Marine animals sponges. Interesting facts about sponges

Zoologists still do not know exactly where, in what place of the animal kingdom to place sponges. Either these are colonies of protozoa, that is, unicellular organisms, or primitive, but still multicellular animals. And sponges received the status of animal organisms only in 1825, and before that, together with some other immobile organisms leading a stationary mode of existence, they were classified as zoophytes - half animals, half plants.

Limestone sponges have been known since the Precambrian, glass sponges from the Devonian. Sponges turned out to be a blind branch of evolution, no one descended from them.

The history of the fishery

In Greece, sponge fishing has been practiced since ancient times. Aristotle wrote about the use of sponges, and Homer also mentioned it in the world-famous Iliad and Odyssey. During the last centuries, the Greek sponge industry has been centered around the islands of the Dodecanese. The championship has always been won by Kalymnos - the island of sponge divers.

Sponge fishing has been a source of income for many of the Greek islands over the past centuries, but it Kalymnos became known as the center of the Greek sponge industry. The waters around the Greek islands are very suitable for the growth of sponges due to the high temperature. Sponges best quality live in the southeastern part of the Mediterranean Sea.

Sponge fishing on Kalymnos dates back to ancient times. It can be considered the oldest profession on the island. Sponge mining provided social and economic development islands.

In the old days, sponge fishing was carried out by the method of "naked diving" ("skin diving"). The fishing team went out to sea in a small boat. They used a glass-bottomed tube to probe the seafloor and look for sponges. As soon as the sponge was discovered, the diver went overboard to get it. Usually he was naked and took with him a 15-kilogram flat stone, known as "Scandalopetra", to quickly sink to the bottom. Then the diver cut off the sponge at the root and placed it in a special mesh. The depth and time spent at the bottom depended on the capabilities of the lungs of the diver. They usually dived to about 30 meters and were under water for 3 to 5 minutes.

Dance of the Disabled

Fishing for sponges was a very hard job. This method Diving allowed collecting so many sponges that the trade spread far beyond Kalymnos starting in the 1800s. In the middle of the 19th century, there were already several sponge merchants on Kalymnos who had made great fortunes. Having made big money from sponges, they also achieved great influence on the social life islands.

Beginning in 1865, the sponge trade experienced a "business boom". The reason for this was the appearance of standard diving equipment or "spacesuit" as the Greeks called it. This equipment was probably brought to Kalymnos by a trader from the island of Symi named Siebe Gorman. The benefits looked great. Now divers could stay underwater as long as they wanted and for greater depths. The best sponges were found at depths of about 70 meters. The diver could now walk on the sea bed and look for them. Thanks to such equipment, the sponge fishery has gained unlimited growth. From Kalymnos, ships sailed along the Aegean and Mediterranean seas and reached Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Syria and Lebanon. At sea, they spent at least 6 months a year.

Sponge income was high. For the divers, the working conditions were much better than in "naked diving". However, they were all warned great danger: decompression sickness. Soon after the appearance of the diving suit, her first cases appeared. Her symptoms are strong pain, paralysis and death in the end - should have terrified the divers and other team members, because. they had no idea what was causing all this!

The combination of several dives in one day to a depth of 70 meters and then going up without decompression stops had a devastating effect: in the early years of using a standard diving suit, about half of the divers were paralyzed or died from decompression sickness. Between 1886 and 1910 about 10,000 divers died and 20,000 became disabled.

A characteristic feature, "a tribute to the memory" of the divers, who remained disabled for life, is dedicated to the national dance of the inhabitants of Kalymnos - "O Μηχανικός. Ο χορός των σφουγγαράδων" (Dance of sponge catchers). The central figure of the dance is a man leaning on a crutch.

What kind of animal is this?

Sponges are not plants at all, as many are mistaken, but marine animals! More precisely - multicellular organisms attached to the seabed. Their surface has thousands of pores that constantly absorb large volumes of water, extracting bacteria from it to sustain life. This function works like a real valuable biological filter. sea ​​water. There are many various kinds sponges, but generally only five of them are of commercial importance. No artificial materials created by man can compare with them in use for cosmetic, bath, household, painting and decorative purposes.

Sponges just pulled out of the sea are black and completely unattractive in appearance. As soon as the sponges are in the boat, they begin to trample them with force so that the liquid comes out of all the pores. This is repeated several times to remove everything from the sponge. foreign bodies(sand, etc.). At night, the sponges are lowered into the sea, and then the process is repeated until the outer membranes and tissues are completely destroyed, until only skeletal fibers remain.

Then the sponges are cut at the base and left to dry. Then they are pressed, put into bags and sent to merchants. In the workshop, sponges are cut to the desired size and processed by immersing in water and hydrochloric acid to make them golden. And to achieve light pink shades, they are dipped in potassium permanganate. The result is a sponge that is ready to use - clean and fresh, light, soft and pleasant to the touch.

Sponge: instructions for use

With a sponge, it is very good to wash the smoked dishes. Corundum spicules are extremely strong; they can successfully grind materials, which was done in the old days.

Although in general, a sea sponge can rightly be called a bath accessory. natural origin. Each sponge is mined by hand. Sponges are processed for several weeks according to the traditional technology of masters of previous generations, which allows them to be completely preserved beneficial features. Natural sea sponges have been successfully used for personal hygiene for more than two millennia.

Benefits of Natural Sea Sponges

1. sea ​​sponge much softer than many artificial analogues, absorbs more water, does not retain odors, and most importantly - lasts much longer than its synthetic counterparts.

2. Due to the fact that the natural sponge has high level foaming, its use is especially appreciated by people who prefer natural natural hygiene products without chemical additives, which are characterized by low or no foaming.

3. It is especially important to use natural sponges as sponges in cosmetic procedures and for bathing the smallest babies - unlike their synthetic counterparts, sponges of any group do not leave micro-scratches on the skin, which you may not see with the naked eye, but which may subsequently remind yourself of irritation, infection, skin rashes.

4. The effect of massage and light peeling allows the use of sea sponges soaked in water, even without the use of any hygienic detergents, without damaging the skin, which cannot be afforded by using artificial analogues of sponges.

5. If you still use hygiene products, then you will appreciate the cost-effectiveness of sponges. Due to their structure, sponges form maximum amount foam with minimal use of soap products.

6. Sea sponges are ideal for bathing babies. Natural sea sponge is the only product that does not damage the baby's delicate skin. The whole world has been using natural sea sponges for bathing children from birth for many centuries. In the first days of life, it is enough to wipe the baby with a wet sponge dipped in warm water. And after the umbilical cord falls off, the baby is ready for the first bath. The most delicate sponges of the Silk group are ideal for gentle and gentle cleansing of the baby's skin. In the future, for bathing your baby, you will already be able to use sponges from the Honeycomb and Wool groups. By the pleasure of touching the baby's delicate skin with a sponge, you will be convinced of the correct choice of a natural sponge.

Terms of use and care of sponges

1. When dry, the natural sea sponge is hard to the touch, but once wet, it becomes soft and silky, while maintaining its elasticity. When wet, the sponge perfectly cleanses the skin, massaging without harming it.

2. Rinse the sponge thoroughly after use. In order for the sea sponge to serve as long as possible, never, under any circumstances, unscrew it! - Simply wring out excess moisture with your palms, then leave to dry.

3. Do not dry sponges next to a heated towel rail or radiator. From high temperatures, they dry out and tear. Better just hang them on some hook above the bathtub.

4. Do not wash the sponge with aggressive household detergents with chlorine and chemicals that can “eat” them, leaving miserable lumps from them. If you think your sponge is dirty, put some neutral shampoo on it, lather it, and it will be clean again! Then dry.

3. Do not wet the sponge very hot water and try not to dry it in the sun. Do not be afraid that after drying it can become covered with a dense crust, while becoming very hard. The next time you use it, it is enough to slightly wet it and it will instantly become soft and tender again. This property of natural sponges is their integral feature, which prevents the growth of bacteria and cannot but please a person with sensitive or problem skin.

Treating the sponge with care natural product And by following these simple rules, you will extend its life. Once you feel the unique texture of the sponge on your skin, you will appreciate its benefits and remain its fan forever!

Sponge catchers in America. Wikipedia Help.

Few people know that sponge catchers, emigrating to America, founded a whole city there. Tarpon Springs is a city in Pinellas County, Florida, United States. The population according to the 2010 census is 23.484 people. Tarpon Springs is home to the most high percent American Greeks among all cities in the United States.

In the 1880s, John Cheney became the first local sponge business. The industry continued to develop in the 1890s, and many, both black and white, from Key West and Bahamas, settled in Tarpon Springs to collect and process sponges. During the 1890s, Greek immigrants also came here to do business in this industry.

In 1905, John Kokoris introduced the people of Tarpon Springs to sponge diving and hired divers from Greece. The first sponge fishermen arrived from the islands of the Saronic Gulf of Aegina and Hydra, but they were soon outnumbered by those from the islands of Kalymnos, Symi and Halki of the Dodecanese archipelago. The sponge industry soon became one of Florida's leading maritime industries and the most important business in the city of Tarpon Springs, generating millions of dollars in revenue annually. The 1953 adventure film Beneath the 12-Mile Reef, in which businessmen Mike and Tony Petrakis run the sponge business, was filmed in Key West and Tarpon Springs.

In 1947, a red tide destroyed the sponge fields in Gulf of Mexico, resulting in many sponge divers switching to shrimp fishing as their main source of livelihood, while others left the business. Over time, the sponge population recovered, which, although not in such a large volume, allowed the industry to revive.

In the 1980s, the sponge business in Tarpon Springs experienced a boom due to the death of Mediterranean sponges as a result of a disease.

There is currently a small active sponge industry. Tourists and visitors to the city can often watch sponge-catchers at work in the Sponge Docks Historic District on Dodecanese Street, as well as visit shops, restaurants, and a museum that reflect Tarpon Springs' Greek heritage.

In 2018, thanks to the efforts of Mayor Chris Alahoozos and with the support of Florida US Senator Bill Nelson, 70 years after almost complete disappearance sponge business, catchers from the Greek island of Kalymnos began to arrive in the city again.

Sponges(Spongia) is a phylum of invertebrates. Sponges are probably descended from colonial collared flagellar protozoa, forming a blind branch at the base of the metazoan phylogenetic tree.

Sponges originated in the Precambrian (approximately 1 billion 200 million years ago!, That is, they are very ancient organisms), they reached their greatest prosperity in the Mesozoic.

Sponges are predominantly marine organisms, not many are freshwater. Outwardly, sponges are even difficult to mistake for animals. They sit completely motionless, attached to the substrate, and do not react to irritation in any way. Sponges are more often colonial organisms, but solitary ones are also found. To the touch, the sponges are firm, hard. Freshwater badyagi are gray or greenish, but sea sponges are often brightly colored. Coloring depends on the presence of pigment cells. Many sponges have a specific unpleasant taste and smell, so they are not edible and no one touches them.

Sponges are distinguished by an extremely primitive organization. Their body does not have any symmetry, it shapeless. Inside the goblet or sac-shaped body (a few mm to 1.5 m or more in height) of a typical sponge is paragastric cavity opening at the top estuarine hole. Sponges do not have real organs and tissues, but their body consists of a variety of cellular elements. On the surface of the body are flat cells - pinacocytes, from the inside, the paragastric cavity is lined with flagellated collar cells, or choanocytes. Between the layer of pinacocytes and the layer of choanocytes lies a structureless substance - mesoglea containing amoebocytes, collencites, scleroblasts and other cells. There are many sponges on the surface of the body since leading to channels penetrating the walls of the body. Depending on the degree of development of the canal system, the localization of choanocytes and the flagellar chambers formed by them, 3 types of sponge structure are distinguished: ascon, Seacon and leukone.

Almost all Sponges have skeleton, formed by siliceous or calcareous needles, in horny sponges, the skeleton consists of the protein substance of spongin.

The vital activity of sponges is associated with continuous straining through the body of water, which, due to the beating of the flagella of many choanocytes, enters the pores and, having passed through the system of channels, flagellar chambers and the paragastric cavity, exits through the mouth. With water, food particles (detritus, protozoa, diatoms, bacteria, etc.) enter the sponge and metabolic products are removed. Food capture is carried out by choanocytes and canal wall cells.

Most sponges - hermaphrodites. A larva develops from an egg - parenchymula, or amphiblastula, which comes out, swims, then settles to the bottom and turns into a young sponge. During metamorphosis, a process characteristic only of sponges, the so-called perversions germinal leaflets, in which the cells of the outer layer migrate inward, and the cells of the inner layer are on the surface. In addition, sponges are widespread budding and education gemmul- Varieties of asexual reproduction.

All sponges, as mentioned earlier, are aquatic, mainly marine colonial, less often solitary animals leading a motionless lifestyle. They are found from the coastal zone and almost to the maximum depths of the ocean, the most diverse and numerous on the shelf (the shelf is a flat, not deep zone of the seabed). In northern and Far Eastern seas more than 300 species of sponges live in our country, about 30 species in the Black Sea, and 1 species of sponges in the Caspian Sea. In total, about 2500 species have been described so far.

Sponge type is divided into 4 classes. The classification of sponges is based on the structure of the skeleton.

Class 1. Ordinary sponges(Demospongiae). In these sponges, the skeleton is formed by uniaxial or four-beam flint needles. Channel system of leukonoid type. Usually colonial, rarely solitary forms, predominantly marine forms. This most numerous class of modern sponges is represented by 2 orders: Silicon-horned and Four-beam sponges.

In silicon-horned sponges, the skeleton consists of siliceous uniaxial needles and organic matter - spongin or from spongy fibers alone, forming a mesh, less often tree-branched support of the body. Basically, these are colonial forms that look like crusty or cushion-like growths, unevenly overgrown lumps, plates, or various kinds of tubular, funnel-shaped, stalked, bushy and other formations, up to 0.5 m or more in height. The cream-horned sponges include the known to us badyagi and several types Toiletries sponges. Toilet sponges are used for toilet, medical and technical purposes. The fishing of these sponges is developed in the Mediterranean and Red Seas, off the coast of about. Madagascar, Philippines, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. The most valued is the so-called Greek sponge(Euspongia officinalis).

In four-beam sponges, the body is spherical, ovoid, goblet-shaped, cushion-shaped, usually up to 0.5 m high. The skeleton is formed by flint, usually four-beam (hence the name) or their derivatives - uniaxial needles located radially in the body. Also colonial, rarely solitary forms. They live mainly to a depth of 400 m. The four-beam sponges include the family Drilling jaws, or klions. These sponges are able to make moves inside any calcareous substrate, leaving rounded holes with a diameter of about 1 mm on its surface. It is believed that the drilling mechanism is due to the simultaneous action of carbon dioxide secreted by the surface cells of drilling sponges and the contractile efforts of these cells. About 20 species, mainly in shallow waters of warm seas. In our country - 3 types, in Japanese, Black, White and Barents Seas. These sponges dangerous pests oyster jars.

Class 2. Lime sponges(Calcispongiae). The skeleton of these sponges is formed by three-, four-beam and uniaxial needles of calcium carbonate. The body is often barrel-shaped or tubular. The only class of sponges in which sponges with all 3 types of channel system are marked. Lime sponges are small solitary (up to 7 cm high) or colonial organisms. Over 100 species distributed exclusively in the seas temperate latitudes, mainly in shallow water. Representatives Seacon, Sikandra, Leukandra, asceta.

Class 3. Coral sponges(Sclerospongiae). colonial sponges. The width of the colonies is up to 1 m, the height is 0.5 m. They are known from the Mesozoic. The skeleton consists of a basal mass of aragonite or calcite and uniaxial siliceous needles. Living tissue covers only a thin layer (about 1-2 mm thick) on the surface of coral sponges. Channel system of leukonoid type. Only 10 species live in shallow water among the coral reefs of the West Indies, the western parts of the Pacific and Indian oceans, in the Mediterranean Sea and off about. Madeira.

Class 4. Glass sponges, or Six-beam sponges (Hyalospongia, or Hexactinellida). Known since the Cambrian. The most diverse and numerous were in the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic era. Skeleton of flint six-beam needles (or their derivatives) with rays lying in three mutually perpendicular planes. Mostly solitary, bag-shaped, tubular, goblet-shaped or barrel-shaped forms, up to 1.5 m high. About 500 species. Oceanic organisms that usually live at depths of over 100 m. Glass sponges are very beautiful and are used as decorations. For example, a sponge basket of Venus, euplektella, hyalonema.

We present you interesting facts about sea sponges

The famous "washcloth", which we use every day for bathing, got its name precisely because of this. sea ​​creature. Most of them are suitable exclusively for these purposes.

Thanks to numerous studies conducted on these creatures, it was revealed that they belong to underwater world animals. Before the village, they were called zoophytes - a kind of transitional stage between plants and animals.

Sponges inhabit large families, each of them is a unicellular representative. Therefore, you can see them only as a single "society", consisting of 5-12 such single ones.

Depending on what kind of skeleton sponges have, they are divided into three classes: calcareous, glass and ordinary. In the photo below - glass.

Did you know that in ancient times, sponges were very popular in medicine? So, they could be used as a gauze mask and stop bleeding.

Did you know that it depends on these animals how clean the reservoir will be?

In the depths of the water, they are doing a good deed - they pass it through themselves, leaving all the lime inside their body.

Do you know how many sponges it takes to produce modern world? More than 300 thousand tons. Of these marine organisms, besides washcloths for swimming and baths, they also make helmets and stuffing material for construction.

In America, sponges are used in car washes about 95% of 100%.

Did you know that sponges love to eat well? On average, they eat about 2/3 of their own body weight.

Did you know that the first drug that was created to treat cancer - cytosine arabinoside, was derived from the body of these animals?

By the way, in the absence of blood circulation, digestion, nervous system and generally integral organs, sponges can sneeze.

In the deep waters of the ocean, sponges can live for about 200 years. But only if they are not eaten by dolphins - for these animals, sponges play the role of "preventive treatment" from the dirt and bacteria of their stomach.

The crab probably came to admire the perfect structure of the skeleton of glass sponges of the Venus Basket species.

Sea sponges are primitive organisms. These are invertebrate animals that spend almost their entire lives attached to rocks or the bottom. Sponges are found almost everywhere, from coastal areas to the most deep places in the ocean. Approximately 8,000 species of sponges are represented. They do not have real tissues and organs, their functions are performed by individual cells and layers of cells. Sponges feed by pumping water through their own bodies. The filtrate, where small creatures and various organic particles fall, serves as food for the sponge.

There are also predatory sponges - there are about 140 species of them. These predators feed on crustaceans and other small animals. For hunting, sponges of the Cladorhizidae family use long, sticky filaments of cellular structure. When the victim sticks to the thread, it shortens, pulls the victim to the sponge, which gradually envelops the victim and digests. Sponges use water filtration not only to obtain food, but also to obtain oxygen for body tissues. According to experts, every day, many types of sponges pump through themselves a volume of water that is 20,000 times their own body volume. One of the most unusual species sponges - Cladorhizidae. These creatures can be called a living optical fiber.

This sponge belongs to the class of glass sponges (six-beam sponges) which form their base from silicon dioxide. These living organisms are very beautiful, because the threads of the "skeleton" are intertwined in the most unusual combinations. Glass sponges of the Cladorhizidae type usually coexist with shrimp, which occupy the internal cavity of the skeleton. The size of glass sponges reaches 20-30 centimeters.

Specialists from Bell Labs were previously interested in glass sponges. Representatives of the company, having studied the fibers of the skeleton, concluded that the material is similar in structure to optical fiber. The sponge fibers are 5-15 cm long and 40-70 microns in diameter. The structure of fibers is complex; they are multilayer objects. The center is a rod of, in fact, quartz glass. This rod is surrounded by layers of organics and a shell. Moreover, the shell has a special structure, which makes it possible to conduct light through artificial fibers.

Specialists from Bell Labs were surprised that sponges create their fibers in water, at a low temperature. Man, on the other hand, produces optical fiber using expensive equipment at high temperatures in special ovens. According to specialist Joanna Eisenberg, sponges can be an example alternative way fiber optic production. Moreover, a feature of the material produced by sponges is its strength and flexibility. Such fibers are much less brittle and practically do not crack. They can be tied into a knot without problems, the optical properties of the channel will practically not suffer. Light passes through such fibers very well, since sponges use sodium ions to form their glass skeleton, which improve the optical properties of the material. Naturally, sodium is added by these organisms under conditions of the same low temperature in aquatic environment. For fiber optic manufacturers, sodium ion control in manufacturing process is still a problem.

Bell Labs studied the structure of sponge fiber, finding that it consists of several layers. The optical properties of each layer are different. As mentioned above, the center of the sponge fiber is a pure quartz glass rod. Concentric layers of glass surround the rod as the sponge grows. It is this structure that makes the fiber formed by the sponge very resistant to breaks and cracks. The individual layers are glued together with a special organic adhesive. As the skeleton develops, the individual fibers intertwine together to form what looks like a lattice.

The structure of the skeleton of glass sponges has much in common with the structure of buildings and structures, man-made. True, the "buildings" that the sponge creates are 1000 times smaller than most objects of this type created by man. The photo shows the Swiss Tower from London, Hotel De Las Artes from Barcelona and structural element eiffel tower

The lattice is strengthened by a special substance (mesogley), and the sponge skeleton under the influence of mesoglea and fiber sheath becomes quite strong. According to experts, such a structure is similar to the one used by architects who create buildings in a seismic hazardous areas. Such material can be slightly deformed, but it is very difficult to break it. Evolving, sponges have learned to build the most durable skeletons from the minimum amount of material. The researchers say the sponge only uses as much material as it needs, and no more.

Interestingly, sponges of the species Euplectella aspergillum (the “Venus basket” already mentioned above) are attached to the bottom with the help of elastic glass spicule needles, the diameter of which is 50 microns. Their length can reach 10 centimeters. These spicules are very strong, so it is very difficult to break them by tearing off the sponge.

Last year, scientists studying glass sponges conducted simulations mechanical properties artificial fibers of these creatures. The aim was to find the optimal sequence of cylinder thicknesses to achieve maximum skeletal tensile strength. As it turned out, the calculated parameters are very close to the real ones. Sponges use a decrease in thickness from the center to the edge.

Joanna Eisenberg claims that the skeleton of glass sponges is one of the best solutions in engineering mechanics. Perhaps this material can help a person discover new possibilities of materials science and improve engineering design. This structure is very complex; this applies to both individual fibers and the entire skeleton as a whole. “It baffles me. I can't imagine how sponges form their skeleton from individual fibers, creating almost perfect structures," Eisenberg said. Now scientists suggest that in the center of each fiber during its formation there is a protein that plays an important role in the creation of both the rod and the entire fiber as a whole.

"It's amazing how many engineering methods of construction use sponges to build the skeleton," says James Weaver, a scientist at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

Representatives of the sponge type(Porifera) - one of the most primitive and most ancient inhabitants of the ocean. They appeared over 500 million years ago. Currently, about 8,000 species have been described and there is no doubt that many more will be discovered in the future. Tropical reef sponges belong to the class coral sponges(Sclerospongiae).

Unlike other marine invertebrates, the body of sponges consists entirely of individual cells interconnected by channels and chambers. They have no real tissues or organs. Although sponges are considered, they are so primitive that they do not have a muscular, circulatory, digestive or nervous system. Adults lead a sedentary lifestyle and cannot move.
elephant ear sponge- the largest in the world and reaches a diameter of 1.8 (according to other sources - 3.7) meters.
marine animals sponges there are various forms: cup-shaped, tubular, dome-shaped, ball-shaped, barrel-shaped, fan-shaped. They are also distinguished by an incredible variety of colors. Therefore, sometimes sponges blend so well with environment that become almost invisible; and on the reefs many coral sponges they look like corals. Jaw size varies from a few centimeters to over 1.8 m in diameter.

Big sponges suck in and pass through their bodies a colossal amount of water. They are biofilterers and absorb plankton and the smallest particles of food suspended in water, which pass through thousands of pores (ostia) in the walls of the sponge's body. Behind the walls is a layer of supporting substance - mesochil. It contains supporting needles - spicules - formed by calcium carbonate, and spongin protein fibers that form an elastic skeleton that maintains the shape of a sponge.
From within marine animal sponge permeated with cavities and channels that converge in the central cavity of the body. Oxygen and nutrients are filtered out, and the spent water, along with inedible particles, is forcefully ejected through the osculum, a hole at the top of the sponge. It is calculated that every day sponges of the caribbean filter such an amount of water that is equal to the volume of the sea itself.

At depth they are elongated into long straight tubes, and in shallow water they resemble cacti.
marine animals sponges can be dioecious and hermaphrodite. They release sperm into the water, and other sponges capture it and fertilize the eggs. The microscopic larva that has developed from the embryo swims freely and, in the end, sinks to the bottom, where it gradually grows to size adult. Many types of sponges reproduce asexually. In this case, a fragment of the parent body buds, breaks off and is carried away by the flow of water to another place, where it will develop into a new organism as a clone of the parent.
Variety of coral sponges great. One of the most common species is the tubular sponge (Callyspongia vaginalis). At the upper ends of its long tubular body are large holes through which filtered water exits.
Sea sponge vase(Ircinia satrap) looks like an overturned bell with a coverage of 20 and 90 cm from different ends. She lives in the Caribbean Sea, attached to the stones. The mahogany sponge (Haliclona compressa) also lives there. It is painted bright red and looks very much like an offshoot of a coral, reaching only 20 cm in height. AT pacific ocean meet yellow sponges(Cleona celata) growing on