Video lesson 2: Sectoral and territorial structure of the world economy

Lecture: Sectoral structure of the economy. Geography of the main branches of production and non-production spheres

Sectoral structure of the economy- this is the relationship of all industries, their composition and pace of development.

It is divided into manufacturing and non-manufacturing areas. To production or material include all industries producing material goods, delivering them to the consumer, continuing the process of production in the sphere of circulation. Non-production areas and includes services rendered to the population and social services.

Each of the branches of the economy is subdivided into smaller branches, which are divided into specialized branches, then into types of production.

For example. The transport industry is divided into water, air and land. Water, divided by specialization into river and sea.

A more complex division agro-industrial complex where agricultural and industrial sectors are closely intertwined, interconnected:

Agriculture;

an industry that produces agricultural machinery;

industries that process products and bring it to the consumer (product processing, catering).

Types of industries:

• latest

To old include coal, metallurgical, etc. New originated in the 20th century. This is the automotive industry, the production of plastic products. Newest associated with science are high-tech industries: robotics, microelectronics, chemistry of organic synthesis. High-tech are inherent in the Japanese economy.

Geography of the main branches of production and non-production spheres

Manufacturing

The transformation of industries has led to a reduction in the percentage of old ones, and an increase in new and new ones. Separate southern countries moved from developing to the top ten in industrial production. In high-tech production, the Nordic countries are leading. The geography of industries determines the location of large industrial areas (about 100). They are located in almost all regions. The numerical superiority falls on Europe.

Fuel and energy complex provides the population with fuel and energy. The world progress is ruled by the fuel and energy industry. To date, there are alternative energy sources, but so far they are not able to meet the needs of mankind. This industry is characterized by the development of extractive industries in some countries, and consumption in others. The main consumers are the USA, Europe, Japan. But developing countries are engaged in mining. The development of this industry has undergone changes: the first stage is the extraction and use of coal as a fuel. The second is based on the use of oil and gas, which has given advantages to countries with oil deposits. Until today, the cost of oil on the world market is an indicator of the economy on a global scale. Oil is produced in 90 countries. 40% of production comes from OPEC countries. Russia is among the top three countries in terms of oil production. 45% of oil goes to the international market.

Gas production in the 21st century got a second wind. The idea of ​​the energy of radioactive decay has not justified itself, since its use can lead to irreparable consequences. Gas is easier to produce, easier to transport, more environmentally friendly. The geography of gas production has also changed. The countries of the South took up the extraction of gas. 25% goes to the market natural gas. Part is transported through pipelines, the rest is in a liquefied state. Algeria was the first to transport liquid gas.

The world got bigger produce and consume electricity. Most of it is produced in the countries of the northern hemisphere. 64% of electricity is generated at thermal power plants. Here the leading place is occupied by the USA, China, Russia, Japan. The percentage of CHP in the share of electricity, prevails in Poland, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait. Their stations operate on coal and oil products. 18% of energy is produced by hydroelectric power plants. The leading position belongs to the countries of North America, Russia and China. The share of nuclear energy in the world is growing. 31 countries of the world use nuclear power plants. In the USA, France, Japan most of all produce atomic energy. The share of nuclear energy is higher compared to other sources in Lithuania, France, Belgium. The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant has reduced the construction of new nuclear power plants. Some countries have declared a moratorium on the use of nuclear energy, in some countries nuclear power plants have been dismantled. The amount of nuclear energy in Russia has decreased. People paid too high a price for the use of atomic energy. Although it is impossible to completely abandon this type of energy, developments are now underway to use it more safely.

Development pace mining industry decreased markedly, but the role of the industry in the world is great. After commodity crisis In the 1970s, many countries revised the concept of using the mineral resource complex, reoriented towards the use of their own raw materials and saving resources. There are 8 leading mining countries in the world: USA, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Brazil, India, China, Russia.

Until the 70s metal production determined the degree of development of the economy. Now the trends have changed, as today, in many industries, metal products have begun to be replaced with plastic products. The second reason is the transfer of "dirty production" to the southern countries. The geography of metallurgy has also changed. If earlier this industry was focused on raw materials and coal deposits, now there are mini-factories that are focused on the consumer. About 200 million tons of ferrous metals are exported annually. Main suppliers: Europe and Japan.

Development non-ferrous metallurgy decreased in post-industrial countries, but increased in the southern. The reason is the same. The countries of Europe and America care about the environment in their countries, "dirty production" is moving to the south.

mechanical engineering has also undergone some metamorphosis. Older industries have stabilized or are in decline, such as shipbuilding. The production of new ones is growing, for example, automotive, electronics, robotics, etc. On the world economic map There are 4 major regions: North America(all types of production), Europe, East and Southeast Asia (output household appliances), the CIS countries in which mechanical engineering is the main industry.

Accommodation chemical industries has changed radically. The production of organic synthesis products and polymers, which are based on the processing of petroleum products, is increasingly expanding its boundaries. Chemistry has moved to oil-producing countries: the countries of the Persian Gulf, North Africa, Mexico.

Old branches light industry, previously located in the UK, USA, Europe fell into decay. On the other hand, the countries of the south, oriented towards cheap labor and their own raw materials, received a new impetus in development. Everywhere you can find cheap clothes and textiles from China.

• Non-manufacturing sphere

The non-production sphere occupies a significant position in the economy of states. It includes: education, art, culture, science, transport services, housing and communal services, the financial sector, tourism, etc. AT non-productive sphere the US is leading the world. The share of the economy is dominated by the non-manufacturing sector. It employs 2/3 of the country's population. For example, New York is the largest financial center, the centers of science and education are such cities as Stanford, Cambridge, Los Angeles. The share of tourism is great, especially in the states of Florida, California, Hawaii.

In each of the countries there are centers of finance, culture, science and tourism. In Hungary it is Budapest, in Russia it is Moscow and St. Petersburg. The structure of trade between countries is growing. Imported goods can be found in all countries of the world. The budget of some developing countries is completely dependent on tourism. The UK is considered the center of world education.

Industry- a separate sphere of science, knowledge, production. Branch of the economy - a set of enterprises producing (mining) homogeneous or specific products using the same type of technology.

All industries National economy fall into two broad areas:production and non-production. The existence of organizations belonging to the second group (culture, education, household service, management) is impossible without the successful development of enterprises of the first.

Related to the industry production area enterprises engaged in activities aimed at creating wealth. Also, organizations of this group sort them, move them, etc. Precise definition production sphere is as follows: "The set of enterprises that manufacture a material product and provide material services."

The production sphere plays a very prominent role in the development of the national economy. It is the enterprises related to it that create national income and conditions for the development of non-material production. There are the following main industries: industry, agriculture, construction, transport, trade and public catering, logistics.

1 Industry. This industry includes enterprises engaged in the extraction and processing of raw materials, the manufacture of equipment, the production of energy, consumer goods, and other similar organizations, which are the main part of such an area as the manufacturing sector. The sectors of the economy related to industry are divided into:

− power industry. The enterprises included in this group are engaged in the generation and transmission of electrical energy, as well as control over its sale and consumption. Production of products of any kind without organizations carrying out such activities is impossible.

− metallurgy. This industry, in turn, is divided into two sub-sectors: non-ferrous and ferrous. The first includes enterprises engaged in the extraction of precious metals (gold, silver, platinum), diamonds, copper, nickel, etc. At the plants of the ferrous metallurgy industry, mainly steel and cast iron are produced.

− fuel industry. The structure of this industry includes enterprises engaged in the extraction of coal, oil and gas.

− chemical industry. Technological production of this type produce products for various purposes. The latter can be divided into four main categories: basic and specialty chemicals, consumer goods, life support products.

− timber industry . This group includes enterprises that harvest logs, produce sawn timber, as well as paper, pulp, matches, etc.

− mechanical engineering and metalworking. Factories in this area are engaged in the manufacture of equipment, tools and machines.

− light industry. The enterprises of this group mainly produce consumer goods: clothing, footwear, furniture, etc.

− building materials industry. The main activity of factories and plants in this industry is the production of products intended for the construction of buildings and structures (concrete mixtures, bricks, blocks, plasters, insulation, waterproofing, etc.

− glass industry. The structure of this industry also includes factories for the production of porcelain and faience. The enterprises of this sub-sector produce dishes, sanitary ware, window glass, mirrors, etc.

All industrial enterprises classified into two large groups:mining- mines, quarries, mines, wells; processing- combines, factories, workshops.

2 Agriculture. This is also a very important area of ​​the state's economy, falling under the definition of "industrial sector". Branches of the economy of this direction are primarily responsible for the production and partial processing of food products. They are divided into two groups: animal husbandry and crop production.

The structure of the first includes enterprises engaged in:

− cattle breeding. Cultivation of large and small livestock makes it possible to provide the population with such important food products as meat and milk.

− pig breeding. The enterprises of this group supply lard and meat to the market.

− fur farming. Wearables are mainly made from the skins of small animals. A very large percentage of this production is exported.

− poultry farming. The agricultural enterprises of this group supply dietary meat, eggs and feathers to the market.

Crop production includes such sub-sectors as:

− grain cultivation. This is the most important sub-sector of agriculture, the most developed in our country. Agricultural enterprises of this group of the production sector are engaged in the cultivation of wheat, rye, barley, oats, millet, etc. The degree to which the population is provided with such important products as bread, flour, cereals depends on how effectively this industry is developed.

− vegetable growing. This type of activity in our country is carried out mainly by small and medium-sized organizations, as well as farms. Fruit growing and viticulture. It is developed mainly in the southern regions of the country. The agricultural enterprises of this group supply fruits and wines to the market.

Plant growing also includes such sub-sectors as potato growing, flax growing, melon growing, etc.

Industry and agriculture are considered the main sectors of the manufacturing sector. However, an equally important role in the country's economy is played by enterprises and other groups that are in close interaction with them.

3 Construction. Organizations of this group are engaged in the construction of buildings and structures. It can be like objects household purpose, and cultural, administrative or industrial. In addition, construction organizations develop projects for buildings and structures, carry out their reconstruction, expansion, overhaul etc.

Absolutely all other branches of the production sphere interact with groups of enterprises of this type. Construction companies can work both on government orders and from specific organizations or individuals.

4 Transport. Organizations in this area of ​​the national economy are responsible for the transportation of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products. It includes the following industries:

− road transport. Companies in this group mainly deliver goods over short distances.

− marine. This type of transport carries out mainly foreign trade transportation (oil and oil products). In addition, maritime companies serve remote areas of the country.

− rail transportation. Within the developed economic zone, trains are the main transport delivering goods over long distances.

− aviation. Companies in this area of ​​the transport industry are mainly engaged in the transportation of perishable products.

The success of the functioning of enterprises in such industries as agriculture, industry, construction, etc. directly depends on the efficiency of the companies of the transport group. In addition to those discussed above, this area of ​​the production sector includes organizations that transport oil, products of its processing, gas, etc.

5Trade. An equally important role in the country's economy is played by such industries as: wholesale; retail; catering.

Its subjects are enterprises and organizations involved in the sale of goods produced by industry and agriculture, as well as related works and services. Public catering establishments include canteens, barbecue houses, cafes, restaurants, pizzerias, bistros, etc.

6 Logistics. The main activity of the subjects of this branch of the production sphere is the provision of enterprises in industry, agriculture, etc. working capital: accessories, containers, spare parts, rapidly wearing equipment and tools, etc. The logistics group also includes organizations involved in supply and marketing. Thus, the branches of the production sphere, the definition of which was given at the beginning of this article, are the most important components of the national economy. The effectiveness of the development of the country's economy as a whole and, as a result, the growth of the welfare of its citizens directly depends on the success of the activities of their enterprises.

In the non-manufacturing sector, 2 groups of industries can be distinguished:

1. Industries whose services satisfy the general, collective needs of society:

− geology and exploration of subsoil and water management(except for those activities that were classified as material production);

− authorities: administrative apparatus, court, prosecutor's office;

− defense;

− party and public organizations;

− science and scientific service;

− finance;

− lending and state insurance.

2. Industries whose services satisfy the cultural and social needs of the population:

− housing and communal services;

− institutions and enterprises providing consumer services to the population (passenger transport, baths, hairdressers, etc.);

− education (schools, secondary and higher educational establishments, libraries, etc.);

− institutions of culture and art (museums, theaters, cinemas, palaces, houses of culture, etc.);

− communication in terms of servicing the population and the non-productive sphere;

− institutions for medical care population (polyclinics, hospitals, sanatoriums, etc.);

− institutions of physical culture and sports;

− institutions for social security of the population.

Workers employed in the non-productive sphere of the national economy do not produce material goods, but their labor is necessary for society and is socially useful labor.

Sometimes, outside the classification of industries of the manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors, the industry "Public service" is singled out as a collective industry, which includes enterprises accounted for in the industries of the manufacturing and non-manufacturing spheres. From the manufacturing sector, this includes industrial enterprises engaged in the manufacture and repair of personal consumption items for individual orders of the population, and construction organizations that build and repair housing for individual orders of the population. From the non-productive sphere to the collective branch of consumer services, non-productive activities that have the character of purely consumer services to the population (baths, hairdressers, etc.) are included.

Productive labor in any society, regardless of its social form, labor creates a material product (i.e., labor in the sphere of material production). However, in each socio-economic formation, productive labor appears as socially determined labor, which has its own specific features.

Thus, products must be produced by productive workers in such quantities as to feed not only themselves and (on the basis of the exchange of goods for goods) other commodity producers, but also unproductive workers (sellers of services). Economically, this means the following: 1) the provision of services in exchange for goods, the "sale of services", requires not only a given commodity economy, but also a sufficiently productive economy, whose surplus product (material, of course), acting as a commodity, is sufficient to support workers services; 2) the service sector, or non-material production, arises on the basis of material production, depends on it, subordinate to him. The latter position remains true, no matter how the ratio of the number of people employed in material and non-material production changes, in any case, as long as the social division of labor persists. Material production workers contain both themselves and other members of society, including service workers.

2.2. Education, healthcare, culture

Education and healthcare are directly involved not in the production itself, but in the reproduction of the most important factor of production - work force participate in determining its price. A healthy worker can work more productively than a sick worker. A skilled worker can produce more value in the same period of working time than an unskilled worker. But in any case, the worker himself works productively, and the fact that he produces the means of subsistence, including for workers in medicine and education, is due to the fact that the latter exchange their labor for the product of the labor of the worker, and not because they are participants in the productive labor.

The participation of medical and educational workers in determining the price of labor means only that some part of the costs of maintaining health care, education and culture is included in wages worker, but the worker still creates the value of his labor power himself. The price of labor power is included in the cost of production of the capitalist along with the costs of the material elements of production. If the worker's family pays for medical services and for education itself, then these expenses determine the value of labor power, respectively, its selling price, which the worker must compensate the capitalist in excess. If the entire capitalist class imposes these costs on its collective executive agency- the state, then as a result, the capitalist pays for these services not in the form of a worker's wages, but in the form of taxes - from the surplus value that wage workers create. In both cases, doctors and teachers are supported by the working class. The costs of maintaining them are such costs that, although they are necessary conditions for production, are not themselves included in it.

2.3. The science

The science, as predicted by Marx, becomes a direct productive force. Scientific activity, from the point of view of practical results, is the discovery of the laws of nature, which creates the possibility of using new forces of nature in the service of man. In this sense, science puts at the disposal of production not its own "power", but the forces of nature. That is why Marx compared science with the productive forces given by nature itself. The transformation of this possibility into reality is carried out through the technological application of scientific data. It follows from this that non-applied types scientific activity must be excluded from production activities. But the technological application of science does not produce by itself, but realizes its participation in production through a change in the productivity of living labor. As long as there is an opposition between mental and physical labor, the participation of mental labor, in particular, the work of scientists in production, will still be indirect. There are, of course, no immovable sharp edges in society, and science partially enters the production sphere - at the stage of development work, but not at the stage of research activities. Marx, saying that "science is becoming a direct productive force", had in mind the prospect of overcoming the opposition between mental and physical labor, the transformation of all production into a conscious technological application of science. As long as this is not the case, the assignment of science to the sphere of production is premature.

Scientific activity does not create a material product, nor does it create a national income; on the contrary, it is an area of ​​significant costs that pay off with the development of technologies that increase the productivity of labor in material production. These costs are included in the cost of the final product, but do not represent newly created value.

2.4. The ratio of non-production and production spheres

The fact that no new value is produced in the non-productive sphere does not mean any belittling of non-productive labor, its uselessness by society. It only means that the sphere of material production is basis well-being of society, and the non-productive sphere is, as it were, a superstructure on top of it; it ultimately depends on material production and is determined by its basic relations. The presence of a developed sphere of material production is a necessary condition for the existence of a non-productive sphere.

Although labor in the non-productive sphere does not create national income, however, since it is aimed at developing the spiritual potential of a person, at preserving his health, etc., it has an impact on labor productivity and the qualifications of workers in material production and thus indirectly affects the size total social product and national income.

3. Productive labor under capitalism

It is characteristic of productive labor under capitalism that it creates surplus value. From the capitalist point of view, labor in the sphere of material production is not productive if it does not produce surplus value.

Specifically capitalist wage labor means that it is exchanged for money as capital, in contrast to wage labor which is exchanged for money as income. In the first case, we are talking about the fact that the worker sells his ability to work to the capitalist, who organizes production in order to extract surplus value. In the second case, labor power is sold to satisfy the personal needs of the capitalist. For example, a capitalist hires a tailor to make him a suit. Here he uses the work of a tailor not for profit, not for the production of surplus value, as, for example, is the case in a garment factory.

The capitalist mode of production is based on wage-labour, which is directly exchanged for money as capital and thereby produces capital. This type of wage labor is productive labor in capitalist society. “An actor, for example, and even a clown, is, in accordance with this, a productive worker if he is employed by a capitalist (entrepreneur) to whom he returns more labor than he receives from him in the form of wages; meanwhile, the petty tailor who comes to the capitalist's house and mends his trousers, creating only use value for him, is an unproductive worker.

Wage labor, directly exchanged for capital, functions both in material and non-material production, i.e., where there is an increase in the value of capital. Therefore, wage labor directly exchanged for capital is the general form of productive labor under capitalism. But just as the general formula of capital M → C → M "does not give an answer about the source of the increase in the value of capital, the general form of productive labor does not answer the question: what kind of labor creates surplus value? The fact is that in the form of wage labor directly exchanged for capital, not only does labor create surplus value, as is the case in material production, but also labor, which only captures the added value already created, as it happens in the sphere of circulation and in non-material production.

Therefore, under capitalism, productive labor must be distinguished in essence and form. By essence productive labor under capitalism is labor that creates surplus value and thereby increases the value of capital. This labor is the material basis for the reproduction of capitalist production relations.

By shape productive labor is any wage labor directly exchanged for capital and increasing its value. This labor also reproduces capitalist production relations.

An artist working for an entrepreneur is an employee, but not a productive worker. By his labor he does not participate in the production of material goods and therefore does not create new value (hence, surplus value). The salary of the artist, as well as the profit that the entrepreneur receives, is a deduction from the income of the public. “The sale of these services to the public,” says K. Marx, “reimburses the wages of the entrepreneur and makes a profit.” From point of view entrepreneur, however, this artist will productive a worker, insofar as he provides him with a profit, just as a hired tradesman or a bank clerk is, from the point of view of the merchant and banker, productive workers, insofar as their labor makes it possible to appropriate profit. This subjective point of view of the capitalist fetishizes public form productive labor under capitalism. The appearance of phenomena is taken as their essence. This situation is due to the discrepancy between labor that produces surplus value and labor that brings profit to the capitalist.

The form of productive labor in capitalist society is all labor that is directly exchanged for capital and yields profit. The sphere of application of such labor is all types of human activity, if they are organized capitalistically. Under capitalism, writes K. Marx, “a writer is a productive worker, not because he produces ideas, but because he enriches the bookseller who publishes his works, that is, he is productive insofar as he is an employee of some capitalist” .

In essence, this approach of bourgeois economists to the national income completely coincides with its definition as the sum of the incomes of all the inhabitants of the country. Such a definition of the national income is beneficial to the bourgeoisie, since it obscures the actual process of its distribution in bourgeois society, conceals the process of exploitation. In reality, the national income is created only productive workers. Only these workers create new value of the annual social product by their labor.

The profit of the capitalist in the sphere of unproductive labor is a part of the surplus value produced in the sphere of material production and redistributed in accordance with the average rate of profit.

But surplus value is the value of the surplus product, the product of the surplus labor of the productive worker. Just as surplus product is part of the total product of the worker's labor, so surplus value is part of the value of the goods produced by the wage worker for the capitalist.

That is why Marxist political economy asserts that the concept of a productive worker under capitalism includes, firstly, the relationship between the worker and the product of his labor, and secondly, also the specifically social, historically arisen production relation, which makes the worker the direct instrument for increasing capital. The first relation is derived from general conditions material production. The second is from the capitalist character of production.

This is the fundamental difference between the views of Marxist political economy and the views of bourgeois political economy on the concept of productive labor. Bourgeois political economy considers any labor that brings "income" productive. Marxist political economy considers productive only labor in the sphere of material production, which creates new value, which breaks down into the wages of the worker and the surplus value appropriated by the capitalist.

4. Production and non-production spheres and class affiliation

As is known, the proletariat is a class of hired workers deprived of their own means of production and therefore compelled to sell their labor power to the owners of the social means of production—the capitalists, who use wage labor for profit.

Under capitalism, any wage worker whose labor is a source of profit for the capitalist belongs to the proletarian class, regardless of whether he is employed in the sphere of material production (production of goods) or in the sphere of non-material production (production of services and spiritual goods).

On the other hand, the proletariat is not homogeneous, and the division of the proletariat into different "detachments" depending on the proximity to the vital organs of the "organism" of all capitalist production is objective. From a practical point of view, from the point of view of revolutionary political strategy and tactics, this division means that the detachments of the proletariat alone, by their very place in the social division of labor, can inflict more tangible blows on capital, have (at least potentially) greater economic (and hence and political) power than others.

5. Productive and unproductive labor under socialism

In a socialist society, whose goal is not the production of goods and not the production of surplus value, but the production of man himself, the opposition between productive and unproductive labor will lose its former meaning. When material production ceases to serve the accumulation of wealth as such, but becomes a means of ensuring the full well-being and comprehensive development of each member of society, other types of labor that serve the same purpose will no longer be opposed to labor to create material wealth. In addition, overcoming the opposition between mental and physical labor will lead to the disappearance of social categories engaged exclusively in one or another type of labor, each of which will be labor for the benefit of the whole society.

Cholinergic system

x cholinergic system. This system consists of neurons that release acetylcholine, its neurotransmitter. Cholinergic neurons are quite widely represented in the brain, but its central areas are the cortex (frontal, parietal, temporal), hippocampus, caudate body, and Meynert's nucleus (Meynert's basal nucleus), whose functions are related to cognitive processes, including memory.

The functioning of the cholinergic system is determined by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors - Ml and M2, which differ in secondary intracellular processes (secondary messenger systems). The latter makes them similar to histamine receptors.

Target: to understand the concept, signs of industries, the prerequisites for their emergence, the stages of formation and classification; to study the production and non-production spheres of the national economy, its sectoral structure, as well as the structure of the branches of the production and non-production spheres.

National economy is a functional and territorial-production system, including intersectoral and sectoral links, regions, complexes, organizations and enterprises.

In the sectoral structure of the national economy of the country, two enlarged groups of industries are distinguished:

1. Branches of the sphere of material production.

2. Branches of the socio-cultural sphere.

The first group includes the following industries:

· industry;

· Agriculture;

· construction;

· transport;

· trade and public catering, material and technical supply and sale, preparations.

The second group includes the following industries:

· housing and communal services and non-productive types of consumer services for the population;

health care, physical culture and social security;

· education;

· Culture and art;

Finance, loans, insurance;

management;

public associations.

It should be borne in mind that although trade and transport are traditionally related to the sphere of material production, their end product is not a material good, but a service. At the same time, these branches have much in common with other branches of material production, therefore they can be considered in the context of both areas. It is important to note that at present the concept of social production includes not only the process of creating material goods, but also services (there is a term “production of services”). Thus, social production is the process of creating material wealth and providing services by sectors of the national economy. In more narrow sense production (not social) is the process of manufacturing the goods necessary for the consumer using labor and means of production.

Of great importance for the development of the national economy is its industry structure, which is understood as correlations and proportions between industries, intersectoral complexes, fields of activity.

Industry is a set of organizations, enterprises and industries that are characterized by the following signs:

similarity in the purpose of the products;

Homogeneity of consumed materials;

commonality technical base and technological processes;

special professional composition of personnel;

specific working conditions.

Branches can be combined into interbranch complexes. An intersectoral complex is a complex intersectoral system characterized by high level integration between elements along the flows of manufactured goods, information, and having high efficiency and resistance to external factors.

Industry is the leading branch in the sphere of material production. Industry as a sector of the national economy, in turn, consists of a number of interrelated industries.

Question number 3 Industry as the leading sector of the national
economy of the Republic of Belarus

Target: to study the sectoral structure of the industry of the Republic of Belarus, priority areas for the development of industry; to characterize the features of other branches of the production sphere (construction, agriculture, transport, communications).

Industry is at the forefront of national economy countries, and this is facilitated by the following factors:

Industry produces tools that are used in other branches of material production and in the socio-cultural sphere;

creates a significant share of GDP and national income;

· a significant number of the active population is employed in industry;

industry determines the level of competitiveness in the domestic and foreign markets, promotes innovative development the country's economy;

the state of the environment depends on the technologies used by the industry;

Depends on the level of industrial development social sphere, working conditions and quality of life of the population;

· National security and the country's defense capability is determined by the level of industrial development.

Thus, industry determines the economic, scientific, technical and socio-economic development of the country.

The economic efficiency of industry largely depends on its sectoral structure.

Industry structure- this is the composition of industries, their quantitative ratio, based on mutual production relations and characterized by the share of individual industries and complexes in the total volume industrial production.

The industry includes the following branches:

the electric power industry;

· fuel;

black and non-ferrous metallurgy;

chemistry and petrochemistry;

mechanical engineering and metalworking;

· timber, woodworking and pulp and paper;

building materials industry;

light;

food, etc.

The structure of the industry is dynamic and depends on many factors, among which are the following:

· the level of activation of innovation activity and the development of scientific and technological progress;

· economic policy states;

structure of consumption of society;

Availability in the country natural resources necessary for the development of industries;

· Traditionally developed specialization and development of integration processes.

The following indicators are used to quantify the sectoral structure of industry and its dynamics:

1. The share of individual industries in the total volume of industrial production and its change in dynamics.

2. The share of progressive industries (electricity, engineering, chemical industry) in the total volume of industrial production and its dynamics.

3. Lead coefficient (the ratio of the growth rate or production index of a particular industry to the growth rate or production index of the entire industry).

4. The ratio of extractive and manufacturing industries.

By the magnitude of these indicators, one can assess the state of industries and determine the main tasks and directions of their development.

Question number 4 Organization (enterprise), its functions, structure,
goal and tasks

Target: understand the concepts of "enterprise", "organization", "firm"; determine the purpose and objectives of the creation and functioning of an industrial organization.

Organization (company) is an independent economic entity created in accordance with the current legislation for the production of products, performance of works and services in order to meet the needs of specific consumers, as well as to ensure the functioning of the organization (enterprise) and its employees.

An organization can also be considered:

· how Property Complex used to implement entrepreneurial activity;

· as an independent business entity created for the production of products, performance of work or provision of services, which is legal entity;

· as a separate specialized unit that uses the means of production and labor to obtain products of the appropriate profile and range required by consumers.

In a market economy, the goal of the current commercial organization is profit maximization. To achieve this goal, the following is required:

· maximization of output volume;

Ensuring the competitiveness of products;

stability and stability of functioning;

Maintaining positions in the market;

Ensuring high production efficiency.

For non-profit organization the most important goal is the satisfaction of social needs, which, in principle, also does not exclude profit. However, it should be remembered that achieving the maximum possible profit for a commercial organization is impossible if it does not take into account social needs. Therefore, goals such as profit maximization and the satisfaction of social needs should be considered in close relationship.

Each organization should have the following types of unity:

production and technical;

organizational;

economic.

The basis for the formation of an enterprise is manufacturing process. It is a system of actions for the transformation of raw materials and materials into finished products. The production process includes the following private processes:

1. The main production processes, where objects of labor are converted into finished products.

2. Auxiliary and service processes that create conditions for the normal execution of the main process.

3. Management processes that organize, direct and coordinate the course of production.

Each group of private production processes organizationally formalized in the relevant units (shops and farms), which form industrial organization structure.

There are production and general structures of the organization.

Production structure includes the following:

main production (workshop);

Auxiliary production (workshop);

service farms;

the governing bodies of the organization.

Subdivisions of the production structure and organizations for servicing the collective of employees of the enterprise (housing office, libraries, clubs, sports organizations that are on the balance sheet of the enterprise) together form overall structure industrial organization.

The production structure reflects the following:

the size of the enterprise;

the number and composition of workshops, services;

the number and layout of sections in the workshops;

· the nature of the division of labor between the shops and their cooperative links in the production process.

The primary link in industrial organization is workplace. The set of workplaces where technologically homogeneous work is performed forms a production site. In large and medium-sized organizations, sections are combined into workshops. In small organizations with relatively simple technological process a workshopless structure is used, the main link of which is the production site. The main workshops at all enterprises are different, auxiliary purposes, as a rule, are the same.

Question number 5 Classification of industrial organizations
(enterprises)

Target: consider the classification of industrial organizations (enterprises) according to various criteria; to study the organizational and legal forms of enterprises and organizations.

Organizations are classified according to the following main features:

1. By industry:

industrial;

agricultural;

transport, etc.

2. By form of ownership:

state;

private.

3. By organizational and legal forms:

partnership enterprises;

Enterprises-societies;

· unitary enterprises;

production cooperatives, etc.

4. According to the objectives of the activity:

· commercial;

non-commercial.

5. By type of activity:

enterprises of material production;

service enterprises.

6. By the number of types of products produced:

· universal (multiprofile);

specialized;

highly specialized.

7. According to the degree of concentration:

large;

medium;

8. By the nature of the impact on the object of labor:

mining;

processing.

9. According to the economic purpose of products:

producing means of production;

producing consumer goods.

10. If possible year-round work:

· seasonal;

non-seasonal.

11. By the nature of products, i.e. producing:

work;

service.

12. According to the dominant factor in the cost of production:

material-intensive;

labor-intensive;

energy-intensive;

fund-intensive, etc.

13. For the participation of foreign capital:

joint;

foreign.

Each classification has a specific practical value. There are other features by which organizations are classified.

Question No. 6 The economic environment for the functioning of industrial
organizations (enterprises)

Target: to understand the economic environment for the functioning of an industrial organization (enterprise), its essence, factors, subjects, properties, indicators, dynamism; study the problems state regulation production and economic activities of an industrial organization (enterprise).

The quality of an organization's functioning depends on its internal and external environment.

The external environment of the organization is determined by all those economic entities with which it is connected: suppliers, consumers, business partners, competitors, government and local authorities management, public organizations, as well as market infrastructure links (exchanges).

The relationship of the organization with the external environment is dynamic and is determined by its vertical and horizontal links. vertical organization's connections are connections defined by law, i.e. mandatory (with all management bodies). Horizontal Relationships are the connections of an enterprise with suppliers and customers, business partners and competitors.

In external environment There are macro-level (macro-environment) and micro-level (micro-environment). At each of these levels, the organization is affected by its own specific factors.

At the macro level, the following factors have a significant impact:

natural;

ecological;

socio-demographic;

political.

At the micro level, the organization is affected by:

market conditions;

the form and closeness of partnerships;

relationships with suppliers and customers;

Degree of market infrastructure development.

All environmental factors can be divided into factors of direct and indirect impact.

Direct impact factors include:

· state;

· suppliers;

· labor market;

legal space;

· consumers;

· competitors;

public structures (trade unions).

Factors of indirect impact can be broadly grouped into the following four groups:

1. Situational (reflect the economic situation in the country and the world, interstate relations).

2. Innovative (form the potential of the enterprise for its successful development).

3. Socio-cultural (include a set of life values, traditions, customs of the country).

4. Political (reflect the policy of the administrative bodies of the state).

The main of the many elements of the external environment are:

· economic environment (interest rates, taxes);

· political situation;

the legal environment;

technological environment;

social and cultural environment;

natural and climatic environment;

The geographic environment

· demographic situation.

The external environment has a strong influence on the enterprise, which, in turn, can affect external environment only indirectly.

Internal environment an enterprise is a set of relationships between its divisions, i.e. workshops, sections, services.

Elements internal environment organizations are as follows:

· organizational structure;

The structure of functional duties;

the structure of the exchange of services;

information structure;

the structure of labor resources;

· organizational culture, i.e. the totality of relationships between members of the workforce.

To attain main goal, the internal environment of the organization must be adaptive. The level of adaptability can be judged by indirect indicators, which include:

the time from the moment of increase in prices for raw materials and materials until the moment of increase in prices for products manufactured by the organization;

time of development of new production or technologies in comparison with the main competitors;

time of preparation of documents necessary for assessing the creditworthiness and solvency of the enterprise.

Factors of external and internal environment are interconnected. Accounting for their impact on the activities of the organization (enterprise) requires its high adaptability, which is necessary to ensure competitiveness.

Non-manufacturing sphere

a set of sectors of the national economy that satisfy a variety of needs, in addition to the production of material goods, the needs of people and society as a whole. These needs are reduced to the organization and implementation of the exchange, distribution and consumption of material goods, to the production of spiritual goods and the comprehensive development of the individual, including the protection and strengthening of people's health. In addition, N. s. satisfies the social needs of man and society as a whole as a single social organism. The Central Statistical Administration and the State Planning Committee of the USSR refer to N. with: housing and communal and consumer services for the population; passenger transport; communications (for servicing organizations and non-productive activities of the population); healthcare, physical culture and social security; education; culture; art; science and scientific service; control; public organizations.

A large proportion in terms of the number of people employed in N. s. occupy such industries as education, culture, health care, producing specific consumer goods, which K. Marx called services (See Services). These consumer goods, which do not have a material form, are used in the process of their production. Since they do not take a real form, they cannot be accumulated and thereby participate in the formation of the national income (See National income) , but are included in the fund of personal consumption of society.

The work of workers providing services affects directly the person. He participates in the reproduction of the labor force, in which the costs of satisfying spiritual needs are constantly increasing. However, the labor of workers in education, culture, health care, participating in the reproduction of the labor force, is not included in the costs of its reproduction. The latter include the expenditure of labor by workers in material production to meet their needs in education, culture, and medical care. In exchange for this part required product workers in material production receive the useful effect of the labor of workers in N. s. In contrast to the product of material production, the useful effect of the labor of workers in the national economy, especially in education, culture, and so on, has a social connotation. If it is impossible to know by the taste of wheat who produced it - a slave or a free wage worker - then enlightenment and culture presuppose a certain ideological orientation as a necessary element. The labor of workers in a national economy, if it is organized in the dominant form of production relations and realizes the goal of the mode of production, acts as productive labor.

N.'s development with. depends on the level of labor productivity of workers in material production. The higher it is, the more opportunities society has in allocating labor and material resources in N. s. So, in countries with different levels development of productive forces, but with the same employment in the N. with. the structure of industries is very different. Countries with a high level of development also have a more progressive structure of N. with.

In socialist countries, the development of N. with. aimed at improving the well-being of workers and the comprehensive development of the individual. With the progress of society in the course of the exchange of activity with material production, N. s. exerts a growing influence on the development of the productive forces, on raising the productivity of social labor.

Lit.: Marx K. and Engels F., Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 26, part 1, ch. four; Materials of the XXIV Congress of the CPSU, M., 1971; Kuznetsov A.D., Development of industrial and non-industrial spheres in the USSR, M., 1966; Agababyan E. M., Economic analysis of the service sector, M., 1968; Medvedev V. A., Social reproduction and services, M., 1968; Rutgaiser V. M., Economic problems development of the non-productive sphere in the USSR, M., 1971; Solodkov M. V., Polyakova T. D., Ovsyannikov L. N., Theoretical problems of services in the non-productive sphere under socialism, M., 1972; Pravdin D.I., Non-productive sphere: efficiency and stimulation, M., 1973.

M.V. Solodkov.

Big soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what the "Non-production sphere" is in other dictionaries:

Economic dictionary

NON-MANUFACTURING SPHERE- branches of the economy that are not material production. In Soviet economic statistics, N.S. attributed the sphere of domestic services, science, culture, education, health care, management. Currently, instead of the term "non-production ... Legal Encyclopedia

See Non-manufacturing Glossary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001 ... Glossary of business terms

NON-PRODUCTION SPHERE, a symbol for the totality of sectors of the economy that provide services; social infrastructure of society. The non-production sphere includes: housing and communal and consumer services for the population; passenger ... ... Modern Encyclopedia

The conditional name of industries, the results of which take the form of services; social infrastructure of society. Usually, the non-productive sphere includes: housing and communal and consumer services for the population; ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Branches of the economy that are not material production. In Soviet economic statistics, N.S. attributed the sphere of domestic services, science, culture, education, health care, management. Currently, instead of the term non-production ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

non-production sphere- a somewhat conventional name for industries and activities that do not constitute material production. In Soviet economic statistics, the non-production sphere included the sphere of personal services, science, culture, education, health care, ... ... Dictionary of economic terms

The conditional name of the branches of the economy, the results of which take the predominant form of services; social infrastructure of society. Usually, in the statistics of the Russian Federation, the non-productive sphere includes: housing ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Non-manufacturing sphere- - a set of industries and activities for servicing the population and the national economy, managing it ... Commercial power industry. Dictionary-reference

The totality of sectors of the national economy, the products of which appear in the form of certain expedient activities (services). S. o., according to the division adopted in the planning and statistics of the USSR, includes trade (See Trade) ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia