Features of the organization and conduct of aerial reconnaissance. Organization of tactical aerial reconnaissance on TVD. Airfields and air hubs

25.10.2019

The experience of wars and armed conflicts shows that both in conditions of growing tension and in the course of armed struggle, one of the critical tasks is to provide the command and staffs of all levels with intelligence data.

One of the most technologically advanced types of reconnaissance is aerial reconnaissance, which is a set of measures for obtaining reliable data about the enemy by aviation forces necessary for the preparation and successful conduct of operations (combat actions) of associations, formations and units of all types of the Armed Forces and military branches.

The history of the training of aerial reconnaissance specialists is inextricably linked with the development of domestic manned and unmanned aircraft.

Training is carried out in the interests of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation in the specialty - the use and operation of means and systems of special monitoring and its specializations: the operation of ground-based aerial reconnaissance facilities, the operation of ground-based facilities and systems of complexes with unmanned aircraft, operation of complexes with unmanned aerial vehicles, technical operation of unmanned aerial vehicles and engines, technical operation of radio-electronic equipment of complexes with unmanned aerial vehicles.

Military specialists in the application and operation of means and systems of special monitoring are highly professional (qualified) erudite engineers with fundamental knowledge in the field of remote sensing of the earth and digital processing species information, owning the methodology scientific research, a technique for obtaining, processing and analyzing special monitoring data using technical means and manned and unmanned aircraft systems capable of effectively operating modern complexes collection and processing of aerospace reconnaissance data as part of a unified automated control system of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The professional activity of specialists is aimed at the study of natural resources and man-made objects by aerospace means, including the use of complexes with UAVs.

The graduate is intended to serve in the air reconnaissance data processing units of the Air Force aviation military formations, ministries and departments of the Russian Federation in the officer positions of an engineer and head of the intelligence information processing group. In addition, a graduate with a specialization related to the use of complexes with UAVs is intended to serve in UAV units in officer positions: operator (observation), operator (decoder), head of intelligence of the group. The faculty includes 2 departments:
Department of 41 ground systems of air reconnaissance complexes.
Department of 42 robotic complexes and air-based systems;

The faculty has established close ties with leading universities, research and production and industry organizations, including the intelligence service of the Aerospace Forces, the Directorate (construction and development of the UAV system) of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the Sozvezdie concern, the VEGA radio engineering concern , Research Institute of Precision Instruments, Energia Rocket and Space Corporation.

The permanent and variable composition of the faculty actively participates in the activities of the military scientific society of the academy, in experimental design and research work assigned by the Military Scientific Committee of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the intelligence service of the Aerospace Forces, in international and all-Russian scientific and practical conferences, in exhibitions and salons of scientific and technical creativity "Archimedes", "Expopriority", "Interpolitech", "High Technologies", "Innovation Day of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation", and wins prizes.

In the course of studying military professional disciplines, cadets in practice master weapons and military equipment operated in information processing departments, aerial photography service units, as well as UAV companies and detachments, in particular, an automobile mobile aerial photographic laboratory, modern complexes for automation of intelligence information processing, complexes with short-range UAVs, short and medium range.

They hone their skills in digital data processing using modern technological platforms of object-oriented modeling.

They participate in inventive and rationalization work, grant activities aimed at creating prototypes of robotic systems for studying the features of image formation in various parts of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.

They learn to use air-based robotic complexes, decipher images using a unified training complex in a virtual information environment for modeling the situation.

Velikanov Alexey Viktorovich, Head of the 4th Faculty of Unmanned Aviation VUNTS VVS " Air Force Academy named after Professor N.E. Zhukovsky and Yu.A. Gagarin, candidate technical sciences, professor, corresponding member Russian Academy transport, Honored Inventor of the Russian Federation.

In 1987 he graduated from the Voronezh Higher Military Aviation engineering school. From August 1987 to September 1989 he served in military unit 21265 as commander of an electrogas platoon in Kirovograd.

From September 1989 to December 1996 he served as a course officer of the Voronezh VVAIU. In December 1996, he entered the full-time postgraduate course at the school, in December 1999 he successfully completed it.

From December 1999 to December 2009 he served as a teacher, associate professor, deputy head of the department, head of the department of automotive training.

He is the head of a scientific school and the author of more than 200 scientific, educational and educational works (including: 1 textbook, 16 teaching aids and 46 patents of the Russian Federation for inventions), completed 28 research projects, prepared more than forty graduate students and three candidates of science.

For the achieved indicators in technical creativity Velikanov A.V. in 2005 he was awarded the title of laureate of the Mikhail Lomonosov Prize. He is the best inventor of the university. Repeatedly took part in the Victory Parade on Red Square in Moscow.

Sound measurement is a good remedy intelligence, but its scope is limited. It cannot find those targets not observed from the ground that do not give themselves away by the sounds of shots, for example, batteries that do not fire, headquarters, columns of troops in the rear, and many other deep-seated targets. (262)

In all these cases, aerial reconnaissance means - airplanes and tethered observation balloons - come to the aid of artillery.

Rice. 234 gives a visual representation of the comparative possibilities of ground observation, as well as observation from a balloon and from an aircraft. What is not available to one is available to another, what is not available to another is available to a third.

A tethered balloon is essentially an ordinary observation post, but only raised to great height. In the basket of the balloon, you can get quite comfortable, taking with you all the instruments necessary for shooting and observation.

From the balloon it is possible to see much of what is hidden for a ground-based observer in the folds of the terrain and behind local objects. Before the observer, who is on the balloon, a very wide horizon opens up. From the balloon it is possible to determine not only the direction to the firing battery, but quite accurately and its location.

The balloon is convenient to use in calm weather. At strong wind it sways from side to side and this interferes with observation.

To provide successful work balloon in battle, it is necessary to protect it from enemy aircraft and from long-range artillery fire, (263) for which it is a tempting and relatively easily destroyed target.

The aircraft is the most convenient and reliable air reconnaissance means. It can be used to observe very high altitude, you can go deep behind enemy lines and penetrate the secrets of his location. The aircraft has two ways to accomplish this task: reconnaissance by observation and photography. Both the first and second methods essentially solve the same problem: to detect a target that is not visible from ground observation posts and determine its position on a map or tablet. The most accurate solution to this problem is provided by photographic reconnaissance. Therefore, reconnaissance by observation from an aircraft is usually accompanied by photographing the area where targets are detected.

A photograph taken from an aircraft (Fig. 235) makes it possible to find even those targets that, in the current state of camouflage, cannot be detected by observation. And most importantly, having such a photograph, you can determine the position of the target relative to local objects recorded in the photograph, and accurately plot this target on the map, which can only be done approximately when observing.

The photographic films taken from the aircraft are dropped by parachute to the artillery receiving points established for this purpose, from there they are transferred to special photo laboratories for immediate development. After that, they are deciphered, that is, they are carefully studied and all the photographed objects are identified on them - local objects and targets. (264)

However, one cannot think that it is very easy to carry out air flights over the territory occupied by the enemy. The enemy always uses numerous and strong means air defense(air defense), to prevent observation and photography of the target directly from above. But from aircraft you can sometimes successfully observe targets and fly over your location under the protection of your air defense systems.

In the Great Patriotic war All the methods of reconnaissance we have considered have been widely used.

In connection with the development of technology and later research in the field of physics in the last war, other types of reconnaissance appeared on the battlefields, such as observation and photography in infrared rays, as well as target detection using radar equipment.

The use of infrared rays for observation opens up great possibilities in this matter: a person acquires the ability to see through clouds, at night, into fog. Thus, reconnaissance by observation becomes possible even under those conditions under which conventional means cannot be used for this.

As is known from physics, infrared rays in the spectrum of a solar ray (decomposed into its component parts) occupy certain place- outside the visible spectrum, next to the red rays; they are depicted as a dark stripe. These invisible rays have the ability to penetrate even through an atmosphere saturated with water vapor (through fog). With the help of a searchlight, infrared rays, imperceptible to the eye, can be directed to any object from which these rays are reflected. Used to capture invisible reflected rays optical instrument special device. This device has a lens, an eyepiece and a so-called electron-optical converter with a screen (Fig. 236). After passing through the lens and the transducer, (265) the rays fall on a luminous screen, on which a clear image of the object is obtained. This image is viewed through an eyepiece.

The use of radar facilities makes it possible to use radio waves to detect unobservable targets in the air, on water and on the ground, and to determine their location. You will learn about how such reconnaissance is carried out when reading chapter thirteen.

So, you have become familiar with the many methods of reconnaissance that are used to find targets.

Which of these methods is the best?

It would be a mistake if you, answering this question, chose any one method of reconnaissance and said that it is the best.

It should be noted that none of the listed reconnaissance methods taken separately can provide comprehensive information about the enemy. In a combat situation, all methods must be used artillery reconnaissance, which are applicable in given conditions, and, in addition, those data on the enemy that are obtained by intelligence of other branches of the military must always be taken into account. Only under this condition can one count on the fact that the most important targets for artillery will be found.

dangerous sky Afghanistan [Experience combat use Soviet aviation in a local war, 1979–1989] Zhirokhov Mikhail Aleksandrovich

Air reconnaissance

Conducting some types of aerial reconnaissance in Afghanistan was entrusted to the crews army aviation, while often involved combat helicopters Mi-24. This choice was primarily due to the presence of a guidance device, which allows detailed reconnaissance of individual areas and objects at a 3- and 10-fold increase. When conducting reconnaissance during the day, binoculars of 8 and 12-fold magnification were successfully used. At dusk and on a moonlit night, night vision binoculars of the BN-1 type were used, which made it possible to observe reconnaissance objects from a distance of 800-1000 m.

A feature of conducting aerial reconnaissance was the detection of objects of the Mujahideen from the maximum ranges of their use of their air defense systems. Therefore, it was essential in the conduct of aerial reconnaissance to achieve surprise and covert access to enemy targets. In this case, the enemy did not have time to take additional measures camouflage, especially in the morning hours and evening twilight, since the Mujahideen tried to carry out all the movements of caravans, columns of vehicles, detachments and groups in the dark. With the onset of dawn, movement was limited, objects were disguised as the background of the area in abandoned villages, ruins and gorges, and resumed before dark.

The detection range of enemy targets under these conditions was significantly reduced due to the deterioration of visibility and viewing conditions for darkened terrain, especially in areas with narrow and winding gorges. The detection range of enemy targets during aerial reconnaissance largely depended on horizontal flight visibility, weather conditions, time of day, topography and terrain background.

The search for objects was carried out mainly in parallel courses or standard turns. Search by parallel courses provided best conditions viewing flat and hilly terrain to detect caravans, convoys, detachments and groups of Mujahideen during their movement along roads and paths. The search for objects in high mountainous areas was carried out by a standard turn, which in these conditions proved to be the best for detecting small targets (strongholds, places of concentration of the Mujahideen in shelters, caves, under eaves, behind ledges of gorges, in fortresses, as well as positions of air defense weapons, etc. .). Air reconnaissance crews, as a rule, carried out from altitudes of 1500–2000 m, and for detailed viewing they descended to 400–600 m. When searching for objects in a desert area, extremely low and low altitudes were widely used to achieve surprise access to the target.

In the course of conducting aerial reconnaissance of enemy targets, with reliable information about the possible cover of their air defense systems, the crews were recommended:

Constantly perform anti-aircraft maneuvers;

Choose the route and flight profile taking into account the bypass of air defense zones;

When opening the positions of air defense systems, take measures to destroy them;

When withdrawing from an attack, use the shooting of false thermal targets.

In cases of detection of important objects on which it was necessary to deliver an air strike, the duty forces were called, and the pair performing reconnaissance carried out target designation for the reinforcement group.

The most successful tasks of conducting aerial reconnaissance were solved by a group of a pair of Mi-24 helicopters and a pair of Mi-8 MT helicopters with an inspection team on board. Such a composition ensured the reliability and implementation of intelligence. Here is how Samvel Melkonyan, a helicopter pilot of the 50th osap, wrote in one of his letters to the author: “Reconnaissance of the area was carried out on the instructions of the command. To confirm intelligence information, a flight was carried out to the intended area and the situation was reported. This task was necessary for the advancement of paratroopers and motorized riflemen. Everything suspicious was transferred to the “groundmen” according to UK 2 (frequency for working with the “ground”). For them, we were extra eyes. Intelligence was also carried out in the interests of aviation. Before the planned operations, a flight was carried out to the area of the upcoming hostilities and landing sites were determined. But only in those areas where it was possible to ensure the security of intelligence.”

As for reconnaissance aircraft, they appeared over Afghanistan from the first days of "providing international assistance to the DRA." The Yak-28R from the 39th Orap and 87th Orap were the first to appear behind the Hindu Kush. Their crews operated exclusively from the territory of the USSR (the airfields of Mary and Karshi, respectively).

With the expansion of the scale of hostilities, it became necessary to create a specialized unit, which became in April 1980 the 263rd separate tactical reconnaissance aviation squadron of the Air Force of the 40th Army (military unit 92199).

Further, the personnel came in shifts from the reconnaissance regiments of the Soviet Air Force and changed every year. In most cases, the composition of the shift was mixed - squadrons from specific regiments were understaffed with pilots from other regiments. As a rule, the period of stay on a business trip was limited to one year. Only Afghan war ten shifts have passed:

date	Regiment number	Aircraft type	Place of permanent deployment
01.1980 - 04.1980	87th detachment	Yak-28R, MiG-21 R	Karshi (TurkVO)
04.1980 - 06.1981	229th oaeter	MiG-21 R	Chortkov (PrikVO)
06.1981 - 05.1982	313th detachment	MiG-21 R	Vaziani (ZakVO)
05.1982 - 07.1983	293rd detachment	MiG-21R	Vozzhaevka (FER)
07.1983 - 03.1984	10th orap	MiG-21R	Shchuchin (BVI)
03.1984 - 05.1985	87th detachment	Su-17MZR	Karshi (TurkVO)
05.1985 - 04.1986	871st detachment	Su-17MZR	Chikment (SAVO)
04.1986 - 05.1987	101st orap	Su-17MZR	Borzya (ZabVO)
05.1987 - 09.1988	313th detachment	Su-17MZR	Vaziani(ZakVO)
09.1988 - 01.1989	886th detachment	Su-17M4R	Jekabpils (PribVO)

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Aerial reconnaissance

view military intelligence. It is conducted over the sea and over land by reconnaissance aircraft, by all crews performing combat missions, as well as by unmanned aerial vehicles. The main methods of conducting aerial reconnaissance: visual observation, aerial photographic reconnaissance and reconnaissance using electronic means.

Edwart. Explanatory Naval Dictionary, 2010

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Reconnaissance aviation is the main means of operational and one of the means of tactical reconnaissance.

The military aviation conducts reconnaissance and surveillance, corrects artillery fire, and provides communications between headquarters. However, during decisive periods of hostilities, all types of aviation, including military aviation, must concentrate their efforts on the battlefield to destroy enemy manpower and combat assets in the main direction.

Air reconnaissance site in common system intelligence service

Aerial reconnaissance does not replace other types of reconnaissance, but to a large extent supplements them, establishing with them an uninterrupted chain of reconnaissance and surveillance. In some cases, aviation may be the only possible means of obtaining the necessary data about the enemy.

Possessing the ability to quickly penetrate the enemy's location on great depth, quickly explore vast areas and quickly deliver the obtained data to the command, aviation has become an indispensable means of reconnaissance of large groups of troops, such as armies, corps and divisions.

Air reconnaissance occupies, as it were, an intermediate place between agents operating on enemy territory and military reconnaissance of ground forces. In the process of combat work, the actions of all types of reconnaissance in collecting data on the enemy are closely intertwined, creating conditions for a consistent succession of types of reconnaissance.

The discovered object, having fallen into the sphere of observation of reconnaissance ortans, cannot and must not disappear from their field of vision. Agent, air and ground intelligence sequentially intercept by observation the detected object when it enters the zone of their action, passing it to each other.

Types of aerial reconnaissance

By combat value air reconnaissance is divided into:

a) operational
b) tactical.

Operational aerial reconnaissance is carried out in the interests of the command of the fronts and armies to ascertain the operational plans of the enemy (grouping and transfer of enemy forces and equipment, training likely areas actions within the front or army theater).

The tasks performed by reconnaissance aviation are determined by the nature of the operation being carried out.

Operational aerial reconnaissance, carried out in the interests of the front command, must penetrate into the depth of enemy territory by 200-500 km (the zone of the rear area of the front and the depth reached by a series of successive operations).

Aerial reconnaissance, carried out in the interests of the army command, is conducted at the enemy's location to a depth of 100-200 km, covering the army's rear area with surveillance.

Operational aerial reconnaissance is carried out by order of the army and front commands.

Tactical aerial reconnaissance is carried out in the interests of the troops and the command of corps and divisions (where the division is the highest tactical formation) to determine the size, position and actions of the enemy grouping in front of the given front. military unit.

The tasks of tactical aerial reconnaissance are determined by the nature of combat operations.

Reconnaissance in the interests of the Corps Command is carried out to a depth of 60 km in order to timely detect suitable reserves, especially fiercely mechanized formations.

Reconnaissance in the interests of the division command is conducted to a depth of 30-40 km, ensuring the timely acceptance by the command needed solution and putting it into practice (oncoming combat with an open flank, combat when the enemy has mechanized formations).

Reconnaissance in the interests of independently operating large motorized mechanized formations and cavalry is carried out to a depth that ensures their fulfillment of tasks.

Tactical aerial reconnaissance is carried out by order of the command of the corresponding formation, which includes, is attached to or serves the aviation reconnaissance unit.

A special type of tactical reconnaissance is the observation of the battlefield, maintenance of artillery and escort of tanks.

Characteristics of aerial reconnaissance and its various types

1. Positive properties aerial reconnaissance

1) rapid penetration into the depths of the enemy location;
2) rapid survey (for one purpose or another) of large areas;
3) fast delivery of the obtained data to the command;
4) documentary reliability of photographic reconnaissance data;
5) objective impartiality of photographic reconnaissance.

2. Negative properties of aerial reconnaissance

1) difficulty in recognizing camouflaged enemy targets;
2) the impossibility of obtaining other data in excess of those that can be detected by the eye or a camera (documents, interviewing prisoners, studying the mood of residents, etc.);
3) the impossibility of long and continuous observation of the same object ( specifications: limited stay in the air, dependence on atmospheric and meteorological conditions).

However, the planned and systematic conduct of aerial reconnaissance, supplemented by other types of reconnaissance, makes it possible for the command to accumulate certain data on the position of the enemy at a certain moment and reveal the dynamics of the situation over a certain period of time.

Characteristics of various types of aerial reconnaissance. reconnaissance aviation

I. Subordination of reconnaissance aviation units

Reconnaissance aviation units are subordinate to the chief of staff of the army and receive tasks from him.

2. Tasks of aerial reconnaissance in the most characteristic operations

Counter operation:

a) determination of the intensity of transportation and areas of concentration of the main mass of enemy troops;
b) search for the main groupings of enemy troops, as well as its fast-moving units, establishing the mode of their actions (standing, concentrating, advancing, deploying);
c) determination of the deployment line;
d) determining the location of the army reserve, its strength and composition;
e) observation of the flanks;
f) monitoring the activities of control stations, supply stations and railways and ordinary roads;
g) reconnaissance of the airfield network and the enemy air force.

Offensive:

a) reconnaissance of the main defensive line;
b) determining the location of the enemy's operational reserves and the direction of their movement;
c) monitoring of traffic on railways and ordinary tracks;
d) reconnaissance of rear defensive lines;
e) reconnaissance of the enemy's airfield network.

Defensive operation:

a) establishing the enemy grouping during its operational deployment;
b) establishing the location of reserves;
c) observation of the rear of the enemy to determine the nature of the offensive (preparation of a defensive line, equipment of crossings, etc.);
d) observation of the enemy's railway maneuver;
e) reconnaissance of the airfield network.

Retreat operation:

a) monitoring the advance of the enemy (forward units and the main grouping);
b) observation of the flanks;
c) special observation of the motorized troops and cavalry of the enemy;
d) reconnaissance of the airfield network.

In all types of operations, the tasks of reconnaissance army aviation include servicing political agencies by carrying out propaganda flights and scattering propaganda literature and leaflets at the location of friendly troops and the enemy.

Additional tasks of reconnaissance aviation

In addition to aerial reconnaissance, surveillance and communications, reconnaissance aircraft in some cases may also be involved in solving other tasks inherent in other types of aviation.

In exceptional circumstances, it can be used as ground attack, bomber and fighter aircraft.

During the actions of troops in the mountains, in addition to general tasks, they are responsible for:

a) the tasks of maintaining communications between groups of troops operating in isolated directions;
b) observation of the routes leading to these directions both from the side of the enemy and from the flanks;
c) reconnaissance of valleys, mountain ranges, passes and mountain narrowness;
d) delivery of ammunition and other types of supplies to groups of troops cut off from their supply routes both by the enemy and by terrain conditions, as well as establishing communication between them and the Command.

During the actions of troops in the sands on reconnaissance aviation, except for the tasks specified in paragraphs. a, b and d, the search for water sources, easily visible (in the absence of previous sandstorms) along the paths and traces left by caravans, may be entrusted.

Intelligence objects

Railways. On railways, aerial reconnaissance must inspect railway junctions, stations and stages between them.

Intelligence goal:

a) determining the schedule of movement and establishing the intensity and nature of enemy transportation;
b) study of the structure and operation of the operational rear of the enemy;
c) magnification check bandwidth railways;
d) preparation of a bombing raid on railway junctions, stations, bridges and spans.

The schedule of movement can be determined by observing a railway section 400-500 km long, simultaneously flying over with continuous photographing of it, which will allow lit to take into account the number and nature of the rolling stock following it during the day, since average speed traffic routes per day does not exceed this distance.

Viewing a site in flight

If it is impossible to view a section of this size, one should limit oneself to a section of 250-300 km, viewing it twice a day every 12 hours.

The nature of transportation is determined by the presence of military, supply, passenger and sanitary trains on the examined section, which differ from each other in type -cars and their distribution in the train.

Military trains differ from supply trains in that they have approximately the same number of cars (about 50); this number includes 1-2 class cars in the middle of the train for command staff, 8-10 platforms and the rest of the covered cars. On the way and in the parking lots, military trains can impersonate the smoke of camp kitchens located in the cars, open doors and the presence a large number people around the wagons.

Supply trains differ from each other in the number of cars, and trains with ammunition have no more than 25-30 cars, and trains with other goods normally have about 45-50 cars (covered and platforms).

Sanitary trains differ from passenger trains in color and signs of a red cross or crescent.

The device and work of the operational rear are established by determining the location on the railways of various warehouses, shops and repair bodies, which are unmasked by the unloading and loading of rolling stock, the presence of railway tracks composed and finished trains, the presence of automobile and horse transport, the emergence of new unpaved, heavily rutted roads, and sometimes the presence of goods located on the ground in the form of long and relatively narrow piles.

Increasing throughput railway and a large node is determined by: the opening of sidings and the construction of new ones; excavation work on hauls and stations for widening and lengthening of station sites and laying new tracks; construction of new depots and expansion of existing ones; the appearance of cranes, racks, etc. at sorting and freight stations for the mechanization of loading and unloading operations.

The preparation of a bombing raid on a railway junction is carried out by aerial photography, determining the area

bombing and recognition of structures (depot, station building, water tower, water tower, rotary device, building with central control of arrows), bridges, overpasses, etc.

Highways and dirt roads

During the exploration of soil and highways it is necessary to determine:

a) the nature of traffic on the roads (composition, depth of columns, time and place of detection, direction, and, if possible, speed of movement);
b) the location of the rear bodies (warehouses, storage facilities, repair shops, medical and transit institutions, exchange offices, etc.);
c) districts and settlements occupied by operational and strategic reserves.

The movement of columns is unmasked in summer in dry weather by dust, in summer after rains and in winter - by changing the tone of the road where troops or carts are moving; in the summer after the rains, with alternating areas of dry and wet, the latter, as more sharply protruding, can be easily confused with columns of troops.

Particular attention is drawn to the narrowness of the roads: bridges, gati, crossings, gorges, dams and roads going through swamps, where it is difficult for troops to apply camouflage measures.

Forest roads, roads planted with trees, as well as those near which bushes and small groups of trees grow, present a significant difficulty for reconnaissance.

The location of the rear organs is found by automobile and horse transport, the busy movement of convoys along the roads departing from the settlement, smoke from kitchens and fires, sometimes by herds of large and small lambing.

The areas and settlements occupied by operational and strategic reserves are distinguished by: the presence of shooting ranges, engineering camps (trenchments and fortifications with artificial barriers built for training purposes) and field arenas; the accumulation of a large number of people, horses, carts and cars; significant traffic in and between settlements; laying new roads and widening the rutted part of the old ones; the appearance of trodden places, causing lightening in summer and darkening of the area in winter, and sometimes the appearance of a large number of dugouts and various earthen buildings, and at night fires.

Fortified rear lines. Fortified rear lines are normally located at a distance of 50-100 km from the line of contact with enemy troops, providing

the possibility of organized resistance in the event of a forced withdrawal.

Fortified rear lines consist of fortified lanes and barrier zones

The characteristic features of the border equipment are:

a) excavation of trenches of all types and purposes, communications, shelters and shelters;
b) laying new roads and widening existing ones due to the movement of vehicles transporting building materials; the appearance of treads from the walking of people working on buildings;
c) deforestation and bushes (clearing shelling); the latter is especially characteristic when creating a blockhouse system of defense and notches;
d) demolition of various buildings in settlements located both on the territory of the border itself and in its immediate vicinity (clearing shelling);
e) the presence and construction of building materials warehouses near the borders;
f) the presence of a large amount of delivered building materials (barrels of cement, logs, rails, boards, coils of barbed wire);
g) availability of special land management machines (excavators, concrete mixers, stone crushers, etc.);
h) the presence in some cases of a narrow-gauge field railway connected with the nearest railway station.

Air reconnaissance must establish:

a) the general outline of a fortified or fortified line, its extension along the front and in depth;
b) the degree of development of engineering structures in various directions;
c) type of natural and artificial obstacles;
d) if possible, the nature of the work to prepare the barrier zones.

Airfields and air hubs

Characteristic features of airfields are:

a) flat and unobstructed terrain used for airfields;
b) traces from the wheels of aircraft, crutches and skis (in winter);
c) the presence on the ground of aircraft, tents;
d) heavy traffic personnel and sometimes cars;
e) aircraft takeoffs and landings.

Airfield configuration and terrain cover do not have hallmarks; in addition, the widely used natural and artificial camouflage largely eliminates all unmasking signs of airfields. One should also take into account the fact that numerous false airfields will be set up to mislead the air reconnaissance. All this taken together complicates reconnaissance of airfields and requires it to be carried out by means of continuous, systematic observation of the area where the presence of airfields is assumed for a number of signs. While conducting systematic observation of enemy airfields, the main goal should be to establish the time when enemy aircraft will be on the ground, presenting a good object for their destruction by air attack.

Military aviation. Subordination

Military aviation, organizationally included in the composition of the military formation, in various armies reports either directly to the unit commander or his chief of staff.

Artillery aviation is subordinate to the chief of artillery of the military unit to which it is attached or to which it is a member.

on issues of withdrawal of airfield areas, manning, special training and special aviation technical supply military aviation subordinate to the Chief of the Army Air Forces.

Troop aviation units temporarily assigned to military formations are subordinate to the same commanders, respectively, but only in operational terms.

General tasks of military aviation and common objects intelligence and surveillance

1. Intelligence in the interests of the command of a combined arms formation or units. Reconnaissance objects: enemy troops, especially motorized mechanized units, located on the move or in place.
2. Intelligence for the chiefs of the armed forces. Reconnaissance objects: enemy troops on the move or in place, but at a depth of no more than 15-20 km, especially artillery and motorized units.
3. Observation of the battlefield. Objects of observation: enemy and friendly troops in combat formations, regimental, divisional and corps reserves.
4. Artillery fire control. Objects: artillery batteries in firing positions, tanks in concentrated formations or columns, enemy reserves, both suitable from the depths and located on the battlefield, headquarters, ammunition supply routes.
5. Air communication, transmission of orders to troops and receipt of reports from them,
6. Checking the camouflage of your troops.
7. Air delivery of ammunition and other items in the following cases:

a) the environment of individual parts,

b) actions with a large separation from the front and c) combat with the crossing of large river barriers. In some cases of a combat situation (fighting an enemy airborne assault, when destroying mechanized units that have broken through to the rear of their defense), military aviation contributes ground troops in the fight against ground targets, and in rare cases, it is also involved in the fight against an air enemy.

General reconnaissance objects

The objects of aerial reconnaissance are enemy troops both on the move and located in place (halt, overnight stay, area of concentration).

When deploying troops on the spot:

a) when located in settlements: roads suitable for settlements, streets, gardens, kitchen gardens and yards for detecting convoys, artillery pieces, cars, tents, hitching posts, camp kitchens, etc.;
b) when bivouacking:

1) groves, forest edges and thickets of bushes to detect tents, wagons, cars, tanks, artillery pieces, camp kitchens, hitching posts and groups of people;

2) the banks of rivers and lakes and the space between them and the nearest natural shelters (forests, groves) to identify the horse composition at a watering place or while traveling to it.

Unmasking signs of military branches when located on the spot.

Infantry; a large crowd of people with a relatively small number of horses and carts, the latter being separate small groups.

Artillery: A large collection of horses, ammunition boxes, tractors and some vehicles.

Aviation Reference

Motor transport: accumulation of trucks in the parking lot and in motion on adjacent roads; the usual location is settlements near large dirt roads and highways, near railway stations.

Motorized parts: accumulation of vehicles, tanks, armored vehicles and artillery on self-propelled units, large groups of people.

Troops on the move. The object of reconnaissance is unpaved roads in the zone of action of one’s military formation, and with open flanks and beyond the boundaries of this zone for at least 60 km, in order to timely detect enemy columns, especially motorized mechanized troops.

When troops are detected on the roads, aerial reconnaissance must determine and record:

a) time of observation;
b) direction of movement;
c) the place of the head of the column;
d) the composition of the column (infantry, cavalry, artillery, mixed formation, motorized units);
e) the length of the road section occupied by the column;
e) the distance between constituent parts columns, if they exceed normal;
g) the behavior of troops during a reconnaissance flight (camouflage, air defense).

Unmasking signs of military branches during movement

The infantry looks like points - dark in winter, light or gray in summer. From a height of 1,000 m or more, the points merge and form an elongated rectangle; color - depending on the season; between individual divisions gaps are visible.

The infantry column is characterized by a small number of horsemen and carts.

The cavalry unmasks itself due to the large size of each individual rider, and partly by the different colors of the horses (if the cavalry unit is not on horses of the same color). Visibility is better, the more the color of the soil of the road differs from the color of the horse composition.

From a height of 1,000-1,500 m, small groups of horsemen (10-20 people) are easily distinguishable, and with good visibility, individual asa signs; from a height of more than 1,500 meters, the cavalry column presents elongated bands, better or worse observed 8 depending on the color of the road soil, with small gaps between units.

It is difficult to detect cavalry movement in bushes and forest growths. It is impossible to detect cavalry in the forest if there is no dust, which especially unmasks them.

Horse-drawn artillery is detected by the typical appearance of teams, especially in the presence of a shadow.

In some cases, teams of pontoon troops may be mistaken for artillery.

Mechanical-drawn artillery is more difficult to detect than horse-drawn artillery, especially! if she has special covers that mask the guns.

Individual guns differ from a height of 1,200-1,500 m.

The characteristic contours of the gun are also preserved when observed from high altitudes.

intelligence organization

The organization of reconnaissance in a meeting engagement by means of military aviation is in charge of the corps headquarters.

Part of the aircraft should be placed at the disposal of the divisions.

If this is not possible, the corps headquarters must take into account the requirements of air reconnaissance divisions.

The use of military aviation in offensive combat

Air reconnaissance tasks. In offensive combat, military aviation is assigned the following tasks:

a) set styles leading edge and determine the depth of the enemy's defensive line;
b) determine the nature of enemy engineering defense throughout the entire depth of the defensive zone;
c) establish a second defensive strip;
d) determine the location of the reserves;
e) identify communication nodes;
e) direct their tanks to the objects of their attacks;
g) to ensure the fight against enemy artillery by controlling the fire of their own artillery;
h) observe the battlefield, giving Special attention the advancement of friendly troops and the movements of the enemy;
i) observe the rear of the enemy.

These tasks are carried out in a certain sequence, partly during the preparation of the offensive (tasks according to paragraphs a, b, c, d, g, h, i), partly in the process of the offensive itself (tasks according to paragraphs c, d, e, f, g , h, i).

In addition, before a decision is made by the corps commander, military aviation must ensure that the corps headquarters check all types of reconnaissance data from the aircraft.

Air reconnaissance objects:

a) engineering structures of the defender throughout the entire depth of the defensive zone;
b) artillery in firing positions;
c) enemy reserves;
d) tanks in waiting positions;
e) headquarters and communication centers;
e) rear roads;
g) crossings behind enemy lines.

Unmasking signs

The enemy defense zone is unmasked by trenches. In open areas, solid lines of trenches are perfectly visible from a height of 5,000 m, and in the future

observed at a distance of 7-10 km. In winter, the visibility of the trenches increases.

In a closed area (wooded and mountainous), the trenches are clearly visible from a height of 2,000-3,000 m.

Separate details in the system of trenches are observed only from a height of 800-1,200 m; the presence of people can be determined only in the event of significant movement in the trenches.

The main method of reconnaissance is photography.

Photographing the enemy's defensive line is especially important. The photographic schemes are multiplied in such a way as to, if possible, supply them primarily with artillery, battalions and tank companies acting in the direction of the main shock.

Photo schemes should have a scale of 1: 5,000.

Reconnaissance of well-camouflaged reserves can be carried out not only by observation from the air, but also by the use of bombs and machine-gun fire in order to force the enemy who has taken cover to reveal himself.

Artillery positions are recognized by a number of signs, such as the roughness of roads leading to firing positions, paths, muzzle cones (white in summer, black in winter), clearings in the forest (clearing shelling).