Methodology for the classification of wars and military conflicts. On modern approaches to the theory of military conflicts and their prevention. "Modern Wars and Armed Conflicts"

02.11.2019

(based on the priority of the national interests of the state and universal values).

1. Socio-political bases for the classification of conflicts:

a) In relation to national interests:

Are in the national interest;

Not in the national interest.

b) By type of contradiction:

political;

Economic;

Territorial;

National-ethnic;

Religious.

c) According to the socio-political composition of the parties:

Interstate;

National liberation;

Civil.

d) By the nature of political goals:

aggressive targets;

To restore international peace;

In defense of sovereignty.

2. Legal basis for classification:

Violating international law;

In accordance with international law.

3. Strategic bases for the classification of conflicts:

a) By scale:

military actions;

Local;

World;

fleeting;

lingering;

Coalition;

Bilateral.

b) According to the method of conducting military operations:

Offensive;

Defensive;

Maneuverable;

positional;

c) By means:

With the use of non-conventional means of destruction;

With the use of conventional means of destruction;

Nuclear.

d) By tension:

high intensity;

Medium intensity;

Low intensity.

Classification of wars in Western sociology

The problems of war, its causes and essence, typologies of wars are in the field of view of philosophers and sociologists of Western countries.

The following types of wars of the modern era are distinguished based on:

1. The nature of the weapons used:

With the use of nuclear weapons;

Using only conventional weapons.

2. Spatial scope:

World;

Local.

3. The scale of the use of nuclear weapons:

All-out nuclear war;

Limited nuclear war.

From the point of view of a military specialist, such a division makes sense. We have a similar classification of wars. However, this classification does not always take into account the socio-political aspect of the war. A single objective criterion for wars is not always clearly defined.

The American sociologist M. Midlarsky divides wars into 4 types:

a) territorially limited, short in time, without significant human casualties;

b) long-term regional with a large number of participants, great sacrifices, conducted with the aim of exerting a certain political influence;

c) prolonged violent wars with a large number of victims, aimed at changing the policy of the enemy state;

d) "normative wars" leading to fundamental changes in the system of political power both within the country and internationally.

There are other approaches to the classification of wars. The American sociologist K. Wright in his work "The Study of Wars" proceeds from an abstract understanding of the essence of war. He identifies war with any conflict that takes place not only in human society, but also in the animal world.

K. Wright identifies the following 4 types of wars:

1. Wars between animals (violence of one species of animals against others);

2. Wars between primitive peoples (they contribute to the development of culture);

3. "Historical wars" of the past between civilized peoples who had a written language;

4. Wars waged by highly developed nations with the use of modern technology and weapons.

Topic No. 6. Local wars and armed conflicts of our time

Lesson number 1. Basic information about local wars and armed conflicts of our time

Study questions:

2. Chronology of the main local wars and armed conflicts of our time, their causes and main features.

1. Essence, nature and classification of local wars and armed conflicts.

In essence, military conflicts are a continuation of politics by means of armed struggle and are a form of resolving interstate or intrastate conflicts with the use of military force. The concept of "military conflict" covers all types of armed confrontation, including large-scale, regional, local wars and armed conflicts. Local wars and armed conflicts differ from large-scale and regional wars in that they pursue relatively limited political goals. This also determines the limited scale of hostilities, the small number of participants, the specific strategy and tactics of local wars and armed conflicts.
At the same time, modern local wars and armed conflicts are of significant scale, are accompanied by heavy losses, and contain a constant threat of their escalation into wars of a larger scale.
Thus, the nature of modern military conflicts is determined by their military-political goals, the means of achieving these goals, and the scale of military operations.
In accordance with this, modern military conflicts can be (Fig. 1):

• for military-political purposes - fair (not contradicting the UN Charter, the fundamental norms and principles of international law, carried out in self-defense by the party subjected to aggression); unfair (contrary to the UN Charter, fundamental norms and principles of international law, falling under the definition of aggression and waged by the party that launched an armed attack);

• according to the means used - with the use of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction or with the use of only conventional means of destruction;

• by scale - large-scale (world), regional, local wars, armed conflicts.

Rice. 1. Classification of modern military conflicts

Large-scale (world) war - a war between coalitions of states or the largest states of the world community, in which the parties will pursue radical military-political goals. Such a war can be the result of an escalation of an armed conflict, a local, regional war involving a significant number of states from different regions of the world. A large-scale (world) war can be either nuclear or conventional. World wars include, for example, World War I 1914–1918, World War II 1939–1945.
Regional war - a war involving two or more states of the same region, waged by national or coalition armed forces using both conventional and nuclear weapons on the territory of the region with adjacent water areas and in the air (outer) space above it, during which the parties will pursue important military-political goals. Regional wars include, for example, the Arab-Israeli wars of 1967, 1973, 1982.
A local war is a war between two or more states pursuing limited military-political goals, in which military operations are conducted within the borders of opposing states and which primarily affects the interests of only these states (territorial, economic, political, and others). For example, the war in Korea 1950-1953, the war in Vietnam in 1959-1975, the war of the USA and its allies against Iraq in 1991 and 2003, the war in Afghanistan 1979-1989. and etc.
Armed conflict - an armed clash of a limited scale between states (international armed conflict) or opposing parties within the territory of one state (internal armed conflict). In the course of an armed conflict, economic, national-ethnic, territorial, religious and other contradictions are resolved, as a rule, without the strategic deployment of the Armed Forces. A special form of armed conflict is a border conflict.
Armed conflicts include, for example, the Indo-Pakistani armed conflict, numerous armed conflicts that took place in the early 90s of the twentieth century. on the territory of the former USSR, the armed conflict between Israel and Lebanon in 2006, etc.
Armed conflict is characterized by:

• high involvement in it and vulnerability of the local population;

• the use of irregular armed formations;

• wide use of sabotage and terrorist methods;

• the complexity of the moral and psychological environment in which the troops operate;

• forced diversion of significant forces and means to ensure the security of movement routes, areas and locations of troops (forces);

• danger of transformation into local or regional, large-scale (if it is an international armed conflict) or civil (if it is an internal armed conflict) war.

Joint (multi-departmental) groupings of troops (forces) and command and control bodies may be created to solve problems in an internal armed conflict.
Classification of armed conflicts can also be carried out according to the scope of hostilities and their intensity (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Classification of armed conflicts according to the scope of hostilities and their intensity

According to the scope of hostilities, armed conflicts can be limited, medium and large scale.
Armed conflicts of a limited scale include those that cover up to 25% of the territory and in which up to 25% of the armed forces and military formations of the warring parties participate.
In medium-scale armed conflicts, the coverage of the territory and the degree of participation of armed forces and military formations by military operations ranges from 25 to 50%.
Large-scale armed conflicts include those that cover more than half of the territory and in which more than half of the opposing armed forces and military formations participate.
Armed conflicts can also be classified according to the degree (level) of the intensity of the course of hostilities.
Intensity is understood as the degree to which the size of the armed forces is used in combat operations per unit of time. As a unit of time, one can take a three-month period of training of the Armed Forces (a period sufficient for mobilization and preparation for the start of a conflict), and in the course of hostilities - their real time frame.
The first level is armed conflicts of low intensity (slow). They may be due to the relative equality of the opposing sides, the physical impossibility of defeating the enemy, the partial resolution of contradictions by political means, and other circumstances. This level is characterized by episodic combat operations in the form of raids, raids, sabotage and terrorist actions with subsequent withdrawal, often to the territory of neighboring countries or to hard-to-reach areas. In armed conflicts of low intensity, up to 25% of the armed forces of at least one of the parties participate in hostilities or are directly preparing for participation.
Armed conflicts of medium intensity are characterized by a combination of the political orientations of the opposing sides, primarily on the military resolution of contradictions by defeating the enemy, and by the presence of forces sufficient to conduct active combat operations. In this case, from 25 to 50% of the armed forces of at least one of the parties participate in hostilities or are directly preparing for participation.
Armed conflicts of high intensity are marked by a combination of decisive political attitudes of the opposing sides solely on the military resolution of contradictions by defeating the enemy and the presence of sufficient forces at least one of the parties to achieve this goal. The degree of participation in the conflict of high intensity of the Armed Forces of one of the parties is not less than 50%.
The intensity of an armed conflict can also be determined by the number of victims over a certain period of time, because an increase in intensity inevitably leads to an increase in losses in manpower and equipment.

2. Chronology of the main local wars and armed conflicts of our time, their causes and main features.

In total, more than 200 armed conflicts and about 20 regional and local wars of varying intensity took place in the period after the Second World War.
The most significant of them were: the Korean War of 1950-1953, the Vietnam War of 1959-1975, the wars in the Middle East between Israel and the Arab states in 1967, 1973, 1982, the Soviet-Afghan war of 1979-1989 ., war in the Persian Gulf zone 1991, 2003, war in Yugoslavia 1999

Korean War 1950–1953

The Korean War was unleashed by South Korea with the help of the United States in order to eliminate the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) (album of schemes, scheme 62). By the summer of 1950, South Korea had prepared more than 100,000 troops equipped with American weapons for aggression. An offensive group consisting of 8 divisions was created. They were ready to be supported by 4 American divisions, over 800 aircraft and about 300 ships of the US 7th Fleet stationed in Japan.
On June 25, 1950, South Korean troops crossed the 38th parallel and invaded the territory of the DPRK. The Korean People's Army (KPA), having repulsed the enemy's blows, went over to the offensive on the same day. On the third day of the war, the US air force and navy began to attack airfields, North Korean industrial facilities, army communications, and troops on the battlefield.
The transfer of units of the 8th American Army to Korea and Japan began on July 1, 1950, and on July 5 they entered the battle against the KPA.
In the course of successful operations, the KPA occupied a significant part of the territory of South Korea, surrounded the American-South Korean grouping in the Busan region and pressed it to the sea.
However, on September 16, 1950, the troops of the 8th US Army (14 divisions, 2 brigades, up to 500 tanks, over 1600 guns and mortars, more than 1000 aircraft) went on the offensive and, together with the 10th US Corps, which landed in Inchon, captured Seoul, trying to encircle the main forces of the KPA. However, the KPA command was able to withdraw most of the troops to the north. U.S.-South Korean troops captured Pyongyang on October 23 using a large superiority in forces. On the east coast, by the end of November 1950, American troops managed to reach the Korean-Chinese border.
The enemy's further advance was halted by the stubborn defense of the KPA troops, supplemented by blows from partisans operating behind enemy lines. The government of the PRC took the side of the DPRK, as a result of which, in October 1950, the KPA and units of the Chinese army dealt a powerful blow to the aggressors on the western sector of the front . As a result of successful KPA operations, by July 1951 the front had stabilized along the line of the 38th parallel, and the belligerents began peace negotiations.
It should be noted that for the first time in this war were applied helicopters , supersonic aviation , has been widely used INCENSIBLE WEAPONS - a weapon whose destructive effect is based on the use of military incendiary substances. Incendiary weapons are used to destroy personnel (located openly and in shelters), destroy equipment, materiel, buildings, crops and forests, as well as to create fires in the area military operations.", 170, 600, "Definition");"> incendiary , CHEMICAL WEAPONS - weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of poisonous substances (S), and the means of their use: shells, rockets, mines, aerial bombs, VAPs (pouring aviation devices).", 170, 600, "Definition") ;"> chemical , BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS are pathogenic microorganisms or their spores, viruses, bacterial toxins, infected animals, as well as their means of delivery (missiles, guided missiles, automatic balloons, aviation) intended for mass destruction of enemy manpower, farm animals, agricultural crops, as well as damage to certain types of military materials and equipment.", 170, 600, "Definition"); "> biological weapon.
The American command repeatedly disrupted negotiations and re-started hostilities, but did not achieve success. The active actions of the KPA troops, as well as the support of the DPRK by the USSR and China, led to the signing of a ceasefire agreement on July 27, 1953.
It should be noted that during October-December 1952, a conflict was brewing in the combat area and the world was on the verge of a new world war. The fact is that the United States planned to strike at the USSR with the forces of the 7th Fleet, during which they were to be bombed at the base of the Soviet fleet in Vladivostok. Together with the 7th Fleet, the US ground forces were to invade the territory of Northern Manchuria, Soviet Siberia and Mongolia. However, having learned about the counter plans of the USSR (relocation to the conflict area from 9 to 12 airborne divisions and at least two armies; bringing the Pacific Fleet and the forces of the Amur flotilla to full combat readiness; accelerating work on the creation of ICBMs), the US government decided by December to the withdrawal of the 7th Fleet from the Sea of Okhotsk, as well as the redeployment of aircraft carriers of atomic bombs from airfields in South Korea.
The total official losses of the parties amounted to: in the DPRK - about 2 million killed and wounded, in China - 600 thousand people, in the USA - 157.5 thousand killed and wounded and 20 thousand prisoners, the USSR, according to various sources, lost from 200 to 500 people.
Thus, the war in Korea was fought on a limited theater of operations, it was a local war. In the course of the war, both sides used the forms and methods of armed struggle developed during the Second World War. At the beginning of the war, the combat operations of the parties were of a maneuvering nature, then - positional. Both sides carried out both attack and defense.
Formations of the KPA and the DPRK in the conditions of mountainous and wooded terrain often received offensive zones, which included only one road, along which their battle formation was deployed. As a result, the divisions did not have attached flanks, the gaps between the flanks reached 15–20 km. The battle order of formations was built in one or two echelons. The width of the penetration section of the divisions was up to 3 km or more. During the offensive, the formations fought along the roads with part of the forces, and the main forces sought to reach the flanks and rear of the defending enemy grouping.
Defense at the beginning of the war was carried out on a wide front on the principle of holding tactically important objects. At the end of the war, the troops began to build a defense in depth on a continuous front. New elements of the military art of the KPA and the DPRK in defense:

• widespread use of tunnels, the system of which was linked to the tiered arrangement of trenches;

• Creation of corridors in the anti-tank defense located along the valleys and roads ("fire bags") in echelon to the entire tactical depth, in which the enemy tanks that had broken through were destroyed by flank fire;

• widespread use of small arms to fight enemy aircraft and the involvement of shooters-hunters for enemy aircraft;

• in order to prevent losses from enemy air strikes and artillery fire, the troops actively fought at night, for which night assault groups were created.

The military art of the American and South Korean troops in the Korean War was based on the experience of the Second World War. The main stake was placed on the surprise of the attack, the massive use of aviation and naval forces to gain superiority in the air and at sea, with further switching of aviation and naval forces to support the ground forces.
As a rule, joint forces carried out offensive operations in the presence of a significant superiority in forces and means. The offensive was preceded by aviation and artillery preparation. The blows were delivered to the entire depth of the defense formation, after which the infantry and tanks rushed to the attack.
Defense throughout the war, due to the mountainous nature of the terrain, was created in the form of separate strongholds. At the final stage of the war, the American army had to create a deep, multi-lane positional defense.
For the first time in the war, jet aircraft were widely used, and helicopters were used for landings and other auxiliary tasks. The American command often used "scorched earth" tactics, using napalm and other incendiary means, as well as bacteriological and chemical weapons.

Vietnam War (1959–1975).

After the first Indochinese war for the preservation of the French colonies in this region (1945–1954), which ended in the defeat of France, according to the Geneva and 1954 agreements on Indochina, Vietnam was divided into two parts, on the territory of which independent states were subsequently proclaimed. states with different political systems: in the north, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam with the capital Hanoi and the Republic of Vietnam with the capital Saigon - in the south (album of schemes, scheme 63 ).
At the end of 1958, the Saigon regime, using US military and economic assistance, created an armed force (about 350,000) and, under the leadership of American military advisers, began wide-ranging punitive expeditions into South Vietnam.
Since 1959, the Vietnamese people launched a guerrilla struggle, and by the end of 1960, the Vietnamese people's army had liberated most of the territory of South Vietnam.
Since August 1964, the United States entered the war, provoking the Tonkin Incident (the invasion of American warships into the waters of the Gulf of Tonkin as a result of the alleged shelling of the destroyer Meldox). The DRV was subjected to aerial bombardment and shelling from the ships of the US 7th Fleet. Since 1965, large contingents of American troops began to operate in Vietnam (for example, in 1968 - over 540 thousand people, excluding the forces of the fleet and strategic aviation), as well as individual combat units of South Korea, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia and New Zealand (total about 75 thousand people). In April 1965, the command of the US Army in Vietnam was created.
The aggressors used barbaric weapons (napalm, chemical and biological weapons) against the civilian population, carrying out "scorched earth tactics", using, first of all, aircraft of the Air Force and the Navy.
From the beginning of 1968, the patriotic forces of South Vietnam launched a general offensive and forced the US-Saigon troops to go over to the strategic defense. The air war against Vietnam also did not produce the expected results. The air defense system of Vietnam, created with the help of the USSR, made it possible to successfully fight American aircraft. The war took on protracted forms with heavy losses on both sides.
As a result, the United States suffered the largest political and military defeat in its history. According to American data, the total losses amounted to about 360 thousand people, 9 thousand aircraft and helicopters, and many other military equipment. The losses of the population and the army of North and South Vietnam have not yet been reliably established, but they were disproportionately large.
In 1969, the Republic of South Vietnam was formed on the territory of South Vietnam.
The defeat in the war and the demands of the world community forced the United States on January 27, 1973 to sign the Paris Agreement on Vietnam. However, even after the signing of the Paris Agreement, the United States continued to supply weapons to the Saigon regime, and 20,000 American military advisers remained in the puppet army. In 1975, the defeat of the Saigon army was finally completed and the regime of South Vietnam was liquidated, and in 1976 a single state was formed - the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Wars in the Middle East between Israel and the Arab states.

In November 1947, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution "On the establishment in the territory of Palestine of two independent states - Arab and Jewish", and on May 14, 1948, the formation of the state of Israel was proclaimed. Following this, on the night of May 15, 1948, the first Arab-Israeli war began, which was fought between Israel, supported by the United States and Great Britain, and a group of Arab states (Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Yemen), supported by the USSR. These and subsequent wars were based on the territorial claims of both sides.
As a result of aggressive actions, already in the first war, Israel captured almost half of the territory of Palestine, intended for the Arab state (about 6.7 thousand km 2 was captured, about 900,000 Arabs were expelled). The war ended in 1949 with the signing of an agreement establishing a demilitarized zone.
The second ("six-day") Arab-Israeli war began on June 5, 1967 with a surprise Israeli attack on Egypt, Syria and Jordan. In the very first hours of the war, Israel managed to disable most of the aviation of these states and seize the strategic initiative (album of schemes, scheme 64 ).
During the 6 days of the war, Israel captured the Sinai Peninsula on the Egyptian front, and the Golan Heights and the western province of Jordan on the Syrian front. However, the Arab states, relying on the help of the USSR and other socialist states, restored their military potential. Further operations of the Israeli Armed Forces slowed down. The war ended on June 12, 1967 with an agreement reached between the belligerents through the mediation of the USA and the USSR. As a result, Israel withdrew its troops from the areas west of the Suez Canal, but retained the occupied territories in the Sinai Peninsula (the peninsula was finally returned to Egypt only in 1982) and in Western Syria.
The third Arab-Israeli war of 1973 was fought between Israel, supported by the US and Great Britain, and a group of Arab states (Egypt, Syria) supported by the USSR. It began on October 6, 1973 with the attack of Egypt and Syria on Israel.
At the same time, at the beginning, the Egyptian Armed Forces managed to force the Suez Canal and liberate a significant part of the Sinai Peninsula. Syria captured the Golan Heights, but later Israel seized the strategic initiative. As a result of the powerful counterattacks undertaken, he managed to defeat the Egyptian army at first, force the Suez Canal and, having seized bridgeheads on the western coast, create a threat to Cairo. Then, shifting efforts to the northern front, push back the Syrian troops, retake the Golan Heights and create a threat to Damascus.
The war was terminated in accordance with the decision of the UN Security Council and as a result of the diplomatic efforts of the USSR and the USA on October 22, 1973, Israel withdrew its troops from part of the occupied territories. A zone occupied by the UN Emergency Armed Forces has been formed between the warring states.
In the development of military art following the results of the Arab-Israeli wars of 1967, 1973. the following main points can be noted.
Compared to the defense during the Korean War, the defense became more stable and active due to its saturation with tanks, armored personnel carriers, and self-propelled artillery. It could be both continuous and focal. An example of a positional defense in depth is the Barleva Line, built by the Israelis in the early 1970s along the eastern bank of the Suez Canal.
The Suez Canal was a complex natural obstacle (width 150-200 m, depth - 12-15 m), along which a system of underground storage facilities (capacity 200 tons each) was created with a flammable mixture, which was planned to flood the surface of the water in case the enemy tried to force the water barrier.
The defense of the Israeli troops consisted of two lanes with a total depth of 30–50 km. The first lane had two positions and was occupied by infantry brigades. They had a battle order in two echelons and defended along the front up to 16 km.
The leading edge of the first position, the depth of which reached 2–3 km, passed directly along the steep banks of the canal and an embankment up to 20 m high. and ATGMs. The density of anti-tank weapons in the tank-prone areas was 10-12 tanks and 4-3 anti-tank guns per 1 km of the front.
The second position of the first line of defense was 12–15 km from the canal. Its strongholds covered the roads to the mountain passes, along which the second line of defense passed. It was intended for the location of operational reserves.
The practice of moving Israeli troops to the defensive during an unsuccessful offensive had features of mobile defense. In this case, they retreated to the nearest dominant heights and quickly created all-round defenses on them in the form of platoon and company strongholds. The strongholds were based on combat posts dispersed along the front and echeloned in depth. Helicopter landing sites were equipped near the strongholds, to which cargo was delivered. This practice allowed us to gain time and ensure the pulling up of reserves.
The important role of anti-tank defense organization was confirmed. It included the pre-emptive destruction of enemy tanks by artillery and aviation fire at maximum range; complex use of anti-tank weapons - cannon artillery, Anti-tank guided missile - a guided missile designed to destroy tanks and other armored targets. The former name of the ATGM is "anti-tank guided missile". Part of the anti-tank missile system (ATGM).", 140, 600, "Definition");"> ATGM , tanks, combat helicopters. The practice of creating "anti-tank bags" has been developed. For this, tank units (up to a battalion) were allocated, reinforced ATGM. They took up defenses in tank-hazardous directions in such a way that the advancing enemy tanks first came under fire from tanks in the trenches, and then, after trying to bypass the ambush, under the fire of camouflaged ATGMs. Combat helicopters completed the destruction. As a result of this technique, one of the Egyptian tank brigades in 1973 was drawn into a similar "bag" and lost 80 tanks.
In the offensive, such a new form of creating a shock group as operational-tactical groups was developed. They included armored and infantry brigades, field artillery divisions and engineering troops. Combining various types of troops in one battle formation ensured their close interaction, the ability to develop an offensive at a high pace and solve a wide range of tasks in isolation from the main forces.
An important role in the implementation of the maneuver was assigned to small raid groups of tanks (numbering from a platoon to a company), reinforced by motorized infantry and ATGM units on armored personnel carriers.
With the development of success, forward detachments, tactical airborne assault forces and special sabotage groups were widely used.
in the Arab-Israeli war of 1973. such new means of armed struggle as combat helicopters with anti-tank guided missiles were used; self-propelled artillery; Tactical ballistic missiles are a type of missile weapon; designed to hit targets directly in the field of military operations. Tactical missiles, as a rule, have a relatively short range and are designed to destroy targets such as fortified enemy positions, troop concentrations, military equipment, and the like.", 140, 600, "Definition");"> tactical ballistic missiles ; A man-portable air defense system (MANPADS) is an anti-aircraft missile system designed to be transported and fired by one person. Due to their small size, MANPADS are easily camouflaged and mobile.", 100, 600, "Definition");"> portable air defense systems ; anti-tank missiles; funds Electronic warfare (EW) - - a set of measures and actions of troops (forces) coordinated in terms of goals, tasks, place and time to identify radio-electronic means (RES) and control systems for enemy troops (forces) and weapons, their destruction by all types of weapons or capture ( incapacitation) and electronic suppression (REP), as well as electronic protection (REZ) of their radio-electronic facilities and command and control systems for troops and weapons, as well as electronic information support and counteraction to enemy reconnaissance technical means; type of combat support.", 180, 650, "Definition");"> electronic warfare ; aviation guided missiles.
The 1982 Lebanon War was fought by US-backed Israel against Lebanon and Syria. It began with an Israeli attack on the southern regions of Lebanon in order to destroy the combat detachments for the liberation of Palestine. As a result, the Israeli armed forces managed to capture a significant part of Lebanese territory and blockade the Lebanese capital of Beirut. In a critical situation, Syria sent its troops to Lebanon. As a result of the unfolding battles in the northeastern part of the country, the front stabilized. The war ended with an agreement reached with the participation of the US and the USSR.
The armed conflict between Israel and Lebanon in 2006 was the second Lebanese in a row and the eighth in a series of Israeli-Arab wars and conflicts.
The peculiarity of this armed conflict was that Israel did not formulate clear political goals that it had to achieve as a result of military operations. At first, it was stated that they were being carried out only to release two Israeli soldiers captured by Hezbollah militants, then it was announced that it was necessary to reduce the military threat from this group, to move deep into Lebanese territory and establish a demilitarized zone and other tasks.
The strategic plan was to force large religious communities in that country to oppose Hezbollah by bombing Lebanese targets (military groups, roads, fuel storage facilities, Beirut airport, etc.). It should be noted that such a scenario of conducting military operations (with the decisive role of the Air Force in the war) is characteristic of virtually all LVVK with the participation of the United States after the Second World War.
However, the stubborn resistance of the Hezbollah units, combined with political pressure from Muslim countries, forced Israel to make changes to the course of the operation. In particular, to switch to ground combat operations, for which the Israeli army was not ready (lack of reliable intelligence, untrained personnel of the Armed Forces to act in a guerrilla war, weak protection of armored vehicles and personnel, poor logistics, etc.).
In turn, the Hezbollah group was well prepared for the war, which is confirmed by the following facts:

• the south of Lebanon was divided into 6 zones, which were divided into sectors coinciding with the territory of various villages, and the entire territory of the alleged hostilities was equipped in engineering terms (bunkers, tunnels, secret passages);

• For air strikes on Israel, missiles with launch ranges of 50–100 km were used, which are impossible to fight with existing air defense systems (the air defense systems in Israeli service are designed to intercept missiles when they are launched from a range of at least 400 km);

• The militants used modern means of control and communication (PC, mobile radio, listening equipment);

• The nature of the combat operations of the militant units against the Israeli troops was extremely covert (the so-called "garage" tactics of delivering strikes were used).

The truce between Israel and Lebanon reached by August 15, 2006 stopped the bloodshed, and UN peacekeeping forces were brought into the conflict area.
Operation Cast Lead, which began by Israel on December 29, 2008 and lasted 22 days, included an air phase (until January 4, 2009) and a ground phase. The Israeli Air Force, in addition to manned aircraft, widely used Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) - an aircraft without a crew on board.", 40, 600, "Definition"); "> UAV of various ranges, concrete-piercing bombs GBU-39, which pierced concrete ceilings of tunnels and underground structures of militants up to 90 cm deep, as well as phosphorus bombs. During the ground phase of the operation, the Israeli troops encountered the same difficulties as in 2006: the lack of well-established interaction between the branches of the armed forces (“friendly fire”), well-organized guerrilla actions of militants (the number of detachments did not exceed 50 people, within created underground infrastructure, not the traditional maneuver of forces and means, but the maneuver of combat crews was widely used, which made it possible to launch missiles in Israel until the last day of the armed conflict, etc.).

Soviet-Afghan War (1979–1989).

In 1978, a coup d'etat took place in Afghanistan under the leadership of the Democratic Party of this country with the support of the USSR.
The revolutionary council took a course towards building socialism, using the experience of internal transformations of the USSR in Central Asia. Such a drastic change in traditions and way of life caused a protest among the local population. The Muslim clergy also opposed the innovations (for 4 thousand inhabitants in Afghanistan, on average, there is 1 mosque and 660 mullah).
In opposition to the revolutionary government, with the support of regular Pakistani officers and specialists from Western states (primarily the United States), the National Front for the Liberation of Afghanistan was formed, which began preparing uprisings in Kandahar, Jalalabad, Herat, Khost (album of schemes, scheme 65). In the spring of 1979, members of this organization made several attempts to penetrate Afghan territory from Pakistan.
Thus, in Afghanistan, the interests of not only the two internal groups clashed, but also the interests of the USSR and the USA. On December 12, 1979, the revolutionary government of Afghanistan, which was rapidly losing strength and authority, turned to the USSR with a request to station the garrisons of the Soviet Armed Forces in the north of the country and take control of the roads.
The transfer of Soviet troops began on December 25, 1979. The military transport aviation of the USSR Armed Forces made 340 flights to deliver troops and equipment to their destination.
Soviet troops began advancing in the direction of the largest cities of Afghanistan: Kandahar, Herat, Kabul, Kunduz on December 29, 1979. In addition to escorting cargo convoys, together with Afghan troops, Soviet units engaged in battle with opposition groups and prevented the delivery of ammunition and weapons from the territory of Iran and Pakistan .
Winter 1980–1981 the armed opposition changed the tactics of direct confrontation to partisan. The targets of terrorist acts were vital industrial enterprises and facilities, groupings of government and Soviet troops.
In 1986, the leadership of Afghanistan launched a program of national reconciliation. Representatives of the DRA entered into negotiations with the opposition. All the fighters who left the ranks of the opposition were amnestied, and the refugees began to return to their homeland. Influential politicians agreed with the idea of forming a government from representatives of various political parties.
At the end of 1988 - beginning of 1989. Negotiations were held on the end of hostilities and the organization of a coalition government. The Soviet representatives testified their readiness to peacefully settle the situation in Afghanistan. Part of this commitment was the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the country, which was completed by February 15, 1989.
During this war, about 14 thousand Soviet soldiers were killed, more than 35 thousand were injured, over 300 went missing. The total number of troops sent to Afghanistan exceeded 80 thousand people.

Gulf War 1990–1991 (Operation Desert Storm).

In early 1990, Iraq's economic interests came into sharp conflict with the interests of other countries in the Persian Gulf. The need for significant sums of money for the development of the economy forced the Iraqi government to come out in favor of raising prices for oil produced in the region. However, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia openly spoke out against such a solution to Iraq's financial problems. In response, the President of Iraq, S. X. Usain, decided to achieve his goal in the only possible way, as it seemed to him, - by war.
Initially, on July 18, 1990, Iraq brought charges against Kuwait for appropriating the Rumaila oil field, which belongs to the sphere of influence of Iraq (album of schemes, scheme 66). In compensation, Kuwait had to pay 2.4 billion dollars, as well as forgive the debt of 10 billion dollars provided to Iraq during its armed clash with Iran.
Without reaching a mutual agreement on the controversial issue, on August 2, 1990, the Iraqi armed forces invaded Kuwaiti territory. Western countries quickly reacted to the occupation of Kuwait, and already on August 10, American troops launched Operation Desert Shield. In order to prevent possible Iraqi aggression against Saudi Arabia and the advancement of the Iraqi army in a southerly direction, they undertook a landing of troops in the Persian Gulf.
Initially, the UN did not approve of the actions of the allies, but on November 29, 1990, the UN Security Council still allowed the use of any means, including military ones, to force the Iraqi president to withdraw troops from Kuwait. The ultimatum presented to Iraq indicated the deadline for the withdrawal of troops - January 15, 1991.
The United States and its allies in the Persian Gulf formed an anti-Iraqi coalition, which by the beginning of 1991 included 28 countries (about 600,000 soldiers and officers, 2,000 combat aircraft, more than 4,000 tanks, and 3,700 artillery pieces and mortars). The Allied naval forces included 100 warships, including 6 multi-purpose American aircraft carriers, 2 battleships (Missouri and Wisconsin), submarines carrying A cruise missile is an unmanned aerial vehicle of a single launch, the flight path of which is determined by the aerodynamic lift of the wing, engine thrust and gravity", 140, 600, "Definition"); "> cruise missiles sea-based (SLCM) "Tomahawk".
According to various sources, the Iraqi armed forces numbered from 750 to 900 thousand soldiers and officers, from 7.5 to 8 thousand guns and mortars, more than 700 combat aircraft and 5 thousand tanks. In addition, S. Hussein's army was armed with 500 ground-to-ground operational-tactical missiles (OTRs).
The command of the allied forces, quite accurately aware of the number of enemy armed forces, in the upcoming operation had high hopes for numerical and qualitative superiority in aviation, navy, electronic warfare and WTO. According to leading military experts, such a balance of forces should have reduced losses in the multinational allied forces during the operation on land.
When planning military operations, the coalition command had to take into account two more important factors: the possibility of Iraq trying to draw Israel into the armed conflict, which could lead to Jordan and some other Arab countries speaking out on the Iraqi side, as well as the possibility of Iraq using chemical weapons.
Since on January 15, 1991, the conditions of the ultimatum from Iraq were never fulfilled, on January 17 at 00 GMT (3 hours Baghdad time), the areas where the Iraqi troops were located were subjected to massive air ( Massed air strike (MAU) - a simultaneous strike by all or most of the forces of an aviation formation in a limited area with the aim of decisively defeating troops (objects) in a short time.", 40, 600, "Definition"); "> UIA ) and massive air-missile (MRAU) strikes as part of the air-offensive operation (VNO) conducted by the coalition forces. Air Force and Navy aircraft from the US, UK, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait bombed the southern territories of Iraq and parts of the Iraqi armed forces in Kuwait. The raid was accompanied by rocket fire from US ships and submarines at Iraqi air defense systems, as well as the city of Basra, near which the elite units of the guard were stationed.
S. Hussein.
The UNO of the Multinational Force (MNF) ended on the third day. Despite the fact that massive air strikes turned out to be quite effective, they did not allow us to solve all the tasks.
In the future, selective air strikes continued until favorable conditions were created for a ground operation. Aircraft of the multinational forces made up to 2,500 sorties per day.
As early as January 18, the Iraqi armed forces began launching retaliatory OTR missile strikes on the territories of Israel and Saudi Arabia. For example, for the period from January 18 to 23, about 130 launches were made, the effectiveness of which turned out to be insignificant due to the low technical readiness of these missiles and the countermeasures of the American Patriot air defense systems, which were used for the first time in combat conditions in the interests of solving the problem of anti-missile defense (ABM) in combat conditions.
In mid-February 1991, the government of S. Hussein announced its readiness to withdraw troops from the occupied Kuwait territory, but, despite this statement, the command of the joint forces launched a ground operation, the purpose of which was to encircle and destroy the Iraqi group in Kuwait.
The ground operation to liberate Kuwait, which began on February 24, 1991, lasted only 4 days and ended with the complete defeat of the Iraqi troops.
In the course of hostilities, Iraq has almost completely exhausted its economic and military capabilities, and the resolutions of the UN Security Council regarding the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from the occupied territories were implemented.
Operation Desert Storm was the largest armed conflict since World War II. The loss of the Iraqi side amounted to about 70 thousand people killed and wounded, 65 thousand prisoners and 30 thousand missing. In addition, S. Hussein's army lost 360 aircraft, 2700 tanks, 5 warships, 25 boats and about 40 OTP launchers.
Losses in the ranks of the Allied forces turned out to be much smaller: 795 people were killed, less than 70 aircraft, 28 helicopters and a small amount of armored vehicles.
The most important feature of Operation Desert Storm was the use of the latest types of high-precision weapons (cruise missiles, guided aircraft munitions, reconnaissance and strike systems, etc.), satellite reconnaissance, navigation and communications systems, aircraft made using Stealth technology, as well as the use in the new conditions of such forms of combat use of troops as an air-offensive operation, massed air and massed air-missile strikes.
The growing role of weapons in the course of combat allowed some military experts to start talking about the emergence of a new type of "technogenic" war, the prototype of which was Operation Desert Storm.

War in Yugoslavia 1999

The reason for the war was the collapse of the Yugoslav state by mid-1992, caused by the conflict between the federal republics and various ethnic groups, as well as attempts to revise the existing borders between the republics (album of schemes, scheme 67). For example, in 1991-1998. there were 543 clashes between Albanian militants and Serbian police, 75% of which took place in five months of the last 1998. To stop the wave of violence against the Serbs in the province of Kosovo, Belgrade sent police units and military units numbering about 30 thousand people there, which ultimately predetermined the intervention of the NATO member states, who demanded to stop the actions of the Serbian forces under the threat of bombing Belgrade. Serbian troops were withdrawn from the region and Albanian militants re-occupied a significant part of Kosovo and Metohija. The forcible expulsion of the Serbs from these territories began.
Despite this, in March 1999, in violation of the UN Charter, the NATO bloc launched a military operation against Yugoslavia, called "Resolute Force". At the first stage of this operation, 460 combat aircraft were used, and by the end of the operation their number had increased by more than 2.5 times. The composition of the NATO ground grouping was brought to 10 thousand people with heavy armored vehicles and operational-tactical missiles in service. Within a month since the beginning of the operation, the NATO naval grouping was increased to 50 ships equipped with sea-based cruise missiles and 100 carrier-based aircraft, and then increased several times more (for carrier-based aviation - 4 times). In total, 927 carrier-based aircraft and 55 ships, including 4 aircraft carriers, participated in the NATO operation. NATO troops were served by a group of space assets providing reconnaissance, communications, and navigation (NAVSTAR system).
By the beginning of the NATO aggression, the Yugoslav Armed Forces numbered 90 thousand people, as well as about 16 thousand people of the police and security forces. The Yugoslav army had up to 200 combat aircraft, about 150 anti-aircraft missile systems of obsolete types, and, consequently, with limited combat capabilities for the destruction of modern air attack weapons (SVN).
Operation "Decisive Force" began with the VNO (2 days), during which 2 MRAUs were inflicted.
NATO used 1,200-1,500 sea- and air-based cruise missiles to attack 900 targets in the Yugoslav economy (for comparison, about 300 in Iraq). During the first stage of the operation, these funds destroyed the oil industry of Yugoslavia, 50% of the ammunition industry, 40% of the tank and automobile industries, 40% of oil storage facilities, and 100% of strategic bridges across the Danube. Aviation performed from 600 to 800 sorties per day. In total, 38,000 sorties were made during the operation, more than 20,000 bombs and guided missiles were dropped. 37,000 uranium projectiles were also used, as a result of which 23 tons of depleted uranium-238 were sprayed over Yugoslavia.
An important component of the aggression was the information war, which included a powerful impact on the information systems of Yugoslavia in order to destroy information sources and undermine the combat command and control system, as well as information isolation not only of the troops, but also of the population. The destruction of television and radio centers cleared the information space for broadcasting stations of European states and the United States.
According to NATO, the bloc lost 5 aircraft, 16 unmanned aerial vehicles and 2 helicopters in the operation. According to the Yugoslav side, 61 aircraft, 238 cruise missiles, 30 unmanned aerial vehicles and 7 helicopters were shot down.
Yugoslavia in the first days of the war lost a significant part of its aviation and air defense systems (up to 70% of the air defense systems). The rest of the air defense forces and means were preserved due to the fact that the country's leadership refused to conduct an air defensive operation, conducting only guerrilla operations.
As a result of NATO bombings, more than 2,000 civilians were killed, more than 7,000 people were injured, more than 750 thousand inhabitants of Yugoslavia became refugees, and 2.5 million people were left without the necessary living conditions. The total material damage from NATO aggression amounted to over $100 billion.
On June 10, 1999, hostilities against Yugoslavia were suspended. The Yugoslav leadership agreed to withdraw all military and police forces from Kosovo and Metohija, and already on June 11, NATO rapid reaction forces entered the territory of the province. However, this did not stop inter-ethnic violence. In the year after the end of NATO aggression, more than 1,000 people were killed in the region, more than 200,000 Serbs and Montenegrins and 150,000 representatives of other ethnic groups were expelled, about 100 churches and monasteries were burned or damaged.
In 2002, the NATO Prague Summit was held, which legalized any operations of the alliance outside the territories of its member countries "wherever it is required", without the consent of the UN.
Thus, when analyzing the NATO war against Yugoslavia in 1999, three main aspects can be distinguished. From a military-political point of view, it opened the era of open military-force diktat (without coordination with the world community) by the US and NATO in relation to other countries.
From a military-strategic point of view, the US and NATO have practically implemented the concept of "air war" put forward by the Italian military theorist General Douai back in the 1920s. According to this concept, in order to force the enemy to surrender, it is enough to destroy the most important military, state and economic facilities on his territory by inflicting massive air strikes on them. The goals of the war in Yugoslavia were achieved without the participation of ground forces, but only through an air offensive operation that lasted 79 days.
Finally, from a military-technical point of view, this war became a continuation of a new, so-called "non-contact" type of warfare, demonstrated back in the Persian Gulf in 1991. The characteristic features of such wars are the overwhelming military-technical and informational superiority of the attacking side, its massive use of unmanned reconnaissance and destruction weapons and long-range weapons, the systematic and selective destruction of the most important objects throughout the enemy’s territory in order to force him to capitulate.

2003 Gulf War

The reasons for the war were, first of all, economic - the struggle for possession of the richest Iraqi oil and gas fields (Iraq ranks 4th in the world in terms of explored reserves of these resources). At the same time, the United States, as the reason for the invasion, imposed on the media the idea that Iraq possessed stocks of weapons of mass destruction, which could threaten the world community.
The total strength of the ground grouping of the US armed forces in the area of destination for the invasion of Iraq amounted to more than 145 thousand people, including: ground forces - 55 thousand people, marines - 65 thousand people, air force - 25 thousand people. More than 420 carrier-based aircraft and 540 ground grouping aircraft were concentrated in the crisis zone, including 41 US Air Force strategic bombers (B-1B, B-52) and 20 B-2A bombers made using stealth technology. The number of strategic reconnaissance aircraft of the US, British and French air forces amounted to more than 20, and AWACS, Gistars, Hawkeye radar reconnaissance aircraft - up to 30.
The created groupings of troops (forces) of the multinational forces were covered from air strikes by 40 air defense systems ("Patriot", "Improved Hawk", "Shain-2").
The grouping of the US Navy and its allies in the crisis zone consisted of 115 warships, including 29 carriers of sea-based cruise missiles (nuclear submarines - 11, surface ships - 18), with about 750 SLCMs. Three carrier strike groups of the US Navy were created in the Persian Gulf, led by the aircraft carriers Lincoln, Constellation, Kitty Hawk, with more than 200 carrier-based aircraft and one British Navy aircraft carrier strike group with 16 combat aircraft.
The time for the transfer of one division with standard weapons and military equipment (WME) from the continental United States and its deployment in Kuwait was up to 40 days, without regular WME - up to 20 days. At the same time, it took up to 25 days to load weapons and military equipment on ships and cross by sea, and up to 15 days to unload and bring weapons to combat use.
All formations of US and allied ground forces were consolidated into two operational groups - "South" and "West". They were created in operational areas based on the analysis of intelligence data on the expected opposition from the Iraqi troops and on the basis of the possibilities for the coalition to use the territories of states bordering Iraq.
During March 20, the United States and Great Britain launched massive air strikes and strikes with sea-based cruise missiles against the most important objects in Iraq, and on March 21, 2003 at 05.40, coalition troops entered Iraq simultaneously from the south, north and west.
The ground phase of the operation of the armed forces of the United States and its allies against Iraq, in terms of the number of troops involved in it, the duration of hostilities and the spatial scope, has become the largest in the last decade. It was attended by more than 112 thousand people from the Army and Marine Corps of the United States, Great Britain, Australia and Poland. The duration of active hostilities, carried out simultaneously on a territory with a total area of more than 150 thousand km 2, was 25 days (March 20 - April 14, 2003).
The attack on Baghdad by the group of ground forces was carried out in two operational directions: from the territories of Kuwait (the direction of the main attack) and Jordan (the other direction).
The losses of the allied coalition in the 2003 war were (according to the American side): aircraft - 5 (USA - 4, UK - 1); helicopters - 8 destroyed and 5 damaged (USA - 6 destroyed and 5 damaged, UK - 2 destroyed); BLA-2 (USA - 1, UK - 1)
During the four weeks of operation in Iraq, the coalition forces lost 156 people killed: 125 Americans (36 of them - as a result of accidents) and 31 Britons (16 of them - as a result of accidents).
During the war, the Iraqi Armed Forces were defeated (there are no official data on losses), and there are also heavy losses among the civilian population.
After the completion of the conquest of Iraq and the end of large-scale hostilities involving regular troops, the US and its allies were faced with well-organized Iraqi guerrilla operations, which continue to this day with heavy losses for the coalition forces.

The main features of the operation against Iraq in 2003.

1. National groupings of ground forces and the coalition grouping as a whole were created on the principle of a joint operational formation. They included formations, units and subunits of the Ground Forces, other types and branches of the US troops and their allies (light infantry, mechanized, armored, airborne, air assault, special forces, etc.).
2. The appointment of the control body of the grouping was carried out regardless of the number of formations subordinate to it participating in the operation. Thus, the grouping of American ground forces was controlled from the joint command post (CP) of the 5th Army Corps (AC), despite the fact that the operation involved mainly forces and assets from the 18th Airborne Corps.
3. The main feature of the ground offensive was that it began simultaneously with the air offensive operation of the coalition forces. At the same time, traditional fire training was not carried out. This became possible due to the timely and high-quality intelligence support of the operation and the good knowledge of the command of the coalition forces about the defense system, the state and activities of the enemy troops.
4. In general, the ground forces were characterized by a high rate of advance - active combat operations to seize Iraqi territory were completed in 25 days. At the same time, the coalition troops covered a distance exceeding 600 km from the Kuwaiti-Iraqi border to the city of Tikrit.
The high pace of the offensive at the beginning of the operation is explained by the method of action chosen by the American troops: to approach Baghdad as close as possible through the desert terrain, without getting involved in protracted battles.
5. The calculation of the Americans was based on the suddenness of the actions of their formations, which have high tactical mobility, and on the forced need for enemy troops to conduct positional defense.
6. In the course of the ground operation, differences in methods of action and facts of incompatibility of communication and command and control systems (weapons) both between the formations of the US Armed Forces and between homogeneous formations of the US and British Armed Forces were revealed. This is confirmed by the cases of fire destruction of own forces and means noted in the course of hostilities. So, on March 21, 2003, a US Cobra helicopter knocked out its Abrams tank, on March 23, a British Tornado fighter-bomber was shot down by an American Patriot air defense system, and on April 4, one US soldier was killed and several more were injured, hitting under fire from an American F-15 E fighter.

Thus, an analysis of the military conflicts that took place after the Second World War allows us to highlight their main common features:
1. The coalition nature of armed clashes. For example, formations, units and divisions of another 15 states took part in the war in Korea (1950-1953) under the UN flag along with the United States and South Korea. In military operations against Israel in 1973, along with the armed forces of Egypt and Syria, the troops of other Arab states participated. And for the liberation of Kuwait from Iraqi occupation in 1991, twenty states sent their military formations to the MNF, and in total 34 countries were part of the anti-Iraq coalition. Taking into account the governments that officially supported S. Hussein, the total number of states directly or indirectly involved in the war in the Persian Gulf zone exceeded 4 dozen. For comparison, only 38 states took part in World War 1.
2. Widespread use of indirect, non-contact and other (including non-traditional) forms and methods of action, long-range fire and electronic destruction;
3. Active information confrontation, disorientation of public opinion in individual states and the world community as a whole.
4. The desire of the parties to disorganize the system of state and military administration.
5. The use of the latest highly efficient, including those based on new physical principles (ONFP), weapons systems and military equipment. For example, in the war in Korea, jet aircraft and helicopters were used for the first time, in Vietnam - anti-aircraft guided missiles, in the Middle East - combat helicopters with ATGMs, in the Persian Gulf - new models of the WTO, the Patriot air defense system, space reconnaissance systems, etc.
6. Maneuvering actions of troops (forces) in various directions with the wide use of airmobile forces, landing forces and special forces.
7. The defeat of troops (forces), rear facilities, economy, communications throughout the territory.
8. Preferential conduct of air campaigns and operations.
9. Catastrophic consequences in the event of damage (destruction) of energy enterprises (primarily nuclear), chemical and other hazardous industries, infrastructure, communications, life support facilities.
10. High probability of involvement of new states in the war, escalation of armed struggle, expansion of the scale and range of means used, including the possibility of using weapons of mass destruction.
Already during the war in Korea in 1950, the Americans planned the use of atomic bombs. In 1973, in Israel, according to the American magazine Time, they were brought from the nuclear center in Dimona and beyond
78 hours hastily collected in a secret underground tunnel 13 atomic bombs. Before the start of active hostilities against Iraq during Operation Desert Storm in 1991, the commander of the US armed forces in the Middle East, General Schwarzkopf, requested authorization to detonate a nuclear device over Iraqi territory to disable enemy electronic equipment.
In the wars in Korea and Vietnam, the aggressors used bacteriological and chemical weapons; napalm was used in Korea, Vietnam, Algeria and Egypt, etc.
All these examples show that humanity is not guaranteed against the danger of a local (regional) war escalating into a large-scale (world) war.
11. Participation in the war along with regular, irregular armed formations.

Assignment for independent work:

1. Study the material of lesson No. 1 of topic No. 6.
2. Start preparing for workshop number 6.
3. Supplement the information in lesson No. 1 of topic No. 6 of the workbook (form - abstract).
4. Fill in part 1 of the conceptual table "Modern military conflicts".

"Conflict" - The emergence of a conflict situation. Marital. Awareness of the conflict situation by at least one of the participants in social interaction. Valuable. Let your partner speak. Tips for successful conflict resolution. Crisis periods, Do not hide your feelings. Links to your authority. Sexy.

"Conflicts in society" - Lewis Coser. Ralf Dahrendorf (b. 1929). Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). Middle Ages. History of conflictology. New time. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778). Erasmus of Rotterdam (c. 1466–1536). Georg Simmel (1858-1918). Disadvantages of understanding conflicts by the beginning of the twentieth century: (Conflictology as a scientific direction).

"Interpersonal conflicts" - No one will ever prove anything in a conflict situation. Type of intra-family relations (harmonious and disharmonious). 7. Speak when the partner has cooled down. The position "from above" is bossy, parental, ordering, as it should be. Types of conflicts between parents and children. This is where the rationalist will prove himself, the first to betray the leader.

"Military conflicts" - Armed confrontation between two or more states. Rules: The Cruel Face of War. Essence of IHL. non-international armed conflict. Thank you for your attention. 4. Geneva Convention of August 12, 1949 "On the Protection of the Civilian Population in Time of War". From the definition, highlight the main features of IHL.

"Conflicts at school" - Discussion of the draft decision of the pedagogical council. Pedagogical Council. Conflict at school Ways out of conflict situations. Result from the group: 3-4 typical conflict situations that I would like to analyze. Objectives: Speech by O.Yu. Pshenichnaya "Creating the teacher's information environment." Agenda:

"International conflicts" - Practical application at the current stage. Project characteristics. Reliance on pragmatism and rationality. "Psychology of International Conflict: National Models of Conflict Behavior". Tasks. The relevance of research. Genealogy research. Behavior is expressive (reflects individuality and has no purpose) and functional (purposeful).

One of the most cruel forms used by society to resolve interstate or intrastate contradictions is military conflict . Its mandatory characteristic is the use of military force, all types of armed confrontation, including large-scale, regional, local wars and armed conflicts.

Armed conflict- armed clashes of a limited scale between states (international armed conflict) or opposing parties within the territory of one state (internal armed conflict).

Local war- a war between two or more states pursuing limited military-political goals, in which military operations are conducted within the borders of opposing states and which primarily affects the interests of only these states (territorial, economic, political, and others).

Regional war - a war involving two or more states of the same region, waged by national or coalition armed forces using both conventional and nuclear weapons, on the territory of the region with adjacent water areas and in the air (outer) space above it, during which the parties will pursue important military and political goals.

Large scale war a war between coalitions of states or the largest states of the world community, in which the parties will pursue radical military and political goals. A large-scale war can be the result of an escalation of an armed conflict, a local or regional war involving a significant number of states from different regions of the world. It will require the mobilization of all available material resources and spiritual forces of the participating states.

The characteristic features of modern military conflicts are:

a) the integrated use of military force and forces and means of a non-military nature;

b) massive use of weapons systems and military equipment based on new physical principles and comparable in efficiency to nuclear weapons;

c) expanding the scope of the use of troops (forces) and means operating in aerospace;

d) strengthening the role of information confrontation;

e) reducing the time parameters for preparing for the conduct of hostilities;

f) increasing the efficiency of command and control as a result of the transition from a strictly vertical command and control system to global network automated command and control systems for troops (forces) and weapons;

g) creation on the territories of the opposing sides of a permanent zone of military operations.

Among the features of modern military conflicts are:

a) unpredictability of their occurrence;

b) the presence of a wide range of military-political, economic, strategic and other goals;

c) the growing role of modern highly effective weapon systems, as well as the redistribution of the role of various spheres of armed struggle;

d) early implementation of information confrontation measures to achieve political goals without the use of military force, and subsequently in the interests of forming a favorable reaction of the world community to the use of military force.

Military conflicts will be characterized by transience, selectivity and a high degree of destruction of objects, the speed of maneuver of troops (forces) and fire, the use of various mobile groupings of troops (forces). Mastering the strategic initiative, maintaining stable state and military control, ensuring superiority on land, sea and in aerospace will be decisive factors in achieving the goals set.

Military operations will be characterized by the growing importance of high-precision, electromagnetic, laser, infrasonic weapons, information and control systems, unmanned aerial and autonomous marine vehicles, controlled robotic weapons and military equipment.

Nuclear weapons will remain an important factor in preventing the emergence of nuclear military conflicts and military conflicts using conventional weapons (large-scale war, regional war).

In the event of a military conflict using conventional means of destruction (large-scale war, regional war), which threatens the very existence of the state, the possession of nuclear weapons can lead to the escalation of such a military conflict into a nuclear military conflict.

2. Means of armed struggle

Depending on the combat properties and the nature of the resulting lesions, the following types of weapons are distinguished: conventional weapons, non-lethal weapons and weapons of mass destruction.

Conventional weapons are: firearms, cold steel, jet, rocket, bomber, mine, high-precision weapons, volumetric explosion ammunition, as well as incendiary mixtures and other types.

During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. in the total number of sanitary losses, gunshot wounds accounted for the vast majority of lesions - up to 95-97%. Other injuries included closed injuries (concussions) and burns.

The relativity of the term "conventional weapons" should be emphasized, since its use can also cause mass casualties. This is evidenced by the experience of wars and armed conflicts of the twentieth century. For example, as a result of air strikes on Dresden in February 1944, according to the German historian Kurt von Tippelskirch, the losses among the population were about 25 thousand people killed, more than 30 thousand people were injured. The central part of the city with an area of up to 15 km 2 was completely destroyed, about 27 thousand residential buildings and 7 thousand administrative buildings were turned into ruins.

According to a representative of the Yugoslav Foreign Ministry, as a result of rocket and bomb attacks on the territory of Yugoslavia from March 24 to April 16, 1999, about 1,000 people from the civilian population of this country were killed. Several thousand people were injured. Moreover, the ratio of losses among military personnel and the civilian population was 1:15, respectively.

To weapons of non-lethal effects based on the use of new physical principles should include: laser weapons; sources of incoherent light; microwave weapons; electromagnetic pulse weapons; infrasonic weapons; means of electronic warfare; meteorological weapons; geophysical weapons; biotechnological means; means of information warfare; parapsychological methods, etc.

The listed means of armed struggle, according to military experts, will be used not so much to conduct active military operations, but to deprive the enemy of the possibility of active resistance by destabilizing his most important spheres of the economy and information space, disturbing the mental state of the troops and the population.

Under weapons of mass destruction understand weapons of great lethality, designed to inflict mass casualties or destruction. The existing types of weapons of mass destruction include nuclear, chemical and biological weapons.

Warheads of missiles and torpedoes, aviation and depth charges, artillery shells and mines can be equipped with nuclear charges. In terms of power, nuclear weapons are distinguished as ultra-small (less than 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (10-100 kt), large (100-1000 kt) and extra-large (more than 1000 kt). Depending on the tasks to be solved, it is possible to use nuclear weapons in the form of underground, ground, air, underwater and surface explosions. Depending on the charge, they distinguish: atomic weapons, which are based on the fission reaction; thermonuclear weapons, which are based on the fusion reaction; combined charges; neutron weapons.

According to the physiological effect on the body, toxic substances are divided into: nerve agents - GA (tabun), GB (sarin), GD (soman), VX (Vi-X); blistering - H (technical mustard), HD (distilled mustard), HT and HQ (mustard mustard formulations), HN (nitrogen mustard); general poisonous action - AC (hydrocyanic acid), CK (cyanogen chloride); suffocating - CG (phosgene); psychochemical - BZ (B-Z); irritating - CN (chloroacetophenone), DM (adamsite), CS (CS), CR (CI-Ar).

By the speed of onset of the damaging effect, there are fast-acting poisonous substances that do not have a latent period (GB, GD, AC, AK, CK, CS, CR) and slow-acting poisonous substances with a latent period (VX, HD, CG, BZ).

Depending on the duration of their damaging ability, lethal poisons are divided into two groups: persistent, which retain their damaging effect on the ground for several hours and days (VX, GD, HD); unstable, the damaging effect of which persists for several tens of minutes after their application (AC, CG).

Biological weapons are weapons of mass destruction of people, farm animals and plants. The delivery and use of biological weapons can be carried out with the help of strategic, operational-tactical and cruise missiles, strategic and tactical aircraft. According to the views of foreign experts (Rothschild D., Rosebery T., Kabat E.), biological weapons are intended to solve predominantly strategic and tactical tasks - the mass destruction of troops and the population, the weakening of the military-economic potential, the disorganization of the system of state and military control, disruption and difficulties in the mobilization deployment of the Armed Forces.

The causative agents of plague, cholera, anthrax, tularemia, brucellosis, glanders and melioidosis, smallpox, psittacosis, yellow fever, foot and mouth disease, Venezuelan, Western and Eastern American encephalomyelitis, epidemic typhus, KU fever, spotted fever can be used as biological weapons. rocky mountains and tsutsugamushi fever, coccidioidomycosis, nocardiosis, histoplasmosis, etc. Among microbial toxins, botulinum toxin and staphylococcal enterotoxin are most likely to be used for biological warfare.

In the future, the possibility of creating binary biological agents by analogy with binary poisonous substances is being considered. We are talking about creating pathogens with toxin genes that can be activated only after adding another component to them. This, according to military experts, will help solve problems associated with the production, storage, transportation and targeted use of biological agents.

Genetic engineering, with its ability to create many previously unknown biological agents that cause damage to the human body, poses a significant danger when used for military purposes.

3. The damaging factors of modern types of weapons

The use of modern types of weapons cause direct, indirect and indirect effects.

A characteristic feature of direct influence conventional weapons is their ability to inflict more severe injuries and hit more potential targets. This is achieved by increasing the speed of the wounding projectile (bullet), reducing its caliber and shifting the center of gravity; the use of projectiles filled with a large number of elements (balls, arrows), or cluster munitions; using new principles of detonation (volumetric explosion ammunition); using precision weapons.

The damaging factors of volumetric explosion ammunition are the shock wave, thermal and toxic effects. As a result of the detonation of a gas-air or air-fuel mixture flowing into cracks, trenches, dugouts, military equipment, ventilation hatches and communication channels of leaking engineering structures, buildings, protective structures and buried objects can be completely destroyed. Moreover, explosions in a confined space are more effective for causing damage and defeating enemy manpower.

The damaging effect of incendiary mixtures is due to thermal burns of the skin and mucous membranes, infrared radiation and poisoning by combustion products. . The combustion temperature of incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products reaches 1200º C, metallized incendiary mixtures (pyrogels) - 1600º C, and thermite incendiary mixtures (termites) - 2000º C. Not only skin, but also subcutaneous tissue, muscles and even bones can be affected by burning fire mixture. Phosphorus burns, as a rule, are complicated by poisoning of the body when phosphorus is absorbed through the burn surface. Thus, the effect of incendiary mixtures on the human body is multifactorial in nature, often causing combined lesions leading to the development of shock, which may occur in 30% of those affected. Deep burns III and IV degree occur in 70-75% of cases.

The damaging effect of beam weapons is based on the use of highly directed beams of electromagnetic energy or a concentrated beam of elementary particles accelerated to high speeds. One of the types of beam weapons is based on the use of lasers, another type is a beam (accelerator) weapon. Lasers are powerful emitters of electromagnetic energy in the optical range - "quantum optical generators".

The object of defeat by radio-frequency weapons is manpower, which means the known ability of ultra-high and extremely low frequency radio emissions to cause damage (disturbances in functions) of vital organs and systems of a person, such as the brain, heart, central nervous system, endocrine system and circulatory system. Radio frequency radiation can also affect the human psyche, disrupt the perception and use of information about the surrounding reality, cause auditory hallucinations, synthesize disorienting speech messages that are entered directly into the human mind.

Infrasonic weapons are based on the use of directed radiation of powerful infrasonic vibrations, which can affect the central nervous system and digestive organs of a person, cause headaches, pain in internal organs, and disrupt the rhythm of breathing. At higher power levels and very low frequencies, symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, and loss of consciousness appear. Infrasonic radiation also has a psychotropic effect on a person, causing loss of self-control, a sense of fear and panic.

The development of a biological effect on the human body of radio-frequency and infrasonic radiation is considered promising in military terms.

Geophysical weapon is a conditional term adopted in a number of foreign countries, denoting a set of various means that make it possible to use the destructive forces of inanimate nature for military purposes by artificially induced changes in the physical properties and processes occurring in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere of the Earth. In the US and other NATO countries, attempts are also being made to study the possibility of influencing the ionosphere by causing artificial magnetic storms and auroras that disrupt radio communications and prevent radar observations over a wide area. The possibility of a large-scale change in the temperature regime is being studied by spraying substances that absorb solar radiation, reducing the amount of precipitation, calculated on unfavorable weather changes for the enemy (for example, drought). Depletion of the ozone layer in the atmosphere can presumably make it possible to direct the harmful effects of cosmic rays and ultraviolet radiation from the sun into areas occupied by the enemy, which will cause an increase in the incidence of skin cancer and snow blindness. With the help of underground explosions, a search is being made for the artificial initiation of volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunami waves, snow avalanches, mudflows and landslides, and other natural disasters that can lead to massive losses among the population.

The impact of radiological weapons is based on the use of military radioactive substances, which are substances specially obtained and prepared in the form of powders or solutions that contain radioactive isotopes of chemical elements that have ionizing radiation. The action of radiological weapons can be compared with the action of radioactive substances that are formed during a nuclear explosion and pollute the surrounding area. As a result of intense and long-term radiation, military radioactive substances can cause devastating consequences for the animal and plant world.

Nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction of explosive action, based on the use of energy released during the fission of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or during thermonuclear reactions in the process of fusion of light nuclei of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium isotopes into heavier ones, for example nuclei of helium isotopes.

During a nuclear explosion, specific damaging factors can affect the human body: a shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, and radioactive contamination of the area. The air shock wave from a nuclear explosion causes damage to people due to its traumatic effect, as well as flying debris from buildings, structures, glass fragments, etc. The defeat of people by a light pulse causes the appearance of thermal burns of the skin and eyes, up to their complete blindness. Thermal damage during a nuclear explosion can also occur when clothing ignites in the fire.

With a combined injury to people, traumatic injuries from exposure to a shock wave can be combined with burns from light radiation, radiation sickness from exposure to penetrating radiation and radioactive contamination of the area. With simultaneous exposure of a person to various damaging factors of a nuclear explosion, combined lesions occur, which are characterized by the development of a syndrome of mutual aggravation, which worsens his prospects for recovery. The nature of the resulting combined lesions depends on the power and type of nuclear explosion. For example, even in explosions with a power of 10 kt, the radii of the damaging effect of the shock wave and light radiation exceed the radius of damage from penetrating radiation, which will decisively affect the structure of sanitary losses in the nuclear lesion. Thus, in explosions of nuclear weapons of low and medium power, mainly combinations of traumatic injuries, burns, and radiation sickness are expected, and in explosions of high power, mainly combinations of injuries and burns.

The damaging properties of chemical weapons are based on the toxic effect of toxic substances on the human body. During the First World War, at least 1.3 million people were poisoned by poisonous gases, of which more than 91,000 were killed. Chemical weapons were used in the 30s of the XIX century by the Italian army in Ethiopia, and the Japanese - in Manchuria. In modern conditions, the massive use of chemical weapons is technically feasible in almost any region of the Russian Federation.

The basis of the damaging effect of biological weapons is biological agents specially selected for combat use - bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, fungi and toxins. Ways of penetration of pathogenic microbes and toxins into the human body can be as follows: aerogenic - with air through the respiratory system; alimentary - with food and water through the digestive organs; transmissible - through the bites of infected insects; contact - through the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, eyes, as well as damaged skin.

Indirect effects from the use of weapons are the consequences of the disintegration of the economy, the destruction of the material and technical foundations and the social aspects of society. These include the lack of food, housing, outbreaks of epidemics, a significant increase in morbidity, including mental illness; a sharp deterioration in medical care.

to indirect effects. the use of weapons should include biomedical and environmental consequences - the depletion of the ozone layer of the atmosphere, climate change and other phenomena that are currently unpredictable.

Occurrence of centers of mass sanitary losses, failure of medical units, units and institutions, violation of the medical support system, radioactive contamination of the area, food, water and medical property, limiting the stay of medical personnel in the lesion, the need to work in individual protective equipment, the prevalence of combined forms of lesions - will have a significant impact on the organization of medical support for the troops and will require the maximum effort of the medical service.

At the same time, the medical consequences of the use of modern types of weapons are difficult to quantify, despite the developed various methods for predicting them.

According to the accepted classification, the total losses of the personnel of the armed forces during the war are divided into irretrievable and sanitary. Irretrievable losses include those killed, missing and taken prisoner. Sanitary losses include the wounded, injured and sick who have lost their combat capability or ability to work for at least one day and who are admitted to medical centers or medical institutions.

Depending on the reasons for the loss of combat or disability, sanitary losses are divided into combat and non-combat. Combat sanitary losses include the wounded and the injured as a result of the impact of enemy combat equipment or directly related to the performance of a combat mission. This group includes persons who received mechanical damage, were struck by chemical weapons, received radiation injuries, were struck by biological weapons, received thermal, combined or other combat injuries. Non-combat sanitary losses are not related to the performance of combat missions or the use of combat means by the enemy and include losses by the sick and those who received non-combat injuries.

As follows from the presented material, taking into account the alignment of military and political forces in the world and the states adjacent to Russia, as well as the possible geopolitical goals of a likely aggressor, today it is impossible to exclude the outbreak of military conflicts that can begin with interethnic armed conflicts with their subsequent development into local ones, regional or even large-scale wars, using only conventional means of destruction or weapons of mass destruction. A real assessment of the current situation, theoretical and practical preparation of the population to protect their state is the guarantor of stability and peace on Earth.

LITERATURE

1. Selected lectures on ensuring life safety in health care: Textbook / Ed. corresponding member RAMN, prof. I.M. Chizha. - M.: GBOU VPO First Moscow State Medical University. THEM. Sechenov, 2012. – 204 p.

2. Zakharov S.G., Tregubov V.N., Shcherbak V.A. Organization of medical and evacuation measures in the military link of the medical service: Proc. allowance / Ed. prof. V.N. Tregubova. - M: First Moscow State Medical University. I.M. Sechenova, 2012. - 170 p.

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 5, 2010 No. 146 "On the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation".

Guidelines for military field surgery. - St. Petersburg: ZAO "ElektronikaBusinessInformatika", 2000. - 415 p.

Guidelines for military field therapy. - M: Military Publishing House, 2003. - 271 p.

Questions for self-control

1. How are military conflicts classified?

2. What is the impact of non-lethal weapons based on?

3. List the characteristic features of the direct impact of modern weapons.

4. What weapons can be equipped with nuclear charges?

5. What pathogens are used in the creation of biological weapons?

Test tasks

Choose one or more correct answers

1. THE FEATURES OF MODERN MILITARY CONFLICTS ARE

1) unpredictability of their occurrence

2) the presence of a wide range of military-political, economic, strategic and other goals

3) an increase in the role of modern highly effective weapon systems, as well as a redistribution of the role of various areas of armed struggle

4) early implementation of information confrontation measures to achieve political goals without the use of military force, and subsequently - in the interests of forming a favorable reaction of the world community to the use of military force

5) the occurrence of significant sanitary losses

2. CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS ARE

1) gunshot

2) chemical

3) cold

4) biological

5) volume explosion ammunition

3. WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION ARE

1) incendiary mixtures

2) chemical

3) nuclear

4) biological

5) high precision

4. MODERN WEAPONS CAN IMPACT

2) indirect

3) indirect

4) irrevocable

5) latent

5. DIRECT EFFECTS OF MODERN WEAPONS INCLUDED

1) economic disintegration

2) destruction of the material and technical foundations and social aspects of society

3) outbreaks of epidemics

4) depletion of the ozone layer of the atmosphere

5) climate change

Introduction

1. Definition and classification of wars and armed conflicts

2. Means of armed struggle

3. The damaging factors of modern types of weapons

Conclusion

Introduction

As evidenced by the historical analysis of the development of society, the resolution of a complex of contradictions between states or groups of states, in most cases, took place with the use of force. For five and a half thousand years, about 15 thousand wars and armed conflicts have occurred on Earth. This means that for every past century there is not even one peaceful week on the planet.

Over the past decades, the views of military theorists on the conduct of military conflicts and methods of armed struggle have changed radically. This is largely due to the development of qualitatively new models of weapons created on the basis of the latest technologies, including high-precision weapons and weapons based on new physical principles, as well as ways to protect troops from their damaging factors.

In modern wars, armies of many millions can be used, equipped with a large number of the most diverse military equipment and weapons. The types and scale of the use of various weapons, the nature and degree of protection against them will affect the magnitude and structure of troop losses in equipment and personnel.

The study of weapons and their damaging properties makes it possible to understand the nature of combat pathology in general and individual organs and systems in particular, to obtain a quantitative and qualitative characteristic of injuries to personnel at military facilities and in military equipment, and also to determine medical and evacuation measures for the wounded and sick.

1. Definition and classification of wars and armed conflicts

One of the most cruel forms used by society to resolve interstate or intrastate contradictions is military conflict . Its mandatory characteristic is the use of military force, all types of armed confrontation, including large-scale, regional, local wars and armed conflicts.

Armed conflict - Armed conflict of a limited scale between states (international armed conflict) or opposing parties within the territory of one state (internal armed conflict).

Local war - a war between two or more states pursuing limited military-political goals, in which military operations are conducted within the borders of opposing states, and which primarily affects the interests of only these states (territorial, economic, political, and others).

regional war - a war involving two or more states of the same region, waged by national or coalition armed forces using both conventional and nuclear weapons, on the territory of the region with adjacent water areas and in the air (outer) space above it, during which the parties will pursue important military-political goals.

large scale war - a war between coalitions of states or the largest states of the world community, in which the parties will pursue radical military and political goals. A large-scale war can be the result of an escalation of an armed conflict, a local or regional war involving a significant number of states from different regions of the world. It will require the mobilization of all available material resources and spiritual forces of the participating states.

The characteristic features of modern military conflicts are:

a) the integrated use of military force and forces and means of a non-military nature;

b) massive use of weapons systems and military equipment based on new physical principles and comparable in efficiency to nuclear weapons;

c) expanding the scope of the use of troops (forces) and means operating in aerospace;

d) strengthening the role of information confrontation;

e) reducing the time parameters for preparing for the conduct of hostilities;

g) creation on the territories of the opposing sides of a permanent zone of military operations.

Among the features of modern military conflicts are:

a) unpredictability of their occurrence;

b) the presence of a wide range of military-political, economic, strategic and other goals;

c) the growing role of modern highly effective weapon systems, as well as the redistribution of the role of various spheres of armed struggle;

Modern military conflicts will be characterized by transience, selectivity and a high degree of destruction of objects, the speed of maneuver of troops (forces) and fire, the use of various mobile groupings of troops (forces). Mastering the strategic initiative, maintaining stable state and military control, ensuring superiority on land, sea and in aerospace will be decisive factors in achieving the goals set.

Nuclear weapons will remain an important factor in preventing the emergence of nuclear military conflicts and military conflicts using conventional weapons (large-scale war, regional war).

Methodology for the classification of wars and military conflicts. On modern approaches to the theory of military conflicts and their prevention. "Modern Wars and Armed Conflicts"

Classification of wars in Western sociology

1. Definition and classification of wars and armed conflicts

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