Waste management includes. Methods and technological schemes for waste management. Changes in the area of payment for negative impact on the environment and measures of economic incentives
With the ratification by the Russian Federation of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal in 1994 Federal Law No. 49-FZ of November 25, 1994 "On the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal" "Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation" , 11/28/1994, N 31, art. 3200 The Russian Federation has assumed the obligation to form in the national legislation a set of rules relating, among others, to medical waste. Since that time, the development of the necessary regulations began.
With the adoption of the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Protecting the Health of Citizens in the Russian Federation" "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" N 263, November 23, 2011, for the first time, the definition of the term "medical waste" was legally fixed. According to Art. 49 of the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Protecting the Health of Citizens in the Russian Federation", medical waste is all types of waste, including anatomical, pathological-anatomical, biochemical, microbiological and physiological, generated in the course of medical activities and pharmaceutical activities, activities for the production of medicines and medical products.
To determine the place of medical waste in the system of objects of legal regulation, let us turn to the issues of correlation of the concept of "medical waste" with related concepts.
The relationship between the concepts of "medical waste" and "production and consumption waste" is of greatest interest to us.
The content of the concept of production and consumption waste is quite wide, of course, the waste generated in the process of medical, pharmaceutical activities and activities for the production of medicines and medical devices should be recognized as production and consumption waste. We draw this conclusion, since medical waste, as well as production and consumption waste, has the following features that we previously identified:
- - such objects are formed as a result of production or consumption, as well as due to the loss of their consumer properties by certain objects;
- - unsuitability for further use (extraction of useful properties) without processing;
- - public significance, due to the impact on the environment and the danger to the latter, as well as to society;
But along with common features, it should be noted that production and consumption waste should be distinguished as a generic concept, and medical waste as a specific one, since medical waste includes only those production and consumption wastes that are generated in the course of medical, pharmaceutical, medical, production of medicines and medical devices. Thus, the main element for the allocation of medical waste as a special type of production and consumption waste is a specific entity, in the course of which waste is generated.
It is much more difficult to determine the place of medical waste in the system of hazard classes of production and consumption waste. As follows from Art. 49 of the Federal Law "On the fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation", medical waste is divided according to the degree of their epidemiological, toxicological, radiation hazard, as well as the negative impact on the environment into the following classes:
- Class "A" - epidemiologically safe waste, close in composition to municipal solid waste;
- Class "B" - epidemiologically hazardous waste;
- Class "B" - extremely epidemiologically hazardous waste;
- · class "G" - toxicological hazardous waste, similar in composition to industrial waste;
- Class "D" - radioactive waste.
That is, medical waste has its own classification of hazard classes, which does not coincide with the classification of the Federal Law "On Production and Consumption Waste". At the same time, the grounds for classifying medical waste include not only their impact on the environment, but also other aspects. The criteria for assigning medical waste to a particular class are enshrined in Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 04, 2012 No. 681 “On approval of criteria for dividing medical waste into classes according to the degree of their epidemiological, toxicological, radiation hazard, as well as the negative impact on the environment » "Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation", 09.07.2012, N 28, art. 3911:
- The hazard criterion for class A medical waste is the absence of pathogens of infectious diseases in its composition;
- The criterion for the danger of class B medical waste is infection (possibility of infection) of waste with microorganisms of 3-4 pathogenicity groups (pathogenic biological agents) In accordance with "SP 1.2.036-95. 1.2. Epidemiology. Procedure for accounting, storage, transfer and transportation of microorganisms I - IV groups of pathogenicity. Sanitary rules "M., Information and Publishing Center of the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance of the Russian Federation, 1996, The concept of "pathogenic biological agents" includes: bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, fungi, protozoa, mycoplasmas, toxins and poisons of biological origin or material suspicious for their content, as well as new microorganisms, including fragments of the genome of the named PBAs and representing a danger to humans. Classification of pathogenic organisms for humans by pathogenicity groups from 1 to 4 is given in Appendix 5.4. SP 1.2.036-95. , as well as contact with biological fluids;
- · The criterion for class B medical waste hazard is infection (possibility of infection) of waste with microorganisms of 1-2 pathogenicity groups;
- The hazard criterion for class G medical waste is the presence of toxic substances in its composition;
- · The hazard criterion for class D medical waste is the content of radionuclides in its composition in excess of the levels established in accordance with the Federal Law "On the Use of Atomic Energy".
Medical waste in most countries is classified as hazardous waste N.K. Efimova Waste of medical institutions as a factor of medical and environmental risk Issues of expertise and quality of medical care", N 4, April 2011, however, as follows from the above classification adopted in the Russian Federation, medical waste can be non-hazardous.
Between 75% and 90% of the waste generated in the health care system is not classified as risk waste or is “normal” health care waste comparable to household waste. The remaining 15-20% of healthcare waste is considered as hazardous waste, and they can cause various risks to human health Orlov A.Yu. Substantiation of the sanitary and chemical hazard of medical waste: Ph.D. thesis: 14.02.01. Moscow, 2010 .
We believe it should be recognized that due to the current existence of parallel classifications of production and consumption wastes and medical wastes by hazard classes, law enforcement officers may have a logical question about whether, in addition to the special classification of medical wastes by hazard classes, they should also apply to them the general production and consumption waste classification. We plan to answer this question later in this work.
The issue of the relationship between the concepts of "biological waste" and "medical waste" is subject to research and clarity, since in the literature and in regulations these concepts are used in different combinations. Federal Law "On production and consumption waste" in Part 2 of Art. 2 separates the concepts of biological waste and medical waste (denoted as waste from medical institutions), using them as two independent concepts. However, a number of authors adhere to the position that medical waste is a type of biological waste.
The definition of biological waste in the Veterinary and Sanitary Rules for the Collection, Disposal and Destruction of Biological Waste (approved by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation 04.12.1995 N 13-7-2 / 469) "Russian News", N 35, 02.22.1996 is given in the form of listing specific types of such waste: biological waste is:
- corpses of animals and birds, incl. laboratory;
- aborted and stillborn fetuses;
- · veterinary confiscated products (meat, fish, other products of animal origin) identified after veterinary and sanitary examination at slaughterhouses, slaughterhouses, meat and fish processing organizations, markets, trade organizations and other objects;
- Other wastes obtained during the processing of food and non-food raw materials of animal origin.
Among the listed biological wastes, special attention should be paid to aborted and stillborn fetuses. Due to the lack of clarification of the nature of their origin, such waste can also be classified as medical, since in fact, as a result of medical activities, aborted and stillborn human fetuses can be formed. We believe that the wording used in the Veterinary and Sanitary Rules for the Collection, Disposal and Destruction of Biological Waste needs to be clarified: instead of “aborted and stillborn fetuses”, “aborted and / or stillborn fetuses of animals and birds” should be indicated.
It should be noted that biological waste can be erroneously equated with organic waste of natural origin (hereinafter referred to as "organic waste"). At the same time, as we noted above in this work, organic waste can be of both animal and vegetable origin. In addition, the formation of biological waste, unlike organic waste, is directly related to the implementation of certain types of activities (veterinary services, processing of animal raw materials, etc.). Medical waste, due to the diversity of its composition, may contain organic waste, but cannot be classified as organic waste in its entirety. We believe that the relationship between the concepts of "biological waste", "medical waste" and "organic waste of natural origin" can be depicted as follows:
To determine the limits of regulation of relations related to the circulation of medical waste, the ratio of the terms “waste of medical institutions” and “medical waste” is extremely important, because the Federal Law “On production and consumption waste” operates with the term “waste of medical institutions”, and Federal Law "On the basics of protecting the health of citizens" - the term "medical waste".
In 1999, the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated 01.22.1999 N 2 approved “SanPiN 2.1.7.728-99 Soil, cleaning of populated areas, household and industrial waste. Sanitary protection of the soil. Rules for the collection, storage and disposal of waste from medical institutions. Sanitary rules and norms "M., Federal Center for State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 1999 Repealed, in which the concept of "waste of medical institutions" was introduced - all types of waste generated in hospitals (citywide, clinical, specialized, departmental, as part of research, educational institutes), polyclinics (including adults, children's, dental), dispensaries; ambulance stations; blood transfusion stations; long-term care facilities; research institutes and educational institutions of a medical profile; veterinary clinics; pharmacies; pharmaceutical industries; health-improving institutions (sanatoriums, dispensaries, rest houses, boarding houses); sanitary and preventive institutions; institutions of forensic medical examination; medical laboratories (including anatomical, pathoanatomical, biochemical, microbiological, physiological); private healthcare providers. At the same time, it should be noted that the legislation of the Russian Federation did not contain and does not contain a uniform and unambiguous interpretation of the term "medical institution" (hereinafter referred to as HCI):
- · Under the institution by virtue of Art. 120 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, is understood as a non-profit organization created by the owner to carry out managerial, socio-cultural or other functions of a non-profit nature. The relevant Civil Code of the Russian Federation is the definition of health care facilities, which is contained in the Order of Rostekhregulirovanie dated 13.10.2008 No. 241-st "On approval of the national standard" SPS "Consultant Plus", - a healthcare institution classified by the regulatory documents of the state health authority of the Russian Federation as a treatment and prophylactic ...".
- · According to SanPiN 2. 1.3.2630-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for organizations engaged in medical activities", approved by the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation of May 18, 2010 N 58 "Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive bodies", N 36, 06.09 .2010, HCI - all types of organizations, regardless of the legal form and form of ownership, the main activity of which is outpatient and / or inpatient medical care. Based on the content of the term "hospital waste", taken by us from SanPiN 2.1.7.728-99, the above interpretation seems to be the most appropriate for the context.
At present, the regulatory acts also use the term "treatment and prevention organizations" (HPO), which, we believe, is replacing HCI, however, it should be noted that along with HPO, the legislation of the Russian Federation singles out the concept of "organizations engaged in medical activities" (medical organizations) - legal entities, regardless of the organizational and legal form, carrying out medical activities as the main (statutory) type of activity on the basis of a license issued in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation (clause 11, article 2 of the Federal Law "On the basics of protecting the health of citizens in RF"). Pursuant to Art. 14 of the Federal Law "On the fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation", the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation developed a draft order "On approval of the nomenclature of medical organizations", according to which organizations engaged in medical activities are proposed to be divided into types and, in particular, along with medical and preventive medical organizations, it is also proposed to allocate medical organizations of a special type and medical organizations for supervision in the field of consumer protection and human well-being.
Taking into account the concept of HCI waste set out in SanPiN 2.1.7.728-99, it seems that at present the successor concept in relation to HCI waste is the term "waste of medical organizations".
The following fact indicates the related nature of the concepts of "medical waste" and "hospital waste": in 2010, SanPiN 2.1.7.728-99 2.1.7 became invalid due to the entry into force of SanPiN 2.1.7.2790-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for handling with medical waste. At the same time SanPiN 2.1.7.728-99. 2.1.7. contained Chapter 3 "Medical Waste", which provided a classification of waste from healthcare facilities into five hazard classes according to the degree of their epidemiological, toxicological and radiation hazard, and this classification was used almost unchanged in SanPiN 2.1.7.2790-10.
Let's look again at the legal definition of medical waste. The Federal Law “On the Basics of Protecting the Health of Citizens in the Russian Federation” refers to medical waste all types of waste generated in the process of implementation:
- medical activities;
- pharmaceutical activities. A capacious concept of a pharmaceutical organization is given in Art. 2 of the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Protecting the Health of Citizens in the Russian Federation" - a legal entity, regardless of the organizational and legal form, carrying out pharmaceutical activities (organization of wholesale trade in medicines, pharmacy organization). It should be added that a pharmaceutical organization should be recognized as an organization that has a license for pharmaceutical activities;
- activities for the production of medicines and medical devices.
That is, with the introduction of the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Protecting the Health of Citizens in the Russian Federation", the concept of medical waste has become broader in its content. In support of the foregoing, one cannot but pay attention to the interpretation of the legislation of the Ministry of Natural Resources, contained, in particular, in the Letter of December 16, 2011 N 12-46 / 18775 "On the regulation of environmental activities with medical and biological waste" SPS Consultant Plus: "currently (...) the issues of waste management of medical institutions, and medical waste in general, are regulated by Sanitary rules and norms SanPiN 2.1.7.2790-10 ... ". That is, in accordance with the position of the Ministry of Natural Resources, waste from healthcare facilities is included in the group of medical waste, the term "waste from healthcare facilities" is narrower in content.
Some authors, for example, Orlov A.Yu., Orlov A.Yu. Substantiation of the sanitary and chemical hazard of medical waste: Ph.D. thesis: 14.02.01. Moscow, 2010 also use the term "health care waste", while, we believe, referring to the waste of medical organizations.
Evidence of the urgent need to bring to uniformity the terms used in various regulations and doctrine is the Draft Federal Law “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Connection with the Adoption of the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Protecting the Health of Citizens in the Russian Federation”, which in most of the existing Currently, the term “treatment and preventive care institutions” will be replaced by “medical organizations” in current regulatory documents, and the term “waste of health care facilities” used in the Federal Law “On production and consumption waste” will be replaced by the term “medical waste”. With the adoption of the above changes, the dispute regarding the relationship between the concepts of "waste of healthcare facilities" and "medical waste" will lose its relevance, therefore, further in this work, we will use the term "medical waste" as equivalent to the term "waste of healthcare facilities".
Collection and disposal of solid and liquid household waste in accordance with sanitary and hygienic requirements is carried out according to a planned-regular system in accordance with approved schedules.
The frequency of disposal of household waste is established by the sanitary and epidemiological station, based on local conditions, in accordance with the rules for maintaining the territories of populated areas.
At the facilities to be serviced, the necessary conditions must be created for the collection of waste and the operation of special vehicles. The operating mode of special vehicles is set from the conditions of daily operation of the vehicles.
Household waste is taken out according to route schedules, which provide for a sequential order of movement of special vehicles.
The procedure for the collection and disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) is determined by local conditions. The main systems for the collection and disposal of MSW:
The system of interchangeable waste bins (container), SDW is removed from the territories of households to the places of neutralization in stationary metal containers with a capacity of 0.75 m 3 by the garbage truck M-30, and empty clean containers are left instead. With the container system, the containers are washed at the unloading points without being removed from the machine;
A system of non-replaceable waste bins, solid waste from containers is reloaded into a garbage truck, and the containers themselves remain in place. To work on this system, garbage trucks are used, the special equipment of which provides mechanized loading of solid waste from stationary containers into the body of a garbage truck.
The accumulation of scrap metal and bulky waste (old furniture, construction waste generated during current repairs, etc.) is carried out in removable storage bins.
Storage bunkers are placed in places where garbage or scrap metal is stored, and as it accumulates (garbage is stored directly in the bunker), special organizations, at the request of housing organizations, replace the bunkers with empty ones, and the full ones are taken to a landfill, where they are dumped unloaded.
Neutralization and processing of municipal solid waste are carried out by storing them in landfills (landfills) and by industrial methods at waste processing and waste incineration plants. Disposal of household waste in landfills is currently the main method of processing. This is the simplest and cheapest way, but it requires annually new land areas of at least 0.5 hectares per 100,000 hectares.
residents. In the presence of free territories, favorable hydrogeological conditions and compliance with the rules for the construction and operation of landfills for a long time will remain the main method of disposal of solid domestic waste for many cities.To reduce the need for land plots and improve the sanitary condition of suburban areas, new designs of high-load landfills have been proposed that allow increasing the load per unit area up to 10-12 t/m 2 and the storage height up to 25-35 m.
Waste at such landfills is stored in layers of 0.2 - 0.3 m with compaction of each layer by bulldozers or special compactor rollers.
When the total height of the waste layer reaches 2 m, they are covered with an intermediate insulating layer of soil 0.25 m thick.
Warehousing is carried out by the kart method, i.e., waste from garbage trucks is unloaded simultaneously not to the entire landfill area, but only within the kart allotted for a given day. The compacted layer is laid at a height of 2 m and covered with an insulating layer. The slope angle is assumed to be 1:4. Thanks to this organization of work, the entire area of the landfill, with the exception of one map, is isolated, which creates good sanitary conditions at the landfill. Under the action of the overlying layers, the waste is additionally compacted to 0.9 t/m 3 . The upper insulating layer must be at least 1 m thick, of which 0.2 m is vegetative soil.
In recent years, industrial methods of dehydration and waste processing have been used in our country at special enterprises.
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Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education
"Ulyanovsk State Technical University"
Department of Life Safety and Industrial Ecology
Abstract on discipline "ECOLOGY"
Abstract topic: Waste management of production and consumption.
Completed by: student of the TGVbd-11 group
Gorbunov A.V.
Checked: teacher Ivanova Yu.S.
Ulyanovsk
Introduction
1. Waste classification
2. The current state of the problem of waste in Russia
3. Basic waste treatment methods
3.1 Waste collection and interim storage
3.2 Landfill
3.3 Incineration
3.4 Recycling
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Human life is associated with the appearance of a huge amount of various waste. The sharp increase in consumption in recent decades has led to a significant increase in the generation of municipal solid waste (MSW).
Solid industrial and domestic waste (TS and BO) litter and litter the natural landscape around us.
In addition, they can be a source of harmful chemical, biological and biochemical preparations entering the environment. This creates a certain threat to the health and life of the population.
On the other hand, TP and BO should be considered as technogenic formations that need to be industrially significant characterized by the content in them of a number of valuable practically free components, ferrous, non-ferrous metals and other materials suitable for use in metallurgy, the construction industry, mechanical engineering, in the chemical industry, energy , in agriculture and forestry.
The solution of the problem of processing TP and BO has become of paramount importance in recent years.
In addition, in connection with the coming gradual depletion of natural sources of raw materials (oil, coal, ores for non-ferrous and ferrous metals), the full use of all types of industrial and domestic waste is of particular importance for all sectors of the national economy.
In a market economy, researchers and industrialists, as well as municipal authorities, are faced with the need to ensure the maximum possible harmlessness of technological processes and the full use of all production waste.
The complexity of solving all these problems of disposal of solid industrial and domestic wastes (TS and WW) is explained by the lack of their clear scientifically based classification, the need to use complex capital-intensive equipment and the lack of economic feasibility of each specific solution.
1. Waste classification
Waste is understood as the remains of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other products or products that were formed in the process of production or consumption, as well as goods (products) that have lost their consumer properties.
In practical tasks, the following three methods of waste classification are most often used: by state of aggregation, by origin, by types of impact on the environment and humans.
According to the state of aggregation, wastes are divided into: solid, liquid and gaseous.
By origin, they are distinguished: industrial, agricultural and household waste.
According to the types of impact on the natural environment and humans, there are: toxic; radioactive, flammable, explosive, spontaneously combustible, corrosive, reactive, infectious disease causing waste and hazardous waste.
Hazardous wastes include hazardous wastes that contain harmful substances that have hazardous properties (toxicity, explosiveness, fire hazard, high reactivity) or contain pathogens of infectious diseases, or that may pose an immediate or potential hazard to the natural environment and human health on their own or upon coming into contact with other substances.
The waste hazard class is established using experimental or calculation methods according to the degree of possible harmful impact on the environment with direct or indirect impact of hazardous waste on it.
To assess the hazard of waste for the environment, the following hazard classes have been established: Class I - extremely hazardous waste; Class II - highly hazardous waste; Class III - moderately hazardous waste; Class IV - low hazardous waste; Class V - practically non-hazardous waste.
Waste management should be understood as activities in the process of which waste is generated, as well as activities for the collection, disposal (use), neutralization and destruction, transportation, placement (storage and disposal) of waste.
Waste neutralization should be understood as activities related to the processing (including incineration and disinfection) of waste at specialized facilities in order to prevent their harmful effects on human health and the environment.
Waste storage should be understood as the temporary storage of waste in accommodation facilities for the purpose of their subsequent disposal, neutralization or use.
Waste disposal is understood as the isolation of waste that is not subject to further use in special storage facilities in order to prevent the release of harmful substances into the environment.
Enterprises involved in waste management are divided into three categories (groups), taking into account the hazard class of waste, the volume of their generation at the enterprise and the procedure for handling them.
Category I (group) of nature users for waste management includes enterprises (organizations) that have technological cycles for the formation (treatment) of production waste of I and II hazard classes and / or use technological operations in their activities to receive, sort, dispose, neutralize, recuperate waste and other ways of their disposal.
Category II (group) of nature users in waste management includes: enterprises (organizations) with technological cycles (sites) where production wastes of III and IV hazard classes are generated; nature users not assigned to groups I and III.
The third category (group) of users of natural resources for waste management includes non-production organizations that meet the following criteria: the total amount of generated waste does not exceed 30 tons per year; the bulk of the waste is waste of V and IV hazard classes; the mass of waste of hazard class III does not exceed 1% of the total mass of generated waste; arrangement of waste disposal sites excludes their harmful impact on the environment.
The main object of environmental regulation is solid industrial and domestic toxic and hazardous waste.
The main mechanisms of environmental regulation in the field of waste management are: certification; licensing; limitation, economic regulation.
The main elements of certification in the field of waste management (as one of the mechanisms of environmental regulation) are the development and use of: the state waste cadastre; hazardous waste passports; passports of waste disposal facilities.
The main elements of licensing in the field of waste management (as one of the mechanisms of environmental regulation) is the licensing of activities related to waste disposal, waste storage, waste transportation; waste disposal; waste disposal; destruction of waste.
The main elements of economic regulation in the field of waste management (as one of the mechanisms of environmental regulation) are: payments for waste disposal within the established limits, payments for waste disposal in excess of the established limits.
The waste generation standard determines the established amount of waste of a particular type in the production of a unit of production. Waste disposal limits establish the maximum allowable amount of waste of a particular type, which is allowed to be placed in a certain way for a specified period in waste disposal facilities, taking into account the environmental situation of a given territory.
2. The current state of the problem of waste in Russia
The current situation in the Russian Federation in the field of generation, use, disposal, storage and disposal of waste leads to dangerous environmental pollution, irrational use of natural resources, significant economic damage and poses a real threat to the health of present and future generations of the country.
Practically for all subjects of the Russian Federation, one of the main tasks in the field of environmental protection is to solve the problems of neutralization and processing of household and industrial waste.
About 7 billion tons of waste are generated annually in the Russian Federation, of which only 2 billion tons, or 28.6 percent, are used. On the territory of the country, about 80 billion tons of solid waste alone have been accumulated in dumps and storage facilities. Of particular concern is the accumulation of toxic, including those containing carcinogenic substances, waste in dumps and landfills.
On the territory of the Russian Federation, over 1.9 billion tons of hazardous waste have been accumulated in storage facilities, storage facilities, warehouses, burial grounds, as well as at landfills, landfills and other facilities owned by enterprises. An assessment of the situation allows us to conclude that the amount of waste generated in the country is constantly growing. At the same time, the indicator of use and disposal of waste decreased to 43.3%. Due to the lack of landfills for storage and disposal of waste, the practice of placing them in places of unorganized storage (unauthorized dumps) is common, which poses a great danger to the environment.
Dynamics of waste generation in the Russian Federation from 2002 to 2004 shown in the figure, the relevant data are given in the table.
Table 1
Indicators of production and consumption waste management in the Russian Federation, million tons
| Indicator | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 |
| Formed for the reporting year | 2034.9 | 2613.5 | 2634.9 |
| Used in enterprises | 1210.8 | 1287.8 | 1126.4 |
| Neutralized at the enterprises | 3.5 | 54.9 | 14.3 |
| Used and disposed of, % of generated waste | 59.7 | 51.4 | 43.3 |
| Placed on the territory owned by enterprises | 1305.9 | 1747.2 | 2355.2 |
Figure 1. Waste generation.
The largest amount of waste was generated in 2004 in the Siberian Federal District (which contributes 62%). The Kemerovo region is located here - the subject of the Federation with the largest amount of waste generated per year, equal to 1.27 billion tons (48.2% of the total Russian amount of waste).
Unused waste is billions of tons of irretrievably lost material resources taken out of economic circulation, many of which the country practically no longer has.
The transition to a market economy has not caused an increase in waste recycling. The need to combine the flexibility of a market economy, capable of a rapid reorientation of raw materials, with far-sighted state support, stimulating the use of waste and reducing its negative impact on the environment, has become acute.
Due to the insufficient economic interest of enterprises, the low technical level of the technologies used, the lack of funds and modern equipment, only a few dozen types of waste are processed and used. In this regard, the rates of their formation and accumulation (including large-tonnage waste) on the territory of Russia remain the same.
The rapid growth of the urban population is one of the most important trends of the coming century. The amount of various wastes is also increasing in cities, primarily municipal solid waste, which requires the most timely removal and safe disposal.
In Russia, the share of the urban population is 73%, which is somewhat lower than the level of European countries. But, despite this, the concentration of solid waste in large cities of Russia has now increased dramatically, especially in cities with a population of 500 thousand or more people. The volume of waste is increasing, and the territorial possibilities for their disposal and processing are decreasing. The delivery of waste from the place of its generation to the disposal points requires more and more time and money. In Russia, it is necessary to improve the organization of the process of urban waste disposal.
Now the waste is simply collected for disposal in landfills, and this leads to the alienation of free land in suburban areas and limits the use of urban areas for the construction of residential buildings. Also, the joint disposal of various types of waste can lead to the formation of hazardous compounds.
The problems of increasing the amount of waste and their impact on the environment create great difficulties in the development and implementation of territorial policy. Traditionally, in Russia, such problems were dealt with by city authorities, but recently, due to the transfer of responsibility for solving urban environmental problems to local authorities, the situation is changing. According to the law “On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation”, which has been in force since 1995 and entered into force on January 1, 2006, the issues of organizing “collection and removal of household waste and garbage”, as well as “utilization and processing of household and industrial waste." But for a complete solution of the problem, the question of allocating a special system of sanitary cleaning in the economic complex of cities should be raised. This system involves the implementation of a whole range of economic measures for the collection, disposal and disposal of waste in order to preserve the health of residents and improve the area. In addition to the collection, storage, transportation, neutralization and disposal of garbage, the system of sanitary cleaning of populated areas should include measures to reduce the scale of the process of waste generation and organize the processing of secondary resources.
Now in Russia the very concept of sanitary cleaning means only the fulfillment of hygienic requirements, and the operation of installations and structures designed for the neutralization and disposal of solid and liquid household and industrial waste. And this concept should include the implementation of programs to work with the population, heads of housing maintenance organizations and specialists involved in garbage collection, heads and specialists of waste transportation enterprises, heads and specialists of waste processing enterprises, representatives of authorities, potential investors.
Also, an important task of sanitary cleaning of the area is the separation of substances from the mass of waste that can be reused or recycled. After all, these are tons of irretrievably lost resources, many of which the country practically no longer has. After all, you can find a large amount of precious metals in landfills.
The competitive opportunities of the city also depend on the improvement of the urban environment. The state of tourist attractiveness of cities also depends on this. The competitive advantages of cities are determined by the development of routes for specialized vehicles transporting household and industrial waste.
3. Basic waste treatment methods
3.1 Waste collection and interim storage
Waste collection is often the most expensive component of the entire waste management and disposal process. Therefore, the correct organization of waste collection can save significant amounts of money. The existing system of MSW collection in Russia should remain standardized in terms of economy. At the same time, additional planning is needed to address emerging issues (eg commercial kiosk waste, which is often under-resourced to collect).
Means can sometimes be found to deal with these new problems by introducing differentiated fees for garbage collection.
In densely populated areas it is often necessary to transport waste over long distances. The solution in this case may be a temporary waste storage station, from which garbage can be removed by large trucks or by rail.
In many cities, on the basis of solid waste landfills and special vehicle fleets, unitary municipal enterprises for the collection and storage of solid waste have been created. At the same time, there has not yet been a clear division of powers between municipal organizations in the field of solid waste. These organizations include the Department of Housing and Communal Services, the City Center for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision, the City Committee for Nature Protection, foresters and watermen. Theoretically, they are responsible for residential and industrial areas, suburban forests, water protection and sanitary protection zones. In practice, significant urban areas do not have a clear status, a real owner, and unauthorized dumps are formed on them in the first place.
The two-stage removal of solid waste with the use of large-capacity transport garbage trucks and removable press containers is being further developed.
3.2 Landfill
One of the main methods of disposal (MSW) worldwide remains burial in the near-surface geological environment.
Taking into account the high chemical and sanitary and epidemiological danger of unorganized storage and storage of solid waste, before choosing a site for such storage, it is necessary to carefully consider a number of issues: terrain features, terrain, features of the geological structure of the earth layers of the proposed place of storage and storage of solid waste, the prevailing wind rose, features of the surrounding natural landscape.
The unsatisfactory situation with the use, disposal and disposal of industrial and domestic waste is due to a number of objective reasons. First of all, this is extremely insufficient funding for the construction of facilities for the neutralization and use of waste, their disposal facilities, as well as the reconstruction or reclamation of existing waste disposal facilities, and the elimination of unauthorized waste disposal sites.
For highly urbanized territories (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Chelyabinsk agglomerations, etc.), regardless of the presence of environmentally hazardous industries in them, a serious problem for the environment is the placement of landfills for storing municipal solid waste (MSW) and sludge wastewater sludge sites from urban wastewater treatment plants, as these facilities are built on suburban areas with valuable recreational and conservation landscapes.
There are 1,691 million tons of toxic production and consumption waste in storage facilities, storage facilities, warehouses, burial grounds, landfills, landfills and other facilities, of which 2.66 million tons of hazard class I waste, including 4,000 tons of mercury, 4 .8 thousand tons of galvanic production waste, 11.4 thousand tons of organochlorine, 2.6 million tons of hexavalent chromium and others.
Due to the insufficient number of landfills for the storage and disposal of industrial waste, the practice of placing industrial waste in places of unorganized storage (unauthorized landfills) is widespread, which poses a particular danger to the environment. The volumes of toxic waste disposal in unauthorized landfills are constantly growing.
Basic requirements for a solid waste landfill:
The landfill for warehousing and storage of solid waste should in no case be flooded with flood waters.
The landfill should be surrounded by solid forests and the direction of the prevailing wind rose should be such that the air from the surface of the landfill could not get to nearby settlements.
Warehousing and storage of solid waste should be carried out on a prepared waterproof base.
MSW must be stored and distributed over the site in a relatively thin layer, and this layer must be compacted so that there is no spread of small and light particles.
It is unacceptable for groundwater to enter the base of the DPO landfill.
The height of the SDW laying layer should not exceed 2 m.
MSW should be stored, stored and moved to pre-planned areas (maps) as they are separated and processed.
Backfilling of solid waste (taking into account the location of the maps) and the availability of a supply of material for the covering layer.
Prevention of MSW incineration at the landfill.
Irrigation of maps with stored MSW during periods of increased fire hazard in the dry summer period.
Joint storage and storage of MSW with even single animal corpses, as well as toxic, explosive industrial waste is not allowed. The proper operation of solid waste landfills is constantly monitored by the relevant sanitary epidemiological centers and committees for nature protection.
Aging of chemical materials of HP and BW containing arsenic As, sulfur S, halogens (chlorine Cl; bromine Br), heavy metals Cd, Pb, Cr, Sn, Ag, Au, Cu, Hg will cause gradual slow, imperceptible poisoning of the soil. For example, scattered and broken batteries containing PbSO4 also decompose as they age, poisoning soil and water bodies first of all. Heavy metals are carcinogenic and mutagenic.
The aging of HP and BO from substances of organic origin is manifested in the course of a number of processes of a chemical and biochemical nature.
Dangerous is the aging of TP and BO made of polymeric materials of synthetic chemistry, especially those from which carcinogenic substances (i.e., cancer-causing ones) can be formed.
Due to various chemical reactions, as well as microbiological activity, the temperature in various places of the landfill body can vary from 50 to 100 degrees, causing spontaneous combustion and supplying the environment with thousands of MPCs of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) - chemical carcinogens that occupy a leading place in the occurrence of cancer. When exposed to light on aqueous solutions of aromatics (during evaporation after precipitation, as well as during the combustion of plastics and organics), compounds of the dioxin class are formed in abundance. Dioxin is the most powerful poison known in nature, a mutagen, carcinogen, teratogen, extremely stable in the environment.
Atmospheric precipitation helps the migration of chemical elements, their meeting with each other, contact, and penetration into groundwater. Dangerous periodic flow of chemicals with surface and subsoil runoff. Toxic gas emissions from a landfill can spread over long distances, mainly in the direction of the prevailing winds, and also react with emissions from surrounding industrial facilities, exacerbating an already tense environmental situation. An unpleasant side effect of the landfill for nearby homes can be infestations of rats and cockroaches, especially resistant to chemical preparations.
At landfills, waste is subjected to intensive biochemical decomposition. In the conditions of landfills, where almost 80% of the total waste stream enters, anaerobic conditions are quickly formed, in which the bioconversion of organic matter (OM) occurs with the participation of the methanogenic community of microorganisms. As a result of this process, biogas or the so-called landfill gas (LFG) is formed. Emissions of landfill gases (LFG) entering the natural environment form negative effects of both local and global nature.
3.3 Incineration
Waste incineration is the most complex and "high-tech" option for waste management. Incineration requires pre-treatment of MSW (with the production of so-called fuel extracted from waste). When separating from MSW, they try to remove large objects, metals (both magnetic and non-magnetic) and further crush it. In order to reduce harmful emissions from waste, batteries and accumulators, plastic, and leaves are also removed. The incineration of an undivided waste stream is now considered extremely dangerous. Thus, waste incineration can only be one component of a comprehensive recycling program.
Incineration makes it possible to reduce the weight of waste by about 3 times, eliminate some unpleasant properties: smell, release of toxic liquids, bacteria, attraction for birds and rodents, and also obtain additional energy that can be used to generate electricity or heating.
Serious problems also arise with the disposal of incineration ash, which by weight is up to 30% of the initial weight of the waste and which, due to its physical and chemical properties, cannot be disposed of in conventional landfills. For the safe disposal of ash, special storage facilities with control and wastewater treatment are used.
In Russia, waste incineration plants are not mass-produced. Speaking about the socio-economic aspects of waste incineration, it should be noted that usually the construction and operation of an incineration plant is beyond the reach of the city budget. equipment processing storage waste
It is the MSZ, according to experts, that are the main sources of super-poisons - dioxins.
3.4 Recycling
Recycling - reuse or return to circulation of production waste or garbage.
The method of burial, from an economic point of view, is inefficient, requiring enormous budgetary costs. And these costs are not justified in any way from an environmental point of view: there is an irretrievable loss of irreplaceable natural resources.
The options for collecting recycled materials in different countries and territories may be different depending on local conditions: waste bins near the house, specialized collection centers for recycled materials, paid collection centers. Depending on the type of waste collection, the vehicle for its transportation is selected. The next stage is the choice of the type and capacity of the processing enterprise: a number of small local plants, a large company of a territorial unit, or the transportation of raw materials to a large regional processing enterprise.
After separation of MSW into fractions, each of the fractions enters the next technological stage - the stage of processing into the final product.
Glass is usually processed by grinding and remelting (it is desirable that the original glass be of the same color). Broken glass of low quality after grinding is used as a filler for building materials (for example, the so-called "glassfalt")
Steel and aluminum cans are smelted to obtain the corresponding metal.
Paper waste of various types has been used for many decades, along with conventional cellulose, for the manufacture of pulp - the raw material for paper. Mixed or low quality paper waste can be used to make toilet or wrapping paper and cardboard. Unfortunately, in Russia only on a small scale there is a technology for the production of high-quality paper from high-quality waste (off-cuts from printing houses, used paper for copiers and laser printers, etc.).
Recycling plastic in general is a more expensive and complex process. It should be noted that not all types of polymers are used for recycling, but only some. In Russia, plastic processing is carried out in insignificant quantities.
The main problem in recycling is not the lack of recycling technologies - modern technologies allow you to recycle up to 90% of the total amount of waste - but the separation of recyclables from the rest of the garbage (and the separation of various components of recycled materials). There are many technologies that allow you to separate waste and recyclables. The most expensive and difficult of them is the extraction of recyclable materials from the already formed general waste stream at special enterprises.
The organization of the procurement process should begin with work with the population. At the same time, without the participation of private companies, the implementation of projects for the collection and subsequent disposal of solid waste seems unlikely. A prerequisite is a clear organization of the collection process and a gradual, stepwise allocation of secondary raw materials, as well as the closedness of the chain, i.e. obtained products from selected waste. At the same time, the decisive moment in determining the strategy for attracting residents to selective collection will be an economic factor: the price of receiving secondary raw materials at a processing plant. The role of the federal center should be to prepare the conditions for their successful implementation of projects for the selective collection and recycling of solid waste and the formation of a regulatory, legal and tax base that contributes to the formation of a market for secondary raw materials.
Conclusion
In Russia, the processing industry is poorly developed, work is underway to prepare and educate the population for the separate collection of waste, the system for collecting secondary resources is not organized, the system for exporting waste generated is not everywhere established, and there is poor control over their formation. This entails the deterioration of the environment, a negative impact on human health.
Obviously, no technology alone can solve the problem of MSW, and landfills are sources of emissions of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and other hazardous substances. The effectiveness of technologies can be considered only in the general chain of the life cycle of commodities - waste.
Landfills will remain the main method of waste disposal (recycling) in Russia for a long time to come. The main task is to equip the existing landfills, extend their life, reduce their harmful effects.
In order to further reduce environmental pollution with waste and save natural resources through the use of waste, it is necessary: to carry out certification of waste of any nature user with a clear definition of their danger and certification; creating the necessary conditions for reducing the volume of waste generation, increasing the level of their use by improving the legal, economic, organizational, managerial and other regulators of generation, use.
Bibliography
1. Dreyer, A.A. Solid industrial and household waste, their properties and processing / A.A. Dreyer, A.N. Sachkov, K.S. Nikolsky, Yu.I. Marinin, A.V. Mironov. - M. : Collection, 1997.
2. Substantiation of the choice of the optimal method for the disposal of solid domestic waste from the housing stock in the cities of Russia. [Electronic resource] / Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Environmental Management - Electron. Text data. - M.: Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, 2009. - Access mode: http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/Global/russia/report/toxics/Comments_Prirodnadzor.pdf - Head. from the screen.
3. Website of the National Information Agency "Natural Resources" (NIA-Priroda) [Electronic resource] / Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation. - Electron. text data. - M. : Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, 2009. - Access mode: http://www.priroda.ru/regions/waste/ - Zagl. from the screen.
4. Current situation with waste disposal in Russia. [Electronic resource] / Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation. - Electron. text data. - M. : Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, 2012. - Access mode: http://www.naturetooday.ru/naturs-1099-1.html - Head. from the screen.
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production and consumption waste it is customary to call the remains of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other products or products that were formed in the process of production or consumption, as well as goods (products) that have lost their consumer properties.
hazardous waste called waste containing substances that have hazardous properties: toxicity, explosiveness, fire hazard, high reactivity, contain pathogens of infectious diseases, and also pose a danger to the environment and human health on their own or when they come into contact with other substances.
Sanitary rules for establishing the hazard class of toxic production and consumption wastes SP 2.1.7.1386-03 establish five waste hazard classes:
waste of hazard class I (extremely hazardous), these include, for example, mercury lamps, spent fluorescent mercury-containing tubes;
waste of hazard class II (highly hazardous), such as waste containing dust and/or sawdust of lead;
hazard class III waste (moderately hazardous): cement dust;
waste of hazard class IV (low hazard): coke dust, waste of abrasive materials in the form of dust and powder;
hazard class V waste (practically non-hazardous): sand waste not contaminated with hazardous substances.
Waste management - activities in the process of which waste is generated, as well as the collection, use, disposal, transportation and disposal of waste.
Waste disposal– storage and disposal of waste.
Waste storage provides for the content of waste in waste disposal facilities for the purpose of their subsequent burial, neutralization or use.
Waste disposal facilities- specially equipped facilities: landfills, sludge storages, rock dumps, etc.
Waste disposal- isolation of waste not subject to further use in special storage facilities, which exclude the ingress of harmful substances into the environment.
Waste disposal– waste treatment, including incineration at specialized facilities in order to prevent the harmful effects of waste on humans and the environment.
Each manufacturer is assigned waste generation standard, i.e. the amount of waste of a particular type in the production of a unit of production, and is calculated limit for waste disposal - the maximum allowable amount of waste during the year.
The main waste treatment methods are biodegradation, composting and incineration.
Composting- This is a biological method for the neutralization of municipal solid waste (MSW) containing a large amount of organic matter. The essence of the process is as follows. Diverse, mostly heat-loving, microorganisms actively grow and develop in the thickness of the garbage, as a result of which its co-heating up to 60 ° C occurs. At this temperature, pathogenic microorganisms die. The decomposition of organic solids in household waste continues until a relatively stable material, like humus, is obtained. In this case, more complex compounds decompose and turn into simpler ones. The disadvantage of composting is the need to store and neutralize the non-compostable part of the garbage, the volume of which makes up a significant part of the total amount of garbage. This problem can be solved by incineration, pyrolysis or disposal of waste to landfills.
Biodegradation of organic waste is considered the most environmentally acceptable and economically viable method of processing them.
Currently, many dilute industrial wastes are treated biologically. Commonly used aerobic technology based on oxidation carried out by microorganisms in aerotanks, biofilters and bioponds. A significant drawback of aerobic technologies is the energy consumption for aeration and the problems of disposal of the resulting excess activated sludge - up to 1.5 kg of microbial biomass for each removed kilogram of organic matter.
BUT anaerobic The treatment by methane fermentation is devoid of these disadvantages: it does not require electricity for aeration, the volume of sediment decreases, and, in addition, valuable organic matter, methane, is formed. The mechanism of anaerobic microbiological conversion of organic substances is very complex and not fully understood. Nevertheless, industrial technologies for anaerobic treatment are widely used abroad. In our country, intensive anaerobic technologies are not yet used.
Thermal methods of waste processing. Municipal solid waste contains up to 30% by mass of carbon and up to 4% of hydrogen. The calorific value of the waste is determined precisely by these elements. Various technologies for fire disposal of waste have been developed. The main combustion products of carbon and hydrogen are CO 2 and H 2 O, respectively.
Incomplete combustion produces undesirable products: carbon monoxide, low molecular weight organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, soot, etc. When incinerated, it must be taken into account that the waste contains potentially hazardous elements characterized by high toxicity and volatility: various compounds of halogens, nitrogen, sulfur, heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, etc.).
In industrial practice, there are currently two areas of thermal processing of MSW, based on forced mixing and movement of the material:
Layered combustion on grates at a temperature of 900 ... 1000 ° C;
Combustion in a fluidized bed at a temperature of 850 ... 950 ° C.
Fluidized bed incineration has a number of environmental and technological advantages, but it requires the preparation of waste for such a process, so it is much less common.
The most environmentally acceptable use of waste as secondary material resources. To implement this direction, at least two conditions are necessary: firstly, the availability of sufficiently complete and easily accessible information on the sources and accumulation of waste being sold; secondly, favorable economic conditions.
test questions
1. What processes affect soil fertility?
2. What is soil erosion? Causes and types of soil erosion.
3. Name the main soil pollutants.
4. What is production and consumption waste? What are the hazard classes of waste?
5. What does the concept of "waste management" include?
6. How is the standard for waste generation and the limit for waste disposal established?
7. Name the main methods of waste processing.
8. Give a brief description of the composting method.
9. On what processes is the biodegradation of organic waste based?
10. Name the main directions of thermal processing of waste.
11. What other ways of recycling do you know?
Environmental monitoring
Under monitoring imply tracking system for some objects or phenomena.
Environmental monitoring is an information system created for the purpose of observing and predicting changes in the environment in order to highlight the anthropogenic component against the background of other natural processes.
One of the important aspects of the functioning of monitoring systems is predictive capability state of the investigated environment and warnings about undesirable changes in its characteristics.
Types of environmental monitoring.By scale There are monitoring basic (background), global, regional, impact.
on methods of conducting and objects of observation: aviation, space, human environment.
Base monitoring performs monitoring of general biospheric, mainly natural, phenomena without imposing regional anthropogenic influences on them.
Global monitoring monitors global processes and phenomena in the Earth's biosphere and its ecosphere, including all their ecological components (the main material and energy components of ecological systems), and warns of emerging extreme situations.
Regional monitoring monitors processes and phenomena within a certain region, where these processes and phenomena may differ both in their natural character and in anthropogenic impacts from the basic background characteristic of the entire biosphere.
Impact monitoring is the monitoring of regional and local anthropogenic impacts in especially dangerous zones and places.
Monitoring of the human environment monitors the state of the natural environment surrounding a person and prevents emerging critical situations that are harmful or dangerous to the health of people and other living organisms.
The implementation of monitoring requires the use of fairly well-developed software, which includes complexes of mathematical models of the phenomena under study.
The development of a model of a particular phenomenon or natural system is associated with the choice of its conceptual structure and the availability of a closed package of computer programs. The most common type of models are sets of differential equations that reflect the biological, geochemical, and climatic processes in the system under study. In this case, the coefficients of the equations either have a specific meaning or are determined indirectly through the approximation of experimental data.
Modeling a real natural system based on experimental data and conducting numerous experiments on it make it possible to obtain quantitative estimates of the interactions of various components of communities both in natural systems and those formed as a result of human economic activity intrusion into the natural environment.
The objectives of the environmental monitoring system are:
Monitoring of chemical, biological, physical parameters (characteristics);
Ensuring the organization of operational information.
The principles underlying the organization of the system:
Collectivity;
Synchronicity;
Regular reporting.
On the basis of the environmental monitoring system, a nationwide system for monitoring and controlling the state of the environment has been created.
The assessment of the environment and health of the population includes the state of atmospheric air, drinking water, food, as well as ionizing radiation.
Ecological passport of the enterprise- this is a document that is available at each enterprise, it is compiled in accordance with GOST 17.0.0.04-90. Protection of Nature. Ecological passport of the enterprise. General provisions.
This document contains factual data on the impact of this object on the atmospheric air and water bodies and an assessment of these impacts, on soil pollution, and waste management.
The environmental passport data is updated twice a year.
EIA procedure
In accordance with the existing rules, any pre-project and project documentation related to any economic undertakings, the development of new territories, the location of industries, the design, construction and reconstruction of economic and civil facilities, must contain the section "Environmental Protection" and in it - a mandatory subsection EIA - materials on environmental impact assessment planned activity. EIA is a preliminary determination of the nature and degree of danger of all potential types of impact and an assessment of the environmental, economic and social consequences of the project; a structured process of taking into account environmental requirements in the system of preparation and decision-making on economic development.
EIA provides for variability of decisions, taking into account territorial features and interests of the population. EIA is organized and provided by the customer of the project with the involvement of competent organizations and specialists. In many cases, EIA requires special engineering and environmental surveys. The EIA procedure includes a number of successive stages.
1. Identification of sources of influence using experimental data, expert assessments, creation of mathematical modeling settings, literature analysis, etc. As a result, sources, types and objects of impact are identified.
2. A quantitative assessment of the types of impact can be carried out by a balance or instrumental method. When using the balance method, the amount of emissions, discharges, waste is determined. The instrumental method is the measurement and analysis of results.
3. Forecasting changes in the natural environment. A probabilistic forecast of environmental pollution is given, taking into account climatic conditions, wind roses, background concentrations, etc.
4. Forecasting emergency situations. A forecast of possible emergencies, causes and probability of their occurrence is given. For each emergency, preventive measures are provided.
5. Determination of ways to prevent negative consequences. Opportunities to reduce the impact with the help of special technical means of protection, technologies, etc. are determined.
6. Choice of methods of control over the state of the environment and residual consequences. The system of monitoring, control should be provided in the designed technological scheme.
7. Ecological and economic assessment of options for design solutions. Impact assessment is carried out for all possible options with an analysis of damages, compensation costs for protection from harmful effects after the project implementation.
8. Registration of results. It is carried out in the form of a separate section of the project document, which is a mandatory annex and contains, in addition to the materials of the EIA list, a copy of the agreement with the Ministry of Health, state supervision bodies responsible for the use of natural resources, the conclusion of departmental expertise, the conclusion of public expertise and the main disagreements.
Environmental assessment
Environmental assessment – establishing compliance of the planned economic and other activities with environmental requirements and determining the admissibility of the implementation of the object of environmental expertise in order to prevent possible adverse impacts of this activity on the environment and related social, economic and other consequences of the implementation of the object of environmental expertise ().
Ecological expertise involves a special study of economic and technical projects, objects and processes in order to make a reasonable conclusion about their compliance with environmental requirements, norms and regulations.
Environmental impact assessment thus performs the functions of a forward-looking preventive control design documentation and at the same time functions oversight for environmental compliance of project implementation results. According to Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Expertise" these types of control and supervision are carried out by environmental authorities.
Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Expertise"(Art. 3) formulates principles of ecological expertise, namely:
Presumptions of potential environmental hazard of any planned economic and other activities;
Mandatory conduct of the state environmental review before making decisions on the implementation of the object of environmental review;
The complexity of assessing the impact on the environment of economic and other activities and its consequences;
Obligation to take into account the requirements of environmental safety during the environmental impact assessment;
Reliability and completeness of information submitted for ecological expertise;
Independence of environmental review experts in the exercise of their powers in the field of environmental review;
Scientific validity, objectivity and legality of the conclusions of environmental expertise;
Glasnost, participation of public organizations (associations), consideration of public opinion;
Responsibility of the participants in the environmental review and interested parties for the organization, conduct, quality of the environmental review.
test questions
1. Formulate the concepts of monitoring, environmental monitoring.
2. Name the types of environmental monitoring.
3. Formulate the tasks and principles of organization of the environmental monitoring system.
4. What is the environmental passport of the enterprise, its content?
5. What is the EIA procedure? For what purpose is it carried out?
6. List the sequence of stages of the EIA.
7. What does the ecological expertise include?
8. Formulate the principles of ecological expertise.
Types of damage from environmental pollution
The most objective criterion used in environmental expertise is the damage caused to the economy as a result of environmental pollution.
There are three types of damage: actual, possible and prevented.
Under actual damage is understood as the actual losses and damage caused to the economy as a result of environmental pollution.
Possible damage is the damage to the economy that could have occurred in the absence of environmental protection measures.
Under prevented damage is the difference between potential and actual damage.
The damage calculation method assumes taking into account the damage caused by the increased morbidity of the population; damage to agriculture, housing, communal and domestic services, industry and other types
damage.
The calculations are of an estimated nature due to the lack of reliable natural science and sociological information.
The standards for the accumulation of toxic industrial waste on the territories of enterprises are established taking into account the following indicators:
The size of the storage area;
Toxicity and reactivity of compounds present in the waste;
Volume of generated waste;
Climatic conditions (temperature and humidity, wind speed and direction).
Requirements for the temporary storage of toxic waste on the territories of enterprises are defined in the following regulatory documents.
1) SanPiN 2.1.7.1322 - 03 "Hygienic requirements for the placement and disposal of production and consumption waste." According to this document, temporary storage (storage) of hazardous waste on the territory of enterprises should be carried out in stationary warehouses or at special sites.
Waste of various hazard classes should be stored and transported as follows:
- 1 hazard class- in special sealed containers (containers, barrels, tanks). Metal containers must be checked for tightness, the container wall thickness must be at least 10 mm, the material corrosion rate must not exceed 0.1 mm/year. Waste of the 1st hazard class must be removed from the territory of the enterprise within 24 hours;
- 2 hazard classes– in a reliable closed container (sealed plastic bags, plastic bags);
- 3 hazard classes- in paper, textile, cotton bags. Solid bulk waste (stored in containers, plastic bags and paper bags) must be removed from the territory of the enterprise within two days;
- 4 hazard classes- can be stored in bulk, in the form of ridges, it is allowed to transport in bulk.
2) SN No. 3183 - 84 "Procedure for the accumulation, transportation, neutralization and disposal of toxic industrial waste." - M .: Ministry of Health of the USSR, 1985.
3) SN No. 3204 - 85 "The maximum amount of accumulation of toxic industrial waste on the territory of an enterprise (organization)". - M.: Ministry of Health, Minvodkhoz, Mingeo of the USSR, 1985. This document limits the amount of toxic industrial waste temporarily allowed on the territory of the enterprise in order to avoid excessive pollution of the environment. At the same time, it is emphasized that the storage of industrial waste on the territory of the enterprise can only be considered as a temporary measure. In practice, two indicators are normalized:
Maximum content of toxic substances in waste;
The maximum amount of toxic industrial waste on the territory of the enterprise is the amount of industrial waste that can be placed in specially designated places on the territory of the enterprise, provided that the possible release of harmful substances into the air does not exceed 0.3 MAC. Otherwise, the waste accumulated on the territory of the enterprise is subject to immediate removal.
4) SP No. 4015 - 85 "The maximum content of toxic compounds in industrial waste and storage facilities located outside the territory of the enterprise (organization)". Accumulators are tailing and sludge storages, settling ponds, sewage storage ponds. Placement of industrial waste of the 1st hazard class in storage tanks is prohibited. The size of the sanitary protection zone around the storage tanks depends on the hazard class of the disposed waste: for class 2 - 1000 m, for class 3 - 500 m, for class 4 - 300 m.
There are several groups of industrial waste processing methods. .
Mechanical Methods used in the preparation of waste for recycling. These include grinding and aggregation . Grinding methods include crushing and grinding.
a) crushing. The intensity and efficiency of waste processing processes increases with a decrease in the size of pieces (grains) of processed materials.
b) Grinding is used when it is necessary to obtain finely dispersed fractions with a particle size of less than 5 mm from lumpy waste. The degree of grinding during grinding reaches 100 or more. Mills are used for grinding. For separation into fractions by size, screening of pieces (grains) of the material is used when it is moved on cellular surfaces (grate grates, sieves with cells or holes of various shapes and sizes are used). Screens are vibrating or rotating.
Waste aggregation is the process of enlargement of fine particles. It is used to reduce the amount of waste and increase the rationality of their further use and transportation.
Aggregation methods include the following.
a) Granulation - the formation of aggregates, usually spherical or cylindrical, from powders, pastes, melts of processed materials. Vibrating and rotary granulators of various designs are used.
b) Tableting is the granulation of powder materials using tablet machines of various types, the principle of operation of which is based on the pressing of powders. Tableting is used in the production of various adsorbents, catalysts, vitamin, medicinal and other preparations from waste. The shape of the tablets is varied (cylinders, balls, disks, rings) with a cross-sectional diameter of 6-12 mm.
c) Briquetting is used to compact the waste to improve the conditions of transportation, storage and processing.
To physical methods include the following.
a) Magnetic separation is used to separate magnetic components from non-magnetic ones. Oxides, hydroxides, metal salts have weak magnetic properties. Various rock-forming minerals (quartz, feldspar) are non-magnetic. Waste is passed through a magnetic separator with a moving belt.
b) Electroseparation is based on the difference in the electrophysical properties of materials (electrical conductivity). It is used to separate waste containing non-ferrous metal impurities from polymeric materials. Upon contact with the surface of a charged metal electrode, electrically conductive particles acquire a charge and are repelled from it.
c) The following methods are also used to separate lumpy and bulk materials:
Screening or screening (on sieves, gratings and screens);
Separation under the action of gravitational (inertial) forces. In this case, the carrier medium is air. Gas precipitators and separators are used.
Hydrodynamic methods. The carrier medium in the separation of waste components is a liquid. The following methods are used:
Gravity - settling under the action of gravity in settling tanks;
Separation by centrifugal force in centrifuges and hydrocyclones;
Filtration under the action of a pressure difference through a filtering partition;
Electrofiltration under the action of an electric field.
Heat exchange processes. Devices such as heaters, coolers, boilers, evaporators, condensers, etc. are used. Heat exchange processes underlie the operation of installations:
Sorption-desorption;
Evaporators;
Extraction, etc.
Diffusion processes are the basis for the processes of separation of two-phase systems in order to utilize the individual components of the waste. These include sorption methods for treating wastewater and exhaust gases.
Chemical processes. These include the following.
a) Leaching (extraction). The method is used in the processing of galvanic sludge, mining waste dumps, some metallurgical and fuel slags, wood and other wastes. The method is based on the extraction of components from a complex material by selective dissolution in a liquid - an extractant.
b) Crystallization - the separation of a solid phase in the form of crystals from saturated solutions, melts or vapors. The method is used in the processing of liquid and solid waste, the solid is first transferred into a solution.
c) Coagulation and flocculation are widely used in wastewater treatment.
d) Chlorination and ozonation are used to disinfect wastewater.
e) Waste incineration is also a chemical method as it is a redox process.
Biochemical processes are applied to sewage treatment, to clearing of the soil of oil products.
Thermal methods(flameless). The purpose of heat treatment is to neutralize waste, reduce its volume, as well as obtain valuable commercial products.