Surname in first name case online. Do male surnames decline in Russian? Do foreign male surnames decline?

From the questions received by the “Information Bureau” of “Gramoty.ru”:

• Hello, my surname is Ossa, the emphasis is on O, they wrote Osse in my diploma, and now I have to do an examination, which costs a lot of money to prove that the surname is not inclined.
• My last name is Pogrebnyak. It's a Ukrainian surname, and they don't seem to bow. Some people decline my last name, write Pogrebnyak, Pogrebnyak, Pogrebnyak. Is it possible?
• My surname is Eroshevich, she is of Polish origin (this is known for sure). I'm interested in the following question: is my surname declined? My relative (male) was issued a certificate in which the surname was declined. And with this certificate, they did not take him anywhere. They said that the surname does not decline. Teachers also say that they do not incline, but on your website it says that they incline. I am confused!

Such questions are not uncommon in the "Help Desk" of our portal. Most often they are asked in May-June and at the very beginning of September. This is connected, of course, with the fact that at the end school year graduates of schools and universities receive certificates and diplomas, and in September, children go to school and begin to sign notebooks. The certificate and diploma will definitely say to whom it was issued (i.e., last name in dative case), and on the cover of the notebook - whose name is it (i.e., the surname in the genitive case). And in cases where the student's last name does not end in -ov(s), -in (-yn) or - sky (-sky)(i.e., it does not belong to the so-called standard ones), the question almost always arises: is it necessary to incline the surname and, if so, how exactly to incline? It is with him that native speakers turn to linguists for help. And this question is often followed by another: “How to prove that the surname is inclined?” or “How to defend the right to not decline the surname?”. The question "To incline or not to incline the surname?" often goes beyond the language, causing fierce disputes and leading to serious conflicts.

Of course, such questions come not only from students, their parents and teachers, they are asked throughout the year, but the peaks of calls to linguists are in May-June and September, due to the aggravation of this problem in schools and universities. This is no coincidence: after all, in educational institution many native speakers have their first meeting with a specialist - a teacher of the Russian language, and the teacher's requirement to change the surname in cases, which in the family has always been considered unchanged, surprises, annoys and rebuffs. Similar difficulties are experienced by office workers (secretaries, clerks), who are faced with the categorical demands of the management not to inflect inflected surnames.

The experience of our "Information Bureau" shows that the laws of declension of surnames are really unknown to a large number of native speakers (and even to some philologists), although they are given in many reference books on the Russian language, including widely available ones. Among these manuals - "Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing" by D. E. Rosenthal, stylistic vocabulary variants of L. K. Graudina, V. A. Itskovich, L. P. Katlinskaya "Grammatical correctness of Russian speech" (3rd edition - under the heading "Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language"), "Dictionary of Russian personal names" A. V Superanskaya, research by L. P. Kalakutskaya “Surnames. Names. Patronymic. Writing and their declension” and many other sources. A study of Internet user requests and monitoring of the blogosphere allow us to conclude that there are many misconceptions among native speakers regarding the rules for declension of surnames. Here are the main ones: the decisive factor is the linguistic origin of the surname (“Georgian, Armenian, Polish surnames, etc. are not inclined”); in all cases, the declension of the surname depends on the gender of the carrier; surnames that match common nouns (Thunderstorm, Beetle, Stick) are not inclined. A considerable number of native speakers are convinced that there are so many rules for declension of surnames that it is not possible to remember them.

To show that all these ideas are not true, we present the basic rules for declension of surnames. They are taken from the sources listed above and formulated by us in the form step by step instructions, a kind of algorithm with which you can quickly find the answer to the question: "Does the surname decline?".

Here is the algorithm.

1. As stated above, declension of surnames ending in -ov (-ev,), -in (-yn), -sky (-tsky), i.e., the so-called standard surnames, does not cause difficulties for native speakers. You just need to remember two important rules.

A. Borrowed surnames on -ov, -in, which belong foreigners, in the instrumental form have the ending -ohm(as nouns of the second school declension, for example table, table): the theory was proposed by Darwin, the film was directed by Chaplin, the book was written by Cronin.(Interestingly, the pseudonym is also inclined Green, owned by a Russian writer: the book is written Green.) Homonymous Russian surnames have an ending - th in instrumental form: with Chaplin(from the dialect word chaplya"heron"), with Cronin(from crown).

B. Female surnames on - ina type Currant, Pearl inclined in two ways, depending on the declension of the male surname ( Irina Zhemchuzhina and Irina Zhemchuzhina, Zoe Smorodina and Zoya Smorodina). If the male surname is Zhemchuzhin, then it is correct: arrival Irina Zhemchuzhina. If the male surname is Pearl, then it is correct: arrival Irina Zhemchuzhina(surname is declined as a common noun pearl).

2. Now we go directly to the so-called non-standard surnames. The first thing to remember is that, contrary to popular misconception, the gender of the bearer of a surname does not always affect inclination / non-inclination. Even less often, this is influenced by the origin of the surname. First of all, it matters what sound the surname ends with - a consonant or a vowel..

3. We will immediately describe several groups of indeclinable surnames. In modern Russian literary language do not bow Russian surnames, ending in -s, -ih (type Black, Long), as well as all surnames, ending in vowels e, i, o, u, s, e, u .

Examples: notebooks by Irina Chernykh, Lydia Meie, Roman Grymau; the diploma was given to Victor Dolgikh, Andrey Gretry, Nikolay Shtanenko, Maya Lee; meeting with Nikolai Kruchenykh and Alexander Minadze.

Note. AT colloquial speech and in the language of fiction, reflecting oral speech, it is considered acceptable to decline male surnames on - uh, -ih (in Chernykh's scenario, meeting with Ryzhykh), as well as the declension of surnames of Ukrainian origin into -ko, -enko according to the declension of feminine nouns -a: go to Semashka, visiting Ustimenka. Note that Ukrainian surnames of this type were consistently declined in the artistic literature XIX century ( at Shevchenko; Nalivaika's confession; poem dedicated to Rodzyanka).

4. If last name ends in a consonant(except for surnames on -oh, -them, which were mentioned above), then here - and only here! - the gender of the bearer of the surname matters. All male surnames ending in a consonant are inclined - this is the law of Russian grammar. All female surnames ending in a consonant are not declined. In this case, the linguistic origin of the surname does not matter. Men's surnames are also declined, coinciding with common nouns.
Examples: Mikhail Bock's notebook, diplomas issued to Alexander Krug and Konstantin Korol, meeting with Igor Shipelevich, visiting Andrey Martynyuk, daughter of Ilya Skalozub, work of Isaac Akopyan; notebook of Anna Bock, diplomas issued to Natalia Krug and Lydia Korol, meeting with Yulia Shipelevich, visiting Ekaterina Martynyuk, daughter of Svetlana Skalozub, work of Marina Akopyan.

Note 1. Eastern male surnames Slavic origin, having a fluent vowel during declension, can be inclined in two ways - with and without loss of a vowel: Mikhail Zayats and Mikhail Zayets, with Alexander Zhuravel and Alexander Zhuravl, Igor Gritsevets and Igor Gritsevets. In a number of sources, declension without dropping a vowel is recognized as preferable (i.e. Hare, Crane, Gritsevets), because surnames also perform a legal function. But the final choice is up to the bearer of the surname. It is important to adhere to the chosen type of declension in all documents.

Note 2. Separately, it is necessary to say about surnames ending in a consonant th. If preceded by a vowel and(less often about), the surname can be inclined in two ways. Surnames such as Topchy, Pobozhiy, Boky, Ore, can be perceived as having endings -oh, -oh and inflect as adjectives ( Topchy, Topchy, feminine Topchaya, Topchaya), and it is possible - as having a zero ending with a declension similar to nouns ( Topchia, Topchia, feminine invariant form Topchy). If consonant th at the end of the surname, any other vowel precedes, the surname obeys the general rules (Igor Shakhrai, Nikolai Adzhubey, but Inne Shakhrai, Alexandre Adjubey).

5. If last name ends in a vowel -я preceded by another vowel (ex: Shengelaya, Breaking, Rhea, Beria, Danelia), she is bows down.
Examples: notebook by Inna Shengelai, diploma issued to Nikolay Lomaya, meeting with Anna Rhea; crimes of Lavrenty Beria, meeting with George Danelia.

6. If last name ends in a vowel -a preceded by another vowel (ex.: Galois, Morois, Delacroix, Moravia, Eria, Heredia, Gulia), she is does not bow.
Examples: notebook Nicholas Galua, diploma issued to Irina Eria, meeting with Igor Gulia.

7. And the last group of surnames - ending in -а, -я, preceded by a consonant . Here - and only here! - the origin of the surname and the place of stress in it matter. There are only two exceptions to keep in mind:

BUT. Don't bow down French surnames with an accent on the last syllable: books by Alexandre Dumas, Emile Zola and Anna Gavalda, aphorisms by Jacques Derrida, goals by Diarra and Drogba.

B. Predominantly do not bow Finnish surnames ending in - a unstressed: meeting with Mauno Pekkala(although in a number of sources it is recommended to incline them too).

All other surnames (Slavic, Eastern and others; ending in stressed and unstressed -and I) bow down. Contrary to a common misconception, surnames that coincide with common nouns are also declined.
Examples: Irina Groza's notebook, Nikolay Mukha's diploma, Elena Kara-Murza's lecture, Bulat Okudzhava's songs, Igor Kvasha's roles, Akira Kurosawa's films.

Note. There used to be fluctuations in the declension of Japanese surnames, but reference books note that in recent times such surnames are consistently declined, and in the “Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language” by A. A. Zaliznyak, an indeclinable version at Akutagawa along with the inflexible near Okudzhava, called "gross violation of the norm" .

Here, in fact, are all the main rules; As you can see, there aren't too many of them. Now we can refute the misconceptions listed above related to the declension of surnames. So, contrary to popular belief: a) there is no rule “all Armenian, Georgian, Polish, etc. surnames do not decline” - the declension of surnames obeys the laws of the grammar of the language, and if the final element of the surname lends itself to Russian inflection, it declines; b) the rule “male surnames decline, female ones do not” does not apply to all surnames, but only to those that end in a consonant; c) the coincidence of the surname in form with common nouns is not an obstacle to their declension.

It is important to remember: the surname is word and, like all words, it must obey the grammatical laws of the language. In this sense, there is no difference between sentences Certificate issued to Hunger Ivan(instead of correct Hunger Ivan) and The villagers were suffering from hunger.(instead of suffered from hunger), there is a grammatical error in both sentences.

It is also important to follow the rules of declension of surnames because the refusal to change the cases of the declined surname can lead to misunderstandings and incidents, and disorient the addressee of the speech. In fact, imagine the situation: a person with the surname Thunderstorm signed his work: article by Nikolai Groz. According to the laws of Russian grammar, a male surname ending in the genitive singular. numbers on - a, is restored in its original form, in the nominative case, with zero ending, so the reader will make an unambiguous conclusion: the author's name is Nicholas Groz. Submitted to the dean's office work A. Pogrebnyak will lead to the search for a student (Anna? Antonina? Alice?) Pogrebnyak, and the student Alexander Pogrebnyak's belonging to her will still have to be proved. It is necessary to follow the rules of declension of surnames for the same reason that it is necessary to follow the rules of spelling, otherwise a situation arises similar to the famous “opteka” described by L. Uspensky in “Word about words”. The authors of the "Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language" L. K. Graudina, V. A. Itskovich, L. P. Katlinskaya indicate: case of a surname from its oblique cases.

Therefore, we suggest that you remember the elementary truth number 8.

ABC Truth No. 8. The declension of surnames obeys the laws of the grammar of the Russian language. There is no rule "all Armenian, Georgian, Polish, etc. surnames are not bowed." The declension of the surname depends primarily on what sound the surname ends with - a consonant or a vowel. The rule "male surnames decline, female ones do not" does not apply to all surnames, but only to those that end in consonant. The coincidence of the surname in form with common nouns (Fly, Hare, Stick etc.) is not an obstacle to their declination.

Literature:

1. Ageenko F. L. Dictionary of proper names of the Russian language. M., 2010.
2. Graudina L. K., Itskovich V. A., Katlinskaya L. P. Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language. -3rd ed., ster. M., 2008.
3. Zaliznyak A. A. Grammatical Dictionary of the Russian Language. - 5th ed., Rev. M., 2008.
4. Kalakutskaya L.P. Surnames. Names. Patronymic. Writing and declension. M., 1994.
5. Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing. - 8th ed., Rev. and additional M., 2003.
6. Superanskaya A.V. Dictionary of Russian personal names. M., 2004.

V. M. Pakhomov,
Candidate of Philology,
editor-in-chief of the Gramota.ru portal

Rules and examples of declension of male and female names, patronymics, surnames.

Literate speech and writing distinguish people who have received a good education from illiterate representatives of mankind.

Knowledge of the rules mother tongue will definitely help you when addressing people by first name, patronymic, last name.

Let's talk in more detail about the features of their declension for male and female options.

Correct declension of a masculine surname: rule, example

the student is looking in the book for examples of the correct declension of surnames

Depending on the origin, the presence / absence of a vowel at the end of a word or a consonant of letters, masculine surnames have a number of rules for declension.

Globally, we divide them into 2 large groups:

• changing endings
• remaining unchanged

The first group of rules includes:

• -ov, -in for Russian and borrowed variants are inclined according to the classical scheme. for example, the work of Ivanov, the painting belongs to Sanin, I am waiting for Sidorov, to talk with Fonvizin about Krysin.
• The surnames of foreigners ending in -in, -ov in the instrumental case acquire the ending -om. Example: the role is played by Chaplin, the hero is voiced by Green.
• When the bearer of the surname is Russian and it comes from Russian homonyms, the rule with the ending -y in the instrumental case works.
  Example: from the word krona - we go with Cronin, from the dialect variant of chaplya - skating with Chaplin.
• Unstressed endings -а, -я are declined according to the general rules.
  for example, Globa's notebook, Shegda's car, Okudzhava's production.
• Georgian na-ia change endings, For example, the merits of Beria.
• -a shock at the end of surnames of Slavic origin suggest a change in endings, For example, with Kvasha and Skovoroda.
• A hard or soft consonant at the end of a surname turns into combinations with vowels when declined.
  for example, Blok's poems, an interview with Gaft, to transfer to Mickiewicz.
• In the adjectival form, it is declined according to the general rules.
  for example, the victory of Lyuty, a campaign to Tolstoy.

The second group of rules includes the following:

• foreign ones in -ia remain unchanged,
• -a, -i drums French descent do not bow, for example, Dumas' carriage, letters about Zola,
• -ko do not bow at the end,
• with endings in -o, -y, -i, -e, -yu remain unchanged during declension,
• -yh at the end keeps the surname unchanged when declined.

Correct declension of a male name: rule, example

the wise owl from the cartoon explains the rule of declension of male names

Male names are also different origin. However, the rules for their declination are the same:

• at the end of the name with a consonant hard or soft letter or with -th, changes occur according to general principle declensions of nouns.
  The stress remains unchanged, but moves in single-syllables.
  Examples: Alexander - Alexandra - Alexander, Peter - Peter - Peter, Timothy - Timothy - Timothy.
• -iya, -я, -я, -еа are similar to the peculiarities of the declension of nouns with a similar ending.
  Example: Ilya - Elijah - Ilya, Zechariah - Zechariah - Zechariah.
• -a - changing the ending corresponds to the rule of declension of ordinary nouns with -a at the end.
  Example: Nikita - Nikita - Nikita.

Since there are many foreign words and names of people of other nationalities in the Russian language, the latter in some cases do not fall under the rules of declension and remain unchanged. These are names ending in:

• vowels -yu, -u, -s, -i, -e, -e, -о. Example, Jose, Aibu
• two vowels, except -iya, -ey. Example, François, Kachaa

Correct declension of masculine patronymic: rule, example

child school age looks through the rules and examples of the declension of the male patronymic on the tablet

We note a number of features before moving on to the declension male patronymics:

• Classical endings, namely -evich, -ovich.
  Example, Alexander Alexandrovich, Timofey - Timofeevich.
• Adding a soft sign before the end if the father's name ends in -y, that is, -yevich.
  Example, Valery - Valerievich.
• If the father's name ends in -a, then -ich is added to the patronymic. Example, Luka - Lukich, Nikita - Nikitich.

Let's add a table with changes in endings in male patronymics when they are declined by cases:

declension table of male patronymics by cases

Correct declension of a feminine surname: rule, example

stack open books with examples of the correct declension of female surnames

Women's surnames have a number of differences from men's in declension.

• With the ending in -ina, -ova change in cases. For example, Shukshina, Ivanova.
• Depending on the characteristics of the declension of male surnames, there is a difference for female options. For example, Currant, Pearl. In this case, the declension in female variants is the arrival of Nadia Smorodina and Lina Zhemchuzhina. If the male versions of Smorodin and Zhemchuzhin, then the female ones, respectively - the arrival of Zoya Smorodina and Katya Zhemchuzhina.
• Unstressed -а and -я change the ending when declining. Example, Valentina Globa, Katerina Okudzhava.
• Adjectives similar to adjectives change the ending according to the adjective declension principle. Example: Lena the Great, Tatyana Svetlaya.

Absence of declensions for surnames:

• French descent
• ending in -ko, -o, -e, -i, -u, -u, -х, and also with a consonant

Correct declension of a female name: rule, example

a girl with glasses peeks out from behind books in which she was looking for the rules for declensing female names

In general, female names change their ending when declension. There are a number of rules that govern this:

• ending in -a, except for g, k, c, x. Example:

declension table for female names ending in -a

• the same ending after g, k, x and separately after c

declension table for female names ending in -a after g. k, x

declension table for female names ending in -a after c

• two-syllable names ending in -я, as well as those that have this unstressed letter, change their endings according to cases like this:

declension table for female names ending in -я

• ending in -iya, except for disyllabic ones. Example below:

an example of the declension of female names into -iya in the table

• ending in soft sign and hissing - change as follows:

declension tables of female names ending in the nominative case with a soft sign and hissing letter

Exceptions are a number of female names foreign origin. They often don't bend.

Examples are the same names that were presented in the table above, which have a hissing letter at the end.

Correct declension of feminine patronymic: rule, example

a tired schoolboy at his desk covered himself with an open textbook with the rules of declension of a female patronymic

There are a number of rules for declension of female patronymics, depending on their formation from male names. Namely:

• names ending in unstressed -a form patronymics with -ichna. If the last syllable of a male name is accented, then -inichna. Example: Nikita - Nitichna, Ilya - Ilyinichna.
• If the basis is the names of the second declension with zero and ending in -y, then -ovna, -evna are added in the patronymic. Example: Eugene - Evgenievna, Vladimir - Vladimirovna.

For clarity, we insert a table of declension of female patronymics:

table of changes in endings in female patronymics when they are declined by cases

So, we have considered a number of rules for declension of surnames, names and patronymics for men and women. And also studied them with examples.

Practice the rules by inflecting the names, patronymics and surnames of your relatives. Then all the rules will be remembered to you faster.

Good luck!

Video: how to decline surnames in cases?

Instruction

All Russian surnames that include -ov- (-ev-), -in-, -sk- (Belov, Ignatieva, Baturin, Glinskaya) are inclined. In the plural, the forms of female and male surnames coincide (Belov, Glinsky). Surnames ending in -oy, -y, -y (Lanovoy, Wild, Zapashny) are declined in the same way as adjectives.

The rest, ending in consonants or the letters "b", "y" (except for surnames in -s, -ih), have an ending in the instrumental with -om, (-em): Gaidar, Babel. Female surnames in this case are not inclined: with Anna Kern, for Marina Golub. In the plural, surnames of this type are also declined as masculine: visited the Herzens.

Russian surnames ending in -s, -ih (Belykh, Dolgikh) are not declined.

When declining surnames ending in -a, it has which letter (vowel or consonant) comes before this -a, and also whether the final -a is stressed. If in the surname there is a vowel before the final -a, such a surname is not inclined (Morua).

Surnames ending in an unstressed -a after consonants are declined according to the first declension: Kafka (Kafka's novel), Okudzhava (Okudzhava's song).

If the final -а (or -я) is stressed, such surnames may or may not be inflected depending on . Surnames of French origin are not inclined (Dumas, Petipa, Zola). Surnames of a different origin (Slavic, from Eastern languages) are inclined according to the first declension, i.e., the stressed ending -a is singled out in them: Kvasha - Kvashi, Kvashe, Kvasha, Kvasha (here Golovnya, Shengelaya, Beria, etc.).

If the surname is composite, and the first part of the surname is not in itself as a surname (Demut-Malinovsky), then only the second part of the surname is declined (sculpture by Demut-Malinovsky). If the first part of the surname is a surname in itself, in this case both parts are declined (Lebedeva-Kumach).

Helpful advice

There are a number of surnames, the declension of which causes difficulties and is not regulated general rules. To resolve such difficulties, a dictionary of surnames is needed, giving normative recommendations for each specific word.

Sources:

• Surname declination. Reference and information portal GRAMOTA.RU
• declension of masculine surnames
• Declension of proper names

The Russian language has its own peculiarities of declension of surnames and personal names, which are so difficult for foreigners who study our language. However, sometimes these questions cause difficulties even for those for whom Russian is their native language. One of these questions is how to incline to - diy in Russian, we will now consider.

Instruction

According to the rules, and having an ending - diy, incline to - . Women's surnames do not bow, but men's surnames, in the nominative case ending in -й, are declined in the same way as nouns with a second masculine gender. By ear, they are often perceived as foreign.

Women's surnames with such an ending they are not declined either in the singular or in the plural. For example: Svetlana Kon diy, Svetlana Kon diy, Svetlana Kon diy, Svetlana Kon diy, Svetlana Kon diy, about Svetlana Kon diy. Likewise, and in the plural: the Cohn sisters diy, the Kohn sisters diy, sisters Kohn diy, the Kohn sisters diy, the Kohn sisters diy, about the Cohn sisters diy.

Men's surnames on the - diy decline in both singular and plural. Singular: Eugene Kon diy, Yevgeny Kondiya, Yevgeny Kondiya, Yevgeny Kondiya, Yevgeny Kondiy, about Yevgeny Kondiy. In the plural: brothers Kondiya, brothers Kondiev, brothers Kondiya, brothers Kondiev, brothers Kondiya, about brothers Kondiya.

Accordingly, in order to write such a surname, we must have information about the field of this. The absence of such information is capable of writing in predicament. Accordingly, in which the surname is indicated ending in - diy, carries information about the field.

There is another, rather syntactic nuance. When mentioning male and gender with a surname on - diy She doesn't lean either. For example: Victor and Elena Kan diy, Victor and Elena Kan diy, Victor and Elena Kon diy, Victor and Elena Cohn diy, Victor and Elena Cohn diy, about Victor and Elena Cohn diy.

Sources:

• N. A. Eskova. Difficulties in inflection of nouns. Educational materials to practical training on the course "Language modern printing". USSR State Press Committee. All-Union Institute for Advanced Training of Press Workers. M., 1990.

Declension of adjectives is carried out according to cases, gender and numbers. There are also indeclinable adjectives in Russian, but they are in the minority.

Instruction

There are two types of declension: adjective and mixed. According to the first type, most adjectives are inclined. The adjective declension is subdivided into the declension of adjectives with the ending -oy adjectives with the endings -й and -й.

The declension of adjectives ending in -oi is also divided into subtypes according to the final sound of the stem. This sound can be posterior, hard hissing or steamy.

The declension of adjectives with the endings -y and -y has more varieties according to the final sound of the stem. The ending can be after iota, after q, after hard sibilants, after posterior palatine, after soft paired consonants, after hard paired consonants.

mixed type declension is subdivided into first pronominal, second pronominal and possessive. According to the first pronominal, possessive adjectives with stems on -y and on -in are declined, as well as the countable adjective third. All other possessive adjectives are declined according to the possessive subtype.

The declension of adjectives with a stem into a pair-solid consonant occurs as follows. AT masculine and singular case endings are as follows: -y/-oy in the nominative and accusative, -oy in the genitive, -oy in the dative, -y in the instrumental, -oy in the prepositional. In the neuter gender and singular, the endings are similar, except for the ending -oe in the nominative and accusative cases.

In the feminine and singular, the endings are as follows: -oy in the nominative, -oy in the genitive and dative, -oy in the accusative, -oy/-oy in the instrumental, -oy in the prepositional. The plural of adjectives with a base on a solid paired consonant is inclined as follows: -s in the nominative and accusative, -s in the genitive and prepositional, -s in the dative, -s in the instrumental.

When based on a soft-pair consonant, the masculine singular has the following endings: -i in the nominative and accusative, -iu in the genitive, -iu in the dative and accusative, -ii in the instrumental, -iu in the prepositional. Singular neuter: -ee in the nominative and accusative, -his in the genitive, -him in the dative, -im in the instrumental, -em in the prepositional. Singular feminine: -ya in the nominative, -ey in the genitive and dative, -yu in the accusative, -ey/-eyu in the instrumental, -ey in the prepositional.

The plural of this variety of adjectives declines as follows: -i in the nominative and accusative, -ii in the genitive and prepositional, -im in the dative and instrumental.

Adjectives with a sibilant stem in the masculine and singular change by case as follows: -i/-oi in the nominative, -iu in the genitive, -iu in the dative, -ii/-oi and –ii/-oi in the accusative, -i/-oi im in the instrumental, -em in the prepositional. In the neuter singular: -ee/-th in the nominative and accusative, -th in the genitive, -om in the dative, -im in the instrumental, -th in the accusative. Feminine singular: -oy in the nominative, -ey/-oy in the genitive and dative, -oy in the accusative, -ey/-ey and -oy/-oy in the instrumental, -ey/-oy in the prepositional.

Adjectives with a sibilant stem in the plural are declined according to the pattern: -ie in the nominative, -ih in the genitive and prepositional, -im in the dative, -ie/-ih in the accusative, -ii in the instrumental.

If the adjective has a basis in the sound g/k/x, in the masculine and singular it has the following endings. In the nominative case -y/-oy, in the genitive -oy, in the dative -oy, in the accusative -y/-oy/-oy, in the instrumental -im, in the prepositional -oy. In the middle class singular: -th in the nominative and accusative, the rest as in the masculine.

Feminine singular: -oy in the nominative, -oy in the genitive and dative, -oy in the accusative, -oy/-oy in the instrumental, -oy in the prepositional. Plural: -i in the nominative, -ii in the genitive and instrumental, -ii in the dative, -i/-ii in the accusative, -ii in the instrumental.

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• Declension of adjectives in Russian
• Declension of adjectives

Citizens of Veliky Novgorod and its subordinate lands acquired surnames and nicknames. Chronicle evidence draws our attention to this fact, talking about the Battle of the Neva in 1240.

Later, in the XIV - XV centuries, princes began to acquire generic names. Nicknamed after the name of the inheritance that they owned, having lost it, the princes began to leave for themselves and their descendants its name as a family name. So the Vyazemsky (Vyazma), Shuisky (Shuya) and other noble families appeared. At the same time, those derived from nicknames began to be fixed: Lykovs, Gagarins, Gorbatovs.

Boyar and then noble surnames, for lack of status in their appanage, were formed to a greater extent from nicknames. Also, the formation of a surname from the name of the ancestor has become widespread. bright volume the reigning family in Russia - the Romanovs.

Romanovs

The ancestors of this old boyar family were ancestors who wore different time nicknames: Mare, Koshka Kobylin, Koshkins. The son of Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin, Yuri Zakharovich, was already called both by his father and by his nickname - Zakharyin-Koshkin. In turn, his son, Roman Yuryevich, bore the surname Zakhariev-Yuriev. The Zakharyins were also the children of Roman Yuryevich, but from the grandchildren (Fyodor Nikitich - Patriarch Filaret), the family continued under the name of the Romanovs. With the surname Romanov, Mikhail Fedorovich was elected to the royal throne.

Last name as identification

The establishment by Peter I in 1719 of passports for the convenience of collecting the poll tax and the implementation of the recruitment gave rise to the spread of surnames for men of all classes, including peasants. At first, along with the name, the patronymic and / or nickname were entered, which then became the owner's surname.

The formation of Russian surnames on -ov / -ev, -in

The most common Russian surnames are formed from personal names. As a rule, this is the name of the father, but more often the grandfather. That is, the surname was fixed in the third generation. At the same time, the personal name of the ancestor passed into the category of possessive adjectives formed from the name with the help of the suffixes -ov / -ev, -in and answering the question “whose?”
Whose Ivan? - Petrov.

In the same way, at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century Russian officials formed and recorded the names of the inhabitants of the Russian Transcaucasia and Central Asia.

Most Russian surnames are declined according to the rules of the Russian language. However, there are many surnames of foreign origin, the endings of which differ from the typical endings of Russian surnames. Two questions arise: to incline them or not, how to incline? Consider different cases surname declensions:

1. Surnames ending in -ov / ev, -in / yn, -skiy / skoy, -tskiy / tskoy, make up the bulk of Russian surnames. Their declension usually does not raise questions and occurs with the addition of endings according to the following rules:

Table 1. Surnames beginning with -ov/-ova

case	case question	Male surname	Female surname	Plural
I.p.	who?	Ivanov	Ivanova	Ivanovs
R.p.	whom?	Ivanov a	Ivanov oh	Ivanov s
D.p.	to whom?	Ivanov at	Ivanov oh	Ivanov th
V.p.	whom?	Ivanov a	Ivanov at	Ivanov s
etc.	by whom?	Ivanov th	Ivanov oh	Ivanov s
P.p.	about whom?	about Ivanov e	about Ivanov oh	about Ivanov s

Table 2. Surnames in -sky/-sky

case	case question	Male surname	Female surname	Plural
I.p.	who?	Akhtyrsky	Akhtyrskaya	Akhtyrsky
R.p.	whom?	Akhtyrsk wow	Akhtyrsk oh	Akhtyrsk them
D.p.	to whom?	Akhtyrsk omu	Akhtyrsk oh	Akhtyrsk them
V.p.	whom?	Akhtyrsk wow	Akhtyrsk wow	Akhtyrsk them
etc.	by whom?	Akhtyrsk them	Akhtyrsk oh	Akhtyrsk them
P.p.	about whom?	about Akhtyrsk ohm	about Akhtyrsk oh	about Akhtyrsk them

2. Surnames consonant with adjectives are declined in accordance with the declension of masculine and feminine adjectives and in the plural: Dashing, Tolstaya, White, Great.

Table 3. Surnames consonant with adjectives

case	case question	Male surname	Female surname	Plural
I.p.	who? what / what?	Dashing	Dashing	Dashing
R.p.	whom? what / what?	Lich wow	Lich oh	Lich them
D.p.	to whom? to what/what?	Lich omu	Lich oh	Lich them
V.p.	whom? what/which one?	Lich wow	Lich wow	Lich them
etc.	by whom? what / what?	Lich them	Lich oh	Lich them
P.p.	about whom? about what/about what?	o Lich ohm	o Lich oh	o Lich them

3. Surnames consonant with a noun are declined according to gender, gender does not affect declination. Including foreign-language ones without stress on the last syllable. Examples of surnames: Melnik, Guitar, Bull, Crow, Chernous, Shcherba, Kafka. Masculine surnames (Melnik, Coward) are declined in men according to the rule of declension of masculine nouns, in women and in the plural they are not declined. Feminine surnames (Guitar, Friday) for men and women are declined according to the rules of declension of feminine nouns, in the plural the surname has the form of the nominative case for men and does not decline by cases.

Table 4. Surnames consonant with masculine nouns

case	case question	Male surname	Female surname	Plural
I.p.	who?	Miller	Miller	Miller
R.p.	whom?	Miller a
D.p.	to whom?	Miller at
V.p.	whom?	Miller a
etc.	by whom?	Miller ohm
P.p.	about whom?	about Melnik e

Table 5. Surnames consonant with feminine nouns

case	case question	Male surname	Female surname	Plural
I.p.	who?	Guitar	Guitar	Guitar
R.p.	whom?	Guitar s	Guitar s
D.p.	to whom?	Guitar e	Guitar e
V.p.	whom?	Guitar at	Guitar at
etc.	by whom?	Guitar oh	Guitar oh
P.p.	about whom?	about Guitar e	Guitar e

Note 1. It is worth clarifying the stress in surnames ending in -a, since the ending of the instrumental case depends on this. Compare: Lefty - Lefty, Lefty - Lefty.
Note 2. French surnames with accent ending -a, -i, do not bow: Emile Zola, Pierre Broca, about Alexandre Dumas.

1. Names (Slavic) on -about such as Levko, Marko, Pavlo, Petro are inclined according to the pattern of declension of masculine neuter nouns, for example: in front of Levko, at Mark; in M. Gorky, the name Danko is not inclined (“... she told about the burning heart of Danko”).

Names that have parallel forms on -about – -a(Gavrilo - Gavrila, Mikhail - Mikhaila), usually inclined according to the type of feminine nouns: at Gavrila, to Gavrila, with Gavrila. Other endings (at Gavril, to Gavril, with Gavril) are formed from another original form of Gavril.

2. foreign names consonants are inclined regardless of whether they are used alone or together with a surname, for example: novels by Jules Verne (not “Jules Verne”), stories by Mark Twain, plays by John Boynton Priestley, fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen, book by Pierre-Henri Simon. Partial deviations are observed with double French names, for example: the philosophical views of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, an evening in memory of Jean-Richard Blok (the first name is not declined, see § 13, paragraph 3).

3. When declining Slavic names and surnames, Russian declension forms are used (in particular, fluent vowels are preserved in indirect forms), for example: Edek, Vladek (Polish names) - Edek, Vladek (not “Edka”, “Vladka”); Karel Capek - Karel Capek, (not "Chapka"); Vaclav Havel - Vaclav Havel (not "Havl").

4. Russian and foreign surnames ending in a consonant are declined if they refer to men, and do not decline if they refer to women. Compare: student Kulik - student Kulik, George W. Bush - Barbara Bush. Frequent deviations from the rule (the inflexibility of Russian male surnames ending in a consonant sound) are observed in cases where the surname is consonant with the name of an animal or inanimate object (Goose, Belt), in order to avoid unusual or curious combinations, for example: “At Mr. Goose”, "Citizen Belt". Often in such cases, especially in official business speech, keep the surname in its initial form (cf.: train with Stanislav Zhuk) or make changes to this type of declension, for example, retain a fluent vowel sound in indirect cases (cf.: highly appreciate the courage of Konstantin Kobets).

5. Surnames are not inclined to -ago, -ako, -yago, -yh, -them, -ovo: Shambinago, Plevako, Dubyago, Red, Long, Durnovo. Only in vernacular are there forms like “at Ivan Sedykh”.

6. Foreign surnames ending in a vowel (except for unstressed -and I, with a preceding consonant) are not declined, for example: Zola's novels, Hugo's poems, Bizet's operas, Punchini's music, Shaw's plays, Salman Rushdie's poems.

Often Slavic (Polish and Czech) surnames are also brought under this rule. -ski and -s: opinions of Zbigniew Brzezinski (American public and political figure), Pokorny's Dictionary (Czech linguist). However, it should be borne in mind that the tendency to transfer such surnames in accordance with their sound in the source language (cf. the spelling of the Polish surnames Gliński, Leszczynska - with the letter b before sk) is combined with the tradition of their transmission according to the Russian model in writing and declension: works by the Polish writer Krasiński, performances by the singer Ewa Bandrowska-Turska, a concert by the pianist Czerny-Stefanska, an article by Octavia Opulska-Danetska, etc. To avoid difficulties in the functioning of such surnames in the Russian language, it is advisable to arrange them according to the pattern of the declension of Russian male and female surnames in -sky, -sky, -th, -th. Polish combinations are inclined similarly, for example: Home Army, Home Army, etc.

From surnames to stressed -a only Slavic ones incline: The writer Mayboroda, the philosopher Skovoroda, the films of Alexander Mitta.

Non-Russian surnames on unstressed -oh, -i(mostly Slavic and Romanesque) are inclined, for example: the work of Jan Neruda, the poems of Pablo Neruda, the works of the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Campanella's utopianism, Torquemada's cruelty, a film starring Giulietta Mazina; but movies with Henry Fonda and Jane Fonda. Finnish surnames also do not decline to -a: a meeting with Kuusela. Foreign surnames do not decline to -ia, for example: Heredia's sonnets, Gulia's stories; in -iya - they are inclined, for example: the atrocities of Beria.

Fluctuations are observed in the use of Georgian, Japanese and some other surnames; compare: aria performed by Zurab Sotkilava, Okudzhava's songs, Ardzinba's government, 100th anniversary of the birth of Saint-Katayama, policy of General Tanaka, works by Ryunosuke Akutagawa. AT last years there is a clear trend towards declension of such surnames.

7. Ukrainian surnames on -ko (-enko) in fiction usually inclined, although different type declensions (as masculine or neuter words), for example: an order to the head of Yevtukh Makogonenok; a poem dedicated to Rodzyanka M.V. In the modern press, such surnames, as a rule, are not declined, for example: the anniversary of Taras Shevchenko, memories of V.G. Korolenko. In some cases, however, their variability is appropriate for introducing clarity into the text, cf.: letter from V.G. Korolenko A.V. Lunacharsky - a letter addressed to V.G. Korolenka. Wed also in Chekhov: “Toward evening, Belikov ... trudged to Kovalenki.” Surnames do not bow to -ko percussion: the Franko Theater, Lyashko's stories.

8. In compound names and surnames of Korean, Vietnamese, Burmese, it declines the last part(if it ends in a consonant), for example: Choi Heng's speech, Pham Van Dong's statement, conversation with Wu Ku Ling.

9. In Russian double surnames, the first part is declined if it is used as a surname in itself, for example: songs by Solovyov-Sedoy, paintings by Sokolov-Skaly. If the first part does not form a surname, then it does not decline, for example: research by Grum-Grzhimailo, in the role of Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky, sculpture by Demut-Malinovsky.

10. Non-Russian surnames referring to two or more persons are in some cases put in the form plural, in others - in the singular form:

1) if the surname has two male names, then it is put in the plural form, for example: Heinrich and Thomas Mann, August and Jean Picard, Adolf and Michael Gottlieb; also father and son of Oistrakhi;
- 2) with two female names, the surname is put in the singular form, for example: Irina and Tamara Press (compare the inclination of surnames to a consonant sound related to women);
- 3) if the surname is accompanied by male and female names, then it retains the singular form, for example: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, Ronald and Nancy Reagan, Ariadne and Peter Tur, Nina and Stanislav Zhuk;
- 4) the surname is also put in the singular if it is accompanied by two common nouns indicating a different gender, for example: Mr. and Mrs. Clinton, Lord and Lady Hamilton; however, with combinations of husband and wife, brother and sister, the surname is more often used in the plural: husband and wife of Estrema, brother and sister of Niringa;
- 5) at the word of the spouse, the surname is put in the singular form, for example: spouses Kent, spouses Major;
- 6) with the word brothers, the surname is also usually put in the singular, for example: the Grimm brothers, the Spiegel brothers, the Schellenberg brothers, the Pokrass brothers; the same with the word sister: sisters Koch;
- 7) with the word family, the surname is usually put in the singular form, for example: the Oppenheim family, the Hoffman-steel family.

11. In combinations of Russian surnames with numerals, the following forms are used: two Petrovs, both Petrovs, two Petrovs, both Petrov brothers, two Petrov friends; two (both) Zhukovskys; two (both) Zhukovsky. This rule also includes combinations of numerals with foreign surnames: both Schlegels, two brothers of Manna.

12. Women's patronymics they are inclined according to the type of declension of nouns, and not adjectives, for example: with Anna Ivanovna, with Anna Ivanovna, with Anna Ivanovna.