What are the name bombs. Aviation bombs: device and main types. See what "Bomb" is in other dictionaries

The United States tested the "mother of all bombs" in 2003 at a test site in Florida. Until now, it has never been used in combat, although one copy was sent to Iraq. In total, the Pentagon has 14 such bombs in its arsenal.

"Mother of All Bombs"

GBU-43 / B Massive Ordnance Air Blast, MOAB, "the mother of all bombs", is an American high-explosive aerial bomb created in 2002-2003.

MOAB continues to be one of the largest satellite-guided bombs.

By the nature of the damaging effect, MOAB is a high-explosive aerial bomb. MOAB has a length of 9.17 m and a diameter of 102.9 cm, the weight of the bomb is 9.5 tons, of which 8.4 tons are accounted for by the Australian-made explosive H-6 - a mixture of RDX, TNT and aluminum powder - which is more powerful than TNT 1.35 times.

The force of the explosion is 11 tons of TNT, the radius of destruction is about 140 m, partial destruction occurs at a distance of up to 1.5 km from the epicenter.

The cost of one such bomb is $16 million.

1. "Tsar bomb"

AN602, also known as the Tsar Bomba, is a thermonuclear aerial bomb developed in the USSR in 1954-1961. a group of nuclear physicists under the leadership of Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR IV Kurchatov.

The most powerful explosive device in the history of mankind. The total energy of the explosion, according to various sources, was 58.6 megatons of TNT, or about 2.4 x 1017 J (which corresponds to a mass defect of 2.65 kg).

The development team included A. D. Sakharov, V. B. Adamsky, Yu. N. Babaev, Yu. N. Smirnov, Yu. A. Trutnev and others.

The name "Kuzka's mother" appeared under the impression of the well-known statement of N. S. Khrushchev: "We will show America Kuzka's mother!" Officially, the AN602 bomb had no name.

The explosion of AN602 according to the classification of nuclear explosions was a low-air nuclear explosion of extra high power.

His results were impressive. The fireball of the explosion reached a radius of approximately 4.6 km.

Theoretically, it could grow to the surface of the earth, but this was prevented by a reflected shock wave that crushed the bottom of the ball and threw the ball off the ground.

The light radiation could potentially cause third-degree burns at distances up to 100 km.

The nuclear mushroom of the explosion rose to a height of 67 km, the diameter of its two-tier "cap" reached (near the upper tier) 95 km.

A perceptible seismic wave resulting from the explosion circled three times Earth.

2. Nuclear bomb B-41

The B-41 is America's most powerful thermonuclear bomb, with an equivalent of about 25 megatons. The only three-stage thermonuclear bomb in the US Air Force's arsenal. The most powerful mass-produced thermonuclear weapon. Was in service from 1960 to 1976.

Introduced into service with the US Air Force in 1961, the bomb was a significant part of the total megatonnage of American strategic bombers and was considered an important weapon within the framework of both the doctrine of "massive retaliation" (as a means of effectively destroying civilian targets) and the doctrine of "flexible response" (as a means of destruction of fortified facilities, large military bases, naval bases and airfields).

The powerful charge of the bomb allowed even a single bomber to cause significant damage to the affected object.

The B41 bomb is considered the most effective thermonuclear weapon ever built. Based on the ratio of "megatons of TNT per tonne of structural mass," the B41Y1, weighing 4.8 tons, had a charge of 25 megatons, that is, 5.2 megatons per ton.

3. "Castle Bravo"

"Castle Bravo" - American trial thermonuclear explosive device on March 1, 1954 on Bikini Atoll (Republic of the Marshall Islands, associated with the USA).

The first of a series of seven "Operation Castle" challenges.

During this test, a two-stage charge was detonated, in which lithium deuteride was used as a thermonuclear fuel.

The energy release from the explosion reached 15 megatons, making Castle Bravo the most powerful of all US nuclear tests.

The explosion led to severe radiation contamination environment, which caused concern around the world and led to a serious revision of existing views on nuclear weapons.

4. Atomic bomb "Ivy Mike"

"Ivy Mike" - the world's first test of a thermonuclear explosive device.

Due to its weight and dimensions, as well as the use of liquid deuterium as a fuel for thermonuclear fusion, the device had no practical value as a weapon and was intended solely for experimental verification of the "two-stage" design proposed by Ulam and Teller.

The experiment was a success; the estimated yield of the explosion was 10-12 megatons of TNT equivalent.

5. Nuclear bomb MK-36

Two-stage thermonuclear strategic bomb.

All Mk-21s were converted to Mk-36s in 1957. Replaced by Mk-41s.

At the time of decommissioning, the Mk-36 accounted for almost half of the US arsenal in terms of power.

Explosion energy - 9-10 Mt.

6. Nuclear bomb MK-17

Mk.17 - the first thermonuclear bomb on lithium deuteride in the US arsenal, the first mass-produced American thermonuclear bomb.

The largest and most massive thermonuclear weapon in American arsenal. It was developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory. Its length is 7536 mm, its diameter is 1560 mm, and its weight is 21 tons, the explosion energy is 10-15 megatons.

In May 1957, one Mk.17 bomb was inadvertently dropped from a B-36 bomber approaching Kirtland Air Force Base.

Separated from the mounts, the bomb broke through the doors of the bomb bay and fell from a height of 520 m.

Although the bomb was not armed, on impact the primer's explosive partially detonated, destroying the bomb and scattering radioactive material.

The measures taken to clear the area were successful, but, nevertheless, individual radioactive fragments of the bomb are still being found.

7. Nuclear bomb B-53

B-53 - American thermonuclear bomb, the oldest and most powerful nuclear weapon in the arsenal of strategic nuclear forces USA until 1997

Development of the bomb began in 1955 at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico and was based on the design of the earlier Mk.21 and Mk.46 products.

The B53 aerial bomber entered service with the B-47 Stratojet, B-52 Stratofortress and B-58 Hustler bombers in the mid-1960s.

On October 13, 2010, the US National Nuclear Security Administration announced the start of a program for the disposal of B53s that have been in service with the Air Force for 35 years.

According to calculations, with an air blast at the optimum height, a 9-megaton explosion will lead to the formation of a fireball ranging in size from 4 km to 5 km in diameter.

The power of light radiation will be enough to cause fatal burns to any openly positioned person within a radius of 28.7 km.

The impact of the shock wave will be enough to destroy residential and industrial buildings within a radius of 14.9 km from the epicenter.

8. Nuclear bomb MK-16

Air bombs or aerial bombs are one of the main types of aviation munitions, which appeared almost immediately after the birth of military aviation. An aerial bomb is dropped from an aircraft or other aircraft and reaches the target under the influence of gravity.

Currently aviation bombs became one of the main means of defeating the enemy, in any armed conflict of recent decades (in which aviation was used, of course), their consumption amounted to tens of thousands of tons.

Modern aerial bombs are used to destroy enemy manpower, armored vehicles, warships, enemy fortifications (including underground bunkers), objects of civil and military infrastructure. The main damaging factors of air bombs are the blast wave, fragments, high temperature. There are special types of bombs that contain various types of poisonous substances to destroy enemy manpower.

Since the advent of military aviation, a huge number of types of aerial bombs have been developed, some of which are still used today (for example, high-explosive aerial bombs), while others have long been decommissioned and have become part of history (rotational scattering aerial bomb). Most types of modern aerial bombs were invented before or during World War II. However, the current aerial bombs are still different from their predecessors - they have become much "smarter" and more deadly.

Guided aerial bombs (UABs) are one of the most common types of modern high-precision weapons; they combine significant warhead power and high target engagement accuracy. In general, it should be noted that the use of high-precision weapons is one of the main directions in the development of strike aviation, the era of carpet bombing is gradually becoming a thing of the past.

If you ask an ordinary layman what kind of air bombs are, then he is unlikely to be able to name more than two or three varieties. In fact, the arsenal of modern bomber aircraft is huge, it includes several dozen various kinds ammunition. They differ not only in caliber, the nature of the damaging effect, the weight of the explosive and the purpose. The classification of aerial bombs is quite complex and is based on several principles at once, and in different countries ah it has some differences.

However, before turning to descriptions of specific types of aerial bombs, a few words should be said about the history of the development of this ammunition.

Story

The idea to use aircraft in military affairs was born almost immediately after their appearance. At the same time, the easiest and most logical way to harm the adversary from the air was to drop something deadly on his head. The first attempts to use airplanes as bombers were made even before the outbreak of the First World War - in 1911, during the Italo-Turkish war, the Italians dropped several bombs on Turkish troops.

During the First World War, in addition to bombs, metal darts (flashets) were also used to destroy ground targets, which were more or less effective against enemy manpower.

As the first aerial bombs, hand grenades were often used, which the pilot simply threw from his cockpit. It is clear that the accuracy and efficiency of such bombing left much to be desired. And the aircraft themselves of the initial period of the First World War were not very suitable for the role of bombers, airships capable of taking on board several tons of bombs and covering a distance of 2-4 thousand km had much more efficiency.

The first full-fledged WWI bomber was the Russian Ilya Muromets aircraft. Soon, such multi-engine bombers appeared in service with all participants in the conflict. In parallel, work was underway to improve their main means of defeating the enemy - aerial bombs. The designers had several tasks, the main of which was the ammunition fuse - it was necessary to ensure that it worked at the right time. The stability of the first bombs was insufficient - they fell sideways to the ground. The first aerial bombs were often made from shells of artillery shells of various calibers, but their shape was not very suitable for accurate bombing, and they were very expensive.

After creating the first heavy bombers the military needed ammunition of serious calibers that could cause really serious damage to the enemy. By the middle of 1915, bombs of 240 and even 400 kg caliber appeared in service with the Russian army.

At the same time, the first samples of incendiary bombs based on white phosphorus. Russian chemists have managed to develop a cheap way to obtain this scarce substance.

In 1915, the Germans began to use the first fragmentation bombs, a little later, similar ammunition appeared in service with other countries participating in the conflict. The Russian inventor Dashkevich came up with a "barometric" bomb, the fuse of which worked at a certain height, scattering a large amount of shrapnel over a certain area.

Summarizing the above, we can come to an unambiguous conclusion: in just a few years of the First World War, aviation bombs and bombers went an unthinkable path - from metal arrows to half-ton bombs, quite modern form with an effective fuse and an in-flight stabilization system.

In the period between the world wars, bomber aviation developed rapidly, the range and carrying capacity of aircraft became greater, and the design of aviation ammunition was also improved. At this time, new types of aerial bombs were developed.

Some of them should be considered in more detail. In 1939, the Soviet-Finnish war began and almost immediately the USSR aviation began massive bombardments of Finnish cities. Among other ammunition, the so-called rotary-dispersive bombs (RRAB) were used. It can be safely called the prototype of future cluster bombs.

The rotary dispersion bomb was a thin-walled container containing a large number of small bombs: high-explosive, fragmentation or incendiary. Due to the special design of the plumage, the rotary-dispersive aerial bomb rotated in flight and scattered submunitions over a large area. Since the USSR assured that Soviet aircraft do not bomb the cities of Finland, but drop food to the starving, the Finns wittily called the rotary-scattering bombs "Molotov's breadbaskets."

During Polish campaign the Germans for the first time used real cluster bombs, which in their design practically do not differ from modern ones. They were thin-walled ammunition that exploded at the required height and released a large number of small bombs.

The Second World War can be safely called the first military conflict in which military aviation played a decisive role. The German attack aircraft Ju 87 "thing" became a symbol of a new military concept - blitzkrieg, and American and British bombers successfully implemented the Douai doctrine, erasing German cities and their inhabitants into rubble.

At the end of the war, the Germans developed and successfully used for the first time the new kind aviation ammunition - guided aerial bombs. With their help, for example, the flagship of the Italian fleet, the newest battleship Roma, was sunk.

Of the new types of aerial bombs that were first used during the Second World War, anti-tank, as well as jet (or rocket) aerial bombs, should be noted. Anti-tank bombs are special type aviation ammunition, designed to combat enemy armored vehicles. They usually had a small caliber and cumulative warhead. They can be exemplified Soviet bombs PTAB, which were actively used by the Red Army aviation against German tanks.

Rocket air bombs are a type of aviation ammunition equipped with a rocket engine, which gave it additional acceleration. The principle of their work was simple: the "penetrating" ability of the bomb depends on its mass and the height of the discharge. In the USSR, before the war, it was considered that in order to guarantee the destruction of a battleship, it was necessary to drop a two-ton bomb from a height of four kilometers. However, if you install a simple rocket booster on the ammunition, then both parameters can be reduced several times. It did not work out then, but the rocket acceleration method found application in modern concrete-piercing aerial bombs.

On August 6, 1945, a new era in the development of mankind began: it got acquainted with a new destructive weapon- a nuclear bomb. This type of aviation ammunition is still in service with different countries of the world, although the importance of nuclear bombs has significantly decreased.

Combat aviation has been continuously developing during the period cold war, along with it, aerial bombs were also improved. However, something fundamentally new was not invented during this period. Guided aerial bombs, cluster munitions were improved, bombs with a volumetric detonating warhead (vacuum bombs) appeared.

Since about the mid-70s, bombs have become more and more precision weapons. If during the Vietnamese campaign, UAB accounted for only 1% of total air bombs dropped American aviation on the enemy, then during the operation "Desert Storm" (1990), this figure increased to 8%, and during the bombing of Yugoslavia - up to 24%. In 2003, 70% of American bombs in Iraq were precision-guided weapons.

The improvement of aviation ammunition continues today.

Air bombs, features of their design and classification

An aerial bomb is a type of munition that consists of a body, stabilizer, munitions, and one or more fuses. Most often, the body has an oval-cylindrical shape with a conical tail. Cases of fragmentation, high-explosive and high-explosive fragmentation bombs (OFAB) are made in such a way as to give maximum amount fragments. In the bottom and bow parts of the hull there are usually special glasses for installing fuses, some types of bombs also have side fuses.

The explosives used in aerial bombs are quite varied. Most often it is TNT or its alloys with RDX, ammonium nitrate, etc. incendiary munitions the warhead is filled with incendiary compounds or flammable liquids.

There are special ears for suspension on the body of air bombs, with the exception of small-caliber ammunition, which are placed in cassettes or bundles.

The stabilizer is designed to ensure stable flight of the ammunition, reliable operation of the fuse and more effective target destruction. The stabilizers of modern air bombs can have a complex design: box-shaped, feathery or cylindrical. Air bombs that are used from low altitudes often have umbrella stabilizers that deploy immediately after being dropped. Their task is to slow down the flight of the ammunition in order to enable the aircraft to move to a safe distance from the point of explosion.

Modern aviation bombs are equipped with different types of fuses: percussion, non-contact, remote, etc.

If we talk about the classifications of air bombs, then there are several of them. All bombs are divided into:

• basic;
• auxiliary.

The main aerial bombs are designed to directly hit various targets.

Auxiliary ones contribute to the solution of a particular combat mission, or they are used in the training of troops. These include lighting, smoke, propaganda, signal, orienteering, training and simulation.

The main aerial bombs can be divided according to the type of damaging effect they inflict:

1. Ordinary. These include ammunition filled with conventional explosives or incendiaries. The defeat of targets occurs due to the blast wave, fragments, high temperature.
2. Chemical. This category of aerial bombs includes ammunition filled with chemical poisonous substances. Chemical bombs have never been used on a large scale.
3. Bacteriological. They are stuffed with biological pathogens of various diseases or their carriers and have also never been used on a large scale.
4. Nuclear. They have a nuclear or thermonuclear warhead, the defeat occurs due to the shock wave, light radiation, radiation, electromagnetic wave.

There is a classification of aerial bombs, based on a narrower definition of lethality, which is the most commonly used. According to her, bombs are:

• high-explosive;
• high-explosive fragmentation;
• fragmentation;
• high-explosive penetrating (have a thick body);
• concrete-breaking;
• armor-piercing;
• incendiary;
• high-explosive incendiary;
• poisonous;
• volumetric detonating;
• fragmentation-poisonous.

This list goes on.

The main characteristics of air bombs include: caliber, performance indicators, filling ratio, characteristic time and range of conditions combat use.

One of the main characteristics of any air bomb is its caliber. This is the mass of ammunition in kilograms. Bombs are conventionally divided into small, medium and large caliber ammunition. To which particular group this or that aerial bomb belongs largely depends on its type. So, for example, a hundred-kilogram high-explosive bomb belongs to a small caliber, and its fragmentation or incendiary counterpart to a medium one.

The fill factor is the ratio of the explosive mass of the bomb to its total weight. For thin-walled high-explosive ammunition, it is higher (about 0.7), and for thick-walled - fragmentation and concrete-piercing bombs - lower (about 0.1-0.2).

The characteristic time is a parameter that is related to the ballistic properties of the bomb. This is the time of its fall when dropped from an aircraft flying horizontally at a speed of 40 m / s, from a height of 2 thousand meters.

The expected effectiveness is also a rather conditional parameter of aerial bombs. It is different for different types these ammunition. The assessment may be related to the size of the crater, the number of fires, the thickness of the pierced armor, the area of ​​the affected area, etc.

The range of conditions for combat use shows the characteristics at which bombing is possible: maximum and minimum speed, altitude.

Types of bombs

The most commonly used aerial bombs are high explosive. Even a small 50 kg bomb contains more explosive than a 210 mm gun projectile. The reason is very simple - the bomb does not need to withstand the huge loads that the projectile is subjected to in the gun barrel, so it can be made thin-walled. The body of the projectile requires precise and complex processing, which is absolutely not necessary for an aerial bomb. Accordingly, the cost of the latter is much lower.

It should be noted that the use of high-explosive bombs of very large calibers (above 1,000 kg) is not always rational. With an increase in the mass of the explosive, the radius of destruction does not increase too significantly. Therefore, over a large area, it is much more efficient to use several medium-power ammunition.

Another common type of aerial bombs are fragmentation bombs. The main purpose of defeating such bombs is manpower enemy or civilians. These munitions are of a design that promotes the formation of a large number of fragments after the explosion. They usually have a notch on inside housings or ready-made submunitions (most often balls or needles) placed inside the housing. In the explosion of a hundred-kilogram fragmentation bomb, 5-6 thousand small fragments are obtained.

As a rule, fragmentation bombs have a smaller caliber than high-explosive ones. A significant disadvantage of this type of ammunition is the fact that it is easy to hide from a fragmentation bomb. For this, any field fortification(trench, cell) or building. Currently, fragmentation cluster munitions are more common, which are a container filled with small fragmentation submunitions.

Such bombs cause significant casualties, with civilians suffering the most from their action. Therefore, such weapons are prohibited by many conventions.

Concrete bombs. This is very interesting type ammunition, the so-called seismic bombs, developed by the British at the beginning of World War II, are considered its predecessor. The idea was this: to make a very large bomb (5.4 tons - Tallboy and 10 tons - Grand Slam), raise it higher - eight kilometers - and drop it on the adversary's head. The bomb, having accelerated to tremendous speed, penetrates deep underground and explodes there. As a result, a small earthquake occurs, which destroys buildings over a large area.

Nothing came of this venture. The underground explosion, of course, shook the ground, but obviously not enough for the collapse of buildings. But he destroyed underground structures very effectively. Therefore, already at the end of the war, British aviation used such bombs specifically to destroy bunkers.

Today, concrete-piercing bombs are often equipped with a rocket booster so that the ammunition gains great speed and penetrated deeper into the earth.

vacuum bombs. This aviation ammunition became one of the few post-war inventions, although the Germans were still interested in volumetric explosion ammunition at the end of World War II. The Americans began to use them en masse during the Vietnamese campaign.

The principle of operation of aviation ammunition of a volumetric explosion - this is the more correct name - is quite simple. The warhead of the bomb contains a substance that, when detonated, is blown up by a special charge and turns into an aerosol, after which the second charge sets fire to it. Such an explosion is several times more powerful than usual, and here's why: ordinary TNT (or other explosive) contains both an explosive and an oxidizing agent, a "vacuum" bomb uses air oxygen for oxidation (combustion).

True, an explosion of this type is of the “burning” type, but in its action it is in many ways superior to conventional ammunition.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them.

An onomatopoeic word that had in Greek approximately the same meaning as in Russian - the word "babah". In the European group of languages, the term has the same root "bomb" (German. bombe, English bomb, fr. bombe, Spanish bomba), the source of which, in turn, is lat. bombus, the Latin counterpart of the Greek onomatopoeia.

According to one hypothesis, the term was originally associated with battering rams, which first made a terrible roar, and only then caused destruction. In the future, with the improvement of warfare technologies, the logical chain war - roar - destruction became associated with other types of weapons. The term experienced a rebirth at the end of the 14th - beginning of the 15th century, when gunpowder entered the arena of war. In those days, the technical effect of its use was negligible (especially in comparison with the mechanical types of throwing weapons that had reached perfection), but the roar produced by it was an extraordinary phenomenon and often had an effect on the enemy comparable to a shower of arrows.

Story

1. by appointment - for combat and non-combat. The latter include smoke, lighting, photo-air bombs (lighting for night photography), daylight (colored smoke) and night (colored fire), orienting-signal, orient-sea (create a colored fluorescent spot on the water and colored fire; in the West, orienting-signal and orienting-sea bombs have common name marker), propaganda (stuffed with propaganda material), practical (for training bombing - do not contain explosive or contain a very small charge; practical bombs that do not contain a charge are most often made of cement) and imitation (simulate a nuclear bomb);
2. according to the type of active material - conventional, nuclear, chemical, toxin, bacteriological (traditionally, bombs equipped with pathogenic viruses or their carriers also belong to the bacteriological category, although strictly speaking a virus is not a bacterium);
3. according to the nature of the damaging effect:
   • fragmentation ( damaging effect mostly fragments);
   • high-explosive fragmentation (fragments, high-explosive and high-explosive action; in the West, such ammunition is called general-purpose bombs);
   • high-explosive (high-explosive and blasting action);
   • penetrating high-explosive - they are high-explosive thick-walled, they are also (western designation) "seismic bombs" (by blasting action);
   • concrete-piercing (in the West, such ammunition is called semi-armor-piercing) inert (does not contain an explosive charge, hitting the target only due to kinetic energy);
   • concrete breaking explosive (kinetic energy and blasting action);
   • armor-piercing explosive (also with kinetic energy and blasting action, but having a more durable body);
   • armor-piercing cumulative (cumulative jet);
   • armor-piercing fragmentation / cumulative fragmentation (cumulative jet and fragments);
   • armor-piercing based on the principle of "shock core";
   • incendiary (flame and temperature);
   • high-explosive incendiary (high-explosive and blasting action, flame and temperature);
   • fragmentation-high-explosive-incendiary (fragments, high-explosive and blasting action, flame and temperature);
   • incendiary-smoke (damaging effects of flame and temperature; in addition, such a bomb produces smoke in the area);
   • toxic / chemical and toxin (toxic substance / OM);
   • poisonous smoke bombs (officially these bombs were called "smoking poisonous smoke aerial bombs");
   • fragmentation-poisonous / fragmentation-chemical (fragments and OV);
   • infectious action / bacteriological (directly by pathogenic microorganisms or their carriers from among insects and small rodents);
   • Conventional nuclear (first called atomic) and thermonuclear bombs (originally called atomic hydrogen bombs in the USSR) are traditionally distinguished into a separate category not only by the active material, but also by the damaging effect, although, strictly speaking, they should be considered high-explosive incendiary (with correction for additional damaging factors of a nuclear explosion - radioactive radiation and radioactive fallout) of extra high power. However, there are also "nuclear bombs of enhanced radiation" - they have the main damaging factor is already radioactive radiation, specifically - the neutron flux formed during the explosion (in connection with which such nuclear bombs received the common name "neutron").
   • Also, volumetric detonating bombs (also known as volumetric explosion bombs, thermobaric, vacuum and fuel bombs) are distinguished into a separate category.
4. by the nature of the target (this classification is not always used) - for example, anti-bunker (Bunker Buster), anti-submarine, anti-tank and bridge bombs (the latter were intended for action on bridges and viaducts);
5. according to the method of delivery to the target - rocket (in this case, the bomb is used as a warhead of a rocket), aviation, ship / boat, artillery;
6. by mass, expressed in kilograms or pounds (for non-nuclear bombs) or power, expressed in kilotons / megatons) of TNT equivalent (for nuclear bombs). It should be noted that the caliber of a non-nuclear bomb is not its actual weight, but its correspondence to the dimensions of a certain standard means defeat (which usually takes a high-explosive bomb of the same caliber). The discrepancy between caliber and weight can be very large - for example, the SAB-50-15 lighting bomb had a 50-kg caliber with a weight of only 14.4-14.8 kg (3.5 times discrepancy). On the other hand, the FAB-1500-2600TS air bomb (TS - “thick-walled”) has a caliber of 1500 kg and weighs as much as 2600 kg (a discrepancy of more than 1.7 times);
7. according to the design of the warhead - into monoblock, modular and cassette (initially, the latter were called in the USSR "rotative-dispersing aerial bombs" / RRAB).
8. in terms of controllability - into uncontrolled (free-falling, according to Western terminology - gravitational - and planning) and controlled (adjustable).

Reactive depth charges, in fact - unguided missiles with a warhead in the form of a depth bomb, which are in service with the Russian Navy and the Navy of a number of other countries, are classified by firing range (in hundreds of meters) - for example, the RSL-60 (RSL - reactive depth bomb) is fired (however , more correctly, it is launched) from the RBU-6000 rocket launcher at a distance of up to 6000 m, RSL-10 from RBU-1000 - at 1000 m, etc.

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Notes

An excerpt characterizing the bomb

Petya was standing at the door when Denisov said this. Petya crawled between the officers and came close to Denisov.
“Let me kiss you, my dear,” he said. - Oh, how wonderful! how good! - And, kissing Denisov, he ran into the yard.
- Bosses! Vincent! Petya shouted, stopping at the door.
- Who do you want, sir? said a voice from the darkness. Petya answered that the boy was a Frenchman, who was taken today.
- BUT! spring? - said the Cossack.
His name Vincent has already been changed: the Cossacks - in Spring, and the peasants and soldiers - in Visenya. In both alterations, this reminder of spring converged with the idea of ​​a young boy.
“He was warming himself by the fire. Hey Visenya! Visenya! Spring! voices and laughter echoed in the darkness.
“And the boy is smart,” said the hussar, who was standing next to Petya. We fed him today. Passion was hungry!
Footsteps were heard in the darkness and, barefoot slapping through the mud, the drummer approached the door.
- Ah, c "est vous!" - said Petya. - Voulez vous manger? N "ayez pas peur, on ne vous fera pas de mal," he added, timidly and affectionately touching his hand. – Entrez, entrez. [Oh, it's you! Want to eat? Don't worry, they won't do anything to you. Sign in, sign in.]
- Merci, monsieur, [Thank you, sir.] - the drummer answered in a trembling, almost childish voice and began to wipe his dirty feet on the threshold. Petya wanted to say a lot to the drummer, but he did not dare. He, shifting, stood beside him in the passage. Then, in the darkness, he took his hand and shook it.
“Entrez, entrez,” he repeated only in a gentle whisper.
“Oh, what should I do to him!” Petya said to himself and, opening the door, let the boy pass him by.
When the drummer entered the hut, Petya sat further away from him, considering it humiliating for himself to pay attention to him. He only felt the money in his pocket and was in doubt whether he would not be ashamed to give it to the drummer.

From the drummer, who, on the orders of Denisov, was given vodka, mutton, and whom Denisov ordered to dress in a Russian caftan, so that, without sending him away with the prisoners, to leave him at the party, Petya's attention was diverted by the arrival of Dolokhov. Petya in the army heard many stories about the extraordinary courage and cruelty of Dolokhov with the French, and therefore, since Dolokhov entered the hut, Petya, without taking his eyes off, looked at him and cheered more and more, twitching his raised head so as not to be unworthy even of such a society as Dolokhov.
Dolokhov's appearance struck Petya strangely with its simplicity.
Denisov dressed in a chekmen, wore a beard and on his chest the image of Nicholas the Wonderworker, and in his manner of speaking, in all methods, he showed the peculiarity of his position. Dolokhov, on the other hand, who had previously worn a Persian suit in Moscow, now looked like the most prim guards officer. His face was clean-shaven, he was dressed in a Guards padded frock coat with Georgy in his buttonhole and in a plain cap put on directly. He took off his wet cloak in the corner and, going up to Denisov, without greeting anyone, immediately began to question him about the matter. Denisov told him about the plans that they had for their transport big squads, and about sending Petya, and about how he answered both generals. Then Denisov told everything he knew about the position of the French detachment.
“That’s true, but you need to know what and how many troops,” Dolokhov said, “it will be necessary to go. Without knowing exactly how many there are, one cannot go into business. I like to do things carefully. Here, if any of the gentlemen wants to go with me to their camp. I have my uniforms with me.
- I, I ... I will go with you! Petya screamed.
“You don’t need to go at all,” Denisov said, turning to Dolokhov, “and I won’t let him go for anything.”
- That's great! Petya cried out, “why shouldn’t I go? ..
- Yes, because there is no need.
"Well, you'll have to excuse me, because... because... I'll go, that's all." Will you take me? he turned to Dolokhov.
- Why ... - Dolokhov answered absently, peering into the face of the French drummer.
- How long have you had this young man? he asked Denisov.
- Today they took it, but they don’t know anything. I left it pg "and myself.
Well, where are you going with the rest? Dolokhov said.
- How to where? I’m sending you under Mr. Aspis! - Denisov suddenly blushed, shouted. - And I can boldly say that there is not a single person on my conscience. than magic, I pg, I’ll say, the honor of a soldier.
“It’s decent for a young count at sixteen to say these courtesies,” Dolokhov said with a cold smile, “but it’s time for you to leave it.
“Well, I’m not saying anything, I’m only saying that I will certainly go with you,” Petya said timidly.
“And it’s time for you and me, brother, to give up these courtesies,” Dolokhov continued, as if he found particular pleasure in talking about this subject that irritated Denisov. “Well, why did you take this with you?” he said, shaking his head. "Then why do you feel sorry for him?" After all, we know these receipts of yours. You send a hundred of them, and thirty will come. They will die of hunger or be beaten. So isn't it all the same to not take them?
Esaul, narrowing his bright eyes, nodded his head approvingly.
- It's all g "Absolutely, there's nothing to argue about. I don't want to take it on my soul. You talk" ish - help "ut". Just not from me.
Dolokhov laughed.
“Who didn’t tell them to catch me twenty times?” But they will catch me and you, with your chivalry, all the same on an aspen. He paused. “However, the work must be done. Send my Cossack with a pack! I have two French uniforms. Well, are you coming with me? he asked Petya.
- I? Yes, yes, certainly, - Petya, blushing almost to tears, cried out, looking at Denisov.
Again, while Dolokhov was arguing with Denisov about what should be done with the prisoners, Petya felt awkward and hasty; but again he did not have time to understand well what they were talking about. “If big, well-known think like that, then it’s necessary, so it’s good,” he thought. - And most importantly, it is necessary that Denisov does not dare to think that I will obey him, that he can command me. I will certainly go with Dolokhov to the French camp. He can, and I can."
To all Denisov's persuasion not to travel, Petya replied that he, too, was accustomed to doing everything carefully, and not Lazarus at random, and that he never thought of danger to himself.
“Because,” you yourself will agree, “if you don’t know exactly how many there are, life depends on it, maybe hundreds, and here we are alone, and then I really want this, and I will certainly, certainly go, you won’t keep me.” “It will only get worse,” he said.

Dressed in French overcoats and shakos, Petya and Dolokhov went to the clearing from which Denisov looked at the camp, and, leaving the forest in complete darkness, went down into the hollow. Having moved down, Dolokhov ordered the Cossacks accompanying him to wait here and rode at a large trot along the road to the bridge. Petya, trembling with excitement, rode beside him.
“If we get caught, I won’t give myself up alive, I have a gun,” Petya whispered.
“Don’t speak Russian,” Dolokhov said in a quick whisper, and at the same moment a hail was heard in the darkness: “Qui vive?” [Who's coming?] and the sound of a gun.
Blood rushed into Petya's face, and he grabbed the pistol.
- Lanciers du sixieme, [Lancers of the sixth regiment.] - Dolokhov said, without shortening or adding speed to the horse. The black figure of a sentry stood on the bridge.
- Mot d "ordre? [Review?] - Dolokhov held his horse back and rode at a pace.
– Dites donc, le colonel Gerard est ici? [Tell me, is Colonel Gerard here?] he said.
- Mot d "ordre! - Without answering, the sentry said, blocking the road.
- Quand un officier fait sa ronde, les sentinelles ne demandent pas le mot d "ordre ... - Dolokhov shouted, suddenly flushing, running over the sentry with his horse. - Je vous demande si le colonel est ici? [When an officer goes around the chain, sentries do not ask recall… I ask if the Colonel is here?]
And, without waiting for an answer from the guard who stood aside, Dolokhov rode uphill at a pace.
Noticing the black shadow of a man crossing the road, Dolokhov stopped this man and asked where the commander and officers were? This man, with a bag on his shoulder, a soldier, stopped, went close to Dolokhov's horse, touching it with his hand, and simply and friendly told that the commander and officers were higher on the mountain, on the right side, in the farm yard (as he called the master's estate).
Having passed along the road, on both sides of which the French dialect sounded from the fires, Dolokhov turned into the courtyard of the master's house. Having passed through the gate, he got off his horse and went up to a large blazing fire, around which several people were sitting talking loudly. Something was brewing in a cauldron on the edge, and a soldier in a cap and a blue overcoat, kneeling, brightly lit by fire, interfered with it with a ramrod.
- Oh, c "est un dur a cuire, [You can't cope with this devil.] - said one of the officers sitting in the shade on the opposite side of the fire.
“Il les fera marcher les lapins… [He will go through them…],” another said with a laugh. Both fell silent, peering into the darkness at the sound of the steps of Dolokhov and Petya, approaching the fire with their horses.
Bonjour, messieurs! [Hello, gentlemen!] - Dolokhov said loudly, clearly.
The officers stirred in the shadow of the fire, and one, a tall officer with a long neck, bypassing the fire, approached Dolokhov.
- C "est vous, Clement? - he said. - D" ou, diable ... [Is that you, Clement? Where the hell...] ​​- but he did not finish, having learned his mistake, and, frowning slightly, as if he were a stranger, greeted Dolokhov, asking him what he could serve. Dolokhov said that he and his comrade were catching up with his regiment, and asked, addressing everyone in general, if the officers knew anything about the sixth regiment. Nobody knew anything; and it seemed to Petya that the officers began to examine him and Dolokhov with hostility and suspicion. For a few seconds everyone was silent.
- Si vous comptez sur la soupe du soir, vous venez trop tard, [If you are counting on dinner, then you are late.] - said a voice from behind the fire with a restrained laugh.
Dolokhov replied that they were full and that they needed to go further into the night.
He handed over the horses to the soldier who stirred in the bowler hat and squatted by the fire next to the officer with the long neck. This officer, without taking his eyes off, looked at Dolokhov and asked him again: what regiment was he? Dolokhov did not answer, as if he did not hear the question, and, lighting a short French pipe, which he took out of his pocket, asked the officers how safe the road was from the Cossacks ahead of them.
- Les brigands sont partout, [These robbers are everywhere.] - answered the officer from behind the fire.
Dolokhov said that the Cossacks were terrible only for such backward people as he and his comrade, but that the Cossacks probably did not dare to attack large detachments, he added inquiringly. Nobody answered.
“Well, now he will leave,” Petya thought every minute, standing in front of the fire and listening to his conversation.

Which is the main source of energy for the bomb and most of its mass. The bomb consists of a body (shell), a charge - the mass of explosive, controls. Bombs are divided according to the types of explosive material used in them as a source of energy, according to the caliber or nominal power expressed in kilotons (for nuclear charges), according to specific effects, for example - fragmentation, neutron, electromagnetic, chemical, bacteriological, lighting, photobomb, incendiary, etc. By type - laid down (mine, land mine, etc.), aviation, deep, as well as missile warheads (rocket bomb).

The purpose of the bomb

A bomb is one of the most formidable types of weapons, and accordingly, the main purpose of this weapon is to kill and destroy. Although in this series there is also a neutral purpose, for example, lighting and photobomb - for lighting large areas, photography. The bomb can also be a source of energy for "pumping" a laser, such as an X-ray, or a laser operating in the optical range. The power of the bomb charge can range from a few grams to TNT equivalent capacities exceeding 50 megatons. The most powerful explosion in the history of civilization is the thermonuclear explosion carried out by the USSR in 1961 and called "kuzkina mother". Modern technologies allow you to create bombs of almost unlimited power, but such a need does not yet exist.

There is also the term bomb in laboratory technology, for example, a calorimetric bomb (for measuring the heat of combustion of substances, etc.), "lead bomb" (for measuring the brisance of explosives). Thus, the word bomb has at least two different concepts, the first of which is a type of weapon, and the second designates a pressure vessel.

The history of the bomb and its names

Types of bombs by purpose and specifics

• Aviation: discharge from an aircraft carrier. Blast wave, fragments.
• Deep: Reset to a specific depth. Blast wave, fragments.
• Chemical: throwing in different ways, bookmark. Defeat by sprayed chemical substances.
• Volumetric explosion: reset and bookmark. Explosive wave.
• Bacteriological: reset and bookmark. Infection with sprayed viruses and bacteria.
• Electromagnetic: reset and bookmark. The defeat of electronic equipment.
• Lighting: reset, rocket launch. Illumination of large areas, photography.
• Mine: laying in the surface layers of the earth and buildings.

Delivery vehicles and methods of bombing

Bomb delivery systems:

• Manual delivery: Throwing (grenades, small land mines, etc.), sapper laying charges into the ground or structures (mines, land mines).
• Automobile delivery: transportation of a charge in bulk or a bomb using cars without unloading or with partial unloading (military special operations and acts of sabotage by the enemy or terrorists).
• Aviation bombing: aimed (laser or radio guidance), or "carpet drop" of a single charge or a group of charges on a target, dropping charges on parachutes, delivery of charges by unmanned robotic aircraft, high-altitude mining (suspension on balloons).
• Torpedoing: launching a torpedo equipped with a warhead at a target (surface).

• Depth bombing: dropping anti-submarine depth charges to a certain depth (direct bombing or mining of depths), as well as the release of underwater anti-submarine torpedoes or mining with submarines and withdrawal from the mining zone.
• Rocket delivery: Bombardment with large-caliber charges or nuclear charges at distant targets (including radio-guided or high-precision laser guidance).
• Orbital bombing: the bombing of ground targets with increased caliber and power, and nuclear charges.

famous bombs in history

• FAB-100: aviation (USSR).
• FAB-500: aviation (USSR).
• FAB-5000 (the largest aerial bomb (USSR) of World War II).
• FAB-9000.
• MOAB: (USA).
• "Baby" (Mk-I "Little Boy"): first atomic bomb dropped on Japan (Hiroshima) on August 6, 1945 (8:15). (USA).
• "Fat Man" (Mk-III "Fat Man"): the second atomic bomb dropped on Japan (