Compost from organic agricultural waste. How to speed up the maturation of compost. Video: how to make bokashi yourself

Composting It is an aerobic, natural process of decomposition of organic matter by various types of fungi and bacteria, as a result of which food and garden organic waste is converted into a soil-like material, which is called compost.

Compost- a very useful product for conditioning and fertilizing the soil.

As a result of composting, the following end products are created (% of the outgoing waste volume):

1. compost (40-50% by weight);
2. gases (40-50% by weight);
3. residual materials (10% by weight).

Residues include plastics and other materials that do not decompose, as well as non-compostable organic materials that may need to be returned to the composting process.

Composting can take place at various scales:

1. owners of private houses - yard composting;
2. by a local authority or an enterprise on a large scale - centralized composting.

Yard composting is the composting of garden waste and plant residues. Which can be carried out by individual homeowners on their plots. The simplest form of yard composting is the heaping of organic material and turning it periodically to enrich the microorganisms with oxygen. With this passive composting method, it can take from several months to one year to turn waste into compost. Compost can be used both for soil conditioning and as fertilizer in the garden. To speed up the process, turn the compost at least once a week and keep it moist during the dry period.

Centralized composting includes windrow composting and tunnel composting.

Both methods require:

• a certain degree of screening, grinding and mixing. The windrow is a trapezoidal pile, the length of which exceeds its width and height. The swaths are regularly turned over by front loaders or
• special turning mechanisms. The temperature rise that occurs during composting causes exothermic reactions associated with respiratory metabolism. Removal of all pathogens
• possible when the compost waste reaches a temperature of 70 degrees Celsius for 1-2 hours. The first stage of composting takes place over six to eight weeks, after which ripening takes place, which does not require frequent
• turning over. As a rule, ripening lasts 3 - 9 months. The tunnel method involves the placement of organic waste in a tunnel-type chamber that can rotate for better mixing and aeration.
• material that is intensively ventilated with fans or ventilation ducts. After pre-treatment in the tunnel chamber, the compost material matures in swaths. By this method, composting
• is faster because this method is more suitable for composting food waste. However, the tunnel method involves significant energy costs.

Compost video:

Compost is a fertilizer of organic origin, which is obtained by the decomposition of various organic substances under the influence of the vital activity of microorganisms.

Compost contains humus and almost the entire list of trace elements so necessary for plant growth and soil fertility.

Among experienced gardeners, compost is considered the most valuable organic fertilizer. Composting is a great way to create a valuable fertilizer that allows you to quickly and easily recycle organic household waste.

Compost maturation takes time, but it is not always possible to wait a long time for our fertilizer to be ready. In this case, there are several simple ways to speed up the maturation of compost, which will be discussed in our article.

Components for cooking

To prepare good compost, it is difficult to do without knowledge about the arrangement of the compost yard, and even about what can be filled. The speed of compost maturation directly depends on the optimal ratio of each component of this fertilizer.

It is required to create favorable conditions for the activity of the smallest organisms. This requires the presence of air, water, heat and nitrogen. When selecting ingredients for compost, one must take into account the fact that nitrogen is the main nutrient for microorganisms.

Among compostable materials there are those that are rich in nitrogen (N) but poor in carbon (C), and vice versa, poor in nitrogen and rich in carbon. The decomposition of materials with a high nitrogen content is faster. In the process, they release heat, which is required for bacteria and fungi to work more actively in.

Nitrogen rich ingredients:

Materials saturated with carbon, though less susceptible to decay, but thanks to them, good air exchange is provided and moisture is retained.

Some of them:

The order of laying the compost heap

Ways to make quick compost

There are several ways to speed up the maturation of compost. Let's look at them in more detail:

In this article, read about

Read the article about the characteristics and proper use of the Volnusha composter

By following the basic recommendations of experienced gardeners, you can speed up the maturation of compost and get a unique fertilizer at minimal cost that will increase the yield on your site.

Watch the video, which shows in detail effective ways to speed up the maturation of compost:

To date, there are 3 main technologies for the industrial processing of food and garden waste: row composting, composting in closed reactors, and anaerobic processing. The first two require oxygen, the third does not. As the processing technology becomes more complex, the costs increase, but so do the possibilities of the technology and the value of the output material.

I. Windrow composting

The material is laid out in rows (1-3 meters high, 2-6 meters wide and hundreds of meters long), the supply of oxygen is ensured by regular mechanical mixing of the substance / supply of oxygen into the pile. This is the most proven technology, the simplest of the existing ones, but it also has a number of disadvantages.

1) mechanically agitated compost rows (to provide oxygen access);

Output product: compost

$15-$40/ton

≈3 months

Temperature range: 10-55

Pros:

• Costs are minimal compared to other technologies;
• In the event of an unscheduled increase in the incoming raw materials, the rows can be increased.

Minuses:

• a large amount of food waste (rich in nitrogen) cannot be processed, a large amount of material rich in carbon is required (for example, leaves, branches);
• anaerobic patches can form in the rows due to the difficulty of oxygen passage, leading to odor problems from the composting base and the release of methane to the atmosphere;
• odor problems from the compost base, if all composting rules are not strictly followed: the ratio of nitrogen and carbon,
• excess precipitation leads to the washing out of valuable substances from the material, pollutes the compost and disrupts the process of decomposition of the substance.

2) aerated compost rows (oxygen supply through pipes inside the row);

Output product: compost

Composting costs (USA, 2010):$25-$60/t

Composting time:≈3 months

Temperature range: 10-55°C, which allows you to get rid of pathogens, larvae and weeds.

pros:

• Allows you to process larger volumes of food waste than the first type of composting;

Minuses: more expensive than the first type of row composting.

3) aerated rows with synthetic cover(to maintain the required level of humidity and stabilize the temperature).

Output product: compost

Composting costs (USA, 2010):$55-$65/t

Composting time:≈ 2-4 months

Temperature range: 10-55 °C, which allows you to get rid of pathogens, larvae and weeds.

pros:

• No problems with odor control from the compost base;
• Relatively easy humidity control.

Minuses:

• more expensive than the first and second types of row composting.

At the end of the active stage of any of the three types of composting, the curing phase begins, which lasts 3-6 weeks. Next, the material is sieved to remove foreign elements (plastic, glass, etc.).

II.Composting in closed reactors (In— Vessel composting)

The material is loaded gradually into the reactor, inside which the material is mixed and a constant supply of oxygen is carried out. At the same time, there is a strict control over the level of humidity and oxygen. If necessary, the material is moistened.

It is used in conditions of limited land resources. Aeration (oxygen supply) is carried out by supplying hot air. The compartments are usually 2m at the base and 8m high.

Output product: compost

Composting costs (USA, 2010):$80-$110/t

Composting time: 4-10 weeks (active stage 1-3, maturation stage 3-6 weeks)

Pros:

1. Relatively fast composting process;
2. Does not require a large area;
3. More PO can be recycled than with row composting;
4. No odor control issues;
5. Good aeration of the process (anaerobic areas are not allowed).

Minuses:

1. More expensive than row composting.

III. Anaerobic plants

Anaerobic digestion is a process in which organic matter is decomposed by microorganisms in the absence (or minimal presence) of oxygen. There are several parameters that determine the success of the process: the ratio of nitrogen and carbon, the level of acidity, the size of the elements of the substance, temperature, the mass of volatile organic solids.

The optimal indicators are:

C/N(nitrogen/carbon)=20:1-40:1

Humidity = 75-90%

Acidity = 5.5-8.5

The size of the elements of matter= 2-5 cm in diameter

Output product: dry digestate, liquid fraction, biogas (consisting of methane by 60-70%), carbon dioxide (30-40%) and other elements in a minimum amount. By separating methane from other elements, it can be used to generate electricity, heat, or sold as fuel for cars.

Composting costs (USA, 2010):$110-$150/ton

Processing time: 5-10 weeks

Pros:

• Production of biogas from waste;
• Minimization of methane leakage into the atmosphere;
• Copes well with pathogenic substances;
• There is no need for a large area (12-24 m 2 is sufficient for the reactor), although this is not counting the area for post-composting of the digestate.

Minuses:

• Expensive compared to other composting options;
• Inflexible system in terms of changing the volume of material;
• Very strict odor control is required.

Anaerobic processing can take place at high (55°C and above) and low (30-35°C) temperatures. The advantages of the first option are large volumes of material, the production of a large amount of methane, the effective elimination of pathogenic substances and larvae. The second option allows for better control over the processing process, but requires less material, produces less methane, and requires additional processing of the material to remove pathogens.

Anaerobic digestate (dry part of the processed substance) is produced by pressing the substance. The liquid fraction can be used to stabilize the humidity of the next processing cycles or as a liquid fertilizer. Dry digestate can be used further to create compost (requires row composting or composting in closed reactors - any aerobic composting).

Anaerobic facilities are an expensive choice and often require government subsidies to keep them running (as is the case in Europe). In the United States, row composting technology is now mainly used, although anaerobic systems are becoming more common. By 2011, there were 176 installations in the United States (for manure processing). But they also recycled food waste, fats, oils and lubricants.

One of the most attractive aspects of such processing is the ability to generate electricity, which is in line with the program to increase the share of renewable sources in electricity generation. According to the New York City Economic Development Corporation and New York City Department of Sanitation, anaerobic processing and biogas power are cheaper than existing waste management technologies and also benefit from a number of indicators: less environmental impact (odors, methane volumes), less impact on landscape fills.

Literature:

1. Food Scrap Recycling: A Primer for Understanding Large-Scale Food Scrap Recycling Technologies for Urban Areas (U.S. EPA Region I, October 2012)
2. New York City Economic Development Corporation and New York City Department of Sanitation. Evaluation of New and Emerging Solid Waste Management Technologies. September 16, 2004

The natural process of processing organics is accelerated with the help of destructor preparations. They are prepared on the basis of spores of various kinds of effective microorganisms (EM preparations).

Briefly about organic destructors

The preparations are diluted in dechlorinated water - rain, spring or tap water, but settled for 2 days, with a temperature of + 25 ... + 32 ˚ C. Otherwise, "good" bacteria will not multiply. Biological products have a different degree of concentration, which affects the amount of the resulting working solution. Liquid preparations are available in plastic containers. To remove excess air, the bottle is squeezed, while the contents rise to the neck, displacing the air; screw on the lid.

Excess air from a plastic bottle is easy to squeeze out; without it, the biological product is well stored.

Without access to oxygen, bacteria do not lose viability throughout the entire storage period.

There is a certain sequence of charging the heap with the maturation accelerator:

• As the heap forms, each layer of organic matter 15–20 cm thick is shed with the preparation (if it is a powder, then it is poured with water).

  Processing of organics with a biological product is carried out in layers

• Sprinkle with a layer of earth about 5 cm thick or crush with grass.

  From drying out, each treated organic layer is covered with grass or earth.

• The pile is covered with agrofiber, a film from drying out, because the bacteria "work" only in a humid environment.

  The compost bin is covered with a film, regardless of the degree of filling

The finished pile looks like a layer cake.

Schematically, a compost heap, fertilized in layers, looks like a cake

Liquid preparations

Shake the vial before use. If the contents are poured out completely, the bottle is rinsed with water and the residue is poured into a working solution, which is usually prepared in the proportion of 100 ml of the drug per 10 liters of water.

• Embiko - per 1 m 3 of organic matter.

  Embiko has a pleasant kefir-silage smell.

• Ekomik Harvest - consumption: 5 liters per 1 m 2 for each layer of compost; matures 2-4 months.
• Ekomik Harvest concentrate - the kit includes a bottle with a concentrate, a nutrient medium and a bioadditive. The components are dissolved in 5 liters of water, insist. The working solution is prepared in a standard proportion.

  100 ml of Ekomik Harvest concentrate from a bottle is designed for 5 liters of water

• Revival - ripening 1–2 months.

  Biopreparation Renaissance is safe for both humans and animals.

• Gumi-Omi Compostin - 50 ml per bucket of water. Compost matures for 1.5–2 months under an earthen cover, 1–2 months under a dark film.

  The use of compost with Gumi-Omi Compostin significantly reduces the risk of plant damage by fungus.

• Oksizin - is available in 20 ml bottles with a dropper. Consumption: 40 drops per 1–1.5 l of water for 100 kg of organic matter. The drug is added to water, not vice versa, because there will be strong foaming. Ripening time 3-5 weeks.

  Oksizin is produced on the basis of fermented beets

• Compostello - 1 package is designed for 1 m 3 . The powder is dissolved in 20 liters of water, infused for 30-45 minutes. The solution is used throughout the day. Effective at +10 °C. The heap matures in 6-8 weeks.

  Compostello "digests" even weed seeds

• Baikal EM-1 - applied in layers (matures 2–3 months) or once in September on a finished pile. In this case, very warm water is used - approximately + 35 ... + 40 ˚C, the pile is insulated for the winter.

  Baikal EM-1 - a classic example and a representative of the modern generation of concentrates

Last year, I "started" the compost heap in the second way. In addition to grass and food waste, ¼ of the organic matter was goat droppings. In April, I started using what I got. On top of the heap was covered with a dense crust, under which there was a decent quality compost, though not very crumbly. It was inconvenient to use it in cups, but it fit perfectly into the wells.

Video: how to prepare a working solution from a concentrate

Powder preparations

• EM-Bokashi - based on fermented wheat bran. Consumption: 100 g of powder per 10 kg of raw materials. Ripening lasts 2-3 summer weeks.
• Dr. Robik 209 is based on soil bacteria, so the organic matter powdered with Robik is sprinkled with earth. Effective at +5 ˚C. Consumption: 1 sachet (60 g) per 1–1.5 m 2 layer, collected within a month.

Homemade Organics Destructors

Homemade bokashi is cooked on rye or wheat bran. In 1 liter of water, dilute 2 tbsp. spoons of the EM drug (Baikal, Radiance) and 1 tbsp. a spoonful of sugar or jam. The solution is kept for 30 minutes, the bran is moistened to a lumpy state, the mixture is put into a bag, tied tightly, releasing air, left to ripen for 7–14 days in a dark, warm place. The finished mass has a fruity smell. It is dried, used in the same way as the product from the manufacturer.

Video: how to make bokashi yourself

Folk remedies:

• Herbal infusion - combine grass, chicken manure and water in a ratio of 5:2:20. They insist a week.
• Yeast infusion - a mixture of 3 liters of warm water, 0.5 cups of sugar, 1 teaspoon of any yeast is fermented, adjusted with water to a volume of 15 liters. To maintain the balance of calcium, first the pile is poured with ash infusion: three liter jars of ash are infused for 24 hours in 10 liters of warm water, filtered. On a bucket of water take 1 glass of infusion.
• Urine of animals and humans, diluted four times with water.

Video: how to make herbal infusion

I replace the nutrient medium (earth for a layer of organic matter - author) with potato broth, nitrogen with urea. I put half the volume of nettles in a pile, pour water from the eggplant over the palm of my hand, in which the potatoes were boiled (starch), and, sprinkling with urea, I shove the rest of the grass on top. And so every time I arrive, I bring 2 liters of compost tea with me and spill it. Compost matures without manure and has no less nutritional value.

OsgoodFieldinglll

https://olkpeace.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=157&t=51985&start=1600

Bacteria can also be a friend of man, if you use their activities for good. Biological preparations to accelerate the maturation of compost are proof of this.

The sharp increase in consumption in recent decades around the world has led to a significant increase in the volume of generation of municipal solid waste. Currently, the mass flow of solid waste entering the biosphere annually has reached almost a geological scale and is about 400 million. Considering that the existing landfills are overflowing, it is necessary to find new ways to deal with solid waste. At present, the MSW processing technologies implemented in the world practice have a number of disadvantages, the main of which is their unsatisfactory environmental ...

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Introduction………………………………………………………………………………3

1. Composting…………………………………………………………………….5
   1.1 Composting process……………………………………………………………………………………………. ..........6
2. Various composting technologies………………………………………..7
   2.1 Field composting............................................................... ...............................eight
3. Composting of municipal solid waste……………………...................................14
   1. Aerobic composting in industrial conditions………..…………16
   2. Anaerobic composting of municipal solid waste……...…………19

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….21
List of used literature……………………………………….......22

Introduction

Human life is associated with the appearance of a huge amount of various waste. The sharp increase in consumption in recent decades around the world has led to a significant increase in the generation of municipal solid waste (MSW). At present, the mass of MSW flow entering the biosphere annually has reached almost a geological scale and is about 400 million tons per year.

Solid industrial and domestic wastes (TS and WW) litter and litter the natural landscape around us, and are also a source of harmful chemical, biological and biochemical preparations entering the natural environment. This creates a certain threat to the health and life of the population of the village, city and region, and entire districts, as well as future generations. That is, these TP and BO violate the ecological balance. On the other hand, TP and BO should be considered as technogenic formations that need to be industrially significant characterized by the content of a number of ferrous, non-ferrous metals and other materials in them suitable for use in metallurgy, mechanical engineering, energy, agriculture and forestry.

It is impossible to make production waste-free just as it is impossible to make consumption waste-free. In connection with the change in industrial production, the change in the standard of living of the population, the increase in market services, the qualitative and quantitative composition of waste has changed significantly. Stocks of some non-liquid waste, even with the current decline in production in Russia, continue to accumulate, worsening the ecological situation of cities and regions.

The solution of the problem of processing TP and BO has become of paramount importance in recent years. In addition, in connection with the coming gradual depletion of natural sources of raw materials (oil, coal, ores for non-ferrous and ferrous metals), the full use of all types of industrial and domestic waste is of particular importance for all sectors of the national economy. Many developed countries are almost completely and successfully solving all these problems. This is especially true for Japan, the USA, Germany, France, the Baltic countries and many others. In a market economy, researchers and industrialists, as well as municipal authorities, are faced with the need to ensure the maximum possible harmlessness of technological processes and the full use of all production waste, that is, to approach the creation of waste-free technologies. The complexity of solving all these problems of disposal of solid industrial and domestic waste (TSW) is explained by the lack of their clear scientifically based classification, the need to use complex capital-intensive equipment and the lack of economic feasibility of each specific solution.

In all developed countries of the world, the consumer has long been "dictating" to the manufacturer one or another type of packaging, which makes it possible to establish a waste-free circulation of their production.

In 2001, a sociological survey was conducted, which showed that 64% of the country's citizens are ready to collect garbage separately without any conditions. Given that the existing landfills are overcrowded, it is necessary to find new ways to deal with MSW. These methods must be very different from incineration, as incinerators are extremely dangerous.

At present, the MSW processing technologies implemented in the world practice have a number of disadvantages, the main of which is their unsatisfactory environmental development associated with the formation of secondary wastes containing highly toxic organic compounds, and with a high processing cost. This is mainly associated with waste containing organochlorine substances and releasing highly toxic organic compounds (dioxins, etc.). The dioxin-forming components of MSW are materials such as cardboard, newspapers, plastics, PVC products, etc. Consider one of the processes of processing solid domestic waste.

1. Composting

Compostingis a waste processing technology based on their natural biodegradation. Composting is most widely used for the processing of organic waste - primarily of vegetable origin, such as leaves, twigs and mowed grass.

Worldwide, composting of MSW, manure, manure and organic waste is the most common method of processing livestock waste. And there are good reasons for this, because this method of waste processing is able to solve problems such as unpleasant odors, accumulation of insects and reduce the number of pathogens, improve soil fertility, reclaim solid waste landfills, etc.

In Russia, composting with compost pits is often used by the population in individual houses or garden plots. At the same time, the composting process can be centralized and carried out at special sites. There are several composting technologies that vary in cost and complexity. Simpler and cheaper technologies require more space and the composting process takes longer.

The main ingredients for composting are: peat, manure, slurry, bird droppings, fallen leaves, weeds, stubble, food waste, vegetable waste, sawdust, municipal solid waste: paper, sawdust, rags, sewage waste.

1.1 Composting process

Waste composting consists in the fact that in the organic mass the content of nutrients available to plants (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and others) increases, pathogenic microflora and helminth eggs are neutralized, the amount of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin substances decreases. In addition, as a result of composting, the fertilizer becomes free-flowing, which makes it easier to apply it to the soil. At the same time, in terms of its fertilizing properties, compost is in no way inferior to manure, and some types of compost even surpass it.

Thus, waste composting allows not only to get rid of faeces and waste on time and without unnecessary headaches, but at the same time to get high-quality fertilizer from them.

It is important to remember that hospital waste, by-products from veterinary laboratories, impurities of pesticides, radioactive, disinfectant and other toxic substances are not subject to composting.

Waste composting can be accelerated using advanced composting technology and equipment. At the same time, waste composting devices must meet fairly high modern environmental requirements. ABONO Group specialists design composting landfills, develop technologies and supply a complete set of composting equipment.

2. Various composting technologies

Minimum technology.The compost heaps are 4 meters high and 6 meters wide. Turn over once a year. The composting process takes from one to three years depending on the climate. A relatively large sanitary zone is needed.

Low level technology. Compost heaps - 2 meters high and 3-4 wide. The first time the heaps are turned over after a month. The next turning over and the formation of a new pile is in 10-11 months. Composting takes 16-18 months.

Mid-range technology.The piles are turned daily. Compost is ready in 4-6 months. Capital and operating costs are higher.

High level technology. Special aeration of compost heaps is required. Compost is ready in 2-10 weeks.

High level technology. Special aeration of room heaps is required. Compost is ready in 2-10 weeks.

The end product of composting is compost, which can be used in various urban and agricultural applications.

Possible markets for compost: garden plots; enterprises; nurseries; greenhouses; cemeteries; agricultural enterprises; landscape construction; public parks; roadside lanes; land reclamation; landfill coverage; reclamation of mining; reclamation of urban wastelands.

Composting, used in Russia at mechanized waste processing plants, for example, in St. Petersburg, is a process of fermentation in bioreactors of the entire volume of MSW, and not just its organic component. Although the characteristics of the final product can be significantly improved by extracting metal, plastic, etc. from waste, it is still a rather dangerous product and finds very limited use (in the West, such “compost” is used only to cover landfills).

2.1 Field composting of MSW

The simplest and cheapest method of MSW disposal is field composting. It is advisable to use it in cities with a population of over 50 thousand inhabitants. Properly organized field composting protects the soil, atmosphere, groundwater and surface water from MSW contamination. Field composting technology allows for joint disposal and processing of MSW with dehydrated sewage sludge (at a ratio of 3:7), the resulting compost contains more nitrogen and phosphorus.

There are two basic schemes for field composting:

With preliminary crushing of MSW;

No pre-crushing.

When using a scheme with preliminary crushing of MSW, special crushers are used to grind waste.

In the second case (without preliminary crushing), grinding occurs due to repeated shoveling of the composted material. Unground fractions are separated on the control screen.

Field composting plants equipped with MSW pre-crushers provide more compost yield and produce less production waste. MSW is crushed with hammer mills or small biothermal drums (drum speed 3.5 min–1). The drum provides sufficient crushing of MSW for 800–1200 revolutions (4–6 hours). After this treatment, 60–70% of the material passes through a drum shell sieve with holes 38 mm in diameter.

Field composting facilities and equipment should ensure the reception and preliminary preparation of solid waste, biothermal disposal and final processing of compost. MSW is unloaded into a receiving buffer or onto a leveled area. A bulldozer, a clamshell crane or special equipment form stacks in which aerobic biothermal composting processes take place.

The height of the stacks depends on the method of aeration of the material and, when using forced aeration, can exceed 2.5 m. The width of the stack on top is at least 2 m, the length is 10–50 m, the slope angle is 45 °. Between the stacks leave passages 3–6 m wide.

To prevent dispersal of paper, the breeding of flies, and to eliminate odors, the surface of the stack is covered with an insulating layer of peat, mature compost or earth 20 cm thick. The heat released under the influence of the vital activity of thermophilic microorganisms leads to “self-heating” of the composted material. At the same time, the outer layers of the material in the stack serve as heat insulators and heat up less themselves, and therefore, in order to reliably neutralize the entire mass of material, the stack must be shoveled. In addition, shoveling contributes to better aeration of the entire mass of composted material. The duration of MSW neutralization at composting sites is 1-6 months. depending on the equipment used, the adopted technology and the stacking season.

During the spring-summer laying of non-crushed MSW, the temperature in the composting material chute after 5 days rises to 60–70 °С and is kept at this level for two to three weeks, then decreases to 40–50 °С. Over the next 3-4 months. the temperature in the shuttle decreases to 30–35 °C.

Shoveling contributes to the activation of the composting process, 4-6 days after shoveling, the temperature again rises to 60-65 ° C for several days.

During the autumn-winter laying, the temperature during the first month rises only in separate foci, and then, as it self-heats (1.5–2 months), the temperature of the stack reaches 50–60 °C and remains at this level for two weeks. Then, for 2-3 months, the temperature in the stack is kept at 20-30 °C, and with the onset of summer it rises to 30-40 °C.

In the process of composting, the moisture content of the material is actively reduced, therefore, in order to accelerate the biothermal process, in addition to shoveling and forced aeration, it is necessary to moisten the material.

Schematic diagrams of facilities for field composting of MSW are shown in fig. 2.5.

On fig. 1, a, b, c, d shows schemes with preliminary grinding of MSW, and in fig. 1, e processing is transferred to the end of the production line. On fig. 1, a, b, c MSW is unloaded into receiving hoppers equipped with a plate feeder, in fig. 1, d - into trenches with their subsequent extraction with a clamshell crane. On fig. 1, a, b, d - crushing of MSW is carried out in a crusher with a vertical shaft, in fig. 1, c - in a horizontal rotating biodrum.

On fig. 1, and shredded MSW is mixed with dehydrated sewage sludge and then sent to stockpiles where it stays for several months. During composting, the material is shoveled several times.

The technological scheme of composting in two stages is shown in fig. 1b. During the first ten days, the biothermal process takes place indoors, divided into compartments by retaining longitudinal walls. The compostable material is reloaded every two days by a special mobile unit from one compartment to another. To activate the biothermal process, forced aeration of the composted material is carried out through the holes located at the base of the compartments.

After screening, the composted material is reloaded from closed compartments to an open area, where it matures in piles for 2-3 months.

The scheme shown in fig. 1, c, differs from the others in that it uses a biodrum as a crusher.

In the scheme shown in fig. 1, d, double screening of the material is used. The material crushed in the crusher during primary screening is divided into two fractions: large, sent for combustion, and fine, sent for composting. Composting is carried out in a tray located in an open area. The tray is divided by longitudinal walls into sections and is equipped with a facility for reloading composted material into adjacent sections. Mature compost is subjected to repeated (control) screening, after which it is sent to the consumer.

In the absence of a crusher for MSW, the scheme shown in fig. 1e, in which screening, crushing and magnetic separation occur at the end of the technological cycle.

The simplest and most common facilities for the disposal of solid waste are landfills. Modern solid waste landfills are complex environmental structures designed for the neutralization and disposal of waste. Landfills should provide protection against pollution by wastes of atmospheric air, soil, surface and ground waters, and prevent the spread of rodents, insects and pathogens.

Fig.1 Schematic diagrams of facilities for field composting of MSW:

a) joint processing of MSW and sludge water

b) two-stage composting of MSW

c) a scheme with preliminary processing of MSW in a bnodrum

d) scheme with composting in open compartments and preliminary screening of MSW

e) composting of non-crushed MSW

1 - receiving hopper with apron feeder; 2 - crusher for solid waste; 3 - suspended electromagnetic separator; 4 - supply of sewage sludge; 5 - mixer; 6 - stacks; 7 - clamshell crane; 8 - closed room for the first stage of composting; 9 - mobile unit for shoveling and reloading compost; 10 - longitudinal retaining walls; 11 - aerators; 12 - control screen for composter; 13 – biodrum; 14 - primary screen for crushed MSW; 15 - cylindrical control screen; 16 - crusher for compost.

Rice. 2 is a schematic diagram of a solid waste landfill.

Landfills are built according to projects in accordance with SNiP. The scheme of structural elements of the polygon is shown in fig. 2

The bottom of the landfill is equipped with an impervious screen - a substrate. It consists of clay and other impervious layers (bituminous soil, latex) and prevents leachate from entering the groundwater. The leachate is the liquid contained in the waste, it flows down to the bottom of the landfill, and can seep through its sides. Filtrate is a mineralized liquid containing harmful substances. The filtrate is collected with the help of drainage pipes and discharged into a tank for neutralization. Every day at the end of the working day, the waste is covered with special material and layers of soil, and then compacted with rollers. After filling the section of the landfill, the waste is covered by the top floor.

The product of anaerobic decomposition of organic waste is biogas, which is mainly a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide. The biogas collection system consists of several rows of vertical wells or horizontal trenches. The latter are filled with sand or gravel and perforated pipes.

All work at landfills for storage, compaction, isolation of solid waste and subsequent reclamation of the site must be fully mechanized.

Solid waste landfills must ensure environmental protection according to six hazard indicators:

1. The organoleptic indicator of harmfulness characterizes the change in the smell, taste and nutritional value of phytotest plants in the adjacent areas of the existing landfill and the territories of the closed landfill, as well as the smell of atmospheric air, taste, color and smell of ground and surface water.

2. The general sanitary indicator reflects the processes of changing the biological activity and indicators of self-purification of the soil of adjacent areas.

3. Phytoaccumulation (translocation) indicator characterizes the process of migration of chemicals from the soil of nearby sites and the territory of reclaimed landfills into cultivated plants used as food and fodder (into marketable mass).

4. The migration-water indicator of hazard reveals the processes of migration of chemicals from the MSW filtrate into surface and ground waters.

5. The migration-air index reflects the processes of emissions entering the atmospheric air with dust, fumes and gases.

6. Sanitary-toxicological index characterizes the overall effect of the influence of factors acting in combination.

The disadvantage of this method of waste disposal is that, along with the filtrate formed in the thickness of the landfill, which is the main pollutant of the natural environment, toxic gases enter the atmosphere, which not only pollute the air space near the landfill, but also negatively affect the ozone layer of the earth. In addition, during disposal at landfills, all valuable substances and components of MSW are lost.

1. Composting of municipal solid waste (MSW)

The main purpose of composting is the disinfection of solid waste (as a result of self-heating up to 60-70 about C is the destruction of pathogens) and processing into fertilizer - compost due to the biochemical decomposition of the organic part of MSW by microorganisms. The use of compost as a fertilizer in agriculture can increase the yield of cultivated crops, improve soil structure and increase the humus content in it. It is also very significant that when composting, a smaller amount of "greenhouse" gases (primarily carbon dioxide) is released into the atmosphere than when burned or disposed of in landfills. The main disadvantage of compost ishigh content of heavy metals and other toxic substances in it

The optimal conditions for composting are: pH from 6 to 8, humidity 40–60%, but the previously used composting time of 25–50 hours turned out to be insufficient. Currently, composting is carried out in special indoor pools or tunnels for a month.

Processing of MSW into compost on a small scale (1-3% of the total mass of waste) is carried out in a number of countries (the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, etc.). Often, the organic part isolated from MSW is composted, which is less contaminated with non-ferrous metals than all waste. Composting of MSW was most widespread in France, where in 1980 there were 50 composting plants, as well as 40 combined incineration and composting plants. In the US, composting is practically non-existent. In Japan, about 1.5% of MSW is processed by this method. In the USSR, a number of plants for composting MSW in biodrums were built (in Moscow, Leningrad, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata). Most of them are no longer functioning.
The combined (composting and pyrolysis) MSW processing plant in the Leningrad region worked well. The complex of the plant consisted of a receiving, biothermal and crushing and screening departments, a warehouse for finished products and a plant for pyrolysis of the non-compostable part of the waste.
The technological scheme provided for the unloading of garbage trucks into receiving bins, from which waste was fed to belt conveyors by lamellar feeders or clamshell cranes, and then to rotating biothermal drums

In biodrums with a constant supply of air, the stimulation of the vital activity of microorganisms occurred, the result of which was an active biothermal process. During this process, the temperature of the waste was raised to 60 about C, which contributed to the death of pathogenic bacteria.
The compost was a loose, odorless product. On a dry matter basis, the compost contained 0.5-1% nitrogen, 0.3% potassium and phosphorus, and 75% organic humus matter.

The sifted compost was magnetically separated and sent to crushers for grinding mineral components, and then transported to the finished product warehouse. The isolated metal was pressed. The screened non-compostable part of MSW (leather, rubber, wood, plastic, textiles, etc.) was sent to the pyrolysis unit.

The technological scheme of this installation provided for the supply of non-compostable waste to the storage hopper, from which they were directed to the hopper of the drying drum. After drying, the wastes entered the pyrolysis oven, where they were thermally decomposed without air access. As a result, a gas-vapor mixture and a solid carbonaceous residue, pyrocarbon, were obtained. The vapor-gas mixture was sent to the thermal-mechanical part of the installation for cooling and separation, and the pyrocarbon was sent for cooling and further processing. The final products of pyrolysis were pyrocarbon, resin and gas. Pyrocarbon was used in metallurgical and some other industries, gas and tar - as fuel.

In general, the scheme of sanitary cleaning of the city is presented in Fig. 3

Rice. 3. Sanitary cleaning of the city

3.1 Aerobic biothermal composting of municipal solid waste under industrial conditions

The method of mechanical biothermal composting in world practice began to be used in the twenties of the last century. The biothermal drums developed at that time turned aerobic biothermal composting into a widely used industrial technology for the disposal and processing of solid waste. Using a set of technological measures, it is possible to normalize the content of trace elements in the compost, including salts of heavy metals. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals are extracted from MSW.

The following optimal conditions are required for the construction of a plant for the mechanical processing of MSW into compost: the presence of guaranteed consumers of compost within a radius of 20-50 km and the location of the plant near the city border at a distance of up to 15-20 km from the MSW collection center with a population of at least 300 thousand people. people.

About 25-30% of waste cannot be composted. This part of the waste is either burned at compost plants, or subjected to pyrolysis to obtain pyrocarbon, or taken to a landfill for disposal. Household waste is delivered to the plant by garbage trucks, which are unloaded into receiving bins. Waste from the bunker is unloaded onto belt containers, through which they are sent to the sorting building, equipped with screens, electromagnetic and aerodynamic separators. Sorted waste intended for composting is transported by conveyors to the loading devices of biothermal drums in the form of rotating cylinders (Fig. 4).

The biothermal process of waste disposal occurs due to the active growth of thermophilic microorganisms in aerobic conditions. The mass of waste itself is heated to a temperature of 60 ° C, at which pathogenic microorganisms, helminth eggs, larvae and pupae of flies die, and the mass of waste is rendered harmless. Under the action of microflora, fast-rotting organic matter decomposes, forming compost. To ensure forced aeration, fans are installed on the body of the biodrum, which supply air into the waste mass. The amount of air supplied is adjusted according to humidity and material temperature. Optimum humidity to speed up the composting process is 40-45%. Outside, the biodrum is covered with a layer of heat-insulating material to maintain the required temperature regime.

The biodrums are unloaded onto belt conveyors, which deliver the compost to the sorting building. Here the material flies into a double funnel, divided by a partition into two compartments. Heavy particles (glass, stones), which have greater inertia, fly into the far compartment, and light fractions (compost) are poured into the near one. Next, the compost will fall on a fine sieve, after which the compost is finally cleared of ballast fractions. Glass and small ballast are poured into trolleys, and the compost is fed through a conveyor system to storage areas. Most of the territory allocated for the placement of a waste processing plant (MPZ) is occupied by storage areas for ripening and storing compost. Approximate compost ripening time in a warehouse is usually at least 2 months.

The compost produced at the MPZ has the following composition: organic matter on a dry weight of at least 40%, N - 0.7%, P2O5 - 0.5%, the content of ballast inclusions (stones, metal, rubber) - 2%, the reaction of the environment (pH of salt extract) not less than 6.0. As practice shows, with proper organization of MSW collection, the content of heavy metal salts in the compost does not exceed the maximum allowable concentrations.

Emissions into the atmosphere of MPZ during the production of compost contain ammonia, hydrocarbons, carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, non-toxic dust and more.

Rice. 4 Technological scheme of continuous anaerobic composting with aerobic oxidation of organic waste in a rotating drum:

1 - beam crane with clamshell bucket; 2 - garbage truck; 3 – waste receiving bin; 4 - dosing hopper; 5 – lamellar feeder; 6 - a crane with a magnetic washer for loading scrap metal packages; 7 - roller table; 8 – magnetic separator; 9 – scrap metal bunker; 10 - baling press; 11 – rotating biothermal drum; 12 - fan; 13 - boiler or pyrolysis plant; 14 - exhaust fan; 15 - stacks of compost at the sites of ripening and finished products; 16 - compost grinder; 17 - screen; 18 - trailer for collecting screenings from the screen

In small towns (50 thousand inhabitants and more), if there are free territories near the city, field composting of MSW is used (Fig. 4). In this case, the waste is composted in open piles. The duration of waste processing is increasing from 2-4 days to several months, and, accordingly, the area allocated for composting is increasing. In world practice, two schemes of field composting are used: with and without preliminary crushing of MSW. In the first case, the waste is crushed by special crushers, in the second case, the crushing occurs due to natural destruction during repeated “shoveling” of the composted material. During field composting, MSW is unloaded into a receiving hopper or onto a prepared site. A bulldozer or special machines form stacks in which aerobic biothermal composting processes take place. To prevent the dispersion of light fractions of garbage, intensive reproduction of flies and eliminate unpleasant odors, the surface of the stack is covered with a layer of peat, mature compost or soil about 0.2 m thick. The heat released under the influence of the vital activity of microorganisms leads to “self-heating” of composted waste in the stack. In this case, the outer layers are heated less than the inner ones, and serve as thermal insulation for the inner self-heating layers of waste. To neutralize the entire mass of material in the stack, it is “shoveled”, as a result of which the outer layers are inside the stack, and the inner ones are outside. In addition, this contributes to better aeration of the entire compost mass. Also, to increase the activity of the biothermal process, the stacks are moistened. Ready compost before being sent to the consumer is sent to the screen, where it is cleaned from large ballast fractions. Sometimes in field composting, waste is fractionated prior to composting. Field composting sites are placed on impervious soils and periodic backfilling of the surface of freshly formed piles with inert material protects the soil, atmosphere and groundwater from pollution.

1. Anaerobic composting of municipal solid waste

Anaerobic composting of MSW provides for the processing of the organic part of the waste by fermenting it in bioreactors, resulting in the formation of biogas and compost. The scheme of MSW processing under anaerobic conditions is as follows (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5 Scheme of MSW processing by anaerobic composting

1 - receiving hopper; 2 - overhead clamshell crane; 3 - crusher; 4 – magnetic separator; 5 - pump mixer ; 6 – digester; 7 - screw press; 8 - ripper; 9 - container for collecting the spin; 10 - cylindrical screen; 11 - packaging machine; 12 - large screenings; 13 - warehouse of fertilizers; 14 - gas holder; 15 - compressor; 16 - leveling chamber; I is the direction of waste movement; II - directions of gas movement

MSW is unloaded into a receiving hopper, from where it is fed by a clamshell crane into a conical crusher with a vertical shaft. Shredded waste is passed under an electromagnetic separator, where scrap metal is extracted from it. Further, the waste enters the digester, where it is kept under anaerobic conditions for 10-16 days at a temperature of 25°C in order to neutralize it. As a result, about 120-140 m3 of biogas containing 65% methane, 470 kg of organic fertilizers with a moisture content of 30%, 50 kg of scrap metal and ballast fractions, 250 kg of coarse screenings and 170 kg of gas losses and leachate are obtained from each ton of waste. The spent solids are discharged and then fed into a screw press for partial dewatering. Then the dehydrated solid fraction enters the disintegrant and from there to a cylindrical screen, in which the material is separated into a mass used as organic fertilizers and coarse screenings.

Anaerobic composting of MSW is used in cases where there is a practical need for biogas.

Conclusion

In Russia, the processing industry has been forgotten, a system for collecting secondary resources has not been organized, places for collecting secondary resources (metal) have not been equipped in settlements, a system for the removal of generated waste has not been established everywhere, and there is weak control over their formation. This entails the deterioration of the environment, a negative impact on human health.

It is obvious that no technology by itself will solve the problem of MSW. Both incinerators and landfills emit polyaromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and other hazardous substances. The effectiveness of technologies can only be considered in the general chain of the life cycle of commodities - waste. Incinerator projects, which public environmental organizations have spent a lot of effort to fight, in the current economic situation, may remain projects for a long time to come.

Landfills will remain in Russia for a long time the main way to remove (recycle) solid waste. The main task is to equip the existing landfills, extend their life, reduce their harmful effects. Only in large and largest cities is the construction of incinerators (or waste processing plants with preliminary sorting of solid waste) effective. The operation of small incinerators for the incineration of specific waste, hospital waste, for example, is real. This implies the diversification of both waste processing technologies and their collection and transportation. Different parts of the city can and should use their own methods of MSW disposal. This is due to the type of development, the level of income of the population, and other socio-economic factors.

Bibliography

1) Bobovich B.B. and Devyatkin V.V., “Processing of production and consumption waste”, M2000.

2) "Utilization of solid waste", ed. A.P. Tsygankov. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1982.

3) Mazur I.I. et al., "Engineering ecology, T1: Theoretical foundations of engineering ecology", 1996.

4) Akimova T.A., Khaskin T.V. Ecology: Textbook for universities. – M.: UNITI. -1999

5) www.ecolin e. en

6) www. ecology. en

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