What are the bombs. Weapons of the twentieth century - aerial bombs. Thermonuclear munition "Rhea"

It is possible to turn Russia into a parliamentary republic or remove “more than two terms in a row” even without the Constitutional Assembly

The headlines of newspapers and Internet resources devoted to the article by the head of the Constitutional Court interpret this opus by Valery Zorkin in different ways. Some write that "Zorkin proposed not to touch the Constitution", while speaking out "against the reform, but for targeted changes." Others considered that the proposal of "point changes" was the main thing. Others don't bother with the details - "The Basic Law will change," period. The disagreement is understandable: the head of the Constitutional Court himself did everything to confuse the matter.

Among the “shortcomings” of the Basic Law, according to Mr. Zorkin, is the lack of a proper balance in the system of checks and balances, “a tilt in favor of the executive branch”, as well as “insufficient clarity” in the distribution of powers between the president and the government, between the center and the regions , in determining the status of the Presidential Administration and the powers of the prosecutor's office.

The head of the Constitutional Court does not like the “construction” of Article 12, which states that local government is not included in the system of state authorities and is conditionally independent. The head of the Constitutional Court believes that municipalities should, on paper, take the place that in fact they have long occupied in the country - the place of the “lower link of public authority”.

Nothing original, that is, what a respected lawyer in different time did not speak and would not write before, not in the text. He called “re-emerging calls for fundamental constitutional reforms” “particularly alarming” in the current “far from favorable socio-economic situation”, and suggested correcting the shortcomings of the current Constitution born in 1993 with “point changes”. But even a targeted amendment can turn out to be a serious reform, because we are talking about the CONSTITUTION.

It has nine chapters. In the first (“Fundamentals of the constitutional order”), the second (“Rights and freedoms of man and citizen”) and the ninth (“Constitutional amendments and revision of the Constitution”), not only the word - the punctuation mark cannot be changed without a specially convened Constitutional Assembly. No one knows for sure what kind of assembly this is and what it is eaten with, because for 25 years they have not bothered to adopt the corresponding federal constitutional law.

But without the Constitutional Assembly it is impossible to introduce a state ideology in Russia - because the fact that "no ideology can be established as a mandatory and state ideology" is said in chapter one. An exhaustive list of bodies and structures that “carry out state power in Russia”, is also there, it is the president, the government, the parliament and the courts, and if someone wants to supplement it with some kind of State Council, they need a Constitutional Assembly. Without it, it will not be possible to turn Russia from at least formally a federal state into a unitary one, by abolishing national republics. And even more so to completely rewrite the Constitution, replacing it with a new one!

By the way, article 12 about local self-government, so unloved by the head of the Constitutional Court, is in the first chapter of the Constitution.

But chapters three through eight can be rewritten up and down with the help of ordinary federal constitutional laws, adopted by two-thirds of the votes of both houses of parliament. But just in these chapters it is said about the powers of the subjects of the Russian Federation and federal center, president, parliament, government, on the procedure for electing or forming supreme bodies authorities and the principles of the formation of courts!

That is, a federal constitutional law can make Russia from a presidential republic to a parliamentary one, reduce or increase the powers of the head of state, remove the words “more than two terms in a row” from the article about permissible possible time stay of one person in the highest post in the state, abolish the Duma or the Federation Council, turning the parliament into a unicameral one ...

A lot of things can be done without much bother as long as the parliament is totally controlled by the Kremlin. In the State Duma, for example, " United Russia» 341 mandates, and 301 votes are enough to pass a constitutional law.

It was the federal constitutional law, at the initiative of President Dmitry Medvedev, that in 2008 the presidential term was increased from 4 to 6 years, and the term of office of State Duma deputies - from 4 to 5 years. And in 2013, at the initiative of President Vladimir Putin, 9 articles of the Basic Law were rewritten in this way at once, instead of two higher judicial instances (the Supreme Court and the Supreme arbitration court) creating one, Supreme Court, and the right to appoint prosecutors of the subjects of the Federation by transferring from the Prosecutor General to the President.

The presidential press secretary Dmitry Peskov, however, already said today that the head of the Constitutional Court can write whatever he thinks, but "no action is being taken in this direction in the Presidential Administration."

But the sediment, as they say, remained. Over the country, like a red ominous sun in the finale of the Soviet film "The Elusive Avengers", the "problem-2024" rises. Political scientists out loud, and representatives political elite themselves are tormented by the question "how?". Therefore, every publicly uttered word “about the Constitution” by a high official is perceived precisely in this context.

In addition, for some reason, we always engaged in “spot editing” in the year of “round dates”, on the 15th and 20th anniversary of the birth. Bad sign: In December 2018, the Basic Law will turn 25.

The head of state himself last time answered a question about the Constitution immediately after the March 18 elections. “So far, I am not planning any constitutional reforms,” - that's all his words. Note the word "yet". Especially if you remember that in 2008 and 2013 they forgot to warn the society in advance ...

And a frightened crow is afraid of a bush.

Etymology of the concept

The Russian word "bomb" comes from the Greek. βόμβος (bombos), onomatopoeia, an onomatopoeic word that had in Greek approximately the same meaning as in Russian - the word "babah". In the European group of languages, the term has the same root "bomb" (German. bombe, English bomb, fr. bombe, Spanish bomba), the source of which, in turn, is lat. bombus, the Latin counterpart of the Greek onomatopoeia.

According to one hypothesis, the term was originally associated with battering rams, which first made a terrible roar, and only then caused destruction. In the future, with the improvement of warfare technologies, the logical chain war-roar-destruction became associated with other types of weapons. The term experienced a rebirth at the end of the 14th - beginning of the 15th century, when gunpowder entered the arena of war. At that time, the technical effect of its application was negligible (especially in comparison with those who had achieved perfection mechanical types throwing weapons), but the roar it produced was an extraordinary phenomenon and often had an effect on the enemy comparable to a shower of arrows.

Story

1. Artillery grenade. 2. Bomb. 3. Card grenade. XVII-XIX centuries

1. by appointment - for combat and non-combat. The latter include smoke, lighting, photo-air bombs (lighting for night photography), daylight (colored smoke) and night (colored fire), orienting-signal, orient-sea (create a colored fluorescent spot on the water and colored fire; in the West, orienting-signal and orienting-sea bombs have common name marker), propaganda (stuffed with propaganda material), practical (for training bombing - do not contain explosive or contain a very small charge; practical bombs that do not contain a charge are most often made of cement) and imitation (simulate a nuclear bomb);

1. according to the type of active material - conventional, nuclear, chemical, toxin, bacteriological (traditionally, bombs equipped with pathogenic viruses or their carriers also belong to the bacteriological category, although strictly speaking a virus is not a bacterium);
2. the nature damaging effects:
   • fragmentation ( damaging effect mostly fragments);
   • high-explosive fragmentation (fragments, high-explosive and high-explosive action; in the West, such ammunition is called general-purpose bombs);
   • high-explosive (high-explosive and blasting action);
   • penetrating high-explosive - they are high-explosive thick-walled, they are also (western designation) "seismic bombs" (by blasting action);
   • concrete-piercing (in the West, such ammunition is called semi-armor-piercing) inert (does not contain an explosive charge, hitting the target only due to kinetic energy);
   • concrete breaking explosive ( kinetic energy and blasting action);
   • armor-piercing explosive (also with kinetic energy and blasting action, but with a more durable body);
   • armor-piercing cumulative (cumulative jet);
   • armor-piercing fragmentation / cumulative fragmentation (cumulative jet and fragments);
   • armor-piercing based on the principle of "shock core";
   • incendiary (flame and temperature);
   • high-explosive incendiary (high-explosive and blasting action, flame and temperature);
   • fragmentation-high-explosive-incendiary (fragments, high-explosive and blasting action, flame and temperature);
   • incendiary-smoke (damaging effects of flame and temperature; in addition, such a bomb produces smoke in the area);
   • toxic / chemical and toxin (toxic substance / OM);
   • poisonous smoke bombs (officially these bombs were called "smoking aviation bombs poisonous smoke");
   • fragmentation-poisonous / fragmentation-chemical (fragments and OV);
   • infectious action / bacteriological (directly by pathogenic microorganisms or their carriers from among insects and small rodents);
   • Conventional nuclear (first called atomic) and thermonuclear bombs (originally called atomic hydrogen bombs in the USSR) are traditionally distinguished into a separate category not only by the active material, but also by the damaging effect, although, strictly speaking, they should be considered high-explosive incendiary (with correction for additional damaging factors of a nuclear explosion - radioactive radiation and radioactive fallout) of extra high power. However, there are also "nuclear bombs of enhanced radiation" - they have the main damaging factor is already radioactive radiation, specifically - the neutron flux formed during the explosion (in connection with which such nuclear bombs received the common name "neutron").
   • Also, volumetric detonating bombs (also known as volumetric explosion bombs, thermobaric, vacuum and fuel bombs) are distinguished into a separate category.
3. by the nature of the target (this classification is not always used) - for example, anti-bunker (Bunker Buster), anti-submarine, anti-tank and bridge bombs (the latter were intended for action on bridges and viaducts);
4. according to the method of delivery to the target - rocket (in this case, the bomb is used as a missile warhead), aviation, ship / boat, artillery;
5. by mass, expressed in kilograms or pounds (for non-nuclear bombs) or power, expressed in kilotons / megatons) of TNT equivalent (for nuclear bombs). It should be noted that the caliber of a non-nuclear bomb is not its actual weight, but its correspondence to the dimensions of a certain standard means defeat (which usually takes a high-explosive bomb of the same caliber). The discrepancy between caliber and weight can be very large - for example, the SAB-50-15 lighting bomb had a 50-kg caliber with a weight of only 14.4-14.8 kg (3.5 times discrepancy). On the other hand, the FAB-1500-2600TS air bomb (TS - “thick-walled”) has a caliber of 1500 kg and weighs as much as 2600 kg (a discrepancy of more than 1.7 times);
6. according to the design of the warhead - into monoblock, modular and cassette (initially, the latter were called in the USSR "rotative-dispersing aerial bombs" / RRAB).
7. in terms of controllability - into uncontrolled (free-falling, according to Western terminology - gravitational - and planning) and controlled (adjustable).

Reactive depth charges (in fact, unguided missiles with a warhead in the form of a depth bomb), which are in service with the Russian Navy and the Navy of a number of other countries, are classified by firing range (in hundreds of meters) - for example, RSL-60 (RSL - reactive depth bomb) is fired ( however, it’s more correct to say - it launches) from the RBU-6000 rocket launcher at a distance of up to 6000 m, RSL-10 from RBU-1000 - at 1000 m, etc.

Bomb consumption in major wars

Advances in bomb technology and new types of bombs

Bomb Safety

Bomb disposal

Bombs and terrorism

see also

Literature

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what "Bomb" is in other dictionaries:

Bombing and... Russian word stress

- (French bombe, Italian and Spanish bomba, from Greek bombus dull buzzing). 1) a cast-iron ball filled with gunpowder and thrown by a mortar; it is torn either during its flight or when it falls; also explosive projectile in a metal sheath for manual ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

The United States tested the "mother of all bombs" in 2003 at a test site in Florida. Until now, it has never been used in combat, although one copy was sent to Iraq. In total, the Pentagon has 14 such bombs in its arsenal.

"Mother of All Bombs"

GBU-43 / B Massive Ordnance Air Blast, MOAB, "the mother of all bombs", is an American high-explosive aerial bomb created in 2002-2003.

MOAB continues to be one of the largest satellite-guided bombs.

By the nature of the damaging effect, MOAB is a high-explosive aerial bomb. MOAB has a length of 9.17 m and a diameter of 102.9 cm, the weight of the bomb is 9.5 tons, of which 8.4 tons are explosive Australian-made H-6 - a mixture of RDX, TNT and aluminum powder - which is 1.35 times more powerful than TNT.

The force of the explosion is 11 tons of TNT, the radius of destruction is about 140 m, partial destruction occurs at a distance of up to 1.5 km from the epicenter.

The cost of one such bomb is $16 million.

1. "Tsar bomb"

AN602, also known as the Tsar Bomba, is a thermonuclear aerial bomb developed in the USSR in 1954-1961. a group of nuclear physicists under the leadership of Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR IV Kurchatov.

The most powerful explosive device in the history of mankind. The total energy of the explosion, according to various sources, was 58.6 megatons of TNT, or about 2.4 x 1017 J (which corresponds to a mass defect of 2.65 kg).

The development team included A. D. Sakharov, V. B. Adamsky, Yu. N. Babaev, Yu. N. Smirnov, Yu. A. Trutnev and others.

The name "Kuzka's mother" appeared under the impression famous saying N. S. Khrushcheva: "We will show America Kuz'kin's mother!" Officially, the AN602 bomb had no name.

The explosion of AN602 according to the classification of nuclear explosions was low air nuclear explosion super high power.

His results were impressive. The fireball of the explosion reached a radius of approximately 4.6 km.

Theoretically, it could grow to the surface of the earth, but this was prevented by a reflected shock wave, which crushed the bottom of the ball and threw the ball off the ground.

The light radiation could potentially cause third-degree burns at distances up to 100 km.

The nuclear mushroom of the explosion rose to a height of 67 km, the diameter of its two-tier "cap" reached (near the upper tier) 95 km.

A perceptible seismic wave resulting from the explosion circled three times Earth.

2. Nuclear bomb B-41

B-41 - the most powerful American thermonuclear bomb, equivalent to about 25 megatons. The only three-stage thermonuclear bomb in the US Air Force's arsenal. The most powerful series-produced thermo nuclear weapon. Was in service from 1960 to 1976.

The bomb adopted by the US Air Force in 1961 was significant part of the total megatonnage of American strategic bombers and was considered as an important weapon within the framework of both the "massive retaliation" doctrine (as a means of effectively hitting civilian targets) and the "flexible response" doctrine (as a means of destroying fortified installations, large military bases, naval bases and airfields).

The powerful charge of the bomb allowed even a single bomber to cause significant damage to the affected object.

The B41 bomb is considered the most effective thermonuclear weapon ever built. Based on the ratio of "megatons of TNT per tonne of structural mass," the B41Y1, weighing 4.8 tons, had a charge of 25 megatons, that is, 5.2 megatons per ton.

3. "Castle Bravo"

"Castle Bravo" - American trial thermonuclear explosive device on March 1, 1954 on Bikini Atoll (Republic of the Marshall Islands, associated with the USA).

The first of a series of seven "Operation Castle" challenges.

During this test, a two-stage charge was detonated, in which lithium deuteride was used as a thermonuclear fuel.

The energy release during the explosion reached 15 megatons, which makes Castle Bravo the most powerful of all nuclear testing USA.

The explosion led to severe radiation contamination environment, which caused concern around the world and led to a serious revision of existing views on nuclear weapons.

4. Atomic bomb"Ivy Mike"

"Ivy Mike" - the world's first test of a thermonuclear explosive device.

Due to its weight and dimensions, as well as the use of liquid deuterium as a fuel for thermonuclear fusion, the device had no practical value as a weapon and was intended solely for experimental verification of the "two-stage" design proposed by Ulam and Teller.

The experiment was a success; the estimated yield of the explosion was 10-12 megatons of TNT equivalent.

5. Nuclear bomb MK-36

Two-stage thermonuclear strategic bomb.

All Mk-21s were converted to Mk-36s in 1957. Replaced by Mk-41s.

At the time of decommissioning, the Mk-36 accounted for almost half of the US arsenal in terms of power.

Explosion energy - 9-10 Mt.

6. Nuclear bomb MK-17

Mk.17 - the first thermonuclear bomb on lithium deuteride in the US arsenal, the first mass-produced American thermonuclear bomb.

The largest and most massive thermonuclear weapon in American arsenal. It was developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory. Its length is 7536 mm, its diameter is 1560 mm, and its mass is 21 tons, the explosion energy is 10-15 megatons.

In May 1957, one Mk.17 bomb was inadvertently dropped from a B-36 bomber approaching Kirtland Air Force Base.

Separated from the mounts, the bomb broke through the doors of the bomb bay and fell from a height of 520 m.

Although the bomb was not armed, on impact the primer's explosive partially detonated, destroying the bomb and scattering radioactive material.

The measures taken to clear the area were successful, but, nevertheless, individual radioactive fragments of the bomb are still being found.

7. Nuclear bomb B-53

B-53 - American thermonuclear bomb, the oldest and most powerful nuclear weapon in the arsenal of strategic nuclear forces USA until 1997

Development of the bomb began in 1955 at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico and was based on the design of the earlier Mk.21 and Mk.46 products.

The B53 aerial bomber entered service with the B-47 Stratojet, B-52 Stratofortress and B-58 Hustler bombers in the mid-1960s.

On October 13, 2010, the US National Nuclear Security Administration announced the start of a program to decommission the B53, which has been in service with the Air Force for 35 years.

According to calculations, with an air blast at the optimum height, a 9-megaton explosion will lead to the formation of a fireball ranging in size from 4 km to 5 km in diameter.

The power of light radiation will be enough to cause fatal burns to any openly positioned person within a radius of 28.7 km.

The impact of the shock wave will be enough to destroy residential and industrial buildings within a radius of 14.9 km from the epicenter.

8. Nuclear bomb MK-16

Briefly, the news looks like this: a resident of Saratov, a patient with diabetes, died because she was not prescribed the necessary free medicines - insulin, apparently. Relatives bought her medicines for money, but less than they needed - there was not enough money, so she died. Then it turned out that they were not prescribing because there were no drugs, and the regional Ministry of Health ordered the doctors not to write prescriptions.

That's the whole story - it's simple as it is great Russia. A 28-year-old woman died from ... by the way, what did she die of? She died of chronic kidney failure in the absence of drugs. But did she die from it?

But what if we tell the truth and write a broader and fairer diagnosis on her death certificate.
Well, for example, enter "chronic lack of insulin", own production which, as far as I can remember, Russia has been trying to fix, but somehow it doesn’t work out.

We will also write in the diagnosis “prohibition of issuing prescriptions because there are no medicines”, so that the patient does not stand in the pharmacy and scream that she is ill, because the press will come running. And if the press escapes, then Putin's rating will fall.

Another diagnosis - "There is no money, but you hold on!" - well, comments are unnecessary here, let Medvedev somehow comment on why there is no money, why the medicines were purchased later than necessary.

Answering the question "Where is the money, Zin?" Medvedev will probably answer that cursed enemies Russia imposed sanctions against it.
Well, let's write down the "sanctions", but let's not forget what they are about. There are such Russian diagnoses- Crimea, Donbass, Chechnya, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Transnistria, Syria, Libya is now planned. This, as they say, is a whole bunch of diseases, which are exacerbated, moreover, by "Novichok" - the doctor Mishkin and his assistant Chepiga did everything not only to poison the Skripals and "clean up the homeless woman" (hello to V.V. Putin), but, in passing, they also killed our unfortunate from Saratov, because the sanctions against Russia, as a pariah country, are just unfolding.
There is also a diagnosis of "zomboyaschik", where they shout about the Nazis in Ukraine, forgetting about their own, who killed this resident of Saratov with their lies and indifference.

Another undoubted diagnosis, from which our unfortunate woman died, is Russian patriotism in its Kremlin version. Let me remind you that 21-year-old Saratov resident (what an amazing coincidence) Nikita Smirnov, a great admirer of Vladimir Putin, wrote a statement to the public organization disabled, sick diabetes to the number of "foreign agents" political activity. She was reckoned - the adviser of justice Panchenko concluded that in the activities of the organization of disabled people "we find political signs"- she allegedly "formed the prerequisites for discrediting the authorities and administration."

But all these diagnoses can be replaced by one diagnosis - Putin.
For Putin, as you know, this is Russia.
Remember how Putin proudly talked about a new Russian missile "with an unpredictable trajectory" - well, it quite predictably hit Saratov and killed a sick woman.
Right on target!

General information

Bomb - explosive technical device, are designed to destroy underground, above-ground and sea targets. The bomb consists of a body, controls and a mass of explosive.

Bombs are divided into different kinds. Depending on the type - aviation, mortgaged, deep. By specific impact - electromagnetic, chemical, bacteriological, photobomb, incendiary, fragmentation, neutron. And they are also divided by caliber and power of action.

In general, a bomb is a weapon designed to destroy and destroy, which in turn leads to death.

The most powerful bomb in the world.

To answer the question, what is the most powerful bomb in the world, you must first decide what kind of bomb in question: atomic or non-atomic.

As you know, the most powerful bomb that has ever been put into action is the Soviet thermonuclear bomb, which was dropped on October 30, 1961 on Malaya Zemlya (the Dry Nose test site). The power of the bomb was 57 megatons of TNT.

The “nuclear mushroom” of the explosion rose to a height of 67 km, thereby passing through the stratosphere. The blast wave was recorded by sensitive instruments three times - so many times it ran around the Earth, the audibility of the wave became 1000 km. This bomb received two names "Tsar bomb" and "Kuzkin's mother".

But due to technological progress, scientists are developing alternative types of bombs - not atomic ones.

Massive Ordnance Air Blast is the official name for America's most powerful non-nuclear bomb, the GBU-43/B. In special circles, or more simply, among the people, this bomb was called the "Mom of all bombs." Its length is 10 m, diameter is 1 m, weight is about 9.5 tons. Most, which comes with H6 type explosive, which consists of aluminum powder. The radius of destruction of the bomb is about 150 m.

MOAB was conceived as a successor to the famous BLU-82 Daisy Cutter ("Daisy Cutter"). The first tests of this bomb were carried out in March, and then in November 2003, in Florida. Total manufactured bombs is 15 pieces, production is located in the city of Macalister. Unfortunately, the use of these munitions is not so relevant in our time - they are used as cleaning large areas from thickets.

However, in 2007, a more powerful bomb was built in Russia. The exact name for the new model is not distributed, however, after successful tests, it was called the "Dad of all bombs." total area the defeat of the “dad of all bombs” is 20 times more than that of the “mom”. And today there is no more powerful non-nuclear bomb in the world. Also, finally, I recommend watching the video of the explosion of the most powerful atomic bomb in history