Technology of non-manufacturing industries. Branches of the manufacturing sector. Classification of industries

20.09.2019

this is a conventional name for the branches of the economy, the results of which take the form of services.
Non-manufacturing areas include:
housing and communal and consumer services for the population;
passenger transport;
communication (for servicing organizations and not production activities population);
health care, physical culture;
education;
culture;
science and scientific service;
lending, financing and insurance;
control;
public organizations.
The leading place in the structure of the economy of any region of Russia belongs to industry. This is determined primarily by the fact that, providing all branches with tools of labor and new materials, it serves as the most active factor in scientific and technological progress and expanded reproduction in general. Among other branches of the economy, industry stands out for its complex and district-forming functions.
The industry is divided into:
mining, which includes industries associated with the extraction and enrichment of ore and non-metallic raw materials, as well as with the extraction sea animal, catching fish and other seafood;
manufacturing, which includes enterprises for the processing of products of the extractive industry, semi-finished products, as well as for the processing of agricultural products, forestry and other raw materials.
Manufacturing industries form the backbone of heavy industry. During the period of economic reforms, there are significant changes in the structure of extractive and manufacturing industries.
According to the economic purpose, industrial products are divided into two large groups:
group "A" C production of means of production;
group "B" C production of consumer goods.
Along with the sectoral structure, the region also has a territorial structure.

2.2. Education, healthcare, culture

Education and healthcare are directly involved not in the production itself, but in the reproduction of the most important factor of production - work force participate in determining its price. A healthy worker can work more productively than a sick worker. A skilled worker can produce more value in the same period of working time than an unskilled worker. But in any case, the worker himself works productively, and the fact that he produces the means of subsistence, including for workers in medicine and education, is due to the fact that the latter exchange their labor for the product of the worker's labor, and not because they are participants in productive labor.

The participation of workers in medicine and education in determining the price of labor means only that some part of the costs of maintaining health care, education and culture is included in wages worker, but the worker still creates the value of his labor power himself. The price of labor power is included in the cost of production of the capitalist along with the costs of the material elements of production. If the worker's family pays for medical services and for education itself, then these expenses determine the value of labor power, respectively, its selling price, which the worker must compensate the capitalist in excess. If the entire capitalist class imposes these costs on its collective executive agency- the state, then as a result, the capitalist pays for these services not in the form of a worker's salary, but in the form of taxes - from the surplus value that wage workers create. In both cases, doctors and teachers are supported by the working class. The costs of maintaining them are such costs that, although they are necessary conditions for production, are not themselves included in it.

2.3. The science

The science, as predicted by Marx, becomes a direct productive force. Scientific activity, from the point of view of practical results, is the discovery of the laws of nature, which creates the possibility of using new forces of nature in the service of man. In this sense, science puts at the disposal of production not its own "power", but the forces of nature. That is why Marx compared science with the productive forces given by nature itself. The transformation of this possibility into reality is carried out through the technological application of scientific data. It follows from this that non-applied types scientific activity must be explicitly excluded from production activities. But the technological application of science does not produce by itself, but realizes its participation in production through a change in the productivity of living labor. As long as there is an opposition between mental and physical labor, the participation of mental labor, in particular, the work of scientists in production, will still be indirect. There are, of course, no immovable sharp edges in society, and science partially enters the production sphere - at the stage of development work, but not at the stage of research and development. Marx, saying that "science is becoming a direct productive force", had in mind the prospect of overcoming the opposition between mental and physical labor, the transformation of all production into a conscious technological application of science. As long as this is not the case, the assignment of science to the sphere of production is premature.

Scientific activity does not create a material product, nor does it create a national income; on the contrary, it is an area of significant costs that pay off with the development of technologies that increase the productivity of labor in material production. These costs are included in the cost of the final product, but do not represent newly created value.

2.4. The ratio of non-production and production spheres

The fact that no new value is produced in the non-productive sphere does not mean any belittling of non-productive labor, its uselessness by society. It only means that the sphere of material production is basis well-being of society, and the non-productive sphere is, as it were, a superstructure on top of it; it ultimately depends on material production and is determined by its basic relations. The presence of a developed sphere of material production is a necessary condition for the existence of production area.

Although labor in the non-productive sphere does not create national income, however, since it is aimed at developing the spiritual potential of a person, at preserving his health, etc., it has an impact on labor productivity and the qualifications of workers in material production and thus indirectly affects the size total social product and national income.

3. Productive labor under capitalism

It is characteristic of productive labor under capitalism that it creates surplus value. From the capitalist point of view, labor in the sphere of material production is not productive if it does not produce surplus value.

Specifically capitalist wage labor means that it is exchanged for money as capital, in contrast to wage labor which is exchanged for money as income. In the first case, we are talking about the fact that the worker sells his ability to work to the capitalist, who organizes production in order to extract surplus value. In the second case, labor power is sold to satisfy the personal needs of the capitalist. For example, a capitalist hires a tailor to make him a suit. Here he uses the work of a tailor not for profit, not for the production of surplus value, as, for example, is the case in a garment factory.

The capitalist mode of production is based on wage-labour, which is directly exchanged for money as capital and thereby produces capital. This type of wage labor is productive labor in capitalist society. “An actor, for example, and even a clown, is, in accordance with this, a productive worker if he is employed by a capitalist (entrepreneur) to whom he returns more labor than he receives from him in the form of wages; meanwhile, the petty tailor who comes to the capitalist's house and mends his trousers, creating only use value for him, is an unproductive worker.

Wage labor, directly exchanged for capital, functions both in material and non-material production, i.e., where there is an increase in the value of capital. Therefore, wage labor directly exchanged for capital is the general form of productive labor under capitalism. But just as the general formula of capital M → C → M "does not give an answer about the source of the increase in the value of capital, the general form of productive labor does not answer the question: what kind of labor creates surplus value? The fact is that in the form of wage labor directly exchanged for capital, not only does labor create surplus value, as is the case in material production, but also labor, which only captures the added value already created, as it happens in the sphere of circulation and in non-material production.

Therefore, under capitalism, productive labor must be distinguished in essence and form. By essence productive labor under capitalism is labor that creates surplus value and thereby increases the value of capital. This labor is the material basis for the reproduction of capitalist production relations.

By shape productive labor is any wage labor directly exchanged for capital and increasing its value. This labor also reproduces capitalist production relations.

An artist working for an entrepreneur is an employee, but not a productive worker. By his labor he does not participate in the production of material goods and therefore does not create new value (hence, surplus value). The salary of the artist, as well as the profit that the entrepreneur receives, is a deduction from the income of the public. “The sale of these services to the public,” says K. Marx, “reimburses the wages of the entrepreneur and makes a profit.” From point of view entrepreneur, however, this artist will productive a worker, insofar as he provides him with a profit, just as a hired tradesman or a bank clerk is, from the point of view of a merchant and a banker, productive workers, insofar as their labor makes it possible to appropriate profit. This subjective point of view of the capitalist fetishizes public form productive labor under capitalism. The appearance of phenomena is taken as their essence. This situation is due to the discrepancy between labor that produces surplus value and labor that brings profit to the capitalist.

The form of productive labor in capitalist society is all labor that is directly exchanged for capital and yields profit. The sphere of application of such labor is all types of human activity, if they are organized capitalistically. Under capitalism, writes K. Marx, “a writer is a productive worker, not because he produces ideas, but because he enriches the bookseller who publishes his works, that is, he is productive insofar as he is an employee of some capitalist” .

In essence, this approach of bourgeois economists to the national income completely coincides with its definition as the sum of the incomes of all the inhabitants of the country. Such a definition of the national income is beneficial to the bourgeoisie, since it obscures the actual process of its distribution in bourgeois society, conceals the process of exploitation. In reality, the national income is created only productive workers. Only these workers create new value of the annual social product by their labor.

The profit of the capitalist in the sphere of unproductive labor is a part of the surplus value produced in the sphere of material production and redistributed in accordance with the average rate of profit.

But surplus value is the value of the surplus product, the product of the surplus labor of the productive worker. Just as surplus product is part of the total product of the worker's labor, so surplus value is part of the value of the goods produced by the wage worker for the capitalist.

That is why Marxist political economy asserts that the concept of a productive worker under capitalism includes, firstly, the relationship between the worker and the product of his labor, and secondly, also the specifically social, historically arisen production relation, which makes the worker the direct instrument for increasing capital. The first relation is derived from general conditions material production. The second is from the capitalist character of production.

This is the fundamental difference between the views of Marxist political economy and the views of bourgeois political economy on the concept of productive labor. Bourgeois political economy considers any labor that brings "income" productive. Marxist political economy considers productive only labor in the sphere of material production, which creates new value, which breaks down into the wages of the worker and the surplus value appropriated by the capitalist.

4. Production and non-production spheres and class affiliation

As is known, the proletariat is a class of hired workers deprived of their own means of production and therefore compelled to sell their labor power to the owners of the social means of production—the capitalists, who use wage labor for profit.

Under capitalism, any wage worker whose labor is a source of profit for the capitalist belongs to the proletarian class, regardless of whether he is employed in the sphere of material production (production of goods) or in the sphere of non-material production (production of services and spiritual goods).

On the other hand, the proletariat is not homogeneous, and the division of the proletariat into different "detachments" depending on the proximity to the vital organs of the "organism" of all capitalist production is objective. From a practical point of view, from the point of view of revolutionary political strategy and tactics, this division means that the detachments of the proletariat alone, by their very place in the social division of labor, can inflict more tangible blows on capital, have (at least potentially) greater economic (and hence and political) power than others.

5. Productive and unproductive labor under socialism

In a socialist society, whose goal is not the production of goods and not the production of surplus value, but the production of man himself, the opposition between productive and unproductive labor will lose its former meaning. When material production ceases to serve the accumulation of wealth as such, but becomes a means of ensuring the full well-being and all-round development of each member of society, other types of labor serving the same purpose will no longer be opposed to labor to create material wealth. In addition, overcoming the opposition between mental and physical labor will lead to the disappearance of social categories engaged exclusively in one or another type of labor, each of which will be labor for the benefit of the whole society.

All activities that do not produce material goods are grouped into non-manufacturing industries, which is also called the tertiary sector of the economy, the first two are mining and processing. Until the mid-1990s in the world, and in Russia even before the transition to capitalism in the mid-1990s, the sector was considered auxiliary, since it did not produce a significant social product. Now it is a full-fledged and increasingly significant sector of the economy. It is believed that the development of the non-manufacturing industry is the main catalyst for economic growth.

Main difference

The main difference between the goods of the industry of the production sphere and the industry of the non-manufacturing sphere is that the goods of the first can be produced in one place and consumed in another, while the goods of the second are produced and consumed in one place. If the same consumer goods from China are bought all over the world, then you can only participate in a tea ceremony directly in a Chinese or Japanese tea house. And it is hard to imagine where, except on a fire, the work of firefighters may be needed, in some countries the fire department provided paid services for which it was necessary to pay directly, and not through taxes.

True, with the development of non-manufacturing industries, especially those related to information services, not everything is so simple, and some services are already being provided regardless of distances.

Far from nature

For simplicity, the first researchers in the non-manufacturing economy industry included everything that is not related to mining and processing. natural resources. These are all types of human activity that produce intangible goods and services aimed at the direct satisfaction of material, spiritual, social and other needs. That is, the non-productive sphere has no direct connection with nature and serves to organize human consumption and maintain its habitat, and basically redistributes what is mined and processed in the first two sectors of the economy.

What other features

Simplification does not always help, so the definition that all industries that produce something intangible belong to the non-productive sphere had to be supplemented. A number of features characteristic of the non-manufacturing sector of the economy have been identified. The most obvious is that there should be a direct connection between the producer and the consumer of the product, which also often implies an individual approach. It is hard to imagine that the same hairdressing or translation services can be provided in a different way. But with the development of information technology, everything is no longer so simple, the same translation can take place without direct contact between the consumer and the service provider, and by 2024, according to the UN forecast, artificial intelligence will be able to do this.

Another feature of the non-production sphere is that the final product is often not materialized. When you listened to the music, drove on public transport, then your consumption will end there, although the consequences may be felt for a long time. Now we can safely call a significant share of intellectual and creative work a feature of the industry, which is associated with the digital revolution, the emergence of a large number new types of services using high technologies and artificial intelligence. Even in the largest non-manufacturing industry, retail, which uses a lot of low-skilled labor, online platforms and offline stores are playing an increasing role. In China, Japan, Korea, entire chains of stores began to operate in which people do not work.

Which industries are included

Since the beginning of time, when the rudiments appeared in people public consciousness, appeared and certain types activities that were later classified as non-manufacturing industries. The first leaders, warriors, shamans, if we draw an analogy with the current terminology, are government, security, social services and, in part, healthcare, which are also in demand in modern conditions.

Non-manufacturing sectors include: all types of trade, management and security, health and education, science and consulting, transport and public services, household and hotel services, financial and information Services, art and culture.

Non-manufacturing products

To begin with, when economists realized that non-manufacturing industries are a serious and independent area of the economy, all the products of the sector were divided into tangible and intangible services. Material services include all industries that provide the consumption of material goods: hotel services or, more broadly, hospitality service, trade, now they have added e-commerce, household and transport services. Intangible services include all types associated with the satisfaction of cultural, religious, spiritual needs and activities related to the creation of an external environment for human life, from security, protection environment to religious worship, health care, education and the arts.

Products of non-manufacturing industries in recent times also began to divide into services and intellectual products. The products of creative and intellectual activity have been valued at all times, but in a post-industrial society, where almost all activity is based on knowledge, the value of intellectual products is growing like an avalanche, as is its share in the non-productive industry. Because of this, it is now proposed to allocate all activities for the production of knowledge into a quaternary sector - intellectual.

There will be more to come

In developed countries, non-manufacturing sectors already occupy up to 80 percent of the economy, and more than two-thirds of the employed population work there. AT developing countries, including Russia, about 50 percent. Not only is the share of the sector in the economy increasing, but new types of services are also emerging, especially in industries related to digital technologies. Products also acquire new qualitative characteristics, such as the ability to be stored, accumulated and transmitted over distances. Very soon it will be necessary to give new definitions to the non-productive sphere, its features and characteristics.

Industry- a separate sphere of science, knowledge, production. Branch of the economy - a set of enterprises producing (mining) homogeneous or specific products using the same type of technology.

All industries National economy fall into two broad areas:production and non-production. The existence of organizations belonging to the second group (culture, education, consumer services, management) is impossible without the successful development of enterprises of the first.

They belong to the branch of the production sphere of enterprises that carry out activities aimed at creating material wealth. Also, the organizations of this group sort them, move them, etc. The exact definition of the production sector is as follows: "The set of enterprises that manufacture a material product and provide material services."

The production sphere plays a very prominent role in the development of the national economy. It is the enterprises related to it that create national income and conditions for the development of non-material production. There are the following main industries: industry, agriculture, construction, transport, trade and public catering, logistics.

1 Industry. This industry includes enterprises engaged in the extraction and processing of raw materials, the manufacture of equipment, the production of energy, consumer goods, and other similar organizations, which are the main part of such an area as the manufacturing sector. The sectors of the economy related to industry are divided into:

− power industry. The enterprises included in this group are engaged in the development and transmission electrical energy, as well as control over its sale and consumption. Production of products of any kind without organizations carrying out such activities is impossible.

− metallurgy. This industry, in turn, is divided into two sub-sectors: non-ferrous and ferrous. The first group includes enterprises engaged in mining noble metals(gold, silver, platinum), diamonds, copper, nickel, etc. Ferrous metallurgy plants mainly produce steel and cast iron.

− fuel industry. The structure of this industry includes enterprises engaged in the extraction of coal, oil and gas.

− chemical industry. Technological production of this type produce products for various purposes. The latter can be divided into four main categories: basic and specialty chemicals, consumer goods, life support products.

− timber industry . This group includes enterprises that harvest logs, produce sawn timber, as well as paper, pulp, matches, etc.

− mechanical engineering and metalworking. Factories in this area are engaged in the manufacture of equipment, tools and machines.

− light industry. The enterprises of this group mainly produce consumer goods: clothing, footwear, furniture, etc.

− building materials industry. The main activity of factories and plants in this industry is the production of products intended for the construction of buildings and structures (concrete mixtures, bricks, blocks, plasters, insulation, waterproofing, etc.

− glass industry. The structure of this industry also includes factories for the production of porcelain and faience. The enterprises of this sub-sector produce dishes, sanitary ware, window glass, mirrors, etc.

All industrial enterprises classified into two large groups:mining- mines, quarries, mines, wells; processing- combines, factories, workshops.

2 Agriculture. This is also a very important area of the state's economy, falling under the definition of "industrial sector". Branches of the economy of this direction are primarily responsible for the production and partial processing of food products. They are divided into two groups: animal husbandry and crop production.

The structure of the first includes enterprises engaged in:

− cattle breeding. Cultivation of large and small livestock makes it possible to provide the population with such important food products as meat and milk.

− pig breeding. The enterprises of this group supply lard and meat to the market.

− fur farming. Wearables are mainly made from the skins of small animals. A very large percentage of this production is exported.

− poultry farming. The agricultural enterprises of this group supply dietary meat, eggs and feathers to the market.

Crop production includes such sub-sectors as:

− grain cultivation. This is the most important sub-sector of agriculture, the most developed in our country. Agricultural enterprises of this group of the production sector are engaged in the cultivation of wheat, rye, barley, oats, millet, etc. The degree to which the population is provided with such important products as bread, flour, cereals depends on how effectively this industry is developed.

− vegetable growing. This type of activity in our country is carried out mainly by small and medium-sized organizations, as well as farms. Fruit growing and viticulture. It is developed mainly in the southern regions of the country. The agricultural enterprises of this group supply fruits and wines to the market.

Plant growing also includes such sub-sectors as potato growing, flax growing, melon growing, etc.

Industry and agriculture are considered the main sectors of the manufacturing sector. However, an equally important role in the country's economy is played by enterprises and other groups that are in close interaction with them.

3 Construction. Organizations of this group are engaged in the construction of buildings and structures. It can be like objects household purpose, and cultural, administrative or industrial. In addition, construction organizations develop projects for buildings and structures, carry out their reconstruction, expansion, overhaul etc.

Absolutely all other branches of the production sphere interact with groups of enterprises of this type. Construction companies can work both on government orders and from specific organizations or individuals.

4 Transport. Organizations in this area of the national economy are responsible for the transportation of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products. It includes the following industries:

− road transport. Companies in this group mainly deliver goods over short distances.

− marine. This type of transport carries out mainly foreign trade transportation (oil and oil products). In addition, maritime companies serve remote areas of the country.

− rail transportation. Within the developed economic zone, trains are the main transport delivering goods over long distances.

− aviation. Companies in this area of the transport industry are mainly engaged in the transportation of perishable products.

The success of the functioning of enterprises in such industries as agriculture, industry, construction, etc. directly depends on the efficiency of the companies of the transport group. In addition to those discussed above, this area of the production sector includes organizations that transport oil, products of its processing, gas, etc.

5Trade. An equally important role in the country's economy is played by such industries as: wholesale; retail; catering.

Its subjects are enterprises and organizations involved in the sale of goods produced by industry and agriculture, as well as related works and services. Public catering establishments include canteens, barbecue houses, cafes, restaurants, pizzerias, bistros, etc.

6 Logistics. The main activity of the subjects of this branch of the production sphere is the provision of enterprises in industry, agriculture, etc. working capital: components, containers, spare parts, equipment and tools that wear out quickly, etc. The logistics group also includes organizations involved in supply and marketing. Thus, the branches of the production sphere, the definition of which was given at the beginning of this article, are the most important components of the national economy. The effectiveness of the development of the country's economy as a whole and, as a result, the growth of the welfare of its citizens directly depends on the success of the activities of their enterprises.

In the non-manufacturing sector, 2 groups of industries can be distinguished:

1. Industries whose services satisfy the general, collective needs of society:

− geology and exploration of subsoil and water management(except for those activities that were classified as material production);

− authorities: administrative apparatus, court, prosecutor's office;

− defense;

− party and public organizations;

− science and scientific services;

− finance;

− lending and state insurance.

2. Industries whose services satisfy the cultural and social needs of the population:

− housing and communal services;

− institutions and enterprises providing consumer services to the population (passenger transport, baths, hairdressers, etc.);

− education (schools, secondary and higher educational establishments, libraries, etc.);

− institutions of culture and art (museums, theaters, cinemas, palaces, houses of culture, etc.);

− communication in terms of servicing the population and the non-productive sphere;

− institutions for medical care population (polyclinics, hospitals, sanatoriums, etc.);

− institutions of physical culture and sports;

− institutions for social security of the population.

Workers employed in the non-productive sphere of the national economy do not produce material goods, but their labor is necessary for society and is socially useful labor.

Sometimes, outside the classification of industries of the manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors, the industry "Public service" are singled out as a collective industry, which includes enterprises accounted for in the industries of the manufacturing and non-manufacturing spheres. From the manufacturing sector, this includes industrial enterprises engaged in the manufacture and repair of personal consumption items for individual orders of the population, and construction organizations that build and repair housing for individual orders of the population. From non-manufacturing to the assembly industry consumer services of the population includes non-productive activities that have the nature of purely consumer services to the population (baths, hairdressers, etc.).

Cholinergic system

x cholinergic system. This system consists of neurons that release acetylcholine, its neurotransmitter. Cholinergic neurons are quite widely represented in the brain, but its central areas are the cortex (frontal, parietal, temporal), hippocampus, caudate body, and Meynert's nucleus (Meynert's basal nucleus), whose functions are related to cognitive processes, including memory.

The functioning of the cholinergic system is determined by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors - Ml and M2, which differ in secondary intracellular processes (secondary messenger systems). The latter makes them similar to histamine receptors.

Target: to understand the concept, signs of industries, the prerequisites for their emergence, the stages of formation and classification; to study the production and non-production spheres of the national economy, its sectoral structure, as well as the structure of the branches of the production and non-production spheres.

National economy is a functional and territorial-production system, including intersectoral and sectoral links, regions, complexes, organizations and enterprises.

In the sectoral structure of the national economy of the country, two enlarged groups of industries are distinguished:

1. Branches of the sphere of material production.

2. Branches of the socio-cultural sphere.

The first group includes the following industries:

· industry;

· Agriculture;

· construction;

· transport;

· trade and public catering, material and technical supply and sale, preparations.

The second group includes the following industries:

· housing and communal services and non-productive types of consumer services for the population;

healthcare, Physical Culture and social security;

· education;

· Culture and art;

Finance, loans, insurance;

management;

public associations.

It should be borne in mind that although trade and transport are traditionally related to the sphere of material production, their end product is not a material good, but a service. At the same time, these branches have much in common with other branches of material production, therefore they can be considered in the context of both areas. It is important to note that at present the concept of social production includes not only the process of creating material goods, but also services (the term “production of services” is encountered). Thus, social production is the process of creating material wealth and providing services by sectors of the national economy. In more narrow sense production (not social) is the process of manufacturing the goods necessary for the consumer using labor and means of production.

Great importance for the development of the national economy has it industry structure, which is understood as correlations and proportions between industries, intersectoral complexes, fields of activity.

Industry is a set of organizations, enterprises and industries that are characterized by the following signs:

similarity in the purpose of the products;

Homogeneity of consumed materials;

commonality technical base and technological processes;

special professional composition of personnel;

specific working conditions.

Branches can be combined into interbranch complexes. An intersectoral complex is a complex intersectoral system characterized by high level integration between elements along the flows of manufactured goods, information, and having high efficiency and resistance to external factors.

Industry is the leading branch in the sphere of material production. Industry as a sector of the national economy, in turn, consists of a number of interrelated industries.

Question number 3 Industry as the leading sector of the national
economy of the Republic of Belarus

Target: to study the sectoral structure of the industry of the Republic of Belarus, priority areas for the development of industry; to characterize the features of other branches of the production sphere (construction, agriculture, transport, communications).

Industry occupies a leading place in the national economy of the country, and this is facilitated by the following factors:

Industry produces tools that are used in other branches of material production and in the socio-cultural sphere;

creates a significant share of GDP and national income;

· a significant number of the active population is employed in industry;

industry determines the level of competitiveness in the domestic and foreign markets, promotes innovative development the country's economy;

the state of the environment depends on the technologies used by the industry;

Depends on the level of industrial development social sphere, working conditions and quality of life of the population;

· The national security and defense capability of the country is determined by the level of industrial development.

Thus, industry determines the economic, scientific, technical and socio-economic development of the country.

The economic efficiency of industry largely depends on its sectoral structure.

Industry structure- this is the composition of industries, their quantitative ratio, based on mutual production relations and characterized by the share of individual industries and complexes in the total volume industrial production.

The industry includes the following branches:

the electric power industry;

· fuel;

black and non-ferrous metallurgy;

chemistry and petrochemistry;

mechanical engineering and metalworking;

· timber, woodworking and pulp and paper;

building materials industry;

light;

food, etc.

The structure of the industry is dynamic and depends on many factors, among which are the following:

· the level of activation of innovation activity and the development of scientific and technological progress;

· economic policy states;

structure of consumption of society;

availability in the country of natural resources necessary for the development of industries;

· Traditionally developed specialization and development of integration processes.

The following indicators are used to quantify the sectoral structure of industry and its dynamics:

1. The share of individual industries in the total volume of industrial production and its change in dynamics.

2. The share of progressive industries (electricity, engineering, chemical industry) in the total volume of industrial production and its dynamics.

3. Lead coefficient (the ratio of the growth rate or production index of a particular industry to the growth rate or production index of the entire industry).

4. The ratio of extractive and manufacturing industries.

By the magnitude of these indicators, one can assess the state of industries and determine the main tasks and directions of their development.

Question number 4 Organization (enterprise), its functions, structure,
goal and tasks

Target: understand the concepts of "enterprise", "organization", "firm"; determine the purpose and objectives of the creation and functioning of an industrial organization.

Organization (company) is an independent economic entity created in accordance with the current legislation for the production of products, performance of works and services in order to meet the needs of specific consumers, as well as to ensure the functioning of the organization (enterprise) and its employees.

An organization can also be considered:

· as Property Complex used to implement entrepreneurial activity;

· as an independent business entity created for the production of products, performance of work or provision of services, which is legal entity;

· as a separate specialized unit that uses the means of production and labor to obtain products of the appropriate profile and range required by consumers.

In a market economy, the goal of the current commercial organization is profit maximization. To achieve this goal, the following is required:

· maximization of output volume;

Ensuring the competitiveness of products;

stability and stability of functioning;

Maintaining positions in the market;

Ensuring high production efficiency.

For non-profit organization the most important goal is the satisfaction of social needs, which, in principle, also does not exclude profit. However, it should be remembered that achieving the maximum possible profit for a commercial organization is impossible if it does not take into account social needs. Therefore, goals such as profit maximization and the satisfaction of social needs should be considered in close relationship.

Each organization should have the following types of unity:

production and technical;

organizational;

economic.

The basis for the formation of an enterprise is manufacturing process. It is a system of actions for the transformation of raw materials and materials into finished products. The production process includes the following private processes:

1. The main production processes, where objects of labor are converted into finished products.

2. Auxiliary and service processes that create conditions for the normal execution of the main process.

3. Management processes who organize, direct and coordinate the course of production.

Each group of private production processes organizationally formalized in the relevant units (shops and farms), which form industrial organization structure.

There are production and general structures of the organization.

Production structure includes the following:

main production (workshop);

Auxiliary production (workshop);

service farms;

the governing bodies of the organization.

Subdivisions of the production structure and organizations for servicing the collective of employees of the enterprise (housing office, libraries, clubs, sports organizations that are on the balance sheet of the enterprise) together form overall structure industrial organization.

The production structure reflects the following:

the size of the enterprise;

the number and composition of workshops, services;

the number and layout of sections in the workshops;

· the nature of the division of labor between the shops and their cooperative links in the production process.

The primary link in industrial organization is workplace. The set of workplaces where technologically homogeneous work is performed forms a production site. In large and medium-sized organizations, sections are combined into workshops. In small organizations with relatively simple technological process a workshopless structure is used, the main link of which is the production site. The main workshops at all enterprises are different, auxiliary purposes, as a rule, are the same.

Question number 5 Classification of industrial organizations
(enterprises)

Target: consider the classification of industrial organizations (enterprises) according to various criteria; to study the organizational and legal forms of enterprises and organizations.

Organizations are classified according to the following main features:

1. By industry:

industrial;

agricultural;

transport, etc.

2. By form of ownership:

state;

private.

3. By organizational and legal forms:

partnership enterprises;

Enterprises-societies;

· unitary enterprises;

production cooperatives, etc.

4. According to the objectives of the activity:

· commercial;

non-commercial.

5. By type of activity:

enterprises of material production;

service enterprises.

6. By the number of types of products produced:

· universal (multiprofile);

specialized;

highly specialized.

7. According to the degree of concentration:

large;

medium;

8. By the nature of the impact on the object of labor:

mining;

processing.

9. According to the economic purpose of products:

producing means of production;

producing consumer goods.

10. If possible year-round work:

· seasonal;

non-seasonal.

11. By the nature of products, i.e. producing:

work;

service.

12. According to the dominant factor in the cost of production:

material-intensive;

labor-intensive;

energy-intensive;

fund-intensive, etc.

13. For the participation of foreign capital:

joint;

foreign.

Each classification has a certain practical value. There are other features by which organizations are classified.

Question No. 6 The economic environment for the functioning of industrial
organizations (enterprises)

Target: to understand the economic environment for the functioning of an industrial organization (enterprise), its essence, factors, subjects, properties, indicators, dynamism; study the problems state regulation production and economic activities of an industrial organization (enterprise).

The quality of an organization's functioning depends on its internal and external environment.

The external environment of the organization is determined by all those economic entities with which it is connected: suppliers, consumers, business partners, competitors, government and local authorities management, public organizations, as well as market infrastructure links (exchanges).

The relationship of the organization with the external environment is dynamic and is determined by its vertical and horizontal links. vertical organization's connections are connections defined by law, i.e. mandatory (with all management bodies). Horizontal Relationships are the connections of an enterprise with suppliers and customers, business partners and competitors.

In external environment There are macro-level (macro-environment) and micro-level (micro-environment). At each of these levels, the organization is affected by its own specific factors.

At the macro level, the following factors have a significant impact:

natural;

ecological;

socio-demographic;

political.

At the micro level, the organization is affected by:

market conditions;

the form and closeness of partnerships;

relationships with suppliers and customers;

Degree of market infrastructure development.

All environmental factors can be divided into factors of direct and indirect impact.

Direct impact factors include:

· state;

· suppliers;

· labor market;

· legal space;

· consumers;

· competitors;

public structures (trade unions).

Factors of indirect impact can be broadly grouped into the following four groups:

1. Situational (reflect the economic situation in the country and the world, interstate relations).

2. Innovative (form the potential of the enterprise for its successful development).

3. Socio-cultural (include a complex life values, traditions, customs of the country).

4. Political (reflect the policy of the administrative bodies of the state).

The main of the many elements of the external environment are:

· economic environment (interest rates, taxes);

· political situation;

the legal environment;

technological environment;

social and cultural environment;

natural and climatic environment;

The geographic environment

· demographic situation.

The external environment has a strong influence on the enterprise, which, in turn, can only indirectly influence the external environment.

Internal environment an enterprise is a set of relationships between its divisions, i.e. workshops, sections, services.

Elements internal environment organizations are as follows:

· organizational structure;

structure functional duties;

the structure of the exchange of services;

information structure;

the structure of labor resources;

· organizational culture, i.e., the totality of relationships between members of the labor collective.

To achieve the main goal, the internal environment of the organization must be adaptive. The level of adaptability can be judged by indirect indicators, which include:

the time from the moment of increase in prices for raw materials and materials until the moment of increase in prices for products manufactured by the organization;

time of development of new production or technologies in comparison with the main competitors;

time of preparation of documents necessary for assessing the creditworthiness and solvency of the enterprise.

Factors of external and internal environment are interconnected. Accounting for their impact on the activities of the organization (enterprise) requires its high adaptability, which is necessary to ensure competitiveness.