Definition A nuclear weapon is an explosive mass destruction weapon based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of some uranium and plutonium isotopes or during thermonuclear fusion reactions of light hydrogen isotope nuclei (deuterium and tritium) into heavier nuclei, for example, isotope nuclei helium.

Among modern means of armed struggle, nuclear weapons occupy a special place - they are the main means of defeating the enemy. Nuclear weapons make it possible to destroy the means of mass destruction of the enemy, inflict heavy losses on him in manpower and military equipment in a short time, destroy structures and other objects, contaminate the area with radioactive substances, and also exert a strong moral and psychological impact on the personnel and thereby create a side, using nuclear weapons, favorable conditions for achieving victory in the war.

Sometimes, depending on the type of charge, narrower concepts are used, for example: atomic weapons (devices that use fission chain reactions), thermonuclear weapons. Features of the destructive effect of a nuclear explosion in relation to personnel and military equipment depend not only on the power of the ammunition and the type of explosion, but also on the type of nuclear charger.

Devices designed to carry out the explosive process of releasing intranuclear energy are called nuclear charges. The power of nuclear weapons is usually characterized by the equivalent of TNT, i.e. so much TNT in tons, the explosion of which releases the same amount of energy as the explosion of a given nuclear weapon. Nuclear weapons are conditionally divided by power into: ultra-small (up to 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (kt), large (100 kt - 1 Mt), extra-large (over 1 Mt).

Types of nuclear explosions and their damaging factors Depending on the tasks solved with the use of nuclear weapons, nuclear explosions can be carried out: in the air, on the surface of the earth and water, underground and water. In accordance with this, explosions are distinguished: air, ground (surface), underground (underwater).

This is an explosion produced at a height of up to 10 km, when the luminous area does not touch the ground (water). Air explosions are divided into low and high. Strong radioactive contamination of the area is formed only near the epicenters of low air explosions. Infection of the area along the trail of the cloud does not have a significant impact on the actions of personnel.

The main damaging factors of an air nuclear explosion are: an air shock wave, penetrating radiation, light radiation, and an electromagnetic pulse. During an air nuclear explosion, the soil swells in the area of ​​​​the epicenter. Radioactive contamination of the terrain, which affects the combat operations of troops, is formed only from low air nuclear explosions. In areas of application of neutron munitions, induced activity is formed in the soil, equipment and structures, which can cause damage (irradiation) to personnel.

An air nuclear explosion begins with a short blinding flash, the light from which can be observed at a distance of several tens and hundreds of kilometers. Following the flash, a luminous area appears in the form of a sphere or hemisphere (with a ground explosion), which is a source of powerful light radiation. At the same time, a powerful flux of gamma radiation and neutrons propagates from the explosion zone into the environment, which are formed during a nuclear chain reaction and during the decay of radioactive fragments of nuclear charge fission. Gamma rays and neutrons emitted in a nuclear explosion are called penetrating radiation. Under the action of instantaneous gamma radiation, the atoms of the environment are ionized, which leads to the appearance of electric and magnetic fields. These fields, due to their short duration of action, are commonly called the electromagnetic pulse of a nuclear explosion.

At the center of a nuclear explosion, the temperature instantly rises to several million degrees, as a result of which the substance of the charge turns into a high-temperature plasma that emits X-rays. The pressure of gaseous products initially reaches several billion atmospheres. The sphere of incandescent gases of the luminous region, seeking to expand, compresses the adjacent layers of air, creates a sharp pressure drop at the boundary of the compressed layer and forms a shock wave that propagates from the center of the explosion in various directions. Since the density of the gases that make up the fireball is much lower than the density of the surrounding air, the ball rises rapidly. In this case, a mushroom-shaped cloud is formed, containing gases, water vapor, small particles of soil and a huge amount of radioactive explosion products. Upon reaching the maximum height, the cloud is transported over long distances under the influence of air currents, dissipates, and radioactive products fall to the earth's surface, creating radioactive contamination of the area and objects.

Ground (surface) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced on the surface of the earth (water), in which the luminous area touches the surface of the earth (water), and the dust (water) column from the moment of formation is connected to the explosion cloud. A characteristic feature of a ground (surface) nuclear explosion is a strong radioactive contamination of the terrain (water) both in the area of ​​​​the explosion and in the direction of the explosion cloud.

Ground-based (surface) nuclear explosion During ground-based nuclear explosions, an explosion crater and strong radioactive contamination of the area are formed on the surface of the earth both in the area of ​​the explosion and in the wake of the radioactive cloud. During ground and low air nuclear explosions, seismic explosive waves arise in the ground, which can disable buried structures.

Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced underground (under water) and characterized by the release of a large amount of soil (water) mixed with nuclear explosive products (fragments of uranium-235 or plutonium-239 fission). The damaging and destructive effect of an underground nuclear explosion is determined mainly by seismic explosive waves (the main damaging factor), the formation of a funnel in the ground, and strong radioactive contamination of the area. Light emission and penetrating radiation are absent. Characteristic of an underwater explosion is the formation of a sultan (column of water), the basic wave formed during the collapse of the sultan (column of water).

Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion The main damaging factors of an underground explosion are: seismic explosive waves in the ground, air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the terrain and atmosphere. Seismic blast waves are the main damaging factor in a comflet explosion.

Surface nuclear explosion A surface nuclear explosion is an explosion carried out on the surface of the water (contact) or at such a height from it, when the luminous area of ​​the explosion touches the surface of the water. The main damaging factors of a surface explosion are: air shock wave, underwater shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive contamination of the water area and coastal zone.

The main damaging factors of an underwater explosion are: an underwater shock wave (tsunami), an air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the water area, coastal areas and coastal facilities. During underwater nuclear explosions, the ejected soil can block the riverbed and cause flooding of large areas.

High-altitude nuclear explosion A high-altitude nuclear explosion is an explosion produced above the boundary of the Earth's troposphere (above 10 km). The main damaging factors of high-altitude explosions are: air shock wave (at an altitude of up to 30 km), penetrating radiation, light radiation (at an altitude of up to 60 km), X-ray radiation, gas flow (exploding products of an explosion), electromagnetic pulse, atmospheric ionization (at an altitude of over 60 km).

Space nuclear explosion Space explosions differ from stratospheric ones not only in the values ​​of the characteristics of the accompanying physical processes, but also in the physical processes themselves. The damaging factors of cosmic nuclear explosions are: penetrating radiation; x-ray radiation; ionization of the atmosphere, due to which a luminescent glow of the air occurs, lasting for hours; gas flow; electromagnetic impulse; weak radioactive contamination of the air.

The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion The main damaging factors and the distribution of the share of the energy of a nuclear explosion: shock wave - 35%; light radiation - 35%; penetrating radiation - 5%; radioactive contamination -6%. electromagnetic pulse -1% Simultaneous exposure to several damaging factors leads to combined damage to personnel. Armament, equipment and fortifications fail mainly from the impact of the shock wave.

Shock wave A shock wave (SW) is a region of sharply compressed air propagating in all directions from the center of an explosion at supersonic speed. Hot vapors and gases, seeking to expand, produce a sharp blow to the surrounding layers of air, compress them to high pressures and densities, and heat them to high temperatures (several tens of thousands of degrees). This layer of compressed air represents the shock wave. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the front of the shock wave. The SW front is followed by an area of ​​rarefaction, where the pressure is below atmospheric. Near the center of the explosion, the velocity of SW propagation is several times higher than the speed of sound. As the distance from the explosion increases, the wave propagation speed decreases rapidly. At large distances, its speed approaches the speed of sound in air.

Shock wave The shock wave of a medium-sized ammunition passes: the first kilometer in 1.4 s; the second in 4 s; fifth in 12 s. The damaging effect of hydrocarbons on people, equipment, buildings and structures is characterized by: velocity pressure; overpressure in the shock front and the time of its impact on the object (compression phase).

Shock wave The impact of SW on people can be direct and indirect. With direct exposure, the cause of injury is an instantaneous increase in air pressure, which is perceived as a sharp blow leading to fractures, damage to internal organs, and rupture of blood vessels. With indirect impact, people are amazed by flying debris of buildings and structures, stones, trees, broken glass and other objects. Indirect impact reaches 80% of all lesions.

Shock wave With an excess pressure of kPa (0.2-0.4 kgf / cm 2), unprotected people can get light injuries (light bruises and concussions). The impact of SW with excessive pressure kPa leads to lesions of moderate severity: loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocations of the limbs, damage to internal organs. Extremely severe lesions, often fatal, are observed at excess pressure over 100 kPa.

Shock wave The degree of destruction of various objects by a shock wave depends on the power and type of explosion, mechanical strength (stability of the object), as well as on the distance at which the explosion occurred, the terrain and the position of objects on the ground. To protect against the impact of hydrocarbons, one should use: trenches, cracks and trenches, which reduce its effect by 1.5-2 times; dugouts 2-3 times; asylum 3-5 times; basements of houses (buildings); terrain (forest, ravines, hollows, etc.).

Light radiation Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy, including ultraviolet, visible and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and hot air. Light radiation propagates almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of a nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. However, its strength is such that, despite its short duration, it can cause skin (skin) burns, damage (permanent or temporary) to the organs of vision of people, and ignition of combustible materials of objects. At the moment of formation of a luminous region, the temperature on its surface reaches tens of thousands of degrees. The main damaging factor of light radiation is a light pulse.

Light emission A light impulse is the amount of energy in calories falling per unit area of ​​the surface perpendicular to the direction of emission, for the entire duration of the glow. Attenuation of light radiation is possible due to its screening by atmospheric clouds, uneven terrain, vegetation and local objects, snowfall or smoke. Thus, a thick layer attenuates the light pulse by A-9 times, a rare one by 2-4 times, and smoke (aerosol) screens by 10 times.

Light radiation To protect the population from light radiation, it is necessary to use protective structures, basements of houses and buildings, and the protective properties of the terrain. Any obstruction capable of creating a shadow protects against the direct action of light radiation and eliminates burns.

Penetrating radiation Penetrating radiation is a stream of gamma rays and neutrons emitted from the zone of a nuclear explosion. The time of its action is s, the range is 2-3 km from the center of the explosion. In conventional nuclear explosions, neutrons make up approximately 30%, in the explosion of neutron ammunition, % of the Y-radiation. The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is based on the ionization of cells (molecules) of a living organism, leading to death. Neutrons, in addition, interact with the nuclei of atoms of certain materials and can cause induced activity in metals and technology.

Penetrating radiation Y radiation photon radiation (with photon energy J) arising from a change in the energy state of atomic nuclei, nuclear transformations or particle annihilation.

Penetrating Radiation Gamma radiation is photons, i.e. electromagnetic wave that carries energy. In the air, it can travel long distances, gradually losing energy as a result of collisions with the atoms of the medium. Intense gamma radiation, if not protected from it, can damage not only the skin, but also internal tissues. Dense and heavy materials such as iron and lead are excellent barriers to gamma radiation.

Penetrating radiation The main parameter that characterizes penetrating radiation is: for y-radiation, the dose and dose rate of radiation; for neutrons, the flux and flux density. Permissible exposure doses for the population in wartime: single dose within 4 days 50 R; multiple during the day 100 R; during the quarter 200 R; during the year 300 R.

Penetrating radiation As a result of the passage of radiation through the materials of the environment, the intensity of the radiation decreases. The weakening effect is usually characterized by a layer of half attenuation, i.e. with. such a thickness of the material, passing through which the radiation is reduced by 2 times. For example, the intensity of y-rays is reduced by a factor of 2: steel 2.8 cm thick, concrete 10 cm, soil 14 cm, wood 30 cm. Protective structures of GO are used as protection against penetrating radiation, which weaken its impact from 200 to 5000 times . A pound layer of 1.5 m protects almost completely from penetrating radiation. GO

Radioactive contamination (contamination) Radioactive contamination of the air, terrain, water area and objects located on them occurs as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances (RS) from the cloud of a nuclear explosion. At a temperature of approximately 1700 ° C, the glow of the luminous region of a nuclear explosion stops and it turns into a dark cloud, to which a dust column rises (therefore, the cloud has a mushroom shape). This cloud moves in the direction of the wind, and RVs fall out of it.

Radioactive contamination (contamination) The sources of radioactive substances in the cloud are the fission products of nuclear fuel (uranium, plutonium), the unreacted part of the nuclear fuel and radioactive isotopes formed as a result of the action of neutrons on the ground (induced activity). These RVs, being on contaminated objects, decay, emitting ionizing radiation, which in fact are the damaging factor. The parameters of radioactive contamination are: exposure dose (according to the impact on people), radiation dose rate, radiation level (according to the degree of contamination of the area and various objects). These parameters are a quantitative characteristic of damaging factors: radioactive contamination during an accident with the release of radioactive substances, as well as radioactive contamination and penetrating radiation during a nuclear explosion.

Radioactive contamination (contamination) Radiation levels at the outer boundaries of these zones 1 hour after the explosion are 8, 80, 240, 800 rad/h, respectively. Most of the radioactive fallout that causes radioactive contamination of the area falls out of the cloud an hour after a nuclear explosion.

Electromagnetic pulse An electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is a combination of electric and magnetic fields resulting from the ionization of the atoms of the medium under the influence of gamma radiation. Its duration is a few milliseconds. The main parameters of EMR are the currents and voltages induced in wires and cable lines, which can lead to damage and disable electronic equipment, and sometimes to damage to people working with the equipment.

Electromagnetic pulse During ground and air explosions, the damaging effect of an electromagnetic pulse is observed at a distance of several kilometers from the center of a nuclear explosion. The most effective protection against an electromagnetic pulse is the shielding of power supply and control lines, as well as radio and electrical equipment.

The situation that develops during the use of nuclear weapons in the centers of destruction. The focus of nuclear destruction is the territory within which, as a result of the use of nuclear weapons, mass destruction and death of people, farm animals and plants, destruction and damage to buildings and structures, utility and energy and technological networks and lines, transport communications and other objects occurred.

Zone of complete destruction The zone of complete destruction has an overpressure at the front of the shock wave of 50 kPa at the border and is characterized by: massive irretrievable losses among the unprotected population (up to 100%), complete destruction of buildings and structures, destruction and damage to utility and energy and technological networks and lines, as well as parts of civil defense shelters, the formation of solid blockages in settlements. The forest is completely destroyed.

Zone of severe destruction The zone of severe destruction with excess pressure at the front of the shock wave from 30 to 50 kPa is characterized by: massive irretrievable losses (up to 90%) among the unprotected population, complete and severe destruction of buildings and structures, damage to utilities, energy and technological networks and lines, the formation of local and continuous blockages in settlements and forests, the preservation of shelters and the majority of anti-radiation shelters of the basement type.

Medium damage zone Medium damage zone with overpressure from 20 to 30 kPa. It is characterized by: irretrievable losses among the population (up to 20%), medium and severe destruction of buildings and structures, the formation of local and focal blockages, continuous fires, the preservation of utility networks, shelters and most of the anti-radiation shelters.

Zone of weak destruction The zone of weak destruction with excess pressure from 10 to 20 kPa is characterized by weak and medium destruction of buildings and structures. The focus of the lesion but the number of dead and injured can be commensurate with or exceed the lesion in an earthquake. So, during the bombing (bomb power up to 20 kt) of the city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, most of it (60%) was destroyed, and the death toll amounted to people.

Exposure to ionizing radiation The personnel of economic facilities and the population that enter the zones of radioactive contamination are exposed to ionizing radiation, which causes radiation sickness. The severity of the disease depends on the dose of radiation (irradiation) received. The dependence of the degree of radiation sickness on the magnitude of the radiation dose is shown in the table on the next slide.

Exposure to ionizing radiation Degree of radiation sickness Radiation dose that causes disease, rad people animals Light (I) Medium (II) Severe (III) Extremely severe (IV) More than 600 More than 750 Dependence of the degree of radiation sickness on the magnitude of the radiation dose

Exposure to ionizing radiation In the conditions of hostilities with the use of nuclear weapons, vast territories can be in zones of radioactive contamination, and exposure of people to mass. In order to exclude overexposure of the personnel of facilities and the population in such conditions and to increase the stability of the functioning of national economy facilities under conditions of radioactive contamination in wartime, permissible exposure doses are established. They are: with a single irradiation (up to 4 days) 50 rad; repeated irradiation: a) up to 30 days 100 rad; b) 90 days 200 rad; systematic exposure (during the year) 300 rad.

Exposure to ionizing radiation Rad (rad, abbreviated from the English radiation absorbed dose), non-systemic unit of absorbed radiation dose; it is applicable to any type of ionizing radiation and corresponds to a radiation energy of 100 erg absorbed by an irradiated substance weighing 1 g. dose 1 rad = 2.388×10 6 cal/g = 0.01 j/kg.

Exposure to ionizing radiation SIEVERT (sievert) is a unit of equivalent dose of radiation in the SI system, equal to the equivalent dose if the dose of absorbed ionizing radiation, multiplied by a conditional dimensionless factor, is 1 J/kg. Since different types of radiation cause different effects on biological tissue, a weighted absorbed dose of radiation, also called the equivalent dose, is used; it is obtained by modifying the absorbed dose by multiplying it by the conventional dimensionless factor adopted by the International Commission on X-ray Protection. At present, the sievert is increasingly replacing the physical equivalent of the roentgen (FER), which is becoming obsolete.

Definition A nuclear weapon is an explosive mass destruction weapon based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of some uranium and plutonium isotopes or during thermonuclear fusion reactions of light hydrogen isotope nuclei (deuterium and tritium) into heavier nuclei, for example, isotope nuclei helium.

Among modern means of armed struggle, nuclear weapons occupy a special place - they are the main means of defeating the enemy. Nuclear weapons make it possible to destroy the means of mass destruction of the enemy, inflict heavy losses on him in manpower and military equipment in a short time, destroy structures and other objects, contaminate the area with radioactive substances, and also exert a strong moral and psychological impact on the personnel and thereby create a side, using nuclear weapons, favorable conditions for achieving victory in the war.

Sometimes, depending on the type of charge, narrower concepts are used, for example: atomic weapons (devices that use fission chain reactions), thermonuclear weapons. Features of the destructive effect of a nuclear explosion in relation to personnel and military equipment depend not only on the power of the ammunition and the type of explosion, but also on the type of nuclear charger.

Devices designed to carry out the explosive process of releasing intranuclear energy are called nuclear charges. The power of nuclear weapons is usually characterized by the equivalent of TNT, i.e. so much TNT in tons, the explosion of which releases the same amount of energy as the explosion of a given nuclear weapon. Nuclear weapons are conditionally divided by power into: ultra-small (up to 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (kt), large (100 kt - 1 Mt), extra-large (over 1 Mt).

Types of nuclear explosions and their damaging factors Depending on the tasks solved with the use of nuclear weapons, nuclear explosions can be carried out: in the air, on the surface of the earth and water, underground and water. In accordance with this, explosions are distinguished: air, ground (surface), underground (underwater).

This is an explosion produced at a height of up to 10 km, when the luminous area does not touch the ground (water). Air explosions are divided into low and high. Strong radioactive contamination of the area is formed only near the epicenters of low air explosions. Infection of the area along the trail of the cloud does not have a significant impact on the actions of personnel.

The main damaging factors of an air nuclear explosion are: an air shock wave, penetrating radiation, light radiation, and an electromagnetic pulse. During an air nuclear explosion, the soil swells in the area of ​​​​the epicenter. Radioactive contamination of the terrain, which affects the combat operations of troops, is formed only from low air nuclear explosions. In areas of application of neutron munitions, induced activity is formed in the soil, equipment and structures, which can cause damage (irradiation) to personnel.

An air nuclear explosion begins with a short blinding flash, the light from which can be observed at a distance of several tens and hundreds of kilometers. Following the flash, a luminous area appears in the form of a sphere or hemisphere (with a ground explosion), which is a source of powerful light radiation. At the same time, a powerful flux of gamma radiation and neutrons propagates from the explosion zone into the environment, which are formed during a nuclear chain reaction and during the decay of radioactive fragments of nuclear charge fission. Gamma rays and neutrons emitted in a nuclear explosion are called penetrating radiation. Under the action of instantaneous gamma radiation, the atoms of the environment are ionized, which leads to the appearance of electric and magnetic fields. These fields, due to their short duration of action, are commonly called the electromagnetic pulse of a nuclear explosion.

At the center of a nuclear explosion, the temperature instantly rises to several million degrees, as a result of which the substance of the charge turns into a high-temperature plasma that emits X-rays. The pressure of gaseous products initially reaches several billion atmospheres. The sphere of incandescent gases of the luminous region, seeking to expand, compresses the adjacent layers of air, creates a sharp pressure drop at the boundary of the compressed layer and forms a shock wave that propagates from the center of the explosion in various directions. Since the density of the gases that make up the fireball is much lower than the density of the surrounding air, the ball rises rapidly. In this case, a mushroom-shaped cloud is formed, containing gases, water vapor, small particles of soil and a huge amount of radioactive explosion products. Upon reaching the maximum height, the cloud is transported over long distances under the influence of air currents, dissipates, and radioactive products fall to the earth's surface, creating radioactive contamination of the area and objects.

Ground (surface) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced on the surface of the earth (water), in which the luminous area touches the surface of the earth (water), and the dust (water) column from the moment of formation is connected to the explosion cloud. A characteristic feature of a ground (surface) nuclear explosion is a strong radioactive contamination of the terrain (water) both in the area of ​​​​the explosion and in the direction of the explosion cloud.

Ground-based (surface) nuclear explosion During ground-based nuclear explosions, an explosion crater and strong radioactive contamination of the area are formed on the surface of the earth both in the area of ​​the explosion and in the wake of the radioactive cloud. During ground and low air nuclear explosions, seismic explosive waves arise in the ground, which can disable buried structures.

Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced underground (under water) and characterized by the release of a large amount of soil (water) mixed with nuclear explosive products (fragments of uranium-235 or plutonium-239 fission). The damaging and destructive effect of an underground nuclear explosion is determined mainly by seismic explosive waves (the main damaging factor), the formation of a funnel in the ground, and strong radioactive contamination of the area. Light emission and penetrating radiation are absent. Characteristic of an underwater explosion is the formation of a sultan (column of water), the basic wave formed during the collapse of the sultan (column of water).

Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion The main damaging factors of an underground explosion are: seismic explosive waves in the ground, air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the terrain and atmosphere. Seismic blast waves are the main damaging factor in a comflet explosion.

Surface nuclear explosion A surface nuclear explosion is an explosion carried out on the surface of the water (contact) or at such a height from it, when the luminous area of ​​the explosion touches the surface of the water. The main damaging factors of a surface explosion are: air shock wave, underwater shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive contamination of the water area and coastal zone.

The main damaging factors of an underwater explosion are: an underwater shock wave (tsunami), an air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the water area, coastal areas and coastal facilities. During underwater nuclear explosions, the ejected soil can block the riverbed and cause flooding of large areas.

High-altitude nuclear explosion A high-altitude nuclear explosion is an explosion produced above the boundary of the Earth's troposphere (above 10 km). The main damaging factors of high-altitude explosions are: air shock wave (at an altitude of up to 30 km), penetrating radiation, light radiation (at an altitude of up to 60 km), X-ray radiation, gas flow (exploding products of an explosion), electromagnetic pulse, atmospheric ionization (at an altitude of over 60 km).

Space nuclear explosion Space explosions differ from stratospheric ones not only in the values ​​of the characteristics of the accompanying physical processes, but also in the physical processes themselves. The damaging factors of cosmic nuclear explosions are: penetrating radiation; x-ray radiation; ionization of the atmosphere, due to which a luminescent glow of the air occurs, lasting for hours; gas flow; electromagnetic impulse; weak radioactive contamination of the air.

The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion The main damaging factors and the distribution of the share of the energy of a nuclear explosion: shock wave - 35%; light radiation - 35%; penetrating radiation - 5%; radioactive contamination -6%. electromagnetic pulse -1% Simultaneous exposure to several damaging factors leads to combined damage to personnel. Armament, equipment and fortifications fail mainly from the impact of the shock wave.

Shock wave A shock wave (SW) is a region of sharply compressed air propagating in all directions from the center of an explosion at supersonic speed. Hot vapors and gases, seeking to expand, produce a sharp blow to the surrounding layers of air, compress them to high pressures and densities, and heat them to high temperatures (several tens of thousands of degrees). This layer of compressed air represents the shock wave. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the front of the shock wave. The SW front is followed by an area of ​​rarefaction, where the pressure is below atmospheric. Near the center of the explosion, the velocity of SW propagation is several times higher than the speed of sound. As the distance from the explosion increases, the wave propagation speed decreases rapidly. At large distances, its speed approaches the speed of sound in air.

Shock wave The shock wave of a medium-sized ammunition passes: the first kilometer in 1.4 s; the second in 4 s; fifth in 12 s. The damaging effect of hydrocarbons on people, equipment, buildings and structures is characterized by: velocity pressure; overpressure in the shock front and the time of its impact on the object (compression phase).

Shock wave The impact of SW on people can be direct and indirect. With direct exposure, the cause of injury is an instantaneous increase in air pressure, which is perceived as a sharp blow leading to fractures, damage to internal organs, and rupture of blood vessels. With indirect impact, people are amazed by flying debris of buildings and structures, stones, trees, broken glass and other objects. Indirect impact reaches 80% of all lesions.

Shock wave With an excess pressure of kPa (0.2-0.4 kgf / cm 2), unprotected people can get light injuries (light bruises and concussions). The impact of SW with excessive pressure kPa leads to lesions of moderate severity: loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocations of the limbs, damage to internal organs. Extremely severe lesions, often fatal, are observed at excess pressure over 100 kPa.

Shock wave The degree of destruction of various objects by a shock wave depends on the power and type of explosion, mechanical strength (stability of the object), as well as on the distance at which the explosion occurred, the terrain and the position of objects on the ground. To protect against the impact of hydrocarbons, one should use: trenches, cracks and trenches, which reduce its effect by 1.5-2 times; dugouts 2-3 times; asylum 3-5 times; basements of houses (buildings); terrain (forest, ravines, hollows, etc.).

Light radiation Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy, including ultraviolet, visible and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and hot air. Light radiation propagates almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of a nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. However, its strength is such that, despite its short duration, it can cause skin (skin) burns, damage (permanent or temporary) to the organs of vision of people, and ignition of combustible materials of objects. At the moment of formation of a luminous region, the temperature on its surface reaches tens of thousands of degrees. The main damaging factor of light radiation is a light pulse.

Light emission A light impulse is the amount of energy in calories falling per unit area of ​​the surface perpendicular to the direction of emission, for the entire duration of the glow. Attenuation of light radiation is possible due to its screening by atmospheric clouds, uneven terrain, vegetation and local objects, snowfall or smoke. Thus, a thick layer attenuates the light pulse by A-9 times, a rare one by 2-4 times, and smoke (aerosol) screens by 10 times.

Light radiation To protect the population from light radiation, it is necessary to use protective structures, basements of houses and buildings, and the protective properties of the terrain. Any obstruction capable of creating a shadow protects against the direct action of light radiation and eliminates burns.

Penetrating radiation Penetrating radiation is a stream of gamma rays and neutrons emitted from the zone of a nuclear explosion. The time of its action is s, the range is 2-3 km from the center of the explosion. In conventional nuclear explosions, neutrons make up approximately 30%, in the explosion of neutron ammunition, % of the Y-radiation. The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is based on the ionization of cells (molecules) of a living organism, leading to death. Neutrons, in addition, interact with the nuclei of atoms of certain materials and can cause induced activity in metals and technology.

Penetrating radiation Y radiation photon radiation (with photon energy J) arising from a change in the energy state of atomic nuclei, nuclear transformations or particle annihilation.

Penetrating Radiation Gamma radiation is photons, i.e. electromagnetic wave that carries energy. In the air, it can travel long distances, gradually losing energy as a result of collisions with the atoms of the medium. Intense gamma radiation, if not protected from it, can damage not only the skin, but also internal tissues. Dense and heavy materials such as iron and lead are excellent barriers to gamma radiation.

Penetrating radiation The main parameter that characterizes penetrating radiation is: for y-radiation, the dose and dose rate of radiation; for neutrons, the flux and flux density. Permissible exposure doses for the population in wartime: single dose within 4 days 50 R; multiple during the day 100 R; during the quarter 200 R; during the year 300 R.

Penetrating radiation As a result of the passage of radiation through the materials of the environment, the intensity of the radiation decreases. The weakening effect is usually characterized by a layer of half attenuation, i.e. with. such a thickness of the material, passing through which the radiation is reduced by 2 times. For example, the intensity of y-rays is reduced by a factor of 2: steel 2.8 cm thick, concrete 10 cm, soil 14 cm, wood 30 cm. Protective structures of GO are used as protection against penetrating radiation, which weaken its impact from 200 to 5000 times . A pound layer of 1.5 m protects almost completely from penetrating radiation. GO

Radioactive contamination (contamination) Radioactive contamination of the air, terrain, water area and objects located on them occurs as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances (RS) from the cloud of a nuclear explosion. At a temperature of approximately 1700 ° C, the glow of the luminous region of a nuclear explosion stops and it turns into a dark cloud, to which a dust column rises (therefore, the cloud has a mushroom shape). This cloud moves in the direction of the wind, and RVs fall out of it.

Radioactive contamination (contamination) The sources of radioactive substances in the cloud are the fission products of nuclear fuel (uranium, plutonium), the unreacted part of the nuclear fuel and radioactive isotopes formed as a result of the action of neutrons on the ground (induced activity). These RVs, being on contaminated objects, decay, emitting ionizing radiation, which in fact are the damaging factor. The parameters of radioactive contamination are: exposure dose (according to the impact on people), radiation dose rate, radiation level (according to the degree of contamination of the area and various objects). These parameters are a quantitative characteristic of damaging factors: radioactive contamination during an accident with the release of radioactive substances, as well as radioactive contamination and penetrating radiation during a nuclear explosion.

Radioactive contamination (contamination) Radiation levels at the outer boundaries of these zones 1 hour after the explosion are 8, 80, 240, 800 rad/h, respectively. Most of the radioactive fallout that causes radioactive contamination of the area falls out of the cloud an hour after a nuclear explosion.

Electromagnetic pulse An electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is a combination of electric and magnetic fields resulting from the ionization of the atoms of the medium under the influence of gamma radiation. Its duration is a few milliseconds. The main parameters of EMR are the currents and voltages induced in wires and cable lines, which can lead to damage and disable electronic equipment, and sometimes to damage to people working with the equipment.

Electromagnetic pulse During ground and air explosions, the damaging effect of an electromagnetic pulse is observed at a distance of several kilometers from the center of a nuclear explosion. The most effective protection against an electromagnetic pulse is the shielding of power supply and control lines, as well as radio and electrical equipment.

The situation that develops during the use of nuclear weapons in the centers of destruction. The focus of nuclear destruction is the territory within which, as a result of the use of nuclear weapons, mass destruction and death of people, farm animals and plants, destruction and damage to buildings and structures, utility and energy and technological networks and lines, transport communications and other objects occurred.

Zone of complete destruction The zone of complete destruction has an overpressure at the front of the shock wave of 50 kPa at the border and is characterized by: massive irretrievable losses among the unprotected population (up to 100%), complete destruction of buildings and structures, destruction and damage to utility and energy and technological networks and lines, as well as parts of civil defense shelters, the formation of solid blockages in settlements. The forest is completely destroyed.

Zone of severe destruction The zone of severe destruction with excess pressure at the front of the shock wave from 30 to 50 kPa is characterized by: massive irretrievable losses (up to 90%) among the unprotected population, complete and severe destruction of buildings and structures, damage to utilities, energy and technological networks and lines, the formation of local and continuous blockages in settlements and forests, the preservation of shelters and the majority of anti-radiation shelters of the basement type.

Medium damage zone Medium damage zone with overpressure from 20 to 30 kPa. It is characterized by: irretrievable losses among the population (up to 20%), medium and severe destruction of buildings and structures, the formation of local and focal blockages, continuous fires, the preservation of utility networks, shelters and most of the anti-radiation shelters.

Zone of weak destruction The zone of weak destruction with excess pressure from 10 to 20 kPa is characterized by weak and medium destruction of buildings and structures. The focus of the lesion but the number of dead and injured can be commensurate with or exceed the lesion in an earthquake. So, during the bombing (bomb power up to 20 kt) of the city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, most of it (60%) was destroyed, and the death toll amounted to people.

Exposure to ionizing radiation The personnel of economic facilities and the population that enter the zones of radioactive contamination are exposed to ionizing radiation, which causes radiation sickness. The severity of the disease depends on the dose of radiation (irradiation) received. The dependence of the degree of radiation sickness on the magnitude of the radiation dose is shown in the table on the next slide.

Exposure to ionizing radiation Degree of radiation sickness Radiation dose that causes disease, rad people animals Light (I) Medium (II) Severe (III) Extremely severe (IV) More than 600 More than 750 Dependence of the degree of radiation sickness on the magnitude of the radiation dose

Exposure to ionizing radiation In the conditions of hostilities with the use of nuclear weapons, vast territories can be in zones of radioactive contamination, and exposure of people to mass. In order to exclude overexposure of the personnel of facilities and the population in such conditions and to increase the stability of the functioning of national economy facilities under conditions of radioactive contamination in wartime, permissible exposure doses are established. They are: with a single irradiation (up to 4 days) 50 rad; repeated irradiation: a) up to 30 days 100 rad; b) 90 days 200 rad; systematic exposure (during the year) 300 rad.

Exposure to ionizing radiation Rad (rad, abbreviated from the English radiation absorbed dose), non-systemic unit of absorbed radiation dose; it is applicable to any type of ionizing radiation and corresponds to a radiation energy of 100 erg absorbed by an irradiated substance weighing 1 g. dose 1 rad = 2.388×10 6 cal/g = 0.01 j/kg.

Exposure to ionizing radiation SIEVERT (sievert) is a unit of equivalent dose of radiation in the SI system, equal to the equivalent dose if the dose of absorbed ionizing radiation, multiplied by a conditional dimensionless factor, is 1 J/kg. Since different types of radiation cause different effects on biological tissue, a weighted absorbed dose of radiation, also called the equivalent dose, is used; it is obtained by modifying the absorbed dose by multiplying it by the conventional dimensionless factor adopted by the International Commission on X-ray Protection. At present, the sievert is increasingly replacing the physical equivalent of the roentgen (FER), which is becoming obsolete.

1 of 65

Presentation on the topic: AFFECTING FACTORS OF A NUCLEAR EXPLOSION

slide number 1

Description of the slide:

slide number 2

Description of the slide:

Definition Nuclear weapons are explosive mass destruction weapons based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of some uranium and plutonium isotopes or during thermonuclear reactions of fusion of light nuclei of hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) into heavier ones, for example, nuclei of helium isotopes.

slide number 3

Description of the slide:

A nuclear explosion is accompanied by the release of a huge amount of energy, therefore, in terms of destructive and damaging effect, it can exceed the explosions of the largest ammunition filled with conventional explosives by hundreds and thousands of times. A nuclear explosion is accompanied by the release of a huge amount of energy, therefore, in terms of destructive and damaging effect, it can exceed the explosions of the largest ammunition filled with conventional explosives by hundreds and thousands of times.

slide number 4

Description of the slide:

Among modern means of armed struggle, nuclear weapons occupy a special place - they are the main means of defeating the enemy. Nuclear weapons make it possible to destroy the means of mass destruction of the enemy, inflict heavy losses on him in manpower and military equipment in a short time, destroy structures and other objects, contaminate the area with radioactive substances, and also exert a strong moral and psychological impact on the personnel and thereby create favorable conditions for the party using nuclear weapons to achieve victory in the war. Among modern means of armed struggle, nuclear weapons occupy a special place - they are the main means of defeating the enemy. Nuclear weapons make it possible to destroy the means of mass destruction of the enemy, inflict heavy losses on him in manpower and military equipment in a short time, destroy structures and other objects, contaminate the area with radioactive substances, and also exert a strong moral and psychological impact on the personnel and thereby create favorable conditions for the party using nuclear weapons to achieve victory in the war.

slide number 5

Description of the slide:

slide number 6

Description of the slide:

Sometimes, depending on the type of charge, narrower concepts are used, for example: Sometimes, depending on the type of charge, narrower concepts are used, for example: atomic weapons (devices that use fission chain reactions), thermonuclear weapons. Features of the destructive effect of a nuclear explosion in relation to personnel and military equipment depend not only on the power of the ammunition and the type of explosion, but also on the type of nuclear charger.

slide number 7

Description of the slide:

Devices designed to carry out the explosive process of releasing intranuclear energy are called nuclear charges. Devices designed to carry out the explosive process of releasing intranuclear energy are called nuclear charges. The power of nuclear weapons is usually characterized by the equivalent of TNT, i.e. so much TNT in tons, the explosion of which releases the same amount of energy as the explosion of a given nuclear weapon. Nuclear weapons are conditionally divided by power into: ultra-small (up to 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (10-100 kt), large (100 kt - 1 Mt), extra-large (over 1 Mt).

slide number 8

Description of the slide:

Types of nuclear explosions and their damaging factors Depending on the tasks solved with the use of nuclear weapons, nuclear explosions can be carried out: in the air, on the surface of the earth and water, underground and water. In accordance with this, explosions are distinguished: air, ground (surface), underground (underwater).

slide number 9

Description of the slide:

slide number 10

Description of the slide:

Air nuclear explosion An air nuclear explosion is an explosion produced at a height of up to 10 km, when the luminous area does not touch the ground (water). Air explosions are divided into low and high. Strong radioactive contamination of the area is formed only near the epicenters of low air explosions. The contamination of the area along the trail of the cloud does not have a significant impact on the actions of the personnel.

slide number 11

Description of the slide:

The main damaging factors of an air nuclear explosion are: an air shock wave, penetrating radiation, light radiation, and an electromagnetic pulse. During an air nuclear explosion, the soil swells in the area of ​​​​the epicenter. Radioactive contamination of the terrain, which affects the combat operations of troops, is formed only from low air nuclear explosions. In areas of application of neutron munitions, induced activity is formed in the soil, equipment and structures, which can cause damage (irradiation) to personnel.

slide number 12

Description of the slide:

An air nuclear explosion begins with a short blinding flash, the light from which can be observed at a distance of several tens and hundreds of kilometers. Following the flash, a luminous area appears in the form of a sphere or hemisphere (with a ground explosion), which is a source of powerful light radiation. At the same time, a powerful flux of gamma radiation and neutrons propagates from the explosion zone into the environment, which are formed during a nuclear chain reaction and during the decay of radioactive fragments of nuclear charge fission. Gamma rays and neutrons emitted in a nuclear explosion are called penetrating radiation. Under the action of instantaneous gamma radiation, ionization of the atoms of the environment occurs, which leads to the appearance of electric and magnetic fields. These fields, due to their short duration of action, are commonly called the electromagnetic pulse of a nuclear explosion.

slide number 13

Description of the slide:

At the center of a nuclear explosion, the temperature instantly rises to several million degrees, as a result of which the substance of the charge turns into a high-temperature plasma emitting X-rays. The pressure of gaseous products initially reaches several billion atmospheres. The sphere of incandescent gases of the luminous region, seeking to expand, compresses the adjacent layers of air, creates a sharp pressure drop at the boundary of the compressed layer and forms a shock wave that propagates from the center of the explosion in various directions. Since the density of the gases that make up the fireball is much lower than the density of the surrounding air, the ball quickly rises. In this case, a mushroom-shaped cloud is formed, containing gases, water vapor, small particles of soil and a huge amount of radioactive explosion products. Upon reaching the maximum height, the cloud is transported over long distances under the influence of air currents, dissipates, and radioactive products fall to the earth's surface, creating radioactive contamination of the area and objects.

slide number 14

Description of the slide:

Ground (surface) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced on the surface of the earth (water), in which the luminous area touches the surface of the earth (water), and the dust (water) column from the moment of formation is connected to the explosion cloud. A characteristic feature of a ground (surface) nuclear explosion is a strong radioactive contamination of the area (water) both in the area of ​​​​the explosion and in the direction of movement of the explosion cloud.

slide number 15

Description of the slide:

slide number 16

Description of the slide:

slide number 17

Description of the slide:

Ground (surface) nuclear explosion The damaging factors of this explosion are: air shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive contamination of the area, seismic explosive waves in the ground.

slide number 18

Description of the slide:

Ground-based (surface) nuclear explosion During ground-based nuclear explosions, an explosion crater and strong radioactive contamination of the area are formed on the surface of the earth both in the area of ​​​​the explosion and in the wake of the radioactive cloud. During ground and low air nuclear explosions, seismic explosive waves arise in the ground, which can disable buried structures.

slide number 19

Description of the slide:

slide number 20

Description of the slide:

slide number 21

Description of the slide:

Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced underground (under water) and characterized by the release of a large amount of soil (water) mixed with nuclear explosive products (fragments of uranium-235 or plutonium-239 fission). The damaging and destructive effect of an underground nuclear explosion is determined mainly by seismic explosive waves (the main damaging factor), the formation of a funnel in the ground and severe radioactive contamination of the area. Light emission and penetrating radiation are absent. Characteristic of an underwater explosion is the formation of a sultan (column of water), the basic wave formed during the collapse of the sultan (column of water).

slide number 22

Description of the slide:

Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion The main damaging factors of an underground explosion are: seismic explosive waves in the ground, air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the terrain and atmosphere. Seismic blast waves are the main damaging factor in a comflet explosion.

slide number 23

Description of the slide:

Surface nuclear explosion A surface nuclear explosion is an explosion carried out on the surface of the water (contact) or at such a height from it, when the luminous area of ​​the explosion touches the surface of the water. The main damaging factors of a surface explosion are: air shock wave, underwater shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive contamination of the water area and coastal zone.

slide number 24

Description of the slide:

slide number 25

Description of the slide:

slide number 26

Description of the slide:

Underwater nuclear explosion The main damaging factors of an underwater explosion are: an underwater shock wave (tsunami), an air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the water area, coastal areas and coastal facilities. During underwater nuclear explosions, the ejected soil can block the riverbed and cause flooding of large areas.

slide number 27

Description of the slide:

High-altitude nuclear explosion A high-altitude nuclear explosion is an explosion produced above the boundary of the Earth's troposphere (above 10 km). The main damaging factors of high-altitude explosions are: air shock wave (at an altitude of up to 30 km), penetrating radiation, light radiation (at an altitude of up to 60 km), X-ray radiation, gas flow (exploding products of an explosion), electromagnetic pulse, atmospheric ionization (at an altitude of over 60 km).

slide number 28

Description of the slide:

slide number 29

Description of the slide:

slide number 30

Description of the slide:

Stratospheric nuclear explosion The damaging factors of stratospheric explosions are: x-ray radiation, penetrating radiation, air shock wave, light radiation, gas flow, ionization of the environment, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive air contamination.

slide number 31

Description of the slide:

Space nuclear explosion Space explosions differ from stratospheric ones not only in the values ​​of the characteristics of the accompanying physical processes, but also in the physical processes themselves. The damaging factors of cosmic nuclear explosions are: penetrating radiation; x-ray radiation; ionization of the atmosphere, due to which a luminescent glow of the air occurs, lasting for hours; gas flow; electromagnetic impulse; weak radioactive contamination of the air.

slide number 32

Description of the slide:

slide number 33

Description of the slide:

The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion The main damaging factors and the distribution of the share of the energy of a nuclear explosion: shock wave - 35%; light radiation - 35%; penetrating radiation - 5%; radioactive contamination -6%. electromagnetic pulse -1% Simultaneous exposure to several damaging factors leads to combined damage to personnel. Armament, equipment and fortifications fail mainly from the impact of the shock wave.

slide number 34

Description of the slide:

Shock wave A shock wave (SW) is a region of sharply compressed air propagating in all directions from the center of an explosion at supersonic speed. Hot vapors and gases, seeking to expand, produce a sharp blow to the surrounding layers of air, compress them to high pressures and densities, and heat them to high temperatures (several tens of thousands of degrees). This layer of compressed air represents the shock wave. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the front of the shock wave. The SW front is followed by an area of ​​rarefaction, where the pressure is below atmospheric. Near the center of the explosion, the velocity of SW propagation is several times higher than the speed of sound. As the distance from the explosion increases, the wave propagation speed decreases rapidly. At large distances, its speed approaches the speed of sound in air.

slide number 35

Description of the slide:

slide number 36

Description of the slide:

Shock wave The shock wave of a medium-sized ammunition passes: the first kilometer in 1.4 s; the second - for 4 s; fifth - in 12 s. The damaging effect of hydrocarbons on people, equipment, buildings and structures is characterized by: velocity pressure; overpressure in the shock front and the time of its impact on the object (compression phase).

slide number 37

Description of the slide:

Shock wave The impact of SW on people can be direct and indirect. With direct exposure, the cause of injury is an instantaneous increase in air pressure, which is perceived as a sharp blow leading to fractures, damage to internal organs, and rupture of blood vessels. With indirect impact, people are amazed by flying debris of buildings and structures, stones, trees, broken glass and other objects. Indirect impact reaches 80% of all lesions.

slide number 38

Description of the slide:

Shock wave At an excess pressure of 20-40 kPa (0.2-0.4 kgf / cm2), unprotected people can get light injuries (light bruises and contusions). The impact of SW with excess pressure of 40-60 kPa leads to lesions of moderate severity: loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocations of the limbs, damage to internal organs. Extremely severe lesions, often fatal, are observed at excess pressure over 100 kPa.

slide number 39

Description of the slide:

Shock wave The degree of destruction of various objects by a shock wave depends on the power and type of explosion, mechanical strength (stability of the object), as well as on the distance at which the explosion occurred, the terrain and the position of objects on the ground. To protect against the impact of hydrocarbons, one should use: trenches, cracks and trenches, which reduce its effect by 1.5-2 times; dugouts - 2-3 times; shelters - 3-5 times; basements of houses (buildings); terrain (forest, ravines, hollows, etc.).

slide number 40

Description of the slide:

Light radiation Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy, including ultraviolet, visible and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and hot air. Light radiation propagates almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of a nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. However, its strength is such that, despite its short duration, it can cause skin (skin) burns, damage (permanent or temporary) to the organs of vision of people, and ignition of combustible materials of objects. At the moment of formation of a luminous region, the temperature on its surface reaches tens of thousands of degrees. The main damaging factor of light radiation is a light pulse.

Description of the slide:

Light radiation To protect the population from light radiation, it is necessary to use protective structures, basements of houses and buildings, and the protective properties of the terrain. Any obstruction capable of creating a shadow protects against the direct action of light radiation and eliminates burns.

slide number 43

Description of the slide:

Penetrating radiation Penetrating radiation is a stream of gamma rays and neutrons emitted from the zone of a nuclear explosion. The time of its action is 10-15 s, the range is 2-3 km from the center of the explosion. In conventional nuclear explosions, neutrons make up approximately 30%, in the explosion of neutron ammunition - 70-80% of the Y-radiation. The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is based on the ionization of cells (molecules) of a living organism, leading to death. Neutrons, in addition, interact with the nuclei of atoms of certain materials and can cause induced activity in metals and technology.

slide number 44

Description of the slide:

slide number 45

Description of the slide:

Penetrating Radiation Gamma rays are photons, i.e. electromagnetic wave that carries energy. In the air, it can travel long distances, gradually losing energy as a result of collisions with the atoms of the medium. Intense gamma radiation, if not protected from it, can damage not only the skin, but also internal tissues. Dense and heavy materials such as iron and lead are excellent barriers to gamma radiation.

Description of the slide:

Penetrating radiation As a result of the passage of radiation through the materials of the environment, the intensity of the radiation decreases. The weakening effect is usually characterized by a layer of half attenuation, i.e. with. such a thickness of the material, passing through which the radiation is reduced by 2 times. For example, the intensity of y-rays is weakened by 2 times: steel 2.8 cm thick, concrete - 10 cm, soil - 14 cm, wood - 30 cm. up to 5000 times. A pound layer of 1.5 m protects almost completely from penetrating radiation.

slide number 48

Description of the slide:

Radioactive contamination (contamination) Radioactive contamination of the air, terrain, water area and objects located on them occurs as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances (RS) from the cloud of a nuclear explosion. At a temperature of approximately 1700 ° C, the glow of the luminous region of a nuclear explosion stops and it turns into a dark cloud, to which a dust column rises (therefore, the cloud has a mushroom shape). This cloud moves in the direction of the wind, and RVs fall out of it.

slide number 49

Description of the slide:

Radioactive contamination (contamination) The sources of radioactive substances in the cloud are the fission products of nuclear fuel (uranium, plutonium), the unreacted part of the nuclear fuel and radioactive isotopes formed as a result of the action of neutrons on the ground (induced activity). These RVs, being on contaminated objects, decay, emitting ionizing radiation, which in fact are the damaging factor. The parameters of radioactive contamination are: radiation dose (according to the impact on people), radiation dose rate - radiation level (according to the degree of contamination of the area and various objects). These parameters are a quantitative characteristic of damaging factors: radioactive contamination during an accident with the release of radioactive substances, as well as radioactive contamination and penetrating radiation during a nuclear explosion.

Description of the slide:

Electromagnetic pulse During ground and air explosions, the damaging effect of an electromagnetic pulse is observed at a distance of several kilometers from the center of a nuclear explosion. The most effective protection against an electromagnetic pulse is the shielding of power supply and control lines, as well as radio and electrical equipment.

slide number 54

Description of the slide:

The situation that develops during the use of nuclear weapons in the centers of destruction. The focus of nuclear destruction is the territory within which, as a result of the use of nuclear weapons, mass destruction and death of people, farm animals and plants, destruction and damage to buildings and structures, utility and energy and technological networks and lines, transport communications and other objects occurred.

Zone of complete destruction The zone of complete destruction has an overpressure at the front of the shock wave of 50 kPa at the border and is characterized by: massive irretrievable losses among the unprotected population (up to 100%), complete destruction of buildings and structures, destruction and damage to utility-energy and technological networks and lines, as well as parts of civil defense shelters, the formation of solid blockages in settlements. The forest is completely destroyed.

Description of the slide:

Medium damage zone Medium damage zone with overpressure from 20 to 30 kPa. It is characterized by: irretrievable losses among the population (up to 20%), medium and severe destruction of buildings and structures, the formation of local and focal blockages, continuous fires, the preservation of utility networks, shelters and most of the anti-radiation shelters.

slide number 59

Description of the slide:

Zone of weak destruction The zone of weak destruction with excess pressure from 10 to 20 kPa is characterized by weak and medium destruction of buildings and structures. The focus of the lesion but the number of dead and injured can be commensurate with or exceed the lesion in an earthquake. So, during the bombing (bomb power up to 20 kt) of the city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, most of it (60%) was destroyed, and the death toll amounted to 140,000 people.

Description of the slide:

slide number 62

Description of the slide:

Exposure to ionizing radiation Under the conditions of hostilities with the use of nuclear weapons, vast territories can be in the zones of radioactive contamination, and exposure of people can take on a mass character. In order to exclude overexposure of the personnel of facilities and the population in such conditions and to increase the stability of the functioning of national economy facilities under conditions of radioactive contamination in wartime, permissible exposure doses are established. They are: with a single irradiation (up to 4 days) - 50 rad; repeated irradiation: a) up to 30 days - 100 rad; b) 90 days - 200 rad; systematic exposure (during the year) 300 rad.

Description of the slide:

Exposure to ionizing radiation SIEVERT (sievert) is a unit of equivalent dose of radiation in the SI system, equal to the equivalent dose if the dose of absorbed ionizing radiation, multiplied by a conditional dimensionless factor, is 1 J/kg. Since different types of radiation cause different effects on biological tissue, a weighted absorbed dose of radiation, also called the equivalent dose, is used; it is obtained by modifying the absorbed dose by multiplying it by the conventional dimensionless factor adopted by the International Commission on X-ray Protection. At present, the sievert is increasingly replacing the physical equivalent of the roentgen (FER), which is becoming obsolete.

slide number 65

Description of the slide:

Shock wave Shock wave Light radiation Light radiation Penetrating radiation Penetrating radiation Radioactive contamination Radioactive contamination Electromagnetic pulse Electromagnetic pulse The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion are:

Shock wave This is the main damaging factor. Most of the destruction and damage to buildings and structures, as well as massive injuries to people, are usually caused by its impact. This is the main damaging factor. Most of the destruction and damage to buildings and structures, as well as massive injuries to people, are usually caused by its impact. REMEMBER: Recesses in the terrain, shelters, basements and other structures can serve as protection against a shock wave. REMEMBER: Recesses in the terrain, shelters, basements and other structures can serve as protection against a shock wave.

Light radiation This is a stream of radiant energy, including visible, ultraviolet and infrared rays. It is formed by hot products of a nuclear explosion and hot air, spreads almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, up to 20 seconds.

The strength of the light radiation is such that it can cause skin burns, eye damage (temporary blindness), ignition of combustible materials and objects. REMEMBER: any obstruction that can create a shadow can protect against the direct action of light radiation. Weakens it and dusty (smoky) air, fog, rain, snowfall.

This is the flow of gamma rays and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion. The impact of this damaging factor on all living beings consists in the ionization of atoms and molecules of the body, which leads to a violation of the vital functions of its individual organs, damage to the bone marrow, and the development of radiation sickness. This is the flow of gamma rays and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion. The impact of this damaging factor on all living beings consists in the ionization of atoms and molecules of the body, which leads to a violation of the vital functions of its individual organs, damage to the bone marrow, and the development of radiation sickness. penetrating radiation

On the morning of August 6, 1945, three American planes appeared over the city, including an American B-29 bomber carrying a 12.5 km atomic bomb with the name "Kid". Having gained a given height, the aircraft bombed. A fireball formed after the explosion. Houses collapsed with a terrible roar, within a radius of 2 km. lit up. People near the epicenter literally evaporated. Those who survived received terrible burns. People rushed to the water and died a painful death. Later, a cloud of dirt, dust and ash with radioactive isotopes descended on the city, dooming the population to new victims. Hiroshima burned for two days. The people who came to help its inhabitants did not yet know that they were entering a zone of radioactive contamination, and this would have fatal consequences. Hiroshima.

Nagasaki. Three days after the bombing of Hiroshima, on August 9, her fate was to be shared by the city of Kokura, the center of Japan's military production and supply. But due to bad weather, the city of Nagasaki became a victim. An atomic bomb with a power of 22 km, called "Fat Man", was dropped on it. This city was destroyed in half. Unprotected people received burns even within a radius of 4 km.

According to the UN: In Hiroshima, 78,000 people died at the time of the explosion, and 27,000 in Nagasaki. Much larger figures are produced in Japanese documentary sources - 260 thousand and 74 thousand people, respectively, taking into account subsequent losses from the explosion. In Hiroshima, 78,000 people died at the time of the explosion, and 27,000 in Nagasaki. Much larger figures are produced in Japanese documentary sources - 260 thousand and 74 thousand people, respectively, taking into account subsequent losses from the explosion. This is what the misuse of nuclear energy leads to. This is what the misuse of nuclear energy leads to.

To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com

Slides captions:

Modern means of destruction and their damaging factors. Measures to protect the population. The presentation was prepared by the teacher of life safety Gorpenyuk S.V.

Checking homework: Principles of organization of civil defense and its purpose. Name the tasks of GO. How is civil defense managed? Who is the Head of Civil Defense at the school?

The first test of a nuclear weapon In 1896, the French physicist Antoine Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactive radiation. On the territory of the United States, in Los Alamos, in the desert expanses of the state of New Mexico, in 1942, an American nuclear center was established. On July 16, 1945, at 5:29:45 local time, a bright flash lit up the sky over the plateau in the Jemez Mountains north of New Mexico. A characteristic cloud of radioactive dust, resembling a mushroom, rose to 30,000 feet. All that remains at the site of the explosion are fragments of green radioactive glass, which the sand has turned into. This was the beginning of the atomic era.

WMD Chemical weapons Nuclear weapons Biological weapons

NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND ITS DAMAGE FACTORS Subjects studied: Historical data. Nuclear weapon. characteristics of a nuclear explosion. Basic principles of protection against damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.

In the early 40s. XX century in the United States developed the physical principles for the implementation of a nuclear explosion. The first nuclear explosion was carried out in the USA on July 16, 1945. By the summer of 1945, the Americans managed to assemble two atomic bombs, called "Kid" and "Fat Man". The first bomb weighed 2722 kg and was loaded with enriched Uranium-235. "Fat Man" with a charge of Plutonium-239 with a capacity of more than 20 kt had a mass of 3175 kg. History of the creation of nuclear weapons

In the USSR, the first test of an atomic bomb was carried out in August 1949. at the Semipalatinsk test site with a capacity of 22 kt. In 1953, the USSR tested a hydrogen, or thermonuclear, bomb. The power of the new weapons was 20 times greater than the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, although they were the same size. In the 60s of the XX century, nuclear weapons are being introduced into all branches of the USSR Armed Forces. In addition to the USSR and the USA, nuclear weapons appear: in England (1952), in France (1960), in China (1964). Later, nuclear weapons appeared in India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel. History of the creation of nuclear weapons

NUCLEAR WEAPONS are explosive weapons of mass destruction based on the use of intranuclear energy.

The device of the atomic bomb The main elements of nuclear weapons are: body, automation system. The case is designed to accommodate a nuclear charge and an automation system, and also protects them from mechanical, and in some cases, from thermal effects. The automation system ensures the explosion of a nuclear charge at a given moment of time and excludes its accidental or premature operation. It includes: - a safety and arming system, - an emergency detonation system, - a charge detonation system, - a power source, - a detonation sensor system. Means of delivery of nuclear weapons can be ballistic missiles, cruise and anti-aircraft missiles, aviation. Nuclear munitions are used to equip air bombs, land mines, torpedoes, artillery shells (203.2 mm SG and 155 mm SG-USA). Various systems have been invented to detonate the atomic bomb. The simplest system is an injector-type weapon in which a projectile made of fissile material crashes, and the addressee forms a supercritical mass. The atomic bomb fired by the United States on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, had an injection-type detonator. And it had an energy equivalent of approximately 20 kilotons of TNT.

Atomic bomb device

Delivery vehicles for nuclear weapons

Nuclear explosion Light radiation Radioactive contamination of the area Shock wave Penetrating radiation Electromagnetic pulse Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion

(Air) shock wave - an area of ​​strong pressure propagating from the epicenter of the explosion - the most powerful damaging factor. Causes destruction over a large area, can "flow" into basements, crevices, etc. Protection: shelter. The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

Its action lasts for several seconds. A shock wave travels a distance of 1 km in 2 s, 2 km in 5 s, and 3 km in 8 s. Shock wave injuries are caused by both the action of excess pressure and its propelling action (velocity pressure), due to the movement of air in the wave. Personnel, weapons and military equipment located in open areas are affected mainly as a result of the propelling action of the shock wave, and large objects (buildings, etc.) are affected by the action of excess pressure.

2. Light emission: lasts for a few seconds and causes severe fires in the area and burns to people. Defense: Any obstruction that provides shade. The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

The light radiation of a nuclear explosion is visible, ultraviolet and infrared radiation, acting for several seconds. For personnel, it can cause skin burns, eye damage and temporary blindness. Burns occur from direct exposure to light radiation on open areas of the skin (primary burns), as well as from burning clothes, in fires (secondary burns). Depending on the severity of the lesion, burns are divided into four degrees: the first is redness, swelling and soreness of the skin; the second is the formation of bubbles; the third - necrosis of the skin and tissues; the fourth is charring of the skin.

Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion: 3 . Penetrating radiation - an intense flow of gamma particles and neutrons, lasting for 15-20 seconds. Passing through living tissue, it causes its rapid destruction and death of a person from acute radiation sickness in the very near future after the explosion. Protection: shelter or barrier (layer of soil, wood, concrete, etc.) Alpha radiation is a helium-4 nucleus and can be easily stopped with a sheet of paper. Beta radiation is a stream of electrons that an aluminum plate is enough to protect against. Gamma radiation has the ability to penetrate even denser materials.

The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is characterized by the magnitude of the radiation dose, i.e., the amount of radioactive radiation energy absorbed by a unit mass of the irradiated medium. Distinguish between exposure and absorbed dose. The exposure dose is measured in roentgens (R). One X-ray is such a dose of gamma radiation that creates about 2 billion ion pairs in 1 cm3 of air.

Reducing the damaging effect of penetrating radiation depending on the protective environment and material

four . Radioactive contamination of the area: occurs in the wake of a moving radioactive cloud when precipitation and explosion products fall out of it in the form of small particles. Protection: personal protective equipment (PPE). The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

In the focus of radioactive contamination of the area, it is strictly prohibited:

5 . Electromagnetic pulse: occurs for a short period of time and can disable all enemy electronics (aircraft on-board computers, etc.) Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

On the morning of August 6, 1945, there was a clear, cloudless sky over Hiroshima. As before, the approach from the east of two American aircraft (one of them was called Enola Gay) at an altitude of 10-13 km did not cause alarm (because every day they appeared in the sky of Hiroshima). One of the planes dived and dropped something, and then both planes turned and flew away. The dropped object on a parachute slowly descended and suddenly exploded at an altitude of 600 m above the ground. It was the "Baby" bomb. On August 9, another bomb was dropped over the city of Nagasaki. The total loss of life and the scale of destruction from these bombings are characterized by the following figures: 300 thousand people died instantly from thermal radiation (temperature about 5000 degrees C) and a shock wave, another 200 thousand were injured, burned, irradiated. On an area of ​​12 sq. km, all buildings were completely destroyed. In Hiroshima alone, out of 90,000 buildings, 62,000 were destroyed. These bombings shocked the whole world. It is believed that this event marked the beginning of the nuclear arms race and the confrontation between the two political systems of that time at a new qualitative level.

Atomic bomb "Kid", Hiroshima Types of bombs: Atomic bomb "Fat Man", Nagasaki

Types of nuclear explosions

Ground explosion Air explosion High-altitude explosion Underground explosion Types of nuclear explosions

the main way to protect people and equipment from a shock wave is shelter in ditches, ravines, hollows, cellars, protective structures; any barrier that can create a shadow can protect from the direct action of light radiation. Weakens it and dusty (smoky) air, fog, rain, snowfall. shelters and anti-radiation shelters (PRS) almost completely protect a person from the effects of penetrating radiation.

Measures to protect against nuclear weapons

Measures to protect against nuclear weapons

Questions for consolidation: What is meant by the term "WMD"? When did nuclear weapons first appear and when were they used? Which countries now officially possess nuclear weapons?

Fill in the table "Nuclear weapons and their characteristics", based on the textbook data (pp. 47-58). Homework: Damaging factor Characteristic Duration of exposure after the moment of explosion Units of measurement Shock wave Light radiation Penetrating radiation Radioactive contamination Electromagnetic impulse

Law of the Russian Federation "On Civil Defense" of February 12, 1998 No. 28 (as amended by the Federal Law of October 9, 2002 No. 123-FZ, of June 19, 2004 No. 51-FZ, of August 22, 2004 No. 122-FZ). Law of the Russian Federation "On martial law" dated January 30, 2002 No. 1. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated November 26, 2007 No. 804 "On approval of the regulation on civil defense in the Russian Federation." Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 23, 1996 No. 1396 “On the reorganization of the headquarters of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations into the management bodies of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations”. Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation dated December 23, 2005 No. 999 “On approval of the procedure for creating non-standard emergency rescue teams”. Guidelines for the creation, preparation, equipping of the NASF - M .: Ministry of Emergency Situations, 2005. Guidelines for local governments on the implementation of the Federal Law of October 6, 2003 No. 131-FZ "On the general principles of local government in the Russian Federation" in the field of civil defense, protection of the population and territories from emergencies, ensuring fire safety and safety of people at water bodies. Manual on the organization and conduct of civil defense in an urban area (city) and at an industrial facility of the national economy. Journal "Civil Protection" No. 3-10 for 1998. Duties of officials of civil defense organizations. Textbook "OBZh. Grade 10 ", A.T. Smirnov and others. M," Enlightenment ", 2010. Thematic and lesson planning for life safety. Yu.P.Podolyan.10 class. http://himvoiska.narod.ru/bwphoto.html Literature, Internet resources.