough, ineffectiveness of a moisturizer for the skin, exacerbation of allergies to dust (circulating around the room at a low level of humidity), drying of the mucous membranes and, as a result, increased vulnerability of the body to pathogenic microbes, visual impairment. Furniture, building materials, and even musical instruments made of wood can suffer from too dry air.

Decision: the fastest way to raise the level of humidity in an apartment or in a house is capable of special devices - humidifiers or air wash. The cost of such devices: from 1.5 thousand rubles. up to 30 thousand rubles

You can also get rid of the “drought” in the house by lowering the air temperature in the room (for example, by installing thermostats on batteries).

Another way is to replace conventional ventilation with supply and exhaust ventilation with recovery (capable of partially returning moisture).

What should not be forgotten when humidifying dry air? When using special devices to increase the humidity in the room, it is also necessary to monitor ventilation (it must be of high quality and regular) so that the air in the house does not stagnate and, on the contrary, does not become too humid. Otherwise, another problem may arise - high humidity, threatening no less problems.

What to do if there is high humidity in the house or apartment?

Diagnostics: hygrometer readings are above 50-60%. External manifestations: linen dries for a long time, condensation appears on plastic windows (in winter, frosty “patterns”, icing form).

Consequences of excess moisture: negative impact on building materials, furniture, wooden floors, doors, finishing materials, books. The appearance of mold spores, which negative impact on human health (may cause asthma or allergies). In addition, high humidity in the room is a favorable environment for the habitat and development of microorganisms, including pathogens.

Decision: first of all, it is necessary to establish ventilation in the house (if the natural one cannot cope, install forced devices)! Secondly, it is necessary to strengthen the heating: install a warm floor (electric in an apartment or water in a private house), replace heated towel rails in the bathroom, add radiators. And in the summer and in the off-season, turn on the air conditioner more often.

How do different ventilation devices affect humidity levels?

Ventilation valves, breathers, installations, recuperators can affect air humidity in different ways.

Ventilation devices without recuperators and heaters
(For example, supply valves ) - provide air exchange (with a good exhaust), remove stagnant moist air from the room and supply fresh air. As a result, the relative humidity in the house or apartment becomes lower.

Appliances with a heater(breathers or air handling units with electric heater ) - the fastest way to reduce humidity in a house or apartment. Best suited for cool environments increased level humidity. If such a device is installed in an apartment where the air is already dry and hot, then a productive humidifier may simply become a necessity. It is also important that the hood works properly.

As practice shows, a huge number of people suffer from increased dryness of the air in the apartment, especially during the heating season. They have to purchase special humidifiers and do their best to make the air in the rooms humid enough for a normal existence. However, many residents of the lower floors and private houses are faced with the opposite problem - dampness in their homes. Let's try to discuss what high humidity in an apartment is, what to do with it, what effect it has on a person, and how best to normalize it indoors.

The effect of high humidity on the human body

The optimum humidity in a residential area is about fifty to fifty-five percent. If this figure rises, then the apartment becomes damp. Of course, excessive air humidity causes many problems for residents, it leads to noticeable and rapid deterioration various items household items, which are made of natural material - leather or wood. Natural floor coverings in such apartments often swell, wallpaper begins to lag behind the walls. Over time, ceilings and walls also deteriorate. The plaster that covers them takes on a wet and loose structure, and may even begin to crumble when touched. In addition, excessive humidity leads to damage to books and various equipment.

Also, excessive humidity adversely affects human health. Such a phenomenon may lead to allergic reactions and cause a wide variety of ailments. So all allergy sufferers know that it is very difficult to cope with the disease if you live in conditions of excessive dampness. In highly humid air, fungal organisms and microbes easily multiply, thereby provoking various ailments of the respiratory apparatus and especially the lungs. Especially often from harmful influence children suffer from dampness, because their immunity is not yet highly developed.

In addition to all that has been said, the increased humidity of the air in the room leads to other negative consequences. In such houses, even the air becomes musty, it is saturated with a persistent and rather specific smell of dampness, which penetrates clothes, eats into furniture and bedding. Dampness can even lead to mold on clothes in closets.

How to deal with excess moisture?

In order to normalize the level of humidity in the room, you first need to determine the reasons for its increase. So, as practice shows, most often dampness develops due to insufficiently well-functioning ventilation or its absence. In addition, such a problem can be triggered by flooding the basement in the house or by unsealed inter-wall seams. Sometimes excessive humidity is the result of improper installation of kitchen appliances, if new ventilation outlets block its main paths. Usually, lower floors suffer from such repairs.

Another factor that can cause excess moisture can be the closure of water pipes with special boxes, which makes it impossible to timely detect water leaks.

Many of these problems must be dealt with by the management company that maintains your home.

If you find strange dampness in your home, be sure to check the pipes. A small leak may not make itself felt in any way, but it can cause an increase in humidity levels. And if you do not identify it in time, it can cause a severe flood.

To get rid of high humidity in the apartment, you can use a small axial fan. You can easily install it in the area of ​​​​the inlet to the ventilation duct or inside it or inside a special opening in the outer wall.

But it should be borne in mind that the installation of an axial fan is possible only in those houses in which there is no heating equipment with an open flame, including gas water heaters that have a natural outlet for combustion products.

For elimination high level humidity, you can also resort to systematic ventilation, especially they need to be carried out in the bathroom, where steam accumulates, as well as in the kitchen where food is prepared. In addition, it is not recommended to dry clothes indoors and prevent the temperature in the home from dropping below fifteen degrees.

It is also necessary to prevent the blocking of the flow warm air from heating radiators towards the glass - refuse dense curtains, as this will disrupt air convection near the windows.

An excellent find for people in whose homes dampness reigns will be a special device - an air dryer. It can be easily purchased in specialized stores or ordered online. He may have different level power and handle different area. It is best to give preference to a design that can turn on automatically when the humidity level rises again.

Also, experts advise from time to time to heat the room where dampness occurs. This will help dry the apartment. AT summer time years, as an alternative to heating, airing for several hours is suitable, which should be repeated daily.

Thus, with high humidity in the home, it is quite possible to cope with various methods.

Ekaterina, www.site

P.S. The text uses some forms characteristic of oral speech.