Griboedov profession. Alexander Griboyedov - biography, information, personal life. Acquaintance with theatrical and literary circles

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov - a famous Russian writer, poet, playwright, brilliant diplomat, state councilor, author of the legendary play in verse "Woe from Wit", was a descendant of an old noble family. Born in Moscow on January 15 (January 4, O.S.), 1795, from an early age he showed himself to be an extremely developed, and versatile, child. Wealthy parents tried to give him a wonderful home education, and in 1803 Alexander became a pupil of the Moscow University noble boarding school. At the age of eleven, he was already a student at Moscow University (verbal department). Having become a candidate of verbal sciences in 1808, Griboedov graduated from two more departments - moral-political and physical-mathematical. Alexander Sergeevich became one of the most educated people among his contemporaries, knew about a dozen foreign languages, was very gifted musically.

Since the beginning Patriotic War In 1812, Griboedov joined the ranks of volunteers, but he did not have to participate directly in hostilities. With the rank of cornet, Griboedov in 1815 served in a cavalry regiment that was in reserve. The first literary experiments date back to this time - the comedy "Young Spouses", which was a translation of a French play, the article "On Cavalry Reserves", "Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the Publisher".

At the beginning of 1816, A. Griboedov retired and came to live in St. Petersburg. Working in the College of Foreign Affairs, he continues his studies in a new field of writing for himself, makes translations, joins theatrical and literary circles. It was in this city that fate gave him an acquaintance with A. Pushkin. In 1817, A. Griboyedov tried his hand at dramaturgy, writing the comedies "Own Family" and "Student".

In 1818, Griboedov was appointed to the post of secretary of the tsar's attorney, who headed the Russian mission in Tehran, and this radically changed him further biography. The expulsion to a foreign land of Alexander Sergeevich was regarded as a punishment for the fact that he acted as a second in a scandalous duel with fatal. Staying in Iranian Tabriz (Tavriz) was really painful for the beginning writer.

In the winter of 1822, Tiflis became Griboyedov's new place of service, and General A.P. Yermolov, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in Tehran, commander of the Russian troops in the Caucasus, under whom Griboedov was secretary for diplomatic affairs. It was in Georgia that he wrote the first and second acts of the comedy Woe from Wit. The third and fourth acts were already composed in Russia: in the spring of 1823, Griboedov left the Caucasus on leave for his homeland. In 1824, a last point in a work whose path to fame turned out to be thorny. The comedy could not be published due to the prohibition of censorship and diverged in handwritten lists. Only small fragments "slip" into the press: in 1825 they were included in the issue of the Russian Thalia almanac. The brainchild of Griboyedov was highly appreciated by A.S. Pushkin.

Griboyedov planned to take a trip to Europe, but in May 1825 he had to urgently return to his service in Tiflis. In January 1826, in connection with the case of the Decembrists, he was arrested, kept in a fortress, and then taken to St. Petersburg: the writer's name came up several times during interrogations, and during searches, handwritten copies of his comedy were found. Nevertheless, due to lack of evidence, the investigation had to release Griboedov, and in September 1826 he returned to his official duties.

In 1828, the Turkmanchay peace treaty was signed, which corresponded to the interests of Russia. He played a certain role in the biography of the writer: Griboyedov took part in its conclusion and delivered the text of the agreement to St. Petersburg. For merits, the talented diplomat was granted new position- Plenipotentiary Minister (Ambassador) of Russia in Persia. In his appointment, Alexander Sergeevich saw a "political exile", plans for the implementation of numerous creative ideas collapsed. With a heavy heart in June 1828, Griboyedov left St. Petersburg.

Getting to the place of service, for several months he lived in Tiflis, where in August he was married to 16-year-old Nina Chavchavadze. He left for Persia with his young wife. There were forces in the country and beyond its borders that were not satisfied with the growing influence of Russia, which cultivated hostility towards its representatives in the minds of the local population. On February 11, 1829, the Russian embassy in Tehran was brutally attacked by a brutal mob, and A.S. became one of its victims. Griboyedov, who was mutilated to such an extent that they were later identified only by a characteristic scar on his arm. The body was taken to Tiflis, where the grotto at the church of St. David became its last refuge.

A.S. Griboyedov was born in Moscow on January 4 (15), 1795 (according to other sources - in 1794) into a noble noble family. As a child, he received a versatile home education, and from 1802 to 1805 he studied at the Moscow University Noble boarding school. In 1806 he became a student at Moscow University. After graduating from the verbal (in 1808) and ethical-political (in 1810) departments, he continued to study mathematics and natural sciences. AT student years Griboyedov, who possessed brilliant abilities, worked hard and hard. Even at the university, he became a polyglot, easily mastering foreign languages, not only European (French, English, Italian and German), but also ancient ones (Greek and Latin). Later, oriental languages ​​\u200b\u200bare added to them - Persian, Arabic and Turkish. His literary gift manifested itself in the first humorous and satirical works. The years of study are the time of friendly communication between Griboyedov and future prominent representatives Russian freethinking - N.M. Muravyov, I.D. Yakushkin, N.I. Turgenev, P. Ya. Chaadaev.

In 1812, Griboyedov volunteered for the army and was enrolled as a cornet in the Moscow Hussars, but he did not have a chance to participate in hostilities against Napoleon's troops. In 1817, his diplomatic career began: a retired military man became an official of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs and lived in St. Petersburg until 1818, actively participating in literary and theatrical life.

Griboyedov became close friends with young writers (V.K. Kuchelbeker, N.I. Grech, later with A.S. Pushkin) and theater figures (P.A. Katenin, A.A. Shakhovsky, N.I. Khmelnitsky, A. .A. Gendrom). In 1815, his verse comedy in one act, Young Spouses, was published and staged on the stage - an adaptation of the play Le secret du menage by the French playwright Creuse de Lesser. In 1817, in collaboration with P.A. Katenin, Griboyedov wrote the comedy "Student", and together with A.A. Shakhovsky and N.I. Khmelnitsky - the comedy "His Family, or the Married Bride" (Griboyedov wrote the beginning of the second act ). Written jointly with A. A. Zhandr, the comedy Feigned Infidelity (a free translation of the comedy of the French playwright Barthes “Les fausses infidelites”) was staged in 1818 on the stages of Moscow and St. Petersburg. Participation in the work on these everyday plays was a test of the young playwright's strength before starting work on his main work - in the second half of the 1810s. the idea of ​​the comedy "Woe from Wit" was formed.

Appointment in 1818 as secretary of the Russian diplomatic mission in Persia, Griboyedov considered a kind of "honorary" exile, dictated by the desire of his superiors to remove him from St. Petersburg. The reason was the duel between officer V.N. Sheremetev and Count A.P. Zavadovsky over the ballerina A.I. Istomina (Griboyedov was Zavadovsky's second).

After a three-year service in Persia, Griboedov was transferred to Tiflis: from 1822 he served under the head of Georgia, General A.P. Yermolov. It was at this time that the earlier plan "Woe from Wit" began to be realized. From the middle of 1823 to the end of 1825, Griboedov was on a long vacation. In the summer of 1823, in the estate of his friend S.N. Begichev - the village of Dmitrovsky, Tula province. - he worked hard on "Woe from Wit", and in the fall he went to Moscow, where he performed reading excerpts from the comedy. For several months, Griboyedov actively participated in the Moscow literary life: together with P.A. Vyazemsky he wrote the vaudeville “Who is the brother, who is the sister, or Deception after deception”, collaborated in the almanac “Mnemosyne”.

From June 1824 until the end of 1825, Griboedov lived in St. Petersburg, continuing his literary studies - work on the text "Woe from Wit" and new plays that remained unfinished (the drama "1812", the tragedy "Georgian Night", "Rodamist and Zenobia"). In the capital, he talked with many people: writers, theatrical figures, future participants in the December events, including K.F. Ryleev and A.A. Bestuzhev, publishers of the almanac "Polar Star". Friendly ties with the Decembrists did not go unnoticed, soon after returning to the Caucasus to his place of service, Griboyedov again found himself in St. Petersburg: in January 1826, Yermolov received a warrant for his arrest. Upon learning of this, Griboyedov managed to destroy all the papers that could compromise him during the investigation.

During interrogations in St. Petersburg, he resolutely denied his participation in secret societies, which many Decembrists confirmed in their testimony. After an investigation that lasted four months, he was released for lack of evidence. Indeed, despite a wide circle of acquaintances associated with secret societies, and contact with the Decembrists on some ideological issues, Griboedov was far from the Decembrist movement. Probably, the most noticeable features of his character played a significant role in this: isolation, caution, ironic, skeptical mind. He was critical of those projects for the “salvation” of Russia that the Decembrists proposed, although he was an educator and a freethinker.

After returning to the Caucasus in September 1826, Griboyedov became the largest figure in Russian diplomacy in the East. In 1827 he was instructed to lead diplomatic relations with Turkey and Persia, and in 1828 he actively participated in the preparation of the Turkmenchay Peace Treaty, which put an end to the war with Persia. After this diplomatic success, Griboyedov was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to Persia. However, the new appointment caused him not joy, but anxiety and gloomy forebodings: life in the newly “reconciled” Tehran promised difficulties and hardships. On the eve of his departure for Persia, in August 1828, in Tiflis, Griboedov married N.A. Chavchavadze. Shortly after the wedding, he left with an embassy for Tehran.

January 30 (February 11), 1829 Griboedov was torn to pieces by a crowd of fanatics - opponents of peace with Russia, who destroyed the building of the Russian embassy. On the monument erected on the grave of Griboyedov in Tiflis, the famous words of his wife are carved: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you?”

As the outstanding poet and critic of the 20th century emphasized. VF Khodasevich, “in this gloomy and romantic finale, the general mood of Griboyedov's life, rich in feelings, impressions and events, only sounded more clearly. Griboyedov was a man of remarkable intelligence, a great education, a peculiar, very complex and, in essence, charming character. Under a rather dry, and often bilious restraint, he buried the depth of a feeling that did not want to be expressed over trifles. But in worthy cases, Griboyedov showed both strong passion and active love. He knew how to be an excellent, albeit somewhat uncompromising, diplomat, and a dreamy musician, and a "citizen of the scenes", and a friend of the Decembrists. Its very history last love and death would not have succeeded in an ordinary person ”(essay“ Griboyedov ”).

Alexander Sergeevich Griboidov

Russian diplomat, poet, playwright, pianist and composer, nobleman; state councilor (1828); Griboedov is known for his brilliantly rhymed play Woe from Wit (1824), which is still very often staged in theaters in Russia, it served as a source of numerous catchphrases

Alexander Griboyedov

short biography

- a famous Russian writer, poet, playwright, brilliant diplomat, state councilor, author of the legendary play in verse "Woe from Wit", was a descendant of an old noble family. Born in Moscow on January 15 (January 4, O.S.), 1795, from an early age he showed himself to be an extremely developed, and versatile, child. Wealthy parents tried to give him an excellent home education, and in 1803 Alexander became a pupil of the Moscow University noble boarding school. At the age of eleven, he was already a student at Moscow University (verbal department). Having become a candidate of verbal sciences in 1808, Griboedov graduated from two more departments - moral-political and physical-mathematical. Alexander Sergeevich became one of the most educated people among his contemporaries, knew about a dozen foreign languages, was very gifted musically.

With the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Griboyedov joined the ranks of volunteers, but he did not have to participate directly in hostilities. With the rank of cornet, Griboedov in 1815 served in a cavalry regiment that was in reserve. The first literary experiments date back to this time - the comedy "Young Spouses", which was a translation of a French play, the article "On the Cavalry Reserves", "Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the Publisher".

At the beginning of 1816, A. Griboedov retired and came to live in St. Petersburg. Working in the College of Foreign Affairs, he continues his studies in a new field of writing for himself, makes translations, joins theatrical and literary circles. It was in this city that fate gave him an acquaintance with A. Pushkin. In 1817, A. Griboyedov tried his hand at dramaturgy, writing the comedies "Own Family" and "Student".

In 1818, Griboyedov was appointed to the post of secretary of the tsar's attorney, who headed the Russian mission in Tehran, and this radically changed his further biography. The expulsion to a foreign land of Alexander Sergeevich was regarded as a punishment for the fact that he acted as a second in a scandalous duel with a fatal outcome. Staying in Iranian Tabriz (Tavriz) was really painful for the beginning writer.

In the winter of 1822, Tiflis became Griboyedov’s new place of service, and General A.P. Yermolov, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in Tehran, commander of the Russian troops in the Caucasus, under whom Griboyedov was secretary for diplomatic affairs, became the new boss. It was in Georgia that he wrote the first and second acts of the comedy Woe from Wit. The third and fourth acts were already composed in Russia: in the spring of 1823, Griboedov left the Caucasus on leave for his homeland. In 1824, in St. Petersburg, the last point was put in the work, whose path to fame turned out to be thorny. The comedy could not be published due to the prohibition of censorship and diverged in handwritten lists. Only small fragments "slip" into the press: in 1825 they were included in the issue of the Russian Thalia almanac. The brainchild of Griboyedov was highly appreciated by A. S. Pushkin.

Griboyedov planned to take a trip to Europe, but in May 1825 he had to urgently return to his service in Tiflis. In January 1826, in connection with the case of the Decembrists, he was arrested, kept in a fortress, and then taken to St. Petersburg: the writer's name came up several times during interrogations, and during searches, handwritten copies of his comedy were found. Nevertheless, due to lack of evidence, the investigation had to release Griboedov, and in September 1826 he returned to his official duties.

In 1828, the Turkmanchay peace treaty was signed, which corresponded to the interests of Russia. He played a certain role in the biography of the writer: Griboyedov took part in its conclusion and delivered the text of the agreement to St. Petersburg. For his merits, the talented diplomat was granted a new position - the plenipotentiary minister (ambassador) of Russia in Persia. In his appointment, Alexander Sergeevich saw a "political exile", plans for the implementation of numerous creative ideas collapsed. With a heavy heart in June 1828, Griboyedov left St. Petersburg.

Getting to the place of service, for several months he lived in Tiflis, where in August he was married to 16-year-old Nina Chavchavadze. He left for Persia with his young wife. There were forces in the country and beyond its borders that were not satisfied with the growing influence of Russia, which cultivated hostility towards its representatives in the minds of the local population. On January 30, 1829, the Russian embassy in Tehran was brutally attacked by a brutal mob, and A.S. became one of its victims. Griboyedov, who was mutilated to such an extent that they were later identified only by a characteristic scar on his arm. The body was taken to Tiflis, where the grotto at the church of St. David became its last refuge.

Biography from Wikipedia

Origin and early years

Griboyedov was born in Moscow, in a wealthy well-born family. His ancestor, Jan Grzybowski (Polish Jan Grzybowski), moved from Poland to Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. The surname Griboedov is nothing more than a kind of translation of the surname Grzhibovsky. Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, he was a discharge clerk and one of the five compilers Cathedral Code 1649 Fedor Akimovich Griboyedov.

• Father - Sergei Ivanovich Griboedov (1761-1814), retired second major;
• Mother - Anastasia Fedorovna (1768-1839), nee also Griboyedova - from the Smolensk branch of this family, and her family was richer and considered more noble;
• Sister - Maria Sergeevna Griboyedova (Durnovo);
• Brother - Pavel (died in infancy);
• Wife - Nina Alexandrovna Chavchavadze (Georgian ნინო ჭავჭავაძე)(November 4, 1812 - June 28, 1857).

According to relatives, in childhood Alexander was very concentrated and unusually developed. There is evidence that he was the great-nephew of Alexander Radishchev (this was carefully concealed by the playwright himself). At the age of 6 he was fluent in three foreign languages, in his youth already six, in particular in perfection English, French, German and Italian. He understood Latin and Greek very well.

In 1803 he was sent to the Moscow University Noble Boarding School; three years later, Griboedov entered the verbal department of Moscow University. In 1808 (at the age of 13) he graduated from the verbal department of the university with a Ph.D. in verbal sciences, but did not leave his studies, but entered the ethical-political (legal) department of the Faculty of Philosophy. In 1810 he received his Ph.D. in law and remained at the university to study mathematics and the natural sciences.

War

On September 8, 1812, cornet Griboedov fell ill and stayed in Vladimir, and, presumably, until November 1, 1812, due to illness, did not appear at the regiment's location. In the summer, during the Patriotic War of 1812, when the enemy appeared on the territory of Russia, he joined the Moscow Hussar Regiment (volunteer irregular unit) of Count Peter Ivanovich Saltykov, who received permission to form it. Arriving at the place of service, he got into the company "young cornets from the best noble families"- Prince Golitsyn, Count Efimovsky, Count Tolstoy, Alyabyev, Sheremetev, Lansky, the Shatilov brothers. Griboyedov was related to some of them. Subsequently, he wrote in a letter to S. N. Begichev: “I spent only 4 months in this squad, and now for the 4th year I can’t get on the true path”. Begichev answered this as follows:

But as soon as they began to form, the enemy entered Moscow. This regiment was ordered to go to Kazan, and after the expulsion of the enemies, at the end of the same year, it was ordered to follow to Brest-Litovsk, join the defeated Irkutsk dragoon regiment and take the name of the Irkutsk hussar. S. N. Begichev

Until 1815, Griboyedov served in the rank of cornet under the command of General of the Cavalry A. S. Kologrivov. Griboedov's first literary experiments - "Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher", feature article "On Cavalry Reserves" and comedy "Young Spouses"(translation of the French comedy "Le secre") - refer to 1814. In the article "On Cavalry Reserves" Griboyedov acted as a historical publicist.

The enthusiastically lyrical “Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher”, published in the “Bulletin of Europe”, was written by him after awarding Kologrivov in 1814 with the “Order of St. Vladimir Equal-to-the-Apostles, 1st degree” and the holiday on June 22 (July 4) in Brest-Litovsk , in the cavalry reserves, on this occasion.

In the capital

In 1815, Griboedov arrived in St. Petersburg, where he met N. I. Grech, the publisher of the Son of the Fatherland magazine, and N. I. Khmelnitsky, the famous playwright.

In the spring of 1816, the novice writer left military service, and already in the summer he published an article “On the analysis of a free translation of the Burgher ballad “Lenora”” - a review of N. I. Gnedich’s critical remarks about P. A. Katenin’s ballad “Olga”.

At the same time, Griboyedov's name appears in the lists of full members of the United Friends Masonic lodge. In early 1817, Griboyedov became one of the founders of the Du Bien Masonic Lodge.

In the summer he entered the diplomatic service, taking the post of provincial secretary (from winter - translator) of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. This period of the life of the writer also includes his acquaintance with A. S. Pushkin and V. K. Kuchelbeker, work on the poem "Lubochny Theater" (a response to M. N. Zagoskin's criticism of "Young Spouses"), comedies "Student" (together with P. A. Katenin), “Feigned infidelity” (together with A. A. Gendre), “Own family, or a married bride” (in collaboration with A. A. Shakhovsky and N. I. Khmelnitsky).

Duel

In 1817, the famous “quadruple duel” between Zavadovsky-Sheremetev and Griboyedov-Yakubovich took place in St. Petersburg.

Griboyedov lived with Zavadovsky and, being a friend of the famous dancer of the St. Petersburg ballet Avdotya Istomina, after the performance brought her to his place (naturally, to Zavadovsky's house), where she lived for two days. The cavalry guard Sheremetev, Istomina's lover, was in a quarrel with her and was away, but when he returned, incited by the cornet of the Life Lancers regiment AI Yakubovich, he challenged Zavadovsky to a duel. Griboedov became Zavadovsky's second, and Yakubovich became Sheremetev's second; both also promised to fight.

Zavadovsky and Sheremetev were the first to reach the barrier. Zavadovsky, an excellent shooter, mortally wounded Sheremetev in the stomach. Since Sheremetev had to be immediately taken to the city, Yakubovich and Griboyedov postponed their duel. It took place the following year, 1818, in Georgia. Yakubovich was transferred to Tiflis for service, and Griboyedov also happened to be passing through there, heading on a diplomatic mission to Persia.

Griboedov was wounded in the left hand. It was by this wound that the disfigured corpse of Griboedov, who was killed by religious fanatics during the destruction of the Russian embassy in Tehran, was subsequently identified.

in the east

In 1818, Griboedov, refusing the position of an official of the Russian mission in the United States, was appointed to the post of secretary under the tsar's chargé d'affaires in Persia, Simon Mazarovich. Before leaving for Tehran, he completed work on Intermedia Samples. He left for his duty station at the end of August, two months later (with short stops in Novgorod, Moscow, Tula and Voronezh) he arrived in Mozdok, on the way to Tiflis he compiled a detailed diary describing his journeys.

At the beginning of 1819, Griboedov completed work on the ironic "Letter to the publisher from Tiflis on January 21" and, probably, the poem "Forgive me, Fatherland!" At the same time he went on his first business trip to the Shah's court. On the way to the appointed place through Tabriz (January - March) continued to drive travel notes started last year. In August, he returned back, where he began to fuss about the fate of Russian soldiers who were in Iranian captivity. In September, at the head of a detachment of prisoners and fugitives, he set out from Tabriz to Tiflis, where he arrived the very next month. Some events of this journey are described on the pages of Griboyedov's diaries (for July and August/September), as well as in the narrative fragments "Vagin's Story" and "Ananur Quarantine".

In January 1820, Griboyedov again went to Persia, adding new entries to his travel diaries. Here, burdened with official chores, he spent more than a year and a half. Staying in Persia was incredibly burdensome for the writer-diplomat, and in the fall of the following year, 1821, for health reasons (due to a broken arm), he finally managed to transfer closer to his homeland - to Georgia. There he became close with Küchelbecker, who had arrived here for the service, and began work on draft manuscripts of the first edition of Woe from Wit.

From February 1822, Griboyedov was secretary for the diplomatic unit under General A.P. Yermolov, who commanded the Russian troops in Tiflis. The author's work on the drama "1812" is often dated to the same year (apparently, timed to coincide with the tenth anniversary of Russia's victory in the war with Napoleonic France).

At the beginning of 1823, Griboedov left the service for a while and returned to his homeland, for more than two years he lived in Moscow, in the village. Dmitrovsky (Lakotsy) of the Tula province, in St. Petersburg. Here the author continued the work begun in the Caucasus with the text “Woe from Wit”, by the end of the year he wrote the poem “David”, a dramatic scene in verse “The Youth of the Prophet”, a vaudeville “Who is brother, who is sister, or Deception after deception” (in cooperation with P. A. Vyazemsky) and the first edition of the famous e-moll waltz. It is customary to attribute the appearance of the first recordings of his Desiderata, a journal of notes on debatable issues of Russian history, geography and literature, to the same period of Griboyedov's life.

The next year, 1824, dates the writers' epigrams to M. A. Dmitriev and A. I. Pisarev ("They compose - they lie! And they translate - they lie! ..", "How the magazine fights spread out! .."), the narrative fragment "Character my uncle”, essay “Special cases of the St. Petersburg flood” and the poem “Teleshova”. At the end of the same year (December 15), Griboedov became a full member of the Free Society of Russian Literature Lovers.

On South

At the end of May 1825, due to the urgent need to return to his duty station, the writer abandoned his intention to visit Europe and left for the Caucasus. Subsequently, he will learn Arabic, Turkish, Georgian and Persian. The first teacher who taught Griboyedov the Persian language was Mirza Jafar Topchibashev. On the eve of this trip, he completed work on a free translation of the “Prologue in the Theater” from the tragedy “Faust”, at the request of F.V. archive" for 1825. On the way to Georgia, he visited Kyiv, where he met prominent figures of the revolutionary underground (M. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, A. Z. Muravyov, S. I. Muravyov-Apostol and S. P. Trubetskoy), lived for some time in the Crimea, visiting the estate of his old friend A.P. Zavadovsky. Griboyedov traveled through the mountains of the peninsula, developed a plan for the majestic tragedy of the Baptism of the ancient Russians and kept a detailed diary travel notes, published only three decades after the death of the author. According to the opinion established in science, it was under the influence of the southern trip that he wrote the scene “Dialogue of the Polovtsian husbands”.

Arrest

Upon returning to the Caucasus, Griboedov, inspired by the participation in the expedition of General A. A. Velyaminov, wrote the famous poem "Predators on Chegem". In January 1826 he was arrested in the fortress of Groznaya on suspicion of belonging to the Decembrists; Griboedov was brought to St. Petersburg, but the investigation could not find evidence of Griboedov's belonging to secret society. With the exception of A. F. Brigen, E. P. Obolensky, N. N. Orzhitsky and S. P. Trubetskoy, none of the suspects testified to the detriment of Griboyedov. He was under investigation until June 2, 1826, but since it was not possible to prove his participation in the conspiracy, and he himself categorically denied his involvement in the conspiracy, he was released from arrest with a “cleansing certificate”. Despite this, for some time Griboedov was placed under tacit surveillance.

Return to service

In September 1826 he returned to the service in Tiflis and continued his diplomatic activities; took part in the conclusion of the Turkmanchay peace treaty (1828), which was beneficial for Russia, and delivered its text to St. Petersburg. Appointed as Resident Minister (Ambassador) to Iran; on the way to his destination, he again spent several months in Tiflis and married there on August 22 (September 3), 1828, Princess Nina Chavchavadze, with whom he happened to live only a few weeks.

Death in Persia

Foreign embassies were located not in the capital, but in Tabriz, at the court of Prince Abbas-Mirza, but soon after arriving in Persia, the mission went to introduce itself to Feth Ali Shah in Tehran. During this visit, Griboyedov died: on January 30, 1829 (6 Shaaban 1244 AH), a crowd of thousands of religious fanatics killed everyone in the embassy, ​​except for the secretary Ivan Sergeevich Maltsov.

The circumstances of the defeat of the Russian mission are described in different ways, but Maltsov was an eyewitness to the events, and he does not mention the death of Griboedov, he only writes that 15 people defended themselves at the door of the envoy's room. Returning to Russia, he wrote that 37 people in the embassy were killed (all except him alone) and 19 Tehran residents. He himself hid in another room and, in fact, could only describe what he heard. All the defenders died, and there were no direct witnesses left.

Riza-Kuli writes that Griboyedov was killed with 37 comrades, and 80 people from the crowd were killed. His body was so mutilated that he was identified only by a trace on his left hand, obtained in the famous duel with Yakubovich.

Griboyedov's body was taken to Tiflis and buried on Mount Mtatsminda in a grotto at the Church of St. David. In the summer of 1829, Alexander Pushkin visited the grave. Pushkin also wrote in Journey to Arzrum that he met a cart with the body of Griboyedov on a mountain pass in Armenia, later called Pushkin.

The Shah of Persia sent his grandson to Petersburg to settle the diplomatic scandal. In compensation for the spilled blood, he brought rich gifts to Nicholas I, among them was the Shah diamond. Once this magnificent diamond, framed by many rubies and emeralds, adorned the throne of the Great Mughals. Now it shines in the collection of the Moscow Kremlin Diamond Fund.

On the grave of Alexander Griboyedov, his widow, Nina Chavchavadze, erected a monument with the inscription: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you!”.

Creation

According to his literary position, Griboedov belongs (according to the classification of Yu. N. Tynyanov) to the so-called "junior archaists": his closest literary allies are P. A. Katenin and V. K. Kyuchelbeker; however, he was also appreciated by the "Arzamas", for example, Pushkin and Vyazemsky, and among his friends - such different people, as P. Ya. Chaadaev and F. V. Bulgarin.

Even during the years of study at Moscow University (1805), Griboedov wrote poems (only mentions have come down to us), creates a parody of the work of V. A. Ozerov "Dmitry Donskoy" - "Dmitry Dryanskoy". In 1814, two of his correspondence were published in Vestnik Evropy: On Cavalry Reserves and Letter to the Editor. In 1815, he published the comedy The Young Spouses, a parody of French comedies that made up the Russian comedy repertoire at that time. The author uses a very popular genre of "secular comedy" - works with a small number of characters and a setting for wit. In line with the controversy with Zhukovsky and Gnedich about the Russian ballad, Griboedov wrote an article "On the Analysis of the Free Translation of Lenora" (1816).

In 1817, Griboyedov's comedy "Student" was published. According to contemporaries, Katenin took a small part in it, but rather his role in creating the comedy was limited to editing. The work has a polemical character, directed against the "younger Karamzinists", parodying their works, a type of artist of sentimentalism. The main point of criticism is the lack of realism.

Parodying techniques: introducing texts into everyday contexts, exaggerated use of periphrasticity (all concepts in comedy are given descriptively, nothing is named directly). In the center of the work is the bearer of the classic consciousness (Benevolsky). All knowledge about life is gleaned by him from books, all events are perceived through the experience of reading. Saying "I saw it, I know it" means "I read it". The hero seeks to act out book stories, life seems uninteresting to him. The deprivation of a real sense of reality later Griboedov will repeat in "Woe from Wit" - this is a feature of Chatsky.

In 1817, Griboyedov took part in the writing of "Feigned Infidelity" together with A. A. Gendre. The comedy is an adaptation of the French comedy by Nicolas Barthes. The character Roslavlev, the predecessor of Chatsky, appears in it. This is a strange young man who is in conflict with society, uttering critical monologues. In the same year, the comedy "Own Family, or a Married Bride" was released. Co-authors: A. A. Shakhovskoy, Griboyedov, N. I. Khmelnitsky.

What was written before “Woe from Wit” is still very immature or created in collaboration with more experienced writers at that time (Katenin, Shakhovskoy, Zhandre, Vyazemsky); conceived after "Woe from Wit" - either not written at all (the tragedy about Prince Vladimir the Great), or not brought further than rough sketches (the tragedy about the princes Vladimir Monomakh and Fyodor Ryazansky), or written, but due to a number of circumstances it is not known modern science. Of Griboyedov's later experiments, the most notable are the dramatic scenes "1812", "Georgian Night", "Rodamist and Zenobia". The author's artistic and documentary works (essays, diaries, epistolary) deserve special attention.

Although world fame came to Griboyedov thanks to only one book, he should not be considered a “literary one-thinker” who exhausted his creative forces in his work on “Woe from Wit”. A reconstructive analysis of the playwright's artistic intentions allows us to see in him the talent of the creator of a truly high tragedy worthy of William Shakespeare, and literary prose testifies to the productive development of Griboyedov as an original author of literary "travels".

"Woe from Wit"

The comedy in verse "Woe from Wit" was conceived in St. Petersburg around 1816 and completed in Tiflis in 1824 (final edition - an authorized list left in St. Petersburg with Bulgarin - 1828). In Russia, it is included in the school curriculum of the 9th grade (in the days of the USSR - in the 8th grade).

The comedy "Woe from Wit" is the pinnacle of Russian dramaturgy and poetry. The bright aphoristic style contributed to the fact that she was all "dispersed into quotes."

“Never has a nation been so scourged, never has a country been dragged so in the mud, never has so much rude abuse thrown into the face of the public, and, however, never achieved more complete success"(P. Chaadaev. "Apology of a madman").

“His Woe from Wit was published in 1862 without distortion or abridgement. When Griboedov himself, who died at the hands of fanatics in Iran, had been away from this world for more than 30 years. Written as never before on time - on the eve of the Decembrist uprising - the play became a vivid poetic pamphlet denouncing the reigning regime. For the first time, poetry broke into politics so boldly and frankly. And politics gave in, - wrote in the essay “Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov. Woe from Wit" (in the author's column "100 books that shook the world" in the magazine "Youth") Elena Sazanovich. - The play in handwritten form went all over the country. Griboyedov once again quipped, calling "Woe from Wit" a comedy. Is it a joke?! About 40,000 handwritten copies. A stunning success. It was an outright spit on high society. And high society did not laugh at the comedy. Wiped off. And Griboyedov was not forgiven ... ".

Musical works

The few musical works written by Griboyedov possessed excellent harmony, harmony and conciseness. He is the author of several piano pieces, among which two waltzes for piano are the most famous. Some works, including the piano sonata, Griboyedov's most serious piece of music, have not reached us. Waltz in E minor of his composition is considered the first Russian waltz that has survived to this day. According to the memoirs of his contemporaries, Griboedov was a remarkable pianist, his playing was distinguished by genuine artistry.

Other

In 1828, Griboyedov completed work on the "Project for the establishment of the Russian Transcaucasian Company". In order to develop the trade and industry of the Transcaucasus, the project was supposed to create an autonomous management company with extensive administrative, economic and diplomatic powers to manage the Transcaucasus. The project, as contradicting his personal power in Transcaucasia, was rejected by I.F. Paskevich.

Extensive section creative heritage Griboyedov are his letters.

Memory

monuments

• In St. Petersburg, a monument to A. S. Griboedov (sculptor V. V. Lishev, 1959) is located on Zagorodny Prospekt on Pioneer Square (opposite the Theater of the Young Spectator)
• In the center of Yerevan there is a monument to A.S. Griboedov (author - Hovhannes Bedzhanyan, 1974), and in 1995 a postage stamp of Armenia dedicated to A.S. Griboyedov was issued.
• In Alushta, a monument to A.S. Griboyedov was erected in 2002, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the city.
• In Moscow, the monument to A. S. Griboyedov is located on Chistoprudny Boulevard.
• In Veliky Novgorod, A. S. Griboyedov is immortalized in the monument "Millennium of Russia", in the group of sculptures "Writers and Artists".
• In Volgograd, at the expense of the Armenian community of the city, a bust of A. S. Griboyedov was erected (on Sovetskaya Street, opposite polyclinic No. 3).
• In Tbilisi, the monument to A. S. Griboedov is located on the embankment of the Kura (sculptor M. Merabishvili, architect G. Melkadze, 1961).
• In Tehran at Russian embassy there is a monument to A. S. Griboyedov (sculptor V. A. Beklemishev, 1912).

Museums and galleries

• State Historical, Cultural and Natural Museum-Reserve of A. S. Griboyedov "Khmelita".
• In the Crimea, in the Red Cave (Kizil-Koba), a gallery was named in honor of the stay of A. S. Griboyedov.

Streets

Streets to them. Griboyedov is in many cities of Russia and neighboring countries:

• Almetyevsk,
• Petrozavodsk,
• Perm,
• Chelyabinsk,
• Krasnoyarsk,
• Kaliningrad
• Surgut,
• Simferopol,
• Sevastopol,
• Bryansk,
• Yekaterinburg,
• Novokuznetsk,
• Novorossiysk,
• Novosibirsk,
• Ryazan,
• Dzerzhinsk (Nizhny Novgorod region),
• Irkutsk,
• Makhachkala,
• Gelendzhik,
• Kovrov,
• Tver
• Tyumen,
• Kirov,
• Essentuki;

in Belarus- Brest, Vitebsk, Minsk;

in Ukraine -

• Khmelnitsky,
• Vinnitsa,
• Kharkov,
• Kherson,
• Irpin,
• white church,
• Chernivtsi;

in Armenia- Yerevan, Vanadzor, Gyumri, Sevan;

as well as in the cities of Balti (Moldova), Almaty (Kazakhstan), Batumi and Tbilisi (Georgia), Ashgabat (Turkmenistan),

Theaters

• Smolensky drama theatre them. A. S. Griboedova.
• In Tbilisi there is a theater named after A.S. Griboyedov, a monument (author - M.K. Merabishvili).
• A bust of A. S. Griboyedov is installed on the facade of the Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater.

Libraries

• Library of National Literature named after AS Griboyedov.
• Central Library named after AS Griboyedov of the Centralized Library System #2 of the Central Administrative District of Moscow. On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the library, a memorial museum. A. S. Griboyedov Prize is awarded.

Cinema

• 1969 - The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar, a Soviet teleplay staged in Leningrad in 1969, but banned from showing. In the role of A. S. Griboyedov - Vladimir Recepter.
• 1995 - Griboedovsky waltz, feature historical and biographical film by Tamara Pavlyuchenko. Filmed for the 200th anniversary of the birth of A. S. Griboyedov and talks about recent months life. In the role of A. S. Griboyedov - Alexander Feklistov.
• 2010 - Death of Vazir-Mukhtar. Love and Life of Griboyedov is a 2010 Russian television series based on the novel of the same name by Yuri Tynyanov about last year life. In the role of A. S. Griboyedov - Mikhail Eliseev.
• 2014 - “Duel. Pushkin - Lermontov "- Russian film in the style of an alternative world. In the role of the surviving old Griboyedov - Vyacheslav Innocent Jr.

Other

• Yury Tynyanov devoted the last years of A. S. Griboyedov’s life to the novel “The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar” (1928).
• On April 22, 2014, in St. Petersburg, the Grand Lodge of Russia, the lodge “A. S. Griboedov” (No. 45 in the VLR register).
• General Education School named after A. S. Griboyedov (Stepanakert).
• Secondary school No. 203 named after A. S. Griboedov in St. Petersburg.
• "Griboedov readings"
• GBOU Moscow Gymnasium No. 1529 named after A. S. Griboyedov.
• There is a higher educational institution in Moscow - Institute international law and economics. A. S. Griboedova (Moscow).
• The Griboyedov Canal (until 1923 the Catherine Canal) is a canal in St. Petersburg.
• Aeroflot Airbus 330-243 (VQ-BBF) is named after A. S. Griboyedov.

Griboyedov's high relief on the monument "1000th Anniversary of Russia" in Veliky Novgorod

Monument to Griboyedov in Moscow on Chistoprudny Boulevard

Monument to Griboyedov in Yerevan (Armenia)

Memorial plaque to Griboyedov in St. Petersburg (B. Morskaya st., 14)

In numismatics

Commemorative coin of the Bank of Russia dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the birth of A. S. Griboyedov. 2 rubles, silver, 1995

• In 1995, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation issued a coin (2 rubles, 500 silver) from the series " Prominent figures Russia” with the image on the reverse of the portrait of A. S. Griboedov - to the 200th anniversary of his birth.
• Medal "A. S. Griboyedov 1795-1829.” was established by the Moscow city organization of the Union of Writers of the Russian Federation and is awarded to writers and writers, prominent patrons of the arts and well-known publishers for selfless activities for the benefit of Russian culture and literature.

Addresses in St. Petersburg

• 11.1816 - 08.1818 - profitable house of I. Valkh - Embankment of the Catherine Canal, 104;
• 01.06. - 07.1824 - hotel "Demut" - embankment of the Moika River, 40;
• 08. - 11.1824 - the apartment of A. I. Odoevsky in the apartment building of Pogodin - Torgovaya Street, 5;
• 11.1824 - 01.1825 - P. N. Chebyshev's apartment in Usov's tenement house - Nikolaevskaya embankment, 13;
• 01. - 09.1825 - A. I. Odoevsky's apartment in Bulatov's apartment building - St. Isaac's Square, 7;
• 06.1826 - A. A. Zhandr's apartment in Yegerman's house - embankment of the Moika River, 82;
• 03. - 05.1828 - hotel "Demut" - embankment of the Moika River, 40;
• 05. - 06.06.1828 - the house of A. I. Kosikovsky - Nevsky Prospekt, 15.

Awards

• Order of St. Anna II degree with diamond signs (March 14, 1828)
• Order of the Lion and the Sun, 1st class (Persia, 1829)
• Order of the Lion and the Sun II degree (Persia, 1819)

Alexander Griboyedov

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov (1795-1829) - poet, playwright, pianist, composer, diplomat.

Gifted with many talents and not developing any of them, Griboyedov remained for us the author of the only play "Woe from Wit".

Lifetime portrait of Griboyedov by P.A. Karatygin was published in 1858. More precisely, not the portrait itself, but a lithograph by Munster from a drawing by P.F. Borel. The second reliable portrait of Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov is considered to be a portrait painted in colored pencil in 1824 by the artist M.I. Terebenev (1795-1864). It was engraved by N.I. Utkin.

Alexander Griboyedov, 1858 Artist P.A. Karatygin

Alexander Griboyedov, 1829 Engraving by N.I. Utkin

The most famous portrait of A.S. Griboyedov was written in 1873 by I.N. Kramskoy by order of P.M. Tretyakov for his art gallery.

The history of its creation was left to us by a close friend of Kramskoy, the publisher of the magazine "Russian Antiquity" M.I. Semevsky: “Guided by P.A. Karatygin’s oral story about Griboedov’s appearance, Kramskoy wrote as if “under dictation” and resurrected the glorious writer’s appearance with a talented brush. He showed the portrait on the easel to some people who personally knew Griboyedov, and they were all struck by the amazing resemblance and the expression of intelligence and grace that Griboyedov's features breathed.

The author of the famous play "Woe from Wit" was not only a playwright. Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was an outstanding diplomat, pianist and composer. But his genius did not shine for long: at the age of 34 he suffered a terrible death, for which the Shah of Persia paid Russian Empire a diamond of amazing beauty.

Talent immediately noticeable

The future poet and diplomat was born on January 15, 1795 in Moscow in a noble rich family. He had a brother, Paul, who died in early age, and sister Maria, an outstanding pianist and harpist. Griboyedov never had respect for women (and even jokingly called them "noisy sex"), but he maintained a warm friendship with his sister until the end of his life. He wrote his famous play "Woe from Wit" in Maria's room, trying to avoid noise and annoying acquaintances. She was the only person, dedicated to the secret of writing this work before its publication.

FROM early childhood Alexander surprised everyone with his inquisitive mind and assiduous character - instead of playing and frolicking with his peers, he could sit for a long time and diligently engage in science. The boy was given primary education and upbringing by his mother Anastasia Fedorovna and several professional tutors who helped him master three European languages ​​at the age of six.

From the age of seven, Alexander studied at the higher educational institution for children of the nobility - at the Moscow University Noble Boarding School. There Alexander studied various items, but Special attention he devoted to the verbal and moral-political sciences. In addition, he learned three more foreign languages. The young man graduated from the boarding school with honors, having received an excellent versatile education.

Difficult search for yourself

In 1812, the war with the Napoleonic invaders began. And Alexander, neglecting his civilian career, joined the army. He joined the ranks of the Moscow Hussars with the rank of junior officer. Young Alexander longed for fame and exploits, but a long illness prevented him from defending the Motherland. Even after the war, the ardent Alexander failed to achieve success in the military field - until he left the army, he remained in the rank of cavalry cornet. But it was here that Griboyedov first tried his hand at literature: over the years of service, he wrote several essays, articles and translations.

Disillusioned with military service, Alexander left it at the beginning of 1816 and moved to St. Petersburg. Here he wanted to rest and decide on his future fate. In the capital, Griboyedov made numerous acquaintances in secular society and among famous playwrights. They helped the young man take seriously literary activity. A little later, Alexander joined the ranks of the United Friends Masonic lodge. But their program did not completely suit Alexander, and in 1817 he helped to create a new Masonic lodge.

Life in St. Petersburg allowed young Alexander to learn about life, selfishness, hypocrisy and the narrowness of the views of high society. Brought up in the spirit of idealism and humanism, Alexander was outraged, and this inspired him to write a number of comedies in which a character appears, the prototype of Chatsky. Much later, the experience gained from life in the capital formed the basis of the plot of his famous accusatory play.

Great Diplomat

In 1817, Alexander entered the service of the College of Foreign Affairs. He started his career as an interpreter, but only a year later he became the secretary of the embassy in Persia (now Iraq). In the same year, Griboyedov left for the East, not even suspecting that it was here that he would find his death.

Griboedov's entire diplomatic service was associated with constant trips from Russia to Persia or Georgia. Memories of nomadic life formed the basis of numerous travel notes and diaries of the playwright. In the East, he worked in the service, and when he returned home to St. Petersburg (sometimes for a year or more), he took up literary activity and composed waltzes and piano sonatas that amazed listeners with their harmony. Official duties prompted Alexander to learn 4 more oriental languages.

In 1825, Griboyedov was in Kyiv, where he met with the Decembrists for some time. It did not pass for him in vain - in January next year he was detained and taken to the capital, suspected of having links with the underground. But since no compromising evidence was found, the suspect was released six months later. Fortunately, the arrest did not affect the service and career of Griboedov, and he continued to work.

The year 1828 was marked for him by participation in the signing of a peace treaty with Persia in the village of Turkmanchay. Alexander worked out the terms of this treatise and put a lot of effort into signing it. Thus ended the Russo-Persian War of 1826-1828.

After the success in Turkmanchay, Griboyedov was given a promotion - he was appointed to the post of resident minister in Tehran. On the way to Persia, he stopped at the Georgian city of Tiflis (now Tbilisi). The diplomat stayed there for only a few months, but these days were his last happy days, which completely changed his life.

Great love and terrible death

In Tiflis, Griboyedov was visiting an old friend, the Georgian prince Alexander Garsevanovich Chavchavadze, a military man and a romantic poet. Here he met again eldest daughter host 15-year-old Nina, whom he had not seen for 6 years. At that time, Griboyedov taught the girl to play the piano, and they had a warm friendship. But in 1828 between them broke out real love. On September 3, they got married in the church of Sioni, despite the big difference in age (Griboedov was then 33). Soon after the wedding, Griboedov continued his journey to Persia. Nina Alexandrovna first accompanied her husband, but due to pregnancy and illness, she was forced to turn back halfway.

Griboedov, at the head of a diplomatic mission, arrived in Tehran at the court of Feth Ali Shah in early January 1829. He was supposed to persuade the shah to fulfill the obligations of the Turkmanchay peace treaty. But the negotiations dragged on, and more and more Armenian refugees came to the Russian embassy, ​​fleeing from Islamic fanatics. It is generally accepted that the refugee shelter was the reason for the destruction of the Russian embassy.

The attack took place on February 11, 1829. An angry mob of religious fanatics burst into the embassy building and brutally killed all the refugees and members of the Russian diplomatic mission. Only secretary I.S. Maltsov managed to survive. And the brutally mutilated body of Griboedov was identified only by the embassy uniform and traces of an old wound on his left hand, which he received 11 years ago in a duel with the Decembrist A.I. Yakubovich.

But there is much that remains unclear about these events. Specialists and historians believe that English agents were among the instigators of the attack - it was in the interests of England to quarrel Russia with Persia. The only person who escaped - secretary Maltsov - is suspected by some researchers of having links with the attackers. And the death of Griboyedov is still in doubt - the signs by which his body was identified cannot be considered sufficient.

After

The massacre at the Russian embassy caused an international scandal. To mitigate his guilt, the Shah sent numerous gifts to Emperor Nicholas I, including a large Shah diamond weighing more than 88 carats. Thanks to this, the scandal was settled, but gem could not replace an outstanding diplomat.

Nina Alexandrovna, having learned about the death of her husband, fell seriously ill, and her child was born dead. On June 18, 1829, she buried Griboyedov's body in Georgia near the Church of St. David (now it is the Mtatsminda pantheon). She wore mourning for her husband all her life - in her homeland in Tiflis she was even called the Black Rose. Nina Alexandrovna died of cholera in 1857.