Encyclopedia of mines and explosives. Engineering Ammunition: About Classification and Precautions General Purpose Bullet

Appendix No. 4 Basic Ammunition “A little theory before choosing the right ammunition. Calibers are measured in millimeters or fractions of an inch. An inch is equal to 25.4 mm. In Russia and most other countries, calibers are measured in millimeters. In the UK, caliber is measured in thousandths.

Chapter 5. Ammunition The term "ammunition" covers everything that, when placed in a weapon, changes from a harmless mechanical device to a means of destruction. In artillery, this is a charge of gunpowder (propellant explosive), a cartridge case, a means of igniting the charge,

Bulldozer Tanks and Armored Engineering Vehicles Perhaps the simplest vehicle developed from the Sherman was an armored bulldozer capable of clearing roads under fire, filling craters, and so on. The first proposals for the development of such a machine

Engineering vehicles On the basis of the medium tank "89" in 1931, an engineering vehicle was developed, referred to in the literature as the "SS". The layout of the machine was the same as the "89", but the volume of the corps was increased. The front sheet had a door and a machine gun in a ball bearing. Commander's Dome

Foreword.
The term "mine" in military terminology has existed for a very long time. Professor V.V. Yakovlev in his book "The History of Fortresses" points out that initially this term was used as far back as 300-400 years BC to denote digging under the walls and towers of fortresses with the aim of collapsing, collapsing the latter into an empty space (horn), arranged at the end of the underground gallery.
Later, the term "mine" denoted a powder charge laid in a tunnel under a fortress wall or tower. So, with several mines during the assault on the fortress of Kazan in 1552, Russian troops managed to make gaps in the fortress wall, which predetermined the success of the assault.

So gradually this term was finally fixed to designate an explosive charge that was not thrown like a projectile, structurally combined with explosive means and intended to inflict damage on enemy personnel, structures, and equipment.
With the advent of sea mines designed to disable enemy ships, and especially with the invention of a self-propelled mine (torpedo), a condition was added to the definition of the concept of "mine" - "delivered to the target not with the help of artillery guns."

In modern conditions, with the development of remote mining systems, when a mine or several mines are delivered to the installation site, including in the case of artillery shells, the wording "... delivered to the target not with the help of artillery pieces" is outdated.

The concept of "mine" (the term "engineering mine" has begun to be used more and more often) should be understood as

"... an explosive charge, structurally combined with blasting means, designed to inflict damage on enemy personnel, structures, equipment and actuated by the victim (man, tank, machine) on the blasting means (target sensor), or driven by action with the help of a certain type of command (radio signal, electrical impulse, hourly retarder, etc.)".

However, this definition of the term "mine" is rather vague, incomplete and somewhat contradictory.

In the first third of the 20th century, the term "mine" acquired another meaning. So they began to call, in general, an ordinary artillery shell fired from a specific type of artillery gun - a mortar. The whole difference between a mortar and a conventional artillery gun such as a cannon or howitzer is that it is smooth-bore and throws its projectiles (mines) along a very steep trajectory. A mortar mine differs from a cannon or howitzer shell only in its appearance and the way the powder charge is placed. In all other respects, the action of a mortar mine on a target is similar to the action of other types of projectiles (we will not go into subtleties).
Where this meaning of the term "mine" came from is not known for certain. The author offers his version, but emphasizes that this is only a version and does not consider that this is the ultimate truth.
During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05, during the defense of the Port Arthur fortress, the Russians began to use sea mines rolling down the gutters to repel Japanese attacks on mountain positions. Then they began to use shipborne torpedo tubes on land to fire warheads of self-propelled sea mines (torpedoes) from mountainous positions down the Japanese. Then Captain Gobyato created an explosive charge, housed in a tin cone-shaped case. These charges were mounted on a wooden rod, which in turn was inserted into the 47 mm barrel. guns. The shot was fired with a cannon blank powder charge at the maximum turn of the barrel up. This projectile, by analogy with the sea mines already used for the same purpose, received the name "pole mine".
During the First World th war, the experience of Gobyato was remembered and the modified mines of Gobyato were widely used. True, at that time these guns were called bombers, and their shells were called bombs.

During the revival of this type of weapon in the thirties, the terms "bomb" and "bomb thrower" were considered not very suitable, because. these two words are already firmly entrenched in aviation (air bomb) and the navy (depth charge, bomb bomb). They remembered the name mortar and mine. So this term was fixed in its second meaning.

From the author. However, in English, German and most other languages, what we call a mortar is called differently - "mortar" (Moertel, the mortar, mortier, malta, mortero, ...). In my opinion, the term "mortar" is more suitable for this type of artillery system

So, the term "mine" is used in our country today in two meanings - a mine, as an artillery shell, and a mine, as an engineering ammunition. Often, to distinguish what exactly is being discussed in this context, the clarifying terms "engineering mine", "mortar mine" are used. Below in the text we will talk about the classification of engineering mines only.

End of preface.

There is no single legally approved or standardized classification of engineering mines. In any case, in the Soviet (Russian) Army. There are several generally accepted types of classification, depending on the criterion (principle) by which groups of mines are divided in this type of classification:

1. By purpose.

2. According to the method of causing harm by this type of mine.

3. According to the degree of controllability of the mine.

4. According to the principle of the target sensor used.

5. By the shape, direction and size of the affected area.

6. According to the method of delivery to the place of application (installation method).

7.By the type of explosive used in the mine.

8. By neutralization and recoverability.

9. By the presence of self-destruction or self-neutralization systems.

10. By the time of arming.

The first type of classification is considered to be the main one.

By purpose, mines are divided into three main groups:

I. Anti-tank.
II. Anti-personnel.
III. Special:
1.Anti-vehicle:
a) anti-train (railway);
b) anti-car (road);
c) anti-aircraft (aerodrome);
2. Anti-landing;
3.Objective;
4.Signal;
5. Traps (surprises);
6.Special.

In some Guides, Instructions, mines are divided by purpose not into three main groups, but into eight (anti-tank, anti-personnel, anti-vehicle, anti-amphibious, object, signal, traps, special). The author believes that the division into three groups is still more correct. The fact is that military personnel of all branches of the armed forces (motorized riflemen, tankers, artillerymen, paratroopers, etc.) must be able to use anti-tank and anti-personnel mines, and only sappers work with all other mines.

Basically, all types of mines can be produced in three main modifications - combat, training, training and simulation (practical).
In order not to confuse the reader, let's consider the main groups of mines in their other types of classification.

I. Anti-tank mines designed to destroy or remove from the ranks of tanks and other armored vehicles of the enemy. They can also hit unarmored vehicles, and in some cases people, although the latter is not included in the scope of the tasks of this type of mine, but is a side, random result.

According to the type of target sensor, anti-tank mines are:

- magnetic action (triggered by the impact on the target sensor of the magnetic field of the machine);
- thermal action (triggered when the target sensor is exposed to the heat generated by the tank);
- inclined action (triggered when the machine body deviates the antenna (rod) from the vertical position);
- seismic action (triggered by shaking, vibration of the soil when the machine is moving);
- infrared action (triggered when the body of the machine obscures a beam of light in the infrared range, illuminating the sensitive sensor-fuse).

Various combinations of target sensors are possible, and it is not necessary that the operation of the target sensor cause the mine to explode. The operation of one target sensor may be aimed at activating the second stage sensor. For example, in a mine of the TM-83 type, the seismic target sensor, when a tank enters the zone of its activity, only turns on a thermal sensor, which, when the tank acts on it, already causes a mine explosion.

Typically, the stepwise use of sensors is aimed at saving the resource of the main target sensor or power supply.

There are target sensors with multiplicity elements. Such a sensor initiates a mine only on the second or subsequent impact of the target on the mine. For example, the fuse MVD-62 of the Soviet mine TM-62, which works only when it is hit a second time. Moreover, no more than 1 second should elapse between pressing. Or the No.5 Mk 4 fuse of the Mk7 English mine, which only works when it is hit a second time.

According to the method of causing harm, anti-tank mines are divided into:
- anti-track (destroy the tracks of the caterpillar, the wheel and thereby deprive the tank of mobility);
- anti-bottom (pierce the bottom of the tank and cause a fire in it, detonation of ammunition, failure of the transmission or engine, death or injury of crew members);
- anti-aircraft (pierce the side of the tank and cause a fire in it, detonation of ammunition, failure of the transmission or engine, death or injury of crew members).
- anti-roof (hit the tank from above).

According to the degree of controllability, anti-tank mines are divided into unguided and guided. As a rule, in anti-tank mines, controllability consists in switching the target sensor from the control panel to a combat or safe position by the operator. Control can be carried out via a command radio link or via a wired line. The meaning of such controllability lies in the fact that when moving through the minefield of their tanks, they are not undermined, and enemy tanks, on the contrary. The controllability of anti-tank mines in the sense of detonating mines by the operator when the tank is in the affected area is not currently used.

According to the method of installation of anti-aircraft mines, they are divided into:

As a rule, most types of anti-tank mines installed by means of mechanization can be installed manually and vice versa. Remote mines are usually used only by this method of delivery and installation.

According to the recoverability and neutralization of anti-aircraft mines, they are divided into:

Both of these terms are quite similar to each other, but they do not mean the same thing.
Neutralization consists in the ability to transfer the mine fuse to one of two positions - safe or combat (it does not matter - by removing the fuse from the mine or using a switch, safety checks, etc.).
Retrievability is the ability to remove the mine from the installation site. If the mine is not recoverable, then when you try to remove it, it will explode.

According to the type of explosive used, all anti-tank mines are mines with chemical explosives. Anti-tank mines with nuclear (atomic) explosives are not available in any of the armies of the world.

Anti-tank mines may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system. Self-destruction provides for, after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature, humidity, the supply of a radio signal, a wired signal), the production of a mine explosion, and the self-neutralization system provides for the transfer of the fuse to a safe position after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature , humidity, radio signal, wired signal).

According to the time of bringing them into combat position, anti-tank mines are divided into two main groups -

II. anti-personnel mines designed to destroy or disable enemy personnel. how as a rule, these mines are unable to cause significant damage to enemy tanks, armored vehicles and vehicles. The maximum is to damage the car wheel, trim, glass, radiator.

According to the type of target sensor, anti-personnel mines are:
-pressure action (mine is triggered when a person's leg sensor is pressed);

- breakaway action (the operation of a mine occurs when the integrity of a thin low-strength wire is violated when it is touched by a foot or body);
- seismic action (the operation of a mine occurs from the shaking of the soil when a person moves);
-thermal action (the operation of a mine occurs when the sensor is exposed to heat emanating from the human body);
- infrared action (the mine is triggered when the human body obscures a beam of light in the infrared range, illuminating the sensitive sensor-fuse);
- magnetic action (the mine reacts to the metal that a person has).

Various combinations of target sensors are possible, i.e. a mine may have not one, but two or three target sensors, each of which can trigger the mine independently of the others. Either the mine is triggered only when the sensors are triggered simultaneously, or the triggering of one sensor causes the activation of another. Options can be very different.

According to the method of causing harm to PP, mines are divided:

-fragmentation (inflict damage with fragments of their hull or ready-made lethal elements (balls, rollers, arrows). Moreover, depending on the shape of the affected area, such mines are divided into mines of circular destruction and mines of directed destruction;
-cumulative (inflict damage with a cumulative jet that pierces the foot of the foot).

According to the degree of controllability, PP mines, like anti-tank mines, are divided into guided and unguided. But if in anti-tank mines, controllability consists in switching by the operator from the distance of the target sensor to a combat or safe position, then some types of PP mines can simply be undermined by the operator from the control panel when enemy soldiers are in the mine's affected area. The meaning of such controllability lies in the fact that when moving through the minefield of their soldiers, they are not undermined, and the enemy soldiers, on the contrary.

According to the method of installing PP mines are divided into:
- installed manually (sappers by soldiers);
- installed by means of mechanization (tracked and trailed mine spreaders);
- installed by means of remote mining (missile, aviation, artillery systems).
As a rule, most types of PP mines installed by means of mechanization can be installed manually and vice versa. Remote mines are usually used only by this method of delivery and installation.

According to the recoverability and neutralization of PP mines are divided into:

- retrievable non-neutralized,
- non-removable non-decontaminable.

According to the type of explosive used, all PP mines are mines with a chemical explosive. PP mines with nuclear (atomic) explosives are not available in any of the armies of the world.

PP mines may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system. Self-destruction provides for, after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature, humidity, the supply of a radio signal, a wired signal), the production of a mine explosion, and the self-neutralization system provides for the transfer of the fuse to a safe position after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature , humidity, radio signal, wired signal).

PP mines are divided into two main groups according to the time they are brought into combat position -
1. Brought into combat position immediately after the removal of the safety blocking devices.
2. They are brought into a combat position after the removal of safety interlocks after a certain period of time required to remove the miners from the mine to a safe distance (usually from 2 minutes to 72 hours).

III-1. Anti-vehicle mines designed to destroy or disable vehicles enemy moving along transport routes (roads, railways, parking lots, runways and platforms, taxiways of airfields). Anti-tank mines disable both unarmored and armored vehicles. These mines are not intended to destroy or injure personnel, although very often damage to vehicles leads to the simultaneous defeat of personnel.

According to the type of target sensor, anti-vehicle mines are:
-pressure action (triggered by pressing the target sensor with a caterpillar, a car wheel);
- magnetic action (triggered by the impact on the target sensor of the magnetic field of the machine);
- thermal action (triggered when the target sensor is exposed to the heat generated by the vehicle;
- inclined action (triggered when the machine body deviates the antenna (rod) from the vertical position);
- seismic action (triggered by shaking, vibration of the soil when the machine is moving);
- infrared action (triggered when the body of the machine obscures a beam of light in the infrared range, illuminating the sensitive sensor-fuse);
-acoustic action (triggered when the threshold value of the vehicle engine noise level is exceeded).

According to the method of causing harm to anti-tank missiles, mines are divided:
- high-explosive (inflict defeat by the force of an explosion - complete or partial destruction of the machine, the mover of the machine (wheels, tracks), etc.);
fragmentation (inflict damage on the vehicle with fragments of their hull or ready-made lethal elements (balls, rollers, arrows);
-cumulative (inflict damage with a cumulative jet or impact core).

According to the degree of controllability, anti-tank mines, like anti-tank mines, are divided into guided and unguided. But if in anti-tank mines, controllability consists in switching by the operator from the distance of the target sensor to a combat or safe position, then some types of anti-tank mines can simply be undermined by the operator from the control panel when the enemy vehicle is in the zone of destruction of the mine.

According to the method of installation of anti-tank mines, mines are divided into:
- installed manually (sappers by soldiers);
- installed by means of remote mining (missile, aviation, artillery systems).

According to the recoverability and neutralization of anti-tank mines, they are divided into:
- recoverable neutralized;
- extractable non-neutralized;
- non-removable non-decontaminable.

According to the type of explosive used, all anti-tank mines are mines with a chemical explosive. There are no anti-vehicle mines with nuclear (atomic) explosives in any of the armies of the world.

Anti-tank mines may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system. Self-destruction provides for, after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature, humidity, the supply of a radio signal, a wired signal), the production of a mine explosion, and the self-neutralization system provides for the transfer of the fuse to a safe position after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature , humidity, radio signal, wired signal).

According to the time of bringing them into combat position, anti-tank mines are divided into two main groups -
1. Brought into combat position immediately after the removal of the safety blocking devices.
2. They are brought into a combat position after the removal of safety interlocks after a certain period of time required to remove the miners from the mine to a safe distance (usually from 2 minutes to 72 hours).

Features of the design of anti-vehicle mines allows the use of many of them as multi-purpose mines.. As a rule, as objective mines, i.e. mines that explode after a certain specified period of time. Or exploded by the operator from the control panel via a command wire or radio link.

III-2. Anti-amphibious mines designed to disable or destroy enemy watercraft (boats, boats, pontoons, floating machines) when these watercraft are moving on the water. The destruction or injury of personnel for this type of mine is a side, secondary result of the operation of the mine.

According to the type of target sensor, PD mines are:
- magnetic action (the mine reacts to the metal of the vessel's hull);
-acoustic action (triggered when the threshold value of the noise level of the propeller of the craft is exceeded);
-contact action (the operation of a mine occurs when the hull of the craft comes into contact with the sensitive elements of the target sensor (antenna, rod, crumpled horn, etc.).

According to the method of causing harm to AP mines, as a rule, belong to one type:
- high-explosive (they inflict damage with a water hammer arising from the explosion of a mine charge - there is a violation of the tightness of the hull, a breakdown from the engine mount and equipment of the machine).

According to the degree of controllability, AP mines, like PT mines, are divided into guided and unguided. But if in anti-tank mines, controllability consists in switching by the operator from the distance of the target sensor to a combat or safe position, then some types of AP mines can simply be undermined by the operator from the control panel when the enemy vehicle is in the zone of destruction of the mine. However, the author is not aware of any type of guided missile launcher currently in service anywhere.

According to the method of installation of PD mines are divided into:
- installed manually (sappers by soldiers);
- installed using mechanical means.
- installed by means of remote mining (missile, aviation, artillery systems).
As of 2013, the author is aware of one brand of anti-landing remotely placed mine. This is a Russian PDM-4.

By recoverability and neutralization, PD mines are divided into:
- recoverable neutralized;
- extractable non-neutralized;
- non-removable non-decontaminable.

According to the type of explosive used, all PD mines are mines with a chemical explosive. Antiamphibious mines with nuclear (atomic) explosives are not available in any of the armies of the world.

PD mines may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system. Self-destruction provides for, after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature, humidity, the supply of a radio signal, a wired signal), the production of a mine explosion, and the self-neutralization system provides for the transfer of the fuse to a safe position after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature , humidity, radio signal, wired signal).

PD mines by the time they are brought into combat position are divided into two main groups -
1. Brought into combat position immediately after the removal of the safety blocking devices.
2. They are brought into a combat position after the removal of safety interlocks after a certain period of time required to remove the miners from the mine to a safe distance (usually from 2 minutes to 72 hours).

III-3. Object mines designed to destroy or remove from system, damage to various fixed or moving enemy objects (buildings, bridges, dams, locks, factory workshops, docks, stocks, road sections, moorings, oil and gas pipelines, water pumping stations, treatment facilities, large tanks with fuel and gas, fortifications , rolling stock, cars, armored vehicles, airfield facilities, power plant turbines, oil rigs, oil pumps, etc., etc.).

The destruction or incapacitation of personnel is usually an incidental, but not an accidental task of objective mines. And in a number of cases, the destruction or damage of an object is carried out with the aim of inflicting maximum losses on both personnel and combat and other equipment of the enemy. For example, the destruction of a dam as an object may have the goal of causing a wave of release and flooding of vast territories in order to destroy enemy personnel and disable his weapons.

Object mines usually do not have target sensors. The explosion is carried out after a predetermined period of time or by applying a control signal via wires or radio links.

According to the method of causing harm, OM are divided into:
- high-explosive (inflict defeat by the force of an explosion of a certain (often significant) amount of explosives);

According to the degree of controllability, OM are divided into:
-controlled (The first type - the explosion is carried out by a signal by wire or radio. The second type - a timer (time counter) is activated by a control signal, which, after a predetermined or entered by a control signal, will cause a mine explosion);
-unmanaged (explosion occurs after a specified period of time).

All OMs are installed only manually. By means of mechanization, only auxiliary work is carried out (extraction of pits, dressing of charging niches in the thickness of the object undermined, etc.). There are no remotely installed OMs yet, but it is possible to develop them and put them into service.

According to the recoverability and neutralization of OM, they are divided into:
- recoverable neutralized;
- extractable non-neutralized;
- non-removable non-decontaminable.

According to the type of explosive used, explosives are divided into:
- mines with chemical explosive;
- mines with a nuclear explosive (at present, such mines are probably in service with the US and British armies. There are no such mines in other countries.)

OM may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system. Moreover, a self-neutralization system is more often used, which does not explode a mine, but transfers it to a safe state.

OM by the time of bringing them into combat position are not divided into groups, but are brought into combat position after the removal of safety blocking devices after a specified period of time required to remove the miners from the mine to a safe distance or to withdraw our troops from the given area (usually from 2 minutes up to 72 hours).

III-4. signal mines are not intended to destroy or damage anyone or anything. The task of the CM is to give out the presence of the enemy in a given place, to designate it, to draw attention to this place of its units.
In terms of size, characteristics, and installation methods, SMs are close to anti-personnel mines.

By type of target sensor, SM are:
-pressure action (mine is triggered by pressing the sensor of a person's leg, car wheel, tank caterpillar);
- tension action (the operation of the mine occurs when the wire sensor is pulled by the foot or body of a person);
- breakaway action (the operation of a mine occurs when the integrity of a thin low-strength wire is violated when it is touched by a foot or body, the car body);
- seismic action (the operation of a mine occurs from the shaking of the soil during the movement of a person or equipment);
-thermal action (the mine is triggered when the sensor is exposed to heat emanating from the human body or from the engine of the car);
- infrared action (the mine is triggered when the human body or the body of the car obscures a beam of light in the infrared range, illuminating the sensitive sensor-fuse);
- magnetic action (the mine reacts to the metal that a person has or the metal of the car body).
A combination of two, three or more target sensors is possible.

According to the method of causing harm (if I may say so), signal mines are divided:
- sound (when triggered, they emit loud sounds that can be heard at a considerable distance);
- light (when triggered, they give bright flashes of light, or a bright light burns for a certain time, or the mine throws up flares (stars);
- smoke (when triggered, a cloud of colored smoke is formed);
- combined (sound and light, sometimes smoke);
radio signal (transmit a detection signal to the control panel.

According to the installation method, signal mines are divided into:
- installed manually (sappers by soldiers);
- installed by means of mechanization (tracked and trailed mine spreaders);
- installed by means of remote mining (missile, aviation, artillery systems).

As a rule, most of the types of SM installed by means of mechanization can be installed manually and vice versa. Remote mines are usually used only by this method of delivery and installation.

According to recoverability and neutralization, SM are divided into:
- recoverable neutralized;
- non-removable non-decontaminable.
Signal mines do not have explosives; as a rule, they do not have self-destruction (self-neutralization) systems.
All signal mines, as a rule, are transferred to a combat position instantly after the removal of safety blocking devices

III-5. Booby traps (surprise mines) designed to be removed from formation or destruction of enemy personnel, equipment, weapons, objects; creating an atmosphere of nervousness, fear in the enemy ("minophobia"); deprivation of his desire to use local or abandoned (captured) household items, premises, means of communication, machines, devices, fortifications, captured weapons and ammunition and other objects; suppression of enemy work on the neutralization of mines of other types, clearance of terrain or objects. As a rule, booby-traps are triggered as a result of an enemy's attempt to use household items, premises, communications equipment, machines, devices, fortifications, captured weapons and ammunition and other objects; clear the area, objects, neutralize mines of other types.

MLs are divided into two main types:
- non-provoking (triggered when trying to use an object, neutralize a mine of a different type, etc.);
provocative (by its behavior, the ML induces the enemy to perform actions that will cause the mine to explode.

For example, when an enemy soldier enters a room, a provocative-type ML, designed in the form of a telephone, starts making phone calls, causing a person to want to pick up the phone, which in turn will cause a mine explosion). An example of a non-provocative type of ML is the MS-3 mine, which is installed under an anti-tank mine and is triggered when trying to remove anti-tank weapons from the installation site

The types of ML target sensors are diverse and are determined by the design features of each specific sample of a booby trap. Basically, they can be divided into the following types:
- responsive to switching on (triggered when you try to activate this sample of the device, device. For example, turn on the radio, start the car engine, cock the shutter or release the hook of the weapon, pick up the handset, light the gas stove);
- unloading action (triggered when trying to pick up an object, open a box, box, open a package, etc.);
- reacting to a change in the position of an object with a mine enclosed in it in space (tilt, move, rotate, lift, push, etc.);
- inertial action (triggered when the speed of the object with the mine enclosed in it changes, i.e. at the initial moment of movement, acceleration, braking);
-photo-actions (triggered when the light affects the light-sensitive element. For example, when the electric lighting in the room is turned on or off; when the box or package is opened; when the flash lamp of the camera is triggered, etc.);
- seismic action (triggered by vibration that occurs when the target approaches (man, machine, etc.));
-acoustic action (triggered when the sensor is exposed to sounds (human voice, engine noise, sounds of shots, etc.));
-thermal action (triggered when the sensor is exposed to heat (the heat of the human body, the motor of a car, a heating device, etc.));
- magnetic action (triggered when exposed to the magnetic fields of a car, metal that a person has, a mine detector, etc.));
- choric action (triggered when a certain value of the volume of a given room is reached. For example, a mine will explode only when at least a certain number of people gather in the room.);
- baric action (triggered when a certain ambient pressure is reached - air, water. For example, a mine will explode when the aircraft reaches a certain height.

Various combinations of target sensors are possible, i.e. a mine may have not one, but two to five target sensors, each of which can trigger the mine independently of the others. Either the mine is triggered only when the sensors are triggered simultaneously, or the triggering of one sensor causes the activation of another. Options can be very different.

According to the method of causing harm, MLs are divided into:
- high-explosive (inflict defeat by the force of the explosion - separation of limbs, destruction of the human body, etc.);
-fragmentation (inflict damage with fragments of their hull or ready-made lethal elements (balls, rollers, arrows). Moreover, depending on the shape of the affected area, such mines are divided into mines of circular destruction and mines of directed destruction;
-cumulative (inflict damage with a cumulative jet).

According to the installation method, booby traps are divided into:
- installed manually (sappers by soldiers);
- installed by means of remote mining (missile, aviation, artillery systems).
The main installation method is manual.

According to recoverability and neutralization, ML are divided into:
- recoverable neutralized,
- retrievable non-decontamination,
- non-removable non-decontaminable.

According to the type of explosive used, all MLs are mines with chemical explosives. Mines with nuclear (atomic) explosives are not available in any of the armies of the world.
Booby traps may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system.

ML according to the time of bringing them into combat position are divided into two main groups -
1. Brought into combat position immediately after the removal of the safety blocking devices.
2. They are brought into a combat position after the removal of safety blocking devices after a certain period of time required to remove the miners from the mine to a safe distance (usually from 2 minutes to 72 hours) or leave the area by our troops.

The use of booby-traps (min-surprises) is of a special, specific nature. These mines have been and are being used by all warring armies and armed groups, although to a rather limited extent. At the same time, as a rule, the use of ML by its own troops is carefully disguised (very often, including from its own military personnel of other branches of the military), and their use by the enemy is advertised and exaggerated in every possible way. This is due, firstly, to great difficulties in determining the moment when this mining can begin (otherwise, losses may be incurred by their own troops); secondly, it is usually impossible to determine subsequently the effectiveness of mining and the degree of harm to the enemy; thirdly, a significant part of such mines inflicts damage not on enemy soldiers, but on local residents, which in some cases is inexpedient; Fourthly, the majority of ML is adapted for use in populated areas, premises, facilities, and the bulk of the fighting is carried out in the field.

III-6. Special mines. This group includes mines that cannot be more or less clearly assigned to any of the the above. They are designed to harm the enemy in specific ways.

The following types of special mines are currently known:
- under ice (designed to destroy the ice cover of water bodies in order to exclude the crossing of enemy troops on ice);
-anti-mines (perform the protective task of conventional minefields, groups of mines, single mines. They work when the mine sensor is exposed to mine detector fields (magnetic, radio frequency, laser);
- anti-probe (perform the protective task of conventional minefields, groups of mines, single mines. They work when the mine probe sensor is touched);
- chemical land mines and mines (create a zone of contamination with chemical warfare agents when triggered);
- bacteriological (biological) (designed to infect the area with pathogens and create foci of epidemics of dangerous diseases of people and animals);
- fire bombs (when triggered, they inflict damage with burning oil products (gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oil), incendiary mixtures (napalm, pyrogel), solid incendiary substances or mixtures (termite, phosphorus);
- stone-throwing land mines (when triggered, they inflict defeat with stones thrown out by the force of an explosion of a conventional explosive);
- alloyed (discharged into the river upstream and explode upon contact with a bridge, dam, sluice, watercraft).
- self-propelled mines.

In other respects, special mines are close to anti-tank or anti-personnel mines.
Chemical mines and landmines are not currently in service anywhere in connection with the Chemical Weapons Treaty, and their appearance in service in the future is highly doubtful. XM were in service with the armies of the United States and Great Britain, they were quite widely used by them in the Korean War of 1951-53, limitedly in the Vietnam War of 1966-75.

The existence of biological mines is theoretically possible, but the author does not know samples of such mines. Attempts to use bacteriological weapons (including mines) were made by the Japanese during the Second World War in the Pacific theater of operations, by the Americans in the Korean War of 1951-53, but no encouraging results were achieved. Also attempts were made by France during the war in Algeria in the fifties.

Fire, stone-throwing landmines are more often homemade. They are not in service anywhere as regular samples of mines.
The inclusion of anti-mine and anti-probe mines in the group of special mines is controversial. The author agrees with the opinion that these mines are more likely to be booby traps.

Self-propelled mines today are represented only by German self-propelled mines of the Goliath type from the Second World War.

There is also quite a lot of ammunition that is difficult to unequivocally attribute to mines. For example, a combined ZMG grenade-mine

Sources

1. Engineering ammunition. Guide to the material part and application. Book one. Military publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Moscow. 1976
2. Engineering ammunition. Guide to the material part and application. Book two. Military publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Moscow. 1976
3. Engineering ammunition. Guide to the material part and application. Book three. Military publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Moscow. 1977
4. Engineering ammunition. Guide to the material part and application. Book four. Military publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Moscow. 1977
5. B.V. Varenyshev et al. Textbook. Military engineering training. Military publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Moscow. 1982
6. E.S. Kolibernov and others. Handbook of an officer of the engineering troops. Military publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Moscow. 1989
7. E.S. Kolibernov et al. Engineering support for combat. Military publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Moscow. 1984
8. Guide to demolition work. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1969
9. Manual on military engineering for the Soviet Army. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1984
10.V.V. Yakovlev. Fortress history. AST. Moscow. Polygon. St. Petersburg. 2000
11.K. von Tippelskirch. Geschichte des zweiten Weltkrieges. Bonn.1954.
12. Guide to remote mining in an operation (combat). Military publishing house. Moscow. 1986
13. Collection of sets of engineering ammunition. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1988

Over the past decades, large-scale measures have been taken in the armies of developed countries to improve conventional weapons, among which an important place was given to engineering weapons. Engineer weapons include engineering ammunition that creates the best conditions for the effective use of all types of weapons and the protection of friendly troops from modern weapons, making it difficult for the enemy to inflict significant losses on him. The use of engineering munitions in recent local conflicts has shown their growing role in solving operational and tactical tasks.

Remote mining systems appeared in service with the engineering troops, which made it possible to lay mines during the battle and at a considerable distance from the front line - on enemy territory. Engineering munitions also make it possible to create conditions for the troops to quickly overcome enemy minefields. In this case, the most promising volume explosion ammunition is used.

What applies to engineering ammunition? First of all, these are mines for various purposes - anti-tank, anti-personnel, anti-airborne and recently appeared anti-helicopter, as well as demining charges and a number of auxiliary charges. A modern mine is a multifunctional device. Some samples of new mines contain an element of artificial intelligence and have the ability to optimize the selection of a target from several targets and its attack.

Special mention should be made of anti-personnel mines, over the prohibition of which a campaign of states wishing to finally disarm Russia has begun. In connection with the sharp reduction in the size of the Armed Forces, the role of engineering ammunition is increasing. Considering that engineering munitions mainly play a defensive role, our political and military leadership should not disarm, but should contribute to the improvement and increase in the effectiveness of this type of weapon, which is quite reliable and has high performance-cost ratios. The general direction and purpose of the development of engineering weapons is mainly determined by the ability to effectively hit modern and future targets in the interests of the ground forces.

Consider the features and technical characteristics of engineering ammunition.

Until recently, in developed countries, a large number of anti-tank mines of different designs were produced, from the whole variety of existing designs of which three main types can be distinguished: anti-track, anti-bottom and anti-aircraft.

Until recently, anti-track mines were considered the main ones, but they are gradually losing their importance. The main disadvantage of these mines is their limited combat capability: usually only individual units of the tank chassis are disabled. Nevertheless, anti-track mines are still in fairly large quantities in the troops of various countries.

Anti-track mines are designed to take out tracked and wheeled combat and transport vehicles by destroying or damaging, mainly, their undercarriage (tracks, wheels). The installation of these mines is carried out using minelayers or manually (both in the ground and on its surface). Domestic anti-track mines have a cylindrical shape, with the exception of the TM-62D mine, which has the shape of a parallelepiped. The main characteristics of domestic anti-track mines are presented in Table 1, and foreign - in Table 2. Figure I, 2 shows the design schemes of mines TM-46 and TM-62T. Anti-track mines are equipped with mechanical pressure fuses, which are screwed into the central socket of the hull. The pressure on the fuse from the tank caterpillar is transmitted through the pressure cover. Sockets for additional fuses are provided in the side and bottom parts of the mine body. They are used when it is necessary to place mines in an unrecoverable position. Basically, the bodies and fuses of modern mines are made of plastic, so they cannot be detected using induction mine detectors. Due to the tightness of mine hulls, most of them can be used to mine water barriers.

Fig.1. Anti-track mine TM-46:

a) appearance; b) - a section of a mine; 1 - body; 2 - diaphragm; 3 - cover; 4 - MVM fuse; 5 - explosive charge; 6 - intermediate detonator; 7 - cap; 8 - handle.

Fig.2. Anti-track mineTM-62T:

1-case; 2- explosive charge; 3 - ignition glass; 4 - fuse MVP-62; 5 - fuse drummer; 6 - a checker of the ignition glass; 7 - transfer charge fuse; 8 - primer-detonator fuse.

From the point of view of equipment, domestic mines are “omnivorous”. They are equipped with TNT (T), mixtures of A-IX2, MS, TM; alloys TGA-16, TG-40; ammotols A-50, A-80, etc.

The data in Table 1 indicate that most of the presented anti-track mines have significant dimensions and a large mass of explosives.

The most interesting is the English anti-track mine L9AI, which has an elongated shape (its dimensions are 1200x100x80 mm). For the device of an anti-tank minefield, such mines require two times less than mines with a cylindrical body. Elongated mines are more convenient to store and transport. The body of the L9A1 mine is plastic. The pressure cover is located in the upper part of the body and occupies two thirds of its length. To install this mine in the ground or on its surface, a trailed mine layer is used.

In a number of countries, for remote mining systems, several samples of anti-track mines have been developed, designed to destroy the undercarriage of a tank during a contact explosion. These mines are relatively small in size and weight.

Anti-track mine M56 (USA) is a component of the helicopter mining system. The body of the mine has the shape of a half-cylinder and is equipped with four drop-down stabilizers, which reduce the speed of the fall of the mine (mining is carried out from a height of about 30 m). A pressure cover is located on the flat surface of the housing. The electromechanical fuse is located in the end part of the housing and has two stages of protection. The first is removed when the mine exits the cluster installation, the second - one or two minutes after falling to the ground. In the combat position, the mine can be turned with a pressure cover both up and down. The fuse is equipped with a self-destruct element, which causes the mine to explode after a certain time. Mina M56 is carried out in three versions. The mines of the first (main) version are equipped with a single-stroke fuse, the second - with a two-stroke fuse, triggered by repeated impact on the pressure cover. The fuse of the mine of the third option is activated by shaking the body of the mine or changing its position. The mines of the last two options are intended to prevent the enemy from manually removing them from the passages or making passes in the minefield using roller trawls.

West German mines AT-1 are equipped with 110-mm cluster munitions of the Lars MLRS. Each munition contains 8 mines, equipped with a pressure fuse, elements of non-decontamination and self-destruction.

Italy has developed several samples of anti-track mines designed for installation by helicopter systems, including the SB-81 mine, which has a plastic case and an electromechanical fuse with a pressure sensor. In addition to helicopters, this mine can be installed by a mine layer.

Anti-bottom mines, in comparison with anti-track mines, have a significantly higher destructive effect. Exploding under the bottom of the tank and punching it, they hit the crew and disable the armament and equipment of the vehicle. The explosion of such a mine under the caterpillar of the tank disables it. Anti-bottom mines are equipped with a shaped charge or a charge based on the principle of an impact core. Most anti-bottom mines have proximity fuses with magnetic sensors that detect changes in the magnetic field as the tank passes over the mine. Such a fuse is installed at the Swedish anti-bottom mine FFV028. When the tank passes over the mine, electrical voltage is applied to the electric detonator, which initiates the explosion of the overburden, and then (with some time delay) the main charge (the armor penetration of the mine from a distance of 0.5 m is 70 mm). When the overburden charge is triggered, the upper part of the fuse, the cover of the mine body and the camouflage layer of soil are dropped, thereby creating favorable conditions for the formation of an impact core. A typical layout of the anti-bottom mine SB-MV / T is shown in Fig. 3.

Fig.3. The layout of the anti-tank mine SB-MV / T: 1 - magnetic sensor; 2 - power supply; 3 - software element of the mine neutralization device; 4-seismic sensor; 5 - a device for delaying the transfer of the fuse to the combat position; 6 - the lever for transferring the fuse to the combat position; 7 - fuse inclusion element; 8 - main charge; 9 - transitional charge; 10 - detonator; 11 - primer-igniter; 12 - overburden charge.

The French anti-bottom mine HPD is equipped with a fuse with magnetic and seismic sensors. The armor penetration of a mine from a distance of 0.5 m is 70 mm. The mine explodes when both sensors are triggered simultaneously. To drop the hull cover and the camouflage layer of soil in the HPD mine, an additional (overburden) charge was used. The mining of these mines is carried out with the help of a mine layer.

Much attention is paid to the development of anti-bottom mines for remote mining systems. In the United States, for example, spreadable anti-bottom mines have been created using artillery and aircraft mining systems (M70, M73 and BLU-91 / B mines). These mines are small in size and equipped with proximity fuses with magnetic sensors and anti-removal elements. M70 and M73 mines are components of the RAAMS artillery anti-tank mining system (for 155-mm howitzers). The cluster projectiles of this system contain nine M70 or M73 mines, which have shaped charges directed in opposite directions, which does not require special orientation on the ground surface. By design, these mines are the same and differ only in the period of self-destruction.

The West German anti-bottom mine AT-2 is designed to build anti-tank barriers using ground, missile and aircraft mining systems. The mine has a warhead based on the principle of an impact core.

The comparative effectiveness of anti-track and anti-bottom mines is presented in Fig. 4 and in Table 4.

Anti-aircraft mines are designed to destroy tanks and armored vehicles at a distance of several tens of meters. These mines are effective when used to block roads and make barriers in forests and settlements. The striking element of anti-aircraft mines is an impact core or a cumulative anti-tank grenade fired from a guide tube.

The French and British armies are armed with the MAN F1 mine (Fig. 5), which has a warhead (armor penetration of 70 mm from a distance of 40 m) on the principle of an impact core. The body of the mine can be rotated in a vertical plane relative to the support, consisting of two racks and a support ring. The fuse is activated by a 40-meter contact wire.

The American anti-aircraft mine M24 consists of an 88.9-mm grenade (from the M29 anti-tank rifle), a guide pipe, a fuse with a contact sensor made in the form of a tape, a power source and connecting wires. The guide pipe acts as a container in which the mine is stored and transported. Place the unit at a distance of about 30 m from the road or passage. When a tank caterpillar hits the contact strip, the fuse circuit closes and the anti-tank grenade is fired. An improved model of this mine, the M66, has been developed. It differs from the M24 in that. that infrared and seismic sensors are used instead of a contact sensor. The mines are transferred to the combat position after the seismic sensor is triggered. It also includes an infrared target sensor. The grenade is fired as soon as the armored target crosses the emitter-receiver line.

Anti-tank minefields (ATMP) are installed primarily in tank-hazardous directions in front of the front, on the flanks and junctions of subunits, as well as in depth to cover artillery firing positions, command and observation posts and other objects. An anti-tank minefield usually has dimensions along the front of 200 ... 300 m or more, in depth - 60 ... 120 m or more. Mines are installed in three to four rows with a distance between rows of 20 ... 40 m and between mines in a row - 4 ... 6 m for anti-tracked and 9 ... 12 m for anti-bottom mines. The consumption of mines per 1 km of the minefield is 550 ... 750 anti-track or 300 ... 400 anti-bottom mines. On especially important areas, PTMG1 can be installed with an increased consumption of mines: up to 1000 or more anti-track mines or 500 or more anti-bottom mines. Such minefields are commonly referred to as high efficiency minefields.

Fig.5. The layout of the anti-aircraft mine MAN F1:

1-charge; 2 - copper lining; 3 - support ring; 4 - detonator cap; 5 - fuse; 6 - power supply; 7 - transitional charge; 8 - detonator.

Fig.4. Comparative effectiveness of the destructive action of anti-line and anti-caterpillar mines:

1 - zone of action of the anti-bottom mine;

2 - zone of action of an anti-track mine.

Anti-personnel mines vary in design and are mainly of the high-explosive or fragmentation type. The main characteristics of some samples of domestic anti-personnel mines are presented in Table 6. The name MON-50 means that this mine has a fragmentation-directed action. These mines are in service with various countries. Usually, the plastic cases of such mines are made in the form of a curved prism, in which a plastic explosive charge with a large number of fragments is placed. For ease of installation on the ground, there are hinged legs at the bottom of the mine body. The most common way to set the mine in action is to use a regular trip fuse, which is triggered when the target touches the tensioned wire. When a mine explodes, a flat beam of fragments is formed. Directional fragmentation mines are designed to destroy personnel moving in deployed combat formations.

The PMN index means that this mine is an anti-personnel push action. The device of the PMN anti-personnel mine is shown in Fig.6.

Currently, bouncing fragmentation anti-personnel mines are widely used. The operation of such a mine occurs when a walking person touches a tension wire or when pressure is applied to special conductors connected by an explosive chain. As a result of this, an expelling powder charge is ignited, with the help of which a mine is thrown to the height of the chest of a walking person, where an explosion occurs and people in this zone are hit by fragments.

Anti-personnel minefields (APMP) are placed in front of the forward edge and, as a rule, in front of anti-tank minefields in order to cover them. They can be from high-explosive mines, fragmentation mines, as well as a combination of high-explosive and fragmentation mines. PPMP, depending on their purpose, is installed with a length along the front from 30 to 300 m or more, in depth - 10 ... 50 m or more. The number of rows in a minefield is usually two to four, the distance between rows is 5 m or more, between mines in a row is not less than 1 m for high-explosive mines and one or two continuous destruction radii for fragmentation mines. The consumption of mines per 1 km of the minefield is accepted: high-explosive - 2000 ... 3000 pieces; fragmentation - 100 ... 300 pcs. In areas where infantry advances in large masses, PPMPs of increased efficiency can be installed - with double or triple consumption of mines.

Fig.6. Anti-personnel mine PMN:

a) - general view; b) - cut; 1 - body; 2 - shield; 3 - cap; 4 - wire or tape; 5 - stock; 6 - spring; 7 - split ring; 8 - drummer; 9 - mainspring; 10 - thrust sleeve; 11 - safety check; 12 – metal element; 13 - explosive charge; 14 - fuse MD-9; 15 - plug; 16 - cap; 17 - gasket; 18 - metal frame; 19 - string.

Fig.7. Mina PDM-2 on a low stand:

1 - rod; 2 - check; 3 - fuse; 4 - housing with an explosive charge; 5 – lock nut; 6 - bopt; 7 - flange; 8 - upper beam; 9 - lower beam; 10 - steel sheet; 11 - washer; 12 - latch; 13 - handle; 14 - roller.

Fig.8. Mine body PDM-2:

1 - body; 2 - central neck; 3-glass; 4 - intermediate detonator; 5 - side neck; 6 - nipple; 7 - charge; 8 - gaskets; 9 - plugs.

Fig.9. Charge S3-3L:

a) - general view; b) - cut; 1 - body; 2 - explosive charge; 3 - intermediate detonators; 4 - ignition socket for the detonator cap; 5 - socket for a special fuse; 6 - plugs; 7 - handle; 8 - rings for binding the charge.

1 - body; 2 - cumulative lining; 3 - explosive charge; 4 - intermediate detonator; 5 - seal nest; 6 - handle; 7 - retractable legs; 8 - cork.

Fig.10. Charge S3-6M:

1 - capron shell; 2 – polyethylene sheath; 3 – plastic explosive charge; 4 - intermediate detonators; 5 - rubber couplings; 6 - metal clips; 7 - socket for a detonator cap; 8 - socket for a special fuse; 9 - plugs; 10 - union nut; 11 - rings for binding the charge.

At present, the engineering troops of developed countries have nuclear mines with a TNT equivalent from 2 to 1000 tons.

Assessing the effectiveness of nuclear mines, foreign experts believe that they can be used as a multi-purpose weapon against advancing enemy forces. It is believed that the explosion of nuclear mines located in special concrete or soil wells creates zones of destruction and contamination that are capable of dismembering the battle formations of enemy troops, directing its advance into areas advantageous for inflicting conventional and nuclear strikes on it. An important direction in the use of nuclear mines is considered to be the strengthening of mine-explosive barriers in tank-hazardous areas. The protective effect of nuclear mines is due to the creation, as a result of explosions, of craters, blockages, zones of destruction and contamination, which are a serious obstacle to the movement of troops.

The crater from a nuclear mine explosion is a formidable obstacle, since its large size, steep slopes and rapid filling with water greatly impede the movement of not only vehicles, but also tanks.

The size of the craters will depend on the TNT equivalent of nuclear mines, the depth of their laying and the methods of detonation. When a mine explodes on the surface of the earth with a power of 1.2 kt, a funnel is formed with a diameter of 27 m and a depth of 6.4 m; the same charge, detonated at a depth of 5 m, forms a funnel with a diameter of 79 m and a depth of up to 16 m, and at a depth of 20 m - with a diameter of 89 m and a depth of 27.5 m. The protective effect of a nuclear mine explosion is enhanced by radioactive fallout over a large area.

Anti-landing mines are used to mine water lines in areas of possible landings to destroy amphibious amphibious vehicles and combat vehicles. The main characteristics of these mines are presented in Table 7, the distinguishing feature of which is their use in a submerged position.

The device of anti-amphibious mines and their main components are shown on the example of the PDM-2 mine in Fig. 7, 8.

For mining railway tracks (ZhDM-6), highways (ADM-7, ADM-8) and other specific tasks, special mines are used (Table 8). Mines MPM, SPM, BIM have the property of "sticking" (with the help of a magnet or adhesive material) and have a quasi-cumulative lining for the formation of large holes in obstacles.

To make passages in anti-tank and anti-mine fields, elongated demining charges are used (Table 9). They are advanced manually or mechanized, or launched into a minefield with the help of jet engines. Therefore, explosive charges are placed in metal pipes or in flexible fabric or plastic sleeves (hoses). Charges UZ-1, UZ-2, UZ-Z and UZ-ZR are metal pipes in which pressed pieces of TNT are placed. The UZ-67 charge consists of a sleeve (material - nylon-based fabric), in which TNT blocks are strung on a flexible hose with explosives of the A-IX-1 type. Charges UZP-72 and UZP-77 are based on a flexible rope with wound layers of plastic charge from PVV-7, placed in a sleeve made of special fabric.

Note: p.m. - linear meter.

Fig.12. Cumulative charge KZU-2:

a) - longitudinal section; b) - cross section; 1 - foam insert; 2 - explosive charge (TG-40); 3 - body; 4 - plug; 5 - gasket; 6 - bushing; 7 - gasket; 8- glass; 9 - checker BB A-XI-1; 10 - cap; 11 - ring; 12 - latch; 13 - bar; 14 - bracket; 15 - leaf spring; 16 - magnet; 17 - cumulative lining; 18 - clamp.

Fig.13. KZU-2 charge installation diagrams (the arrow indicates the installation location of the electric detonator or fuse)

To carry out demolition work in emergency situations, for example, when it is necessary to make a homemade mine in the shortest possible time, concentrated charges are used (Table 10). Charges SZ-ZA (Fig. 9), SZ-6, SZ-6M (Fig. 10) can be used for blasting under water. It should be noted that SZ-ZA, SZ-6 and SZ-6M charges can be successfully used in underwater blasting.

Shaped charges (Table 11) are used to pierce or cut thick metal slabs during the destruction of armored and reinforced concrete defensive structures.

The design and elements of the shaped charges KZ-2, KZU-2 are shown in Fig. 11-13.

In engineering troops, for demolition work, TNT and plastic explosives are used in the form of checkers, the main characteristics of which are presented in Table. 12.13.

Detonating cords are widely used to transfer an explosive impulse during explosions in engineering troops (Table 14).

Of all the munitions in service with the Russian army, engineering munitions are remarkable in that they are dual-use munitions, i.e. can be used in blasting in the national economy to solve specific problems in the mining, metallurgical and oil industries. For this reason, funding is not required for their disposal. Engineering munitions that have reached the end of their service life should be transferred to civilian organizations conducting explosive work (for example, in the mining industry). By now, millions of tons of so-called scrubs have accumulated at metallurgical plants, which are large-sized multi-ton objects with a significant iron content. Due to the crisis state of our metallurgical industry, these scrubs can serve as a good source of raw materials. But for obvious reasons, such scrubs cannot be transported and loaded into blast furnaces; they need to be split. In this case, engineering ammunition is an indispensable tool for solving this problem. At the same time, the technology for cutting such a scrub is as follows. By detonating a shaped charge (KZ-1, KZ-2, KZ-4), a crater (significant in depth and diameter) is created in the scrub, which is filled with explosives and blasted. As a result of these activities, the scrub is destroyed into parts that can be transported and loaded into a blast furnace. This is just one of thousands of examples of the use of engineering ammunition in the national economy.

The creation of a new generation of highly effective dual-use engineering munitions will, on the one hand, ensure the combat operations of the Ground Forces and, on the other hand, their use in the national economy (after the expiration of their service life) will significantly save the financial resources of our state.

They are subdivided into explosives, explosive charges (extended charge), and engineering mines.

Classification

• Explosives are intended for excitation (initiation) of an explosion of explosive charges (BB) and engineering mines. These include igniter caps, blasting caps, electric igniters, electric detonators, detonating and igniter cords, incendiary tubes, fuses, and mine fuzes.
• Demolition charges are structurally designed, determined by volume and mass, the amount of explosives produced by the industry. They are intended for explosive work. The shape is concentrated, elongated and cumulative. As a rule, explosive charges have shells, nests for explosives, devices and devices for carrying and fastening on objects undermined.
• Mine-clearing charges intended for the device of passages in minefields.
• engineering mines are explosive charges structurally combined with means for their detonation. They are intended for the installation of explosive barriers and are divided into anti-tank, anti-personnel, anti-amphibious and special. Depending on the purpose, mines can be high-explosive, fragmentation, cumulative. The main elements of engineering mines are an explosive charge (BB) and a mine fuse. The explosive charge is intended to destroy or destroy an object.
• mine fuse- a special device for initiating (initiating) an explosion of an explosive charge of a mine. A device that has all the elements of a fuse, except for a detonator cap (igniter), is called explosive device.

Mine fuses can be mechanical, electrical and electromechanical. They may have special elements to ensure the safety of transportation and use.

Engineering mines explode from the impact of an object on them. Depending on the nature of the impact leading to an explosion, mines can be contact (pressure, tension, break, unloading action) or non-contact (magnetic, seismic, acoustic, etc.)

Precautionary measures

When handling engineering ammunition, it is prohibited:

• Throw, hit, heat, burn them.
• Apply great effort when installing and removing fuses, fuses and blasting caps.
• Store and transport fully equipped engineering ammunition.
• Store engineering ammunition together with fuses, detonator caps without appropriate packaging.
• Open the cases of engineering ammunition and extract explosives from them.
• Defuse and remove engineering mines. Report all cases of finding ammunition to law enforcement agencies.

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