The main directions of protection and protection of the lithosphere. Methods for protecting the lithosphere from waste Anthropogenic pollution of the lithosphere

Soil (land) protection

Soil protection from progressive degradation and unreasonable losses is the most acute environmental problem in agriculture, which is still far from being solved.

The main links in the ecological protection of soils include:

§ soil protection from water and wind erosion;

§organization of crop rotations and systems of soil cultivation in order to increase their fertility;

§ ameliorative measures (combating waterlogging, soil salinization, etc.);

§Recultivation of disturbed soil cover;

§ protection of soils from pollution, and beneficial flora and fauna - from destruction;

§prevention of unjustified withdrawal of land from agricultural circulation.

Soil protection should be carried out on the basis of an integrated approach to agricultural lands as complex natural formations (ecosystems) with the obligatory consideration of regional characteristics.

To combat soil erosion, a set of measures is needed: land management (distribution of land according to the degree of their resistance to erosion processes), agrotechnical (soil-protective crop rotations, a contour system for growing crops, which delays runoff, chemical means of control, etc.), forest reclamation ( field-protective and water-regulating forest belts, forest plantations on ravines, beams, etc.) and hydrotechnical (cascade ponds, etc.).

At the same time, it is taken into account that hydrotechnical measures stop the development of erosion in a certain area immediately after their installation, agrotechnical measures - after a few years, and forest reclamation - 10-20 years after their implementation.

For soils subject to severe erosion, a whole range of anti-erosion measures is needed: strip farming, i.e. such an organization of the territory, in which the rectilinear contours of the fields alternate with field-protective forest belts, soil-protective crop rotations (to protect soils from deflation), afforestation of ravines, plowless tillage systems (the use of cultivators, flat cutters, etc.), various hydraulic engineering measures (developing canals , shafts, ditches, terraces, construction of watercourses, flumes, etc.) and other measures.

To combat waterlogging of soils in areas of sufficient or excessive moisture as a result of a violation of the natural water regime, various drainage reclamations are used. Depending on the causes of waterlogging, this may be a decrease in the level of groundwater using closed drainage, open channels or water intake structures, the construction of dams, straightening the riverbed to protect against flooding, interception and discharge of atmospheric slope water, etc. However, excessive drainage of large areas can cause undesirable changes in ecosystems - overdrying of soils, their dehumification and decalcification, as well as cause shallowing of small rivers, drying up of forests, etc.

To prevent secondary salinization of soils, it is necessary to arrange drainage, regulate water supply, apply sprinkling irrigation, use drip and root irrigation, perform waterproofing of irrigation canals, etc.

To prevent soil contamination with pesticides and other harmful substances, ecological methods of plant protection (biological, agrotechnical, etc.) are used, they increase the natural ability of soils to self-purify, and do not use especially dangerous and persistent insecticidal preparations, etc.

For example, the breeding and release of insect predators into agroecosystems is widely used: ladybugs, ground beetles, ants, etc. (biological protection), the introduction of species or individuals into natural populations that are not capable of producing offspring (genetic method of protection), optimization of the size of individual fields for suppression of unwanted species (agrotechnical method), etc.

In the United States and in a number of Western European countries, a system of biological farming has been organized, in which the use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers is completely excluded and where "environmentally friendly" products are obtained. Intensive work is underway to create pesticide preparations based on natural ingredients (a mixture of green pepper with garlic and tobacco, chamomile powder, infusions of wild rosemary, larkspur, sophora, onion, etc.).

Withdrawal of arable land for capital construction and other purposes may be allowed only in exceptional cases in accordance with applicable law. In order to preserve land productivity, it is necessary to introduce scientifically based norms of land areas, expand the use of lands conditionally unsuitable for agriculture for construction, lay communications underground, increase the number of storeys in cities and towns, etc.

Subsoil protection

One of the basic principles of environmental protection is the rational use of natural resources. To prevent their possible depletion and preserve subsoil reserves, it is very important to observe the principle of the most complete extraction of the main and associated minerals from the subsoil. It has been calculated that if the return of the subsoil is increased by only 1%, it is possible to additionally obtain 9 million tons of coal, about 9 billion m 3 of gas, over 10 million tons of oil, about 3 million tons of iron ore and other minerals. All this will reduce the depth and scale of unjustified penetration into the earth's interior, and, consequently, significantly reduce waste from mining enterprises and improve the environmental situation.

One of the important problems associated with the protection and rational use of mineral resources is the integrated use of mineral raw materials, including the problem of waste disposal.

Waste during subsoil development can be solid (“empty” rocks, mineral dust), liquid (mine, quarry and waste water) and gaseous (gases released from dumps). The main directions of waste disposal and improvement of the environmental situation are their use as raw materials, in industrial and construction production, in road construction, for filling goaf and for the production of fertilizers. Liquid waste after appropriate treatment is used for domestic and drinking water supply, irrigation, etc., gaseous - for heating and gas supply.

When using subsoil, they also protect the earth's surface, surface and underground waters, reclaim worked-out areas, and prevent harmful effects on other components of the natural environment and the quality of the environment as a whole.

The reclamation process is divided into two main stages: technical and biological reclamation. At the stage of technical reclamation, quarry, construction and other excavations are filled up, waste heaps, dumps, tailings are partially dismantled, worked out underground spaces are laid with “empty” rocks. After completion of the precipitation process, the surface of the earth is leveled. Biological reclamation is carried out after the technical one to create a vegetation cover on the prepared areas. With its help, they restore the productivity of disturbed lands, form a green landscape, create conditions for the habitat of animals, plants, microorganisms, strengthen bulk soils, protecting them from water and wind erosion, create hay and pasture lands, etc.

Student's answer (08/15/2012)

General measures for the protection of the subsoil should include: - a set of measures to prevent blowouts, open flowing, griffin formation, collapses of the walls of wells, absorption of flushing fluid and other complications. To do this, oil, gas and water-bearing intervals are isolated from each other, the tightness of the columns is ensured, the wellbore is secured with a casing conductor, intermediate production strings with high quality of their cementing, according to section 7 within the framework of this technological scheme; - ensuring maximum tightness of underground and surface equipment, "implementation of the designed anti-corrosion" ion measures; to prevent biogenic sulfate reduction, it is necessary to treat the injected water with reagents that prevent its formation; - introduction of a closed water supply system, with the maximum use of industrial wastewater for flooding; – operation of wells at established technological regimes that ensure the safety of the formation skeleton and prevent premature watering of wells; – ensuring reliable, trouble-free operation of oil collection, preparation, transportation and storage systems. Organizational measures include careful planning of the location of various structures, control over transport routes, drawing up detailed engineering and geological maps of the territory, taking into account maps of underground space, and mitigating the consequences of natural disasters. It is necessary to organize monitoring of abiotic components of the environment. The main measures for soil protection: - sealing systems for collecting, separating, preparing and transporting oil; – automatic shutdown of wells in case of accidents by cut-offs; - embankment of the wellhead with an earthen rampart in case of an oil spill; – maximum use of reservoir and field wastewater for injection into the reservoir, to prevent overflow onto the relief; - the use of pneumatic devices for moving drilling rigs; - laying pipelines underground to a laying depth of 1.2-1.8 m. - high-quality technical and biological land reclamation.

Student's answer (08/09/2014)

The lithosphere is a stone shell of the Earth, including the earth's crust with a thickness (thickness) from 6 (under the oceans) to 80 km (mountain systems). The upper part of the lithosphere is currently subjected to ever increasing anthropogenic impact. The main significant components of the lithosphere: soils, rocks and their massifs, bowels. Causes of disturbance of the upper layers of the earth's crust mining; disposal of domestic and industrial waste; conducting military exercises and tests; fertilizer application; application of pesticides. In the process of transforming the lithosphere, man extracted 125 billion tons of coal, 32 billion tons of oil, and more than 100 billion tons of other minerals. More than 1500 million hectares of land have been plowed up, 20 million hectares have been swamped and salinized. At the same time, only 1/3 of the entire extracted rock mass is put into circulation, and ~ 7% of the production volume is used in production. Most of the waste is not used and accumulates in dumps. Methods for protecting the lithosphere The following main areas can be distinguished: Soil protection. Protection and rational use of subsoil: the most complete extraction of the main and associated minerals from the subsoil; integrated use of mineral raw materials, including the problem of waste disposal. Reclamation of disturbed territories. Reclamation is a set of works carried out with the aim of restoring disturbed territories (during open-cast mining of mineral deposits, in the process of construction, etc.) and bringing land plots to a safe state. There are technical, biological and construction reclamation. Technical reclamation is a preliminary preparation of disturbed areas. Surface leveling, removal of the top layer, transportation and application of fertile soils to recultivated lands are being carried out. Excavations are filled up, dumps are dismantled, the surface is leveled. Biological reclamation is carried out to create vegetation cover on prepared areas. Construction reclamation - if necessary, buildings, structures and other objects are erected. 4. Protection of rock masses: Protection against flooding - organization of groundwater runoff, drainage, waterproofing; Protection of landslide massifs and mudflow massifs - regulation of surface runoff, organization of storm collectors. The construction of buildings, the discharge of utility water, and the felling of trees are prohibited. Solid Waste Disposal Disposal is the treatment of waste for the purpose of exploiting the beneficial properties of the waste or its components. In this case, the waste acts as a secondary raw material. According to the state of aggregation, wastes are divided into solid and liquid; according to the source of formation - industrial, formed during the production process (scrap metal, shavings, plastics, ash, etc.), biological, formed in agriculture (poultry droppings, animal husbandry and crop waste, etc.), household (in particular , sewage sludge), radioactive. In addition, waste is divided into combustible and non-combustible, compressible and non-compressible. When collecting, waste should be separated according to the criteria indicated above, and depending on the further use, method of processing, disposal, disposal. After collection, the waste is recycled, recycled and disposed of. Waste that can be useful is recycled. Waste recycling is the most important step in ensuring life safety, contributing to the protection of the environment from pollution and conserving natural resources. The recycling of materials solves a whole range of environmental issues. For example, the use of waste paper makes it possible to save 4.5 m3 of wood, 200 m3 of water in the production of 1 ton of paper and cardboard, and reduce energy costs by 2 times. It takes 15-16 mature trees to make the same amount of paper. The use of waste from non-ferrous metals gives a great economic benefit. To obtain 1 ton of copper from ore, it is necessary to extract from the bowels and process 700–800 tons of ore-bearing rocks. Waste plastics naturally decompose slowly or not at all. When they are burned, the atmosphere is polluted with toxic substances. The most effective ways to prevent environmental pollution with plastic waste are their secondary processing (recycling) and the development of biodegradable polymeric materials. Currently, only a small part of the 80 million tons of plastics produced annually in the world is recycled. Meanwhile, 860 kg of new products are obtained from 1 ton of polyethylene waste. 1 ton of used polymers saves 5 tons of oil. The thermal processing of waste (pyrolysis, plasmolysis, incineration) with the subsequent use of heat has become widespread. Waste incineration plants should be equipped with highly efficient dust and gas cleaning systems, as there are problems with the formation of gaseous toxic emissions. Waste that cannot be processed and further used as secondary resources is disposed of at landfills. Landfills should be located away from water protection zones and have sanitary protection zones. In places of storage, waterproofing is carried out to prevent contamination of groundwater. For the processing of municipal solid waste, biotechnological methods are widely used: aerobic composting, anaerobic composting or anaerobic fermentation, vermicomposting.

Soil protection from progressive degradation and unreasonable losses is the most acute environmental problem in agriculture, which is still far from being solved. The basic links in the ecological protection of soils include:

Soil protection from water and wind erosion;

Organization of crop rotation and tillage systems;

Land reclamation measures (combating waterlogging, soil salinization, etc.);

Reclamation of disturbed soil cover;

Protection of soils from pollution, and beneficial flora and fauna from destruction;

Prevention of unjustified withdrawal of land from agricultural circulation.

To combat soil erosion, a set of measures is needed: land management, agrotechnical, forest reclamation and hydraulic engineering. At the same time, it is taken into account that hydrotechnical measures stop the development of erosion in a certain area immediately after their installation, agrotechnical measures - after a few years, and forest reclamation - 10-20 years after their implementation.

To prevent secondary salinization of soils, it is necessary to arrange drainage, regulate water supply, apply sprinkling irrigation, use drip and root irrigation, perform waterproofing of irrigation canals, etc.

To prevent soil contamination with pesticides and other harmful substances, ecological methods of plant protection (biological, agrotechnical, etc.) are used, they increase the natural ability of soils to self-purify, and do not use especially dangerous and persistent insecticidal preparations, etc.

When carrying out construction and other works related to mechanical disturbance of the soil cover, it is envisaged to remove, preserve and apply the fertile soil layer on the disturbed lands. The fertile layer is taken out and stored in special temporary dumps (piles). Reclamation (restoration) of disturbed lands is carried out sequentially, in stages. In addition to technical reclamation, there are also biological and building reclamation.

Subsoil is subject to protection from depletion of mineral resources and pollution. It is also necessary to prevent the harmful impact of the subsoil on the environment during their development. According to the current legislation, in order to prevent environmental damage to subsoil, in particular, it is necessary:

To fully extract from the subsoil and rationally use the reserves of basic minerals and associated components;

To prevent the harmful effect of mining operations on the safety of mineral reserves;

Protect deposits from flooding, flooding, fires, etc.;

Prevent pollution of subsoil during underground storage of oil, gas and other substances, disposal of hazardous substances and production waste.

To prevent possible depletion of natural resources and preserve subsoil reserves, it is especially important to observe the principle of the most complete extraction of basic and associated minerals from the subsoil. This will reduce the scale of unjustified penetration into the earth's interior, which will significantly reduce waste from mining enterprises and improve the environmental situation.

One of the important problems associated with the protection and rational use of mineral resources is the integrated use of mineral raw materials, including the problem of waste disposal. The main directions of waste disposal and improvement of the environmental situation are their use as raw materials, in industry and construction, for backfilling goaf and for the production of fertilizers. Liquid waste after treatment is mainly used for water supply and irrigation, gaseous - for heating and gas supply.

The strategic line of protection and rational use of rock massifs (landslide, mudflow, karst, etc.) should be presented as follows:

Violation of the natural balance and changes in the environment during construction work are inevitable, however, violations that are harmful and dangerous in terms of their environmental consequences should not be allowed;

Gradually move from the environmental protection of individual sites and regions to the integrated environmental protection of the entire natural massif;

In areas with difficult natural conditions, it is very important to take into account the relationship and interdependence of anthropogenic and natural geological processes. The surveyor and designer must anticipate adverse environmental chain reactions;

Preference should be given to preventive methods of control, it is more profitable and effective;

Do not apply such control measures that give rise to new negative phenomena;

Do not violate natural monuments (unique geological sections, geomorphological elements, karst caves, etc.).

So, for example, effective protection of landslide areas from anthropogenic impact consists in maintaining a stable state of the slopes during the entire life of the structure. For this purpose, surface runoff is regulated, slope leveling is carried out, bare slopes are trimmed, forest reclamation work is carried out, etc. On landslide slopes, the construction of various structures, the discharge of industrial and utility water, the cutting of trees, excessive grazing of livestock, cutting the slope, dredging, etc. are prohibited. When it is extremely important, active engineering measures are carried out: 1) redistribute the masses of rocks on the slope; 2) arrange retaining and anchor structures; 3) artificially improve soil properties; 4) drain groundwater, etc.

Protection of the lithosphere - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Protection of the lithosphere" 2017, 2018.

The following main areas can be distinguished:

1. Soil protection.

2. Protection and rational use of subsoil: the most complete extraction of the main and associated minerals from the subsoil; integrated use of mineral raw materials, including the problem of waste disposal.

3. Reclamation of disturbed territories.

Reclamation - this is a set of works carried out with the aim of restoring disturbed territories (during open mining of mineral deposits, in the process of construction, etc.) and bringing land plots to a safe state. There are technical, biological and construction reclamation.

Technical reclamation represents a preliminary preparation of disturbed territories. Surface leveling, removal of the top layer, transportation and application of fertile soils to recultivated lands are being carried out. Excavations are filled up, dumps are dismantled, the surface is leveled.

Biological reclamation carried out to create a vegetation cover on prepared areas.

Building reclamation- if necessary, buildings, structures and other objects are erected.

4. Protection of rock masses:

Flooding protection - organization of groundwater runoff, drainage, waterproofing;

Protection of landslide massifs and mudflow massifs - regulation of surface runoff, organization of storm collectors. The construction of buildings, the discharge of utility water, and the felling of trees are prohibited.

Solid waste management

Recycling is the processing of waste, with the aim of using the beneficial properties of waste or its components. In this case, the waste acts as a secondary raw material.

According to aggregate state waste is divided into solid and liquid; by source of education- industrial, formed during the production process (metal scrap, shavings, plastics, ash, etc.), biological, formed in agriculture (bird droppings, animal husbandry and crop waste, etc.), household (in particular, precipitation from municipal -household drains), radioactive. In addition, waste is divided into combustible and non-combustible, compressible and non-compressible.

When collecting, waste should be separated according to the criteria indicated above, and depending on the further use, method of processing, disposal, disposal. After collection, the waste is recycled, recycled and disposed of. Waste that can be useful is recycled. Waste recycling is the most important step in ensuring life safety, contributing to the protection of the environment from pollution and conserving natural resources.

Recycling of materials solves a whole range of environmental issues. For example, the use of waste paper makes it possible to save 4.5 m 3 of wood, 200 m 3 of water in the production of 1 ton of paper and cardboard and reduce energy costs by 2 times. It takes 15-16 mature trees to make the same amount of paper. The use of waste from non-ferrous metals gives a great economic benefit. To obtain 1 ton of copper from ore, it is necessary to extract from the bowels and process 700–800 tons of ore-bearing rocks.

Waste plastics naturally decompose slowly or not at all.

When they are burned, the atmosphere is polluted with toxic substances. The most effective ways to prevent environmental pollution with plastic waste are their secondary processing (recycling) and the development of biodegradable polymeric materials. Currently, only a small part of the 80 million tons of plastics produced annually in the world is recycled.

Meanwhile, 860 kg of new products are obtained from 1 ton of polyethylene waste. 1 ton of used polymers saves 5 tons of oil.

Widespread thermal processing of waste (pyrolysis, plasmolysis, combustion) with subsequent use of heat. Waste incineration plants should be equipped with highly efficient dust and gas cleaning systems, as there are problems with the formation of gaseous toxic emissions.

Waste that is not subject to processing and further use as secondary resources is subject to burial in landfills. Landfills should be located away from water protection zones and have sanitary protection zones. In places of storage, waterproofing is carried out to prevent contamination of groundwater.

For the processing of municipal solid waste are widely used biotechnological methods : aerobic composting, anaerobic composting or anaerobic fermentation, vermicomposting.

Protection of the lithosphere provides for a set of measures:

preservation of landscapes during construction, mining, melioration;

conservation of the soil fund (protection from physical disturbance and chemical pollution);

reducing the impact on the lithosphere of production and consumption waste.

It is possible to save the soil fund only if it is properly exploited. During construction, the fertile layer of soil must be removed and rationally used. The costs of removal and storage are included in the cost of production in the development of mineral deposits, or in the cost of facilities under construction. The reclamation of quarries should be carried out in a timely manner, since the exposed soil surfaces are subject to intense erosion. Used lands must be brought to their original form through technical and biological reclamation.

Particular attention should be paid to the high culture of agriculture, the restoration of destroyed soils, the widespread introduction of biotechnologies (some examples of the use of biotechnologies were given in lecture 8 of part I of this manual). Erosion and desertification control should include:

correct crop rotation;

consolidation and development of sands. For this, mechanical protection techniques are used, such as: installation of shields and fences, bituminization of sand. Sprinkling of the bitumen emulsion firmly cements the surface layer of the earth by 0.8–1.0 cm. Such a crust resists winds for about 2 years;

introduction of soil-protective field and grassland crop rotations;

hydraulic structures;

planting forest plantations. Nature uses different methods to expand the area of ​​forests: nuts floating from one island to another, seeds carried by the wind, fragrant fruits attracting animals. The creation of windbreaks will make it possible to increase the yield of fields by 5 times compared to unprotected ones.

Protecting soils from chemicals primarily involves the use of a limited amount of fast-degrading pesticides or their replacement with natural (environmentally friendly) methods of insect control.

It remains to add that the reduction of soil pollution with pollutants due to atmospheric precipitation and filtration of polluted wastewater will be possible due to the introduction of effective methods for treating gaseous emissions and wastewater.

Reducing the impact of production waste on the lithosphere should first of all include the construction of waste-free production and the recycling of raw materials. Waste - these are types of raw materials not suitable for the production of this type of product, its unusable residues or substances arising during technological processes (solid, liquid and gaseous) and energy that are not subject to utilization in the production under consideration. Wasteless technology can be considered as a technology that gives the technically achieved minimum amount of waste, i.e. low-waste. Achieving complete zero-waste is practically unrealistic, so the waste from one production should be used as a raw material for another.

Those wastes that cannot be used at present are subject to burial in landfills and landfills or incineration. The storage of solid industrial waste on the seabed is widespread, often near the coast and in shallow water. Deep-water discharges of solid waste are spreading. According to the 1972 Convention on the Prevention of Pollution of the Seas by Discharges from Ships and Aircraft, concluded in Oslo, dumping of containers with solid waste must be carried out above depths of at least 2 thousand meters, at a distance of at least 150 nautical miles from the coast and 20 miles from the nearest submarine cable . Burial as a method, still widely used in our country, can only be considered as a temporary measure of waste disposal, since most of them decompose extremely slowly and thousands of tons of valuable secondary raw materials are withdrawn from circulation.

The issue of disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a special issue. Changes in our way of life, increased consumption with a rapid increase in production, the release of disposable goods or goods that are not designed to last, lead to an increase in the total mass of household waste. It is unacceptable to collect garbage in landfills, because they require more and more space, waste can supply toxic substances to soils and groundwater. Waste must be disposed of. In table. 11 shows the approximate composition of MSW.

Table 11

Approximate composition of municipal solid waste

Glass bottles can be reused up to 30 times, aluminum and steel can be recycled. Recycling technologies save energy, reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and save water. In table. 12 evaluated the environmental benefits of recycling.

Table 12

Save energy and reduce pollution

during recycling, %

For high-quality disposal of municipal solid waste, they must be sorted. No other more environmentally sound method of dealing with MSW has yet been found. Sorting can be done by centralized points, but it is better if consumers do it themselves. Therefore, the solution of the MSW problem will depend, first of all, on the environmental education of the population.

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