Conversational speech style concept. Conversational style and its features

27.09.2019

Stylistics

Stylistic features of the conversational style of speech

High culture of colloquial speech and writing, good knowledge and development of flair mother tongue, the ability to use its expressive means, its stylistic diversity is the best support, the surest help and the most reliable recommendation for each person in his public life and creative activities.

V.A. Vinogradov

Introduction

My work is devoted to the study of colloquial speech style.

The main goal is to identify stylistic features this style of speech, to understand how colloquial differs from other styles. My task is to define the conversational style of speech, divide it into types, determine the specifics and intra-style features of the conversational style.

Language is a means of communication between people, a tool for the formation and expression of thoughts and feelings, a means of assimilating new information, new knowledge. But in order to effectively influence the mind and feelings, the native speaker of a given language must have a good command of it, i.e., have a speech culture.

M. Gorky wrote that language is the primary element, the main material of literature, i.e. that vocabulary, syntax, the entire structure of speech is the primary element, the key to understanding the ideas and images of the work. But language is also an instrument of literature: “The struggle for purity, for semantic accuracy, for the sharpness of language is a struggle for an instrument of culture. The sharper this weapon, the more accurately directed - the more victorious it is.

Stylistics (the word "style" comes from the name of the needle, or stylet with which the ancient Greeks wrote on waxed tablets) is a branch of the science of language that studies the styles of the literary language (functional styles of speech), the patterns of language functioning in different areas of use, the features of use language tools depending on the situation, content and goals of the statement, the scope and condition of communication. Stylistics introduces the stylistic system of the literary language at all its levels and the stylistic organization of correct (in compliance with the norms of the literary language), accurate, logical and expressive speech. Stylistics teaches the conscious and expedient use of the laws of language and the use of linguistic means in speech.

There are two directions in linguistic stylistics: language stylistics and speech stylistics (functional stylistics). Language stylistics explores the stylistic structure of the language, describes the stylistic means of vocabulary, phraseology and grammar. Functional stylistics studies, first of all, different types of speech, their conditionality by different goals of the utterance. M. N. Kozhina gives the following definition: “Functional stylistics is a linguistic science that studies the features and patterns of language functioning in various types of speech corresponding to certain areas human activity and communication, as well as the speech structure of the emerging functional styles and the "norms" of selection and combination of linguistic means in them" 1 . At its core, style should be consistently functional. It should reveal the connection of different types of speech with the subject, the purpose of the statement, with the conditions of communication, the addressee of the speech, the attitude of the author to the subject of the speech. The most important category of stylistics is functional styles - varieties of literary speech (literary language), serving various aspects of social life. Styles are different ways of using language when communicating. Each style of speech is characterized both by the originality of the selection of language means, and by their unique combination with each other.

The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of the language, the topics determined by it and the goals of communication. The spheres of application of the language correlate with the types of human activity corresponding to the forms of social consciousness (science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative-legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish styles of official speech (bookish): scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic). one

Functional style ¾ is a historically developed and socially conscious variety of the literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain area of human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of language means in this area and their specific organization 2.

Chapter 1. Conversational style speeches

Conversational style is a functional style of speech that serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

The usual form of implementing conversational style is dialog, this style is more commonly used in spoken language. There is no pre-selection of language material in it. In this style of speech, an important role is played by extralinguistic factors: facial expressions, gestures, environment.

Conversational style is characterized by emotionality, figurativeness, concreteness, and simplicity of speech. For example, in a bakery, the phrase: “Please, with bran, one” does not seem strange.

The relaxed atmosphere of communication provides greater freedom in the choice of emotional words and expressions: colloquial words are more widely used ( to be stupid), colloquial ( neigh, deadhead, awful, disheveled), slang (parents - ancestors, iron, world).

In the colloquial style of speech, especially at its fast pace, a smaller reduction of vowels is possible, up to their complete loss and simplification of consonant groups. Word-building features: subjective evaluation suffixes are widely used. To enhance expressiveness, doubling words is used.

Oral speech - form speech activity, including understanding sounding speech and the implementation of speech utterances in sound form ( speaking). Oral speech can be carried out with direct contact of interlocutors or can be mediated by technical means ( telephone etc.), if communication takes place at a considerable distance. Oral speech, unlike written, is characterized by:

redundancy (the presence of repetitions, clarifications, explanations);

usage non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions),

economy of speech, ellipses(the speaker may not name, skip what is easy to guess).

Oral speech is always conditioned speech situation. Distinguish:

unprepared oral speech ( conversation, interview, performance in discussions) and prepared oral speech ( lecture, report, performance, report);

dialogical speech (direct exchange of statements between two or more persons) and monologue speech (a type of speech addressed to one or a group of listeners, sometimes to oneself).

Literary colloquial style

Literary language can be divided into two functional varieties - bookish and colloquial.
Calling this division of the literary language "the most general and most indisputable", D.N. Shmelev wrote about this: "At all stages of the development of the literary language, even when overcoming one way or another the alienation of the written language, when the halo of just literacy and mastery of a special bookish language is dimmed, the speakers in general never lose the feeling of difference between "how one can say" and "how to write".
The next step in the division of the literary language is the division of each of its varieties - book and spoken languages - into functional styles. The colloquial variety of the literary language is an independent and self-sufficient system within common system literary language, with its own set of units and rules for their combination with each other, used by native speakers of the literary language in conditions of direct, not prepared in advance communication in informal relations between speakers.
The spoken literary language is not codified: certain norms certainly apply in it (due to which, for example, it is easy to distinguish the oral speech of a native speaker from the oral speech of a native speaker of a dialect or vernacular), but these norms have developed historically and are not consciously regulated by anyone and are not fixed in the form of any rules and recommendations.
Thus, codification - non-codification - is another, and, moreover, a very significant feature that distinguishes the bookish and colloquial varieties of the literary language. Conversational style is a special kind of language that is used by a person in everyday, everyday communication.
The main difference between the colloquial style and the book styles of the Russian language is different manner presentation of information. So, in book styles, this manner is subject to the rules of the language recorded in dictionaries. Conversational style is subject to its own norms, and what is not justified in bookish speech is quite appropriate in natural communication.

Conversational style

Colloquial-everyday style functions in the sphere of everyday communication. This style is realized in the form of a relaxed speech (monologue or dialogue) on everyday topics, as well as in the form of private, informal correspondence. The ease of communication is understood as the absence of an attitude towards a message that is of an official nature (lecture, speech, answer to an exam, etc.), informal relations between speakers and the absence of facts that violate the informality of communication, for example, strangers. Conversational speech functions only in the private sphere of communication, in everyday life, friendly, family, etc. In the field mass communication colloquial speech is not applicable. However, this does not mean that the colloquial style is limited to everyday topics. Colloquial speech can also touch on other topics - a conversation in the family circle or a conversation of people who are in informal relationships: about art, spider, politics, sports, etc .; conversation of friends at work related to the profession of speakers, conversations in public institutions, such as clinics, schools, etc.
The colloquial-everyday style is opposed to book styles, as they function in the same areas. social activities. Spoken speech includes not only specific language means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the literary language. Therefore, this style is associated with other styles that also use neutral language means.

The colloquial and everyday style is opposed to book styles, as they function in certain areas of social activity. However, colloquial speech includes not only specific language means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the literary language. 3
Within the literary language, colloquial speech is opposed to codified language. (The language is called codified, because in relation to it, work is being done to preserve its norms, its purity). But the codified literary language and colloquial speech are two subsystems within the literary language. As a rule, every native speaker of the literary language knows these two varieties of speech. With
The main features of the everyday conversational style are the already indicated relaxed and informal nature of communication, as well as the emotionally expressive coloring of speech. Therefore, in colloquial speech, all the wealth of intonation, facial expressions, and gestures are used. One of its most important features is the reliance on an extralinguistic situation, i.e. the immediate environment of speech in which communication takes place. For example: (Woman before leaving home) What should I wear? (about the coat) Is that it? Or that? (about the jacket) Won't I freeze? Listening to these statements and not knowing the specific situation, it is impossible to guess what in question. Thus, in colloquial speech, the extralinguistic situation becomes an integral part of the act of communication.

3 - Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook (edited by Prof. V. I. Maksimov. - M .: Gardariki, 2002. - 89 - 93 p.

Everyday colloquial style of speech has its own lexical and grammatical features. characteristic feature colloquial speech is its lexical heterogeneity. The most diverse groups of vocabulary, both thematically and stylistically, are found here: common book vocabulary, terms, foreign borrowings, words of high stylistic coloring, as well as facts of vernacular, dialects, and jargons. This is explained, firstly, by the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics, everyday remarks; secondly, the implementation of colloquial speech in two keys - serious and playful, and in the latter case, it is possible to use various elements.
Syntactic constructions also have their own characteristics. For colloquial speech, constructions with particles, with interjections, constructions of a phraseological nature are typical: "They tell you, they say, but everything is useless!", "But where are you going? There is dirt!" and so on.

Serving for direct communication between people. Its main function is communicative (exchange of information). Conversational style is presented not only in but also in writing - in the form of letters, notes. But mainly this style is used in oral speech - dialogues, polylogues.

It is characterized by ease, unpreparedness of speech (lack of thinking over the sentence before uttering and preliminary selection of the necessary language material), informality, immediacy of communication, the obligatory transfer of the author's attitude to the interlocutor or the subject of speech, saving speech efforts ("Mash", "Sash", "San Sanych" and others). The context of a certain situation and the use of non-verbal means (reaction of the interlocutor, gestures, facial expressions) play an important role in the conversational style.

Lexical characteristics of conversational style

Language differences include the use of non-lexical means (stress, intonation, speech rate, rhythm, pauses, etc.). The linguistic features of the conversational style also include the frequent use of colloquial, colloquial and slang words (for example, "start" (start), "today" (now), etc.), words in a figurative sense (for example, "window" - in meaning "break"). Spoken language is distinguished by the fact that in it very often words not only name objects, their signs, actions, but also give them an assessment: "dodger", "well done", "careless", "be clever", "sip", "cheerful".

The colloquial style is also characterized by the use of words with magnifying or diminutive suffixes (“spoon”, “book”, “bread”, “seagull”, “pretty”, “big”, “red”), phraseological turns (“it got up a little light "," rushed at full speed"). Often, particles, interjections, and appeals are included in speech ("Masha, go get some bread!", "Oh, my God, who came to us!").

Conversational style: syntax features

The syntax of this style is characterized by the use of simple sentences (most often compound and unionless), (in dialogue), the widespread use of exclamatory and interrogative sentences, the absence of participial and participle turns in sentences, the use of sentence words (negative, affirmative, incentive, etc.). This style is characterized by breaks in speech that can be caused by different reasons(by the speaker's excitement, looking for the right word jumping from one thought to another).

The use of additional structures that break the main sentence and introduce certain information, clarifications, comments, amendments, and explanations into it also characterizes the conversational style.

In colloquial speech, they can also be found in which parts are interconnected by lexical-syntactic units: the first part contains evaluative words ("clever", "well done", "fool", etc.), and the second part substantiates this assessment, for example : "Well done for helping!" or "Fool Mishka, that you obeyed!"

If book styles (scientific, official business, newspaper and journalistic, artistic) are used primarily in an official setting and in writing, require indispensable care about the form of expression, then colloquial style used in informal settings. The degree of preparedness of speech may be different. In everyday conversation, she is usually completely unprepared (spontaneous). And when writing a friendly letter, drafts written in advance can also be used. But this readiness never reaches the degree that is characteristic of book styles.

All this leads to the fact that the dominant of the conversational style, especially colloquial speech that exists in the oral form of informal personal communication, is to minimize the concern for the form of expression of thoughts. And this, in turn, gives rise to whole line linguistic features of conversational style.

On the one hand, the colloquial style of speech is characterized by high degree language standardization. Typified, standard constructions are convenient for spontaneous (unprepared) speech. Each typical situation has its own stereotypes.

For example, etiquette stereotypes include phrases: Good afternoon!; Hi!; What's new?; Bye! Stereotypes are used in urban transport: Are you leaving on the next one?; in the shop - Weigh three hundred grams of oil etc.

On the other hand, in a relaxed environment, the speaker is not limited by the strict requirements of official communication and can use untyped, individual means.

It should be remembered that colloquial speech serves not only the purposes of the message, but also the purposes of influence. Therefore, the colloquial style is characterized by expressiveness, visualization and figurativeness.

Among the characteristic features of the conversational style are the following:

Language tools	Examples
Language level: Phonetics
Incomplete type of pronunciation.	Grit instead of He speaks; hello instead of hello.
Intonation as one of the main means of expressiveness and organization of speech: a quick change of intonations, timbre, tempo, overflows of intonational colors, etc.	The organizing role of intonation in unionless proposals, in sentences with free connection of parts, etc. ( We were walking / it was raining; Subway / here?) Accelerated pace when pronouncing the formulas of greeting, farewell, names and patronymics ( Tan, hello!); when expressing motivation, especially when combined with the emotion of irritation. ( Shut up!) Slow pace with lengthening of vowels when emphasizing conviction - lack of conviction ( Yeah. Mind-e-tsya); to express surprise - He's already arrived. - Come-e-hal?) and etc.
Language level: Vocabulary and phraseology
A large percentage of neutral specific common vocabulary.	Sofa, bed, sleep, dress, faucet.
Neutral colloquial vocabulary.	Doctor, usher, knife, understand.
Some socio-political and general scientific terms, nomenclature names.	Revolution, administration, governor, analysis, radiation, bulldozer, excavator.
Emotionally evaluative colloquial vocabulary.	Hard worker, headless, poor fellow, parasite.
Standardized figurative means.	Metaphors: get stuck in the city; well, you're a beetle!; phraseological units: bend your back; stuff a pocket; hyperbole and litote: awful fun; terribly funny; you can go crazy from this computer science; I would eat a bull now and etc.
Interspersed with professionalism, jargon, colloquial words, etc.	We have four today couples. Yes with a window. Crazy not to move out in the evening!
Language level: Morphology
The frequency of the nominative case compared to other cases.	There is a store like this / Products / / and the entrance is on the left / under the stairs / /
Frequency of personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns and adverbs, particles.	Grandma// Played cards with me/ fool// We were left... we were left alone/ me/ and her// And John's dog, so// We fed this John/ and then sat down... I ran to her for cigarettes/ and we sat down to play/ the fool// Well, ten games a day// Here//
Absence of gerunds, rare use of participles (only passive past tenses).	You gave me a broken chair! Is it sewn or ready made?
Free handling of temporary forms (change of times, use of the form of time is not in its meaning).	And there we met. "Kolya, hello" ... And we are sitting, or rather, standing, chatting there, we will sit on the bench for literally three hours. How will we begin to remember how our bus sat down, how we were pulled out.
The use of verbal interjections.	Jump, lope, shast, bang, fuck.
Language Level: Syntax
Short simple sentences as if strung on top of each other.	We lived in a country house. We lived in the country house. They always left early. We also had a doctor.
Incomplete sentences, especially with the omission of the main members.	- Tea? - Half a cup for me.
Restructuring of the phrase on the go, broken structure with interruptions in intonation. Connecting structure activity, s introductory words and particles.	My husband was in the soldiers. He served in the artillery. Five years. And so. They told him: “Here is a bride for you. Grows. Very good".
Activity of interjection phrases.	Oh is it? Well, strength!
Freer word order (words are arranged in the order of thought formation). In this case, everything important moves to the beginning of the sentence.	Well, we, of course, lost money there. Because they were ordinary workers. I was a turner there. She gave a wicker basket. He was in Moscow then.

It should be remembered that, on the one hand, almost all norms of colloquial style are optional (optional), and on the other hand, the features of colloquial speech and colloquial style in general should not be transferred to official oral, especially written speech. The use of elements inherent in the colloquial style in other styles (publicistic, artistic) should be stylistically justified!

Stylistics

Stylistic features of the conversational style of speech

High culture of speaking and writing, good knowledge and development of the native language flair, the ability to use it expressive means, its stylistic diversity is the best support, the surest help and the most reliable recommendation for every person in his social life and creative activity.

V.A. Vinogradov

Introduction

My work is devoted to the study of colloquial speech style.

The main goal is to identify the stylistic features of this style of speech, to figure out how colloquial differs from other styles. My task is to define the conversational style of speech, divide it into types, determine the specifics and intra-style features of the conversational style.

Language is a means of communication between people, an instrument for the formation and expression of thoughts and feelings, a means of mastering new information, new knowledge. But in order to effectively influence the mind and feelings, the native speaker of a given language must have a good command of it, i.e., have a speech culture.

Stylistics (the word "style" comes from the name of the needle, or stylet with which the ancient Greeks wrote on waxed tablets) is a branch of the science of language that studies the styles of the literary language (functional styles of speech), the patterns of the functioning of the language in different areas of use, the features of the use of language means depending on the situation, content and goals of the statement, the scope and condition of communication. Stylistics introduces the stylistic system of the literary language at all its levels and the stylistic organization of correct (in compliance with the norms of the literary language), accurate, logical and expressive speech. Stylistics teaches the conscious and expedient use of the laws of language and the use of linguistic means in speech.

There are two directions in linguistic stylistics: language stylistics and speech stylistics (functional stylistics). Language stylistics explores the stylistic structure of the language, describes the stylistic means of vocabulary, phraseology and grammar. Functional stylistics studies, first of all, different types of speech, their conditionality by different goals of the utterance. M. N. Kozhina gives the following definition: “Functional stylistics is a linguistic science that studies the features and patterns of the functioning of the language in various types of speech corresponding to certain areas of human activity and communication, as well as the speech structure of the resulting functional styles and “norms "selection and combination of language means in them" 1 . At its core, style should be consistently functional. It should reveal the connection of different types of speech with the subject, the purpose of the statement, with the conditions of communication, the addressee of the speech, the attitude of the author to the subject of the speech. The most important category of stylistics is functional styles - varieties of literary speech (literary language), serving various aspects of social life. Styles are different ways of using language when communicating. Each style of speech is characterized both by the originality of the selection of language means, and by their unique combination with each other.

The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of the language, the topics determined by it and the goals of communication. The areas of application of the language are correlated with the types of human activities corresponding to the forms public consciousness(science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative-legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish styles of official speech (bookish): scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic).

Chapter 1

The usual form of implementation of conversational style is dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no pre-selection of language material in it. In this style of speech, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment.

Conversational style is characterized by emotionality, figurativeness, concreteness, and simplicity of speech. For example, in a bakery, the phrase: “Please, with bran, one” does not seem strange.

Oral speech is a form of speech activity, including the understanding of sounding speech and the implementation of speech statements in sound form (speaking). Oral speech can be carried out with direct contact between interlocutors or can be mediated by technical means (telephone, etc.), if communication takes place at a considerable distance. Oral speech, unlike written, is characterized by:

redundancy (the presence of repetitions, clarifications, explanations);
use of non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions),
economy of speech statements, ellipses (the speaker may not name, skip what is easy to guess).

Oral speech is always conditioned by the speech situation. Distinguish:

unprepared oral speech (conversation, interview, presentation in the discussion) and prepared oral speech (lecture, report, speech, report);
dialogic speech (a direct exchange of statements between two or more persons) and monologue speech (a type of speech addressed to one or a group of listeners, sometimes to oneself).

· Literary colloquial style

Literary language can be divided into two functional varieties - bookish and colloquial.
Calling this division of the literary language "the most general and most indisputable", D.N. Shmelev wrote about this: "At all stages of the development of the literary language, even when overcoming one way or another the alienation of the written language, when the halo of just literacy and mastery of a special bookish language is dimmed, the speakers in general never lose the feeling of difference between "how one can say" and "how to write".
The next step in the division of the literary language is the division of each of its varieties - book and spoken languages - into functional styles. The colloquial variety of the literary language is an independent and self-sufficient system within the general system of the literary language, with its own set of units and rules for their combination with each other, used by native speakers of the literary language in conditions of direct, unprepared communication in informal relations between speakers.
Colloquial literary language not codified: it certainly has certain norms (due to which, for example, it is easy to distinguish the oral speech of a native speaker of a literary language from the oral speech of a native speaker of a dialect or vernacular), but these norms have developed historically and are not consciously regulated by anyone and are not fixed in the form of any or rules and guidelines.
Thus, codification - non-codification - is another, and, moreover, a very significant feature that distinguishes the bookish and colloquial varieties of the literary language. Conversational style is a special kind of language that is used by a person in everyday, everyday communication.
The main difference between the colloquial style and the book styles of the Russian language lies in the different manner of presenting information. So, in book styles, this manner is subject to the rules of the language recorded in dictionaries. Conversational style is subject to its own norms, and what is not justified in bookish speech is quite appropriate in natural communication.

· Conversational style

Colloquial-everyday style functions in the sphere of everyday communication. This style is realized in the form of a relaxed speech (monologue or dialogue) on everyday topics, as well as in the form of private, informal correspondence. The ease of communication is understood as the absence of an attitude towards a message that is of an official nature (lecture, speech, answer to an exam, etc.), informal relations between speakers and the absence of facts that violate the informality of communication, for example, strangers. Conversational speech functions only in the private sphere of communication, in everyday life, friendly, family, etc. In the field of mass communication, colloquial speech is not applicable. However, this does not mean that the colloquial style is limited to everyday topics. Colloquial speech can also touch on other topics - a conversation in the family circle or a conversation of people who are in informal relationships: about art, spider, politics, sports, etc .; conversation of friends at work related to the profession of speakers, conversations in public institutions, such as clinics, schools, etc.
The colloquial-everyday style is opposed to book styles, as they function in the same spheres of social activity. Spoken speech includes not only specific language means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the literary language. Therefore, this style is associated with other styles that also use neutral language means.

The colloquial and everyday style is opposed to book styles, as they function in certain areas of social activity. However, colloquial speech includes not only specific language means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the literary language. 3
Within the literary language, colloquial speech is opposed to codified language. (The language is called codified, because in relation to it, work is being done to preserve its norms, its purity). But the codified literary language and colloquial speech are two subsystems within the literary language. As a rule, every native speaker of the literary language knows these two varieties of speech. With
The main features of the everyday conversational style are the already indicated relaxed and informal nature of communication, as well as the emotionally expressive coloring of speech. Therefore, in colloquial speech, all the wealth of intonation, facial expressions, and gestures are used. One of its most important features is the reliance on an extralinguistic situation, i.e. the immediate environment of speech in which communication takes place. For example: (Woman before leaving home) What should I wear? (about the coat) Is that it? Or that? (about the jacket) Won't I freeze? Listening to these statements and not knowing the specific situation, it is impossible to guess what they are talking about. Thus, in colloquial speech, the extralinguistic situation becomes an integral part of the act of communication.

3 - Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook (edited by Prof. V. I. Maksimov. - M .: Gardariki, 2002. - 89 - 93 p.

Everyday colloquial style of speech has its own lexical and grammatical features. A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is its lexical heterogeneity. The most diverse groups of vocabulary, both thematically and stylistically, are found here: common book vocabulary, terms, foreign borrowings, words of high stylistic coloring, as well as facts of vernacular, dialects, and jargons. This is explained, firstly, by the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics, everyday remarks; secondly, the implementation of colloquial speech in two keys - serious and playful, and in the latter case, it is possible to use various elements.
Syntactic constructions also have their own characteristics. For colloquial speech, constructions with particles, with interjections, constructions of a phraseological nature are typical: "They tell you, they say, but everything is useless!", "But where are you going? There is dirt!" and so on.

· vernacular

Colloquial words are typical for colloquial speech. They serve as characteristics of the phenomenon in the circle domestic relations; do not go beyond the norms of literary word usage, but impart ease to speech. Vernacular is characteristic of non-literary urban colloquial speech, which contains many recent dialect words, words of colloquial origin, new formations that arise to characterize various everyday phenomena, and word-forming variants of neutral vocabulary. The colloquial word is used in the literary language as stylistic device to give speech a tone of playful, dismissive, ironic, rude, etc. Often these words are expressive, expressive synonyms for words of neutral vocabulary. Vernacular is one of the forms of the national language, along with dialectal, slang speech and literary language: together with folk dialects and jargons, it constitutes an oral non-codified sphere of nationwide speech communication - the vernacular language; has a supra-dialectal character. Vernacular, unlike dialects and jargons, is a speech that is generally understandable for native speakers of the national language.

This is a variety of the Russian national language, the bearer of which is the uneducated and poorly educated urban population. This is the most peculiar subsystem of the Russian language, which has no direct analogues in other national languages. Vernacular differs from territorial dialects in that it is not localized within certain geographic boundaries, and from the literary language (including colloquial speech, which is its variety) - not by its codification, but by its normativity, the mixed nature of the language means used. In terms of its functional role, in relation to the literary language, vernacular is an original speech sphere within each national language. Functionally opposed to the literary language, vernacular, like the literary language, is communicatively significant for all native speakers of the national language. Being a universal category for national languages, vernacular in each of them has specific features and its own special relationship with the literary language. In vernacular, units of all language levels; Against the background of the literary language, vernacular is revealed in the area of stress, pronunciation, morphology, vocabulary, phraseology, word usage (“lay” instead of “put”, “back” in the sense of “again”). The originality of vernacular is especially clearly manifested in the use of elements of the literary language (cf. “they show on TV”), in the grammatical and phonetic design of the words of the general vocabulary (“slippers”, “after”, “here” instead of “slipper”, “after”, "here"). Common speech is characterized by expressively “reduced” evaluative words with a gamut of shades from familiarity to rudeness, which in the literary language have neutral synonyms (cf. "). In Russian, vernacular is a historically established speech system, the formation and development of which is closely connected with the formation of the Russian national language (the word "vernacular" itself was formed from the phrase "simple speech" used in the 16-17th centuries). When colloquial speech was formed and began to function within the framework of the Russian literary language, the boundaries of colloquial speech stabilized. Forms of correlation and interaction of vernacular with the literary language have developed, as a result of which literary vernacular has been formed, which serves as the boundary of the literary language with the colloquial language - a special stylistic layer of words, phraseological units, forms, turns of speech, united by the bright expressive coloring of "decrease", rudeness, familiarity. The norm of their use is that they are allowed into the literary language with limited stylistic tasks: as a means of social speech characteristics characters, for the "reduced" in the expressive terms characteristics of persons, objects, events. Literary vernacular includes only those speech elements that have become entrenched in the literary language due to their long-term use in literary texts, after a long selection, semantic and stylistic processing. Along with vernacular words, dialectisms and jargons, which have lost their local and socially limited attachment, are included in literary vernacular. Literary vernacular should also include words denoting realities that have no nominations in the literary language, for example, “greenery”. Litters in explanatory dictionaries"simple." and "reg." mean that the corresponding word or phraseological unit refers to literary vernacular. The composition of literary vernacular is mobile and constantly updated; many words and expressions have acquired the status of “colloquial” and even “bookish”, for example, “everything will work out”, “study”, “bow”, “time off”, “whiner”, “comb”. Separate phenomena appear in the composition of winged words, literary quotations (“They want to show their education”, “Casino once in this place”). In general literary speech, the term "vernacular" is often used as a designation for a single word or turnover of a "reduced" rough or rudely familiar coloring.

· Extralinguistic factors that determine the specifics of the conversational style of speech

facial expressions(Greek μιμιχοζ - imitator) - expressive facial muscle movements, which are one of the forms of manifestation of certain human feelings - joy, sadness, disappointment, satisfaction, etc. Also, animals in biocommunication, for example, primates, often use facial expressions to express some feelings. Facial expressions are one of the auxiliary ways of communication between people. Accompanying speech, it contributes to its expressiveness. Since ancient times, mankind has been familiar with physiognomy. The art of face reading was especially developed in Japan and China during the Middle Ages. In these countries huge treatises on physiognomy were written, schools were created where it was patiently and carefully studied. In schools where physiognomy was studied, the human face was studied literally millimeter by millimeter, attaching importance to each tubercle, each redness or blanching of the skin. Based on the accumulated material, physiognomists tried to determine the character and interpret his fate. The first correct explanation of the relationship between a stable facial expression and repeated movements of mimic muscles was made by Leonardo da Vinci. For his studies in the field of physiognomy, he chose old people, as their wrinkles and changes in facial features spoke of the suffering and feelings they experienced. Distinguish:

Rice. 1 Children's facial expressions - involuntary

psychological characteristics

Facial expressions, as well as speech, can be used by a person to convey false information (that is, in order to show the wrong emotions that a person really feels at one time or another). The face is the most important characteristic of the physical appearance of a person. “Thanks to cortical control, a person can control every single muscle of his face. The cortical control of the external components of emotions has developed especially intensively in relation to facial expressions. This is determined, as P.K. Anokhin notes, her adaptive features and role in human interaction. Social imitation, as one of the conditions for the development of facial expressions, is possible precisely due to its arbitrary regulation. In general, the socialization of facial expressions is carried out as the use of organic manifestations to influence a partner and as a transformation of emotional reactions adequately to the situation. Society can encourage the expression of some emotions and condemn others, can create a "language" of facial expressions that enriches spontaneous expressive movements. In this regard, we are talking about universal or specific mimic signs, conventional or spontaneous facial expressions. Usually facial expressions are analyzed:

along the line of its arbitrary and involuntary components;
based on its physiological parameters (tone, strength, combination muscle contractions, symmetry - asymmetry, dynamics, amplitude);
in social and socio-psychological terms (intercultural types of expressions, expressions belonging to a particular culture, expressions accepted in social group, individual style of expression);
in phenomenological terms ("topography of the mimic field"): fragmentary, differential and holistic analysis of mimicry;
in terms of those mental phenomena to which the given mimic signs correspond.

You can also analyze facial expressions based on those impressions-standards that are formed in the process of human perception of facial expressions surrounding people. Actual standard images include features that not only characterize the model, but are sufficient for its identification.

Gesture(from lat. gestus- movement of the body) - some action or movement of the human body or part of it, having certain value or meaning, that is, being a sign or symbol. Sign language is rich in ways people express a wide variety of emotions and meanings, such as insults, hostility, friendliness, or approval towards others. Most people use gestures and body language in addition to words when speaking. Many gestures are used by people subconsciously.

It is believed that some ethnic groups use gestures more than others, and the culturally acceptable amount of gestures varies from one place to another. For example, the same gesture in Germany or the Scandinavian countries can be expressed with just a slight movement of the hand, while in Italy or Spain the same gesture can be expressed with a sweeping movement of the whole hand. Commonly used gestures include the action of pointing at something or someone (this is one of the few gestures whose meaning differs little in different countries), as well as using the hands and body in sync with the rhythms of speech to emphasize certain words or phrases. Many outwardly similar gestures have different meanings in different countries. The same gesture may be harmless in one country and vulgar in another. In addition, even the same or similar gestures may differ slightly from country to country. For example, when a Russian counts something on his fingers, he, as a rule, bends his fingers inside the palm, while a typical American, on the contrary, unbends his fingers when counting. In the West, fingers splayed in the form latin letter V stands for victory. But before the Second World War, fingers spread out in the form of a Latin V, thrown up over the interlocutor, meant a call to silence. In Italy, this is an offensive allusion to adultery. And in our country it is a “goat”, that is, an expression of a threat in a marginal environment. Gestures by nature and function can be divided into:

1) index;

2) pictorial;

3) symbolic;

4) emotional;

5) rhythmic;

6) mechanical. Demonstrative gestures specify the demonstrative pronouns that, that, that. Pictorial gestures are used when there are not enough words, when you want to “visually” demonstrate the shape of an object, its size, etc.

Symbolic gestures are conditional, they are associated with abstraction (for example, the artists bow before the audience after the performance). Emotional gestures serve as an expression of emotions and feelings. Rhythmic gestures reflect the rhythm of speech. These gestures emphasize slowing down, speeding up speech, and also highlight logical stress.

Chapter 2 Intra-style features of colloquial speech

Speech, as a means of organizing the communication of a small number of people who are nearby and well known to each other, has a number of distinctive features. This is colloquial speech, which is characterized by:

1) the personality of addressing, i.e., the individual address of the interlocutors to each other, taking into account mutual interests and possibilities for understanding the topic of the message; more attention to the organization feedback with partners, since the addressee of colloquial speech is always present, has the same degree of reality as the speaker, actively influences the nature of speech communication, the partner’s position is continuously reflected, rethought, reacted to, anticipated and evaluated;

2) spontaneity and ease: the conditions of direct communication do not allow planning a conversation in advance, the interlocutors interfere in each other's speech, clarifying or changing the topic of conversation; the speaker can interrupt himself, remembering something, returning to what has already been said;

3) the situational nature of speech behavior - the direct contact of the speakers, the fact that the objects in question are most often visible or known to the interlocutors, allows them to use facial expressions and gestures as a way to make up for the inaccuracy of expressions, inevitable in informal speech;

4) emotionality: situational, spontaneity and ease of speech in direct communication inevitably enhance its emotional coloring, highlight the emotional and individual perception of the speaker as the topic of conversation and the interlocutor, which is achieved with the help of words, structural organization sentences, intonations; the desire to be understood encourages interlocutors to privately express personal assessments, emotional preferences, opinions.

5) Uncertainty arouses INTEREST in a person. At the moment when a person is interested, he actively considers this innuendo, tries to choose its continuation himself, drawing for himself a huge number of options. In his head, there are many questions and many answers. In other words, the intrigue of a person makes the other person think and ask himself.

6) Incomplete. The vocabulary of the Russian language is a single, complex system. In this case, a lexical system is an internally organized set of linguistic elements that are naturally interconnected by relatively stable relationships and constantly interacting. This definition combines two interdependent aspects of the systemic nature of the vocabulary: the lexical system as a set of nominative means, and the lexical system as a form of organization and interaction of these elements. Therefore, the concept of incomplete statements must be considered from the point of view of both vocabulary and semantics, syntax language structure. Lexical incompleteness of statements is manifested mainly in colloquial speech (in incomplete and elliptical sentences). And, by definition Fomina M.I. "the abbreviation of the syntactic construction, justified by the semantic background that arose due to the integral lexical system of the dialogue." In a dialogue, as a rule, already named words are not repeated, the preceding and subsequent remarks are closely interconnected, therefore, most often in colloquial speech, the lexical incompleteness of statements is justified. But underdevelopment is impossible speech apparatus in a person to be taken for lexical incompleteness of statements.. For this case, A.V. Prudnikova introduces a new concept - the lexical inferiority of the statement, which implies the distortion of the semantic, lexical, syntactic construction of the sentence.

The listed features define essential functions speech in interpersonal communication. These include emotive and conative. emotive function connected with the subjective world of the addresser (speaker), with the expression of his experiences, his attitude to what is being said, it reflects the self-esteem of the speaker, his need to be heard, understood. conative function associated with the installation on the addressee (listener), with the desire to influence him, to form a certain nature of relationships, it reflects the needs of a person to achieve their goals, to influence other people; this function manifests itself in the structural organization of the conversation, the target orientation of speech.

As an illustration, we will cite a short excerpt from V. Shukshin's story "Boots", namely the scene of a discussion in a men's company of Sergei's purchase of women's boots.

«.. - To whom is it?

- Wife.

It was just that everyone was silent.

- To whom ? - asked Rasp

- Klavka.

-Well?

The boot went from hand to hand; everyone also kneaded the bootleg, clicked on the sole ...

- How many are there?

- Sixty five.

Everyone looked at Sergei with bewilderment. Sergei was a little taken aback.

- What are you, offhand?

Sergei took the boot from the Rasp.

- In! exclaimed Rasp. - Earring... gave! Why is she like this?

- Wear.

Sergey wanted to be calm and confident, but inside he shuddered ...

- She ordered to buy such boots?

- What did you say here? Bought and everything.

Where will she put them on? - cheerfully tortured Sergei. - Mud up to the knee, and he boots for sixty-five rubles.

- It's winter!

- And where are they in winter? ?

- Then it's on the city leg. Klavkina won’t fit in forever ... She has some size ? This OK it - on nose only.

- What is she wearing? ?

- Send you!. - got pissed off at the end. Sergey. - What are you worried about?

- Laughed

- Yes, it's a pity, Seryozha! You didn't find them, sixty-five rubles.

- I earned, and I spent where I wanted. Why bazaar something in vain?

- She probably told you to buy rubber ones?

- Rubber .. Sergey was angry with might and main ...

- How do these ... sit, whore, counting other people's money. Sergei got up. - There's nothing more to do, isn't there?

- Why are you in a bottle? Did a stupid thing, you were told. And you don't have to be so nervous...

- I'm not nervous. Why are you worried about me?! In, the survivor was found! If only he borrowed something or something..

- I'm worried because I can't calmly look at fools. I feel sorry for them.

- It's a pity - a bee in the ass. Pity him!

- A little bit more chiseling and went home ... "

The above passage not only vividly reproduces the features and techniques inherent in colloquial speech (among them - the constant change of positions speaker - listener; personal interest and activity of the speakers; the use of incomplete sentences, short phrases, a large number of pronouns, everyday vocabulary, the absence of participles and participles and etc.), but also the functions of speech in interpersonal communication are excellently manifested: in the process of its deployment, the conversation becomes more and more emotionally loaded, which forces the interlocutors to clarify their own attitude to the subject of the conversation, to check the stability of their own position and the positions occupied by others, thereby speech turns out to be a factor of personal self-determination of participants in conversational communication.

Conclusion

So, we learned that the colloquial style, as one of the varieties of the literary language, serves the sphere of easy communication of people in everyday life, in the family, as well as the sphere of informal relations in production, in institutions, etc. We also found out that the main form of implementation of the colloquial style is oral speech, although it can also be manifested in writing (informal friendly letters, notes on everyday topics, diary entries, replicas of characters in plays, in certain genres of fiction and journalistic literature). In such cases, the features of the oral form of speech are fixed.

The main extra-linguistic features that determine the formation of a conversational style are: ease (which is possible only in informal relations between speakers and in the absence of an attitude towards a message that has an official character), understatement, emotionality, immediacy and unpreparedness of communication. Both the sender of speech and its recipient are directly involved in the conversation, often changing roles, the relationship between them is established in the act of speech itself. Such speech cannot be preliminarily considered; the direct participation of the addresser and the addressee determines its predominantly dialogic character, although a monologue is also possible.

A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is emotionality, expressiveness, evaluative reaction. An important role in colloquial speech is played by the environment of speech communication, the situation, as well as non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions, the nature of the relationship of the interlocutors, etc.).
The extralinguistic features of the conversational style are associated with its most common linguistic features, such as standardization, stereotypical use of language means, their incomplete structure at the syntactic, phonetic and morphological levels, discontinuity and inconsistency of speech from a logical point of view, weakening of syntactic links between parts of the statement or their lack of formality. , sentence breaks different kind insertions, repetitions of words and sentences, the widespread use of linguistic means with a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring, the activity of linguistic units of a specific meaning and the passivity of units with an abstract generalized meaning.

Literature

1) Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / Russian fund culture. - M.: Az Ltd., 1992. - 960s.
2) Radugin A.A. Russian language and culture of speech. M.: INFRA - M., 2004. - 250s.
3) Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for universities / Ed. IN AND. Maksimov. - M.: Gardariki, 2002. - 411 p.
4) Modern Russian literary language. Tutorial/ Ed. Lekant P.A. M.: UNITI - DANA, 2004. - 250s.

5) Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for universities / Ed. IN AND. Maksimov. – M.: Gardariki, 2002. S. 246

6) Culture of oral speech. Intonation, pausing, tempo, rhythm.: Uch.pos-e/G. N. Ivanova - Ulyanova. - M.: FLINTA: Nauka-1998.-150s-193s.

7) Kazartseva O.M. Culture of speech communication: Theory and practice of teaching: textbook pos-e-2nd ed.-M.: Flint: Science-1999-496s.

8) Rhetoric. Reader practical. Muranov A.A.M.: Ross. teacher. Agency, - 1997 - 158s.

9) Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook / edited by prof. V. I. Maksimova. - M.: Gardariki, 2002-490s.

10) L. A. Vvedenskaya, L. G. Pavlova, E. Yu. Kashaeva. Russian language and culture of speech: Proc. allowance for universities. Posts N/A. From "PHOENIX" 2001-160s.

The definition of style is given in the works: Vinogradov V.V. The results of the discussion of stylistics // VYa. 1955. No. 1. S. 73; Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. M., 1988. S. 261; Sirotinina O.B. Stylistics as a science of the functioning of the language // Basic concepts and categories of linguistic stylistics. Perm, 1982, p. 12; Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1983. S. 49; and etc.

Conversational style (RS) is opposed to all other styles (bookish) for the following reasons:

The main function of the RS is communicative (the function of communication), while the functions of book styles are informative and influencing.

The main form of existence of the RS is oral (for book styles it is written).

The main type of communication in RS is interpersonal (personality - personality), in book communication - group (oratory, lecture, scientific report) and mass (press, radio, television).

The main type of speech in RS is a dialogue or polylogue, in books it is a monologue.

RS is implemented in a situation of informal communication, while it is assumed that the participants in the dialogue know each other and are usually socially equal (youth, simple people etc.). Hence - the ease of communication, greater freedom in behavior, in the expression of thoughts and feelings. Most often, RS is implemented in everyday communication, these are dialogues of family members, friends, acquaintances, colleagues, study mates, etc. At the same time, topics of a domestic and non-professional, non-official nature are discussed. Book styles, on the other hand, are implemented in official conditions and serve verbal communication on almost any topic.

The main characteristics of the conversational style:

spontaneity, i.e. unpreparedness of speech, lack of preliminary selection of language means;

automatism of speech, i.e. the use of established verbal formulas characteristic of certain situations ( Good afternoon! How are you doing? Are you coming out?);

expressiveness (special expressiveness) of speech, which is achieved by using reduced words ( to go crazy, snooze), emotionally expressive vocabulary ( tall, kikimora, loafer), suffix formations ( daughter, grandmother, sweetheart);

routine content;

basically a dialogic form.

Non-linguistic factors also influence the formation of speech in a colloquial style: the emotional state of the speakers, their age (compare the speech of adults among themselves and their conversation with young children), the relationship of the participants in the dialogue, their family and other ties, etc.

Language features of conversational style

The colloquial style forms its own system and has features that distinguish it from book styles at all levels of the language.

On the phonetic level for RS is characterized by an incomplete pronunciation style (fast pace, reduction of vowels up to the disappearance of syllables: San Sanych, Glebych etc.), colloquial accents are acceptable ( cottage cheese, cooking, gave away etc.), freer intonation, incompleteness of the statement, pauses for reflection, etc.

Vocabulary RS is heterogeneous and differs in the degree of literature and emotional and expressive characteristics:

Neutral vocabulary from everyday speech: arm, leg, father, mother, brother, run, look, hear and under.

Colloquial vocabulary (the main stylistic tool) - words that give speech an informal character, but at the same time are devoid of rudeness: spinner, skygazer, warrior, know-it-all, go home, fool, antediluvian, evade.

Evaluative vocabulary as part of colloquial words, which expresses a playful, playfully ironic, ironic, affectionate, dismissive emotional assessment: grandmother, daughter, kids, baby, little boy; poems, writings, hack, inveterate.

In dictionaries, colloquial words are given with the mark "colloquial." and additional litters "joking", "ironic", "neglect", "caress".

The emotionality of a large number of spoken words is associated with their figurative meaning: kennel(about a cramped, dark, dirty room), tower(of a tall man) stick(persistently pester with something) and under.

Due to the fact that the boundaries between colloquial and colloquial vocabulary often turn out to be unsteady, as evidenced by the double mark “colloquial-simple.” in dictionaries, the RS includes and rough expressive colloquial words, the expressiveness of which allows you to "close your eyes" to their rudeness: belly, tall, moaning, hag, kikimora, freckled, loafer, shabby and under. They briefly and accurately express the attitude towards a person, object, phenomenon, and often contain an additional semantic connotation that is not in a neutral word, cf.: “he is sleeping” and “he is sleeping”. The word “sleep” expresses the condemnation of the person: someone is sleeping, while he should have been going somewhere or doing something.

Similar vocabulary can be found in explanatory dictionaries with the main litter "simple." additional litters "fam.", "swearing", "with a touch of disdain", "joking", for example: clunker - simple. joke. (Dictionary of D.N. Ushakov).

On the phraseological The level of conversational style is characterized by the use of proverbs and sayings from folk speech: even stand, even fall; sit in a puddle; break into a cake; turn up the nose; hunting more than bondage and under.

derivational the level of conversational style is characterized by:

1) colloquial suffixes

For nouns: -un, -un (ya): talker, talker; talker, talker;

W(a): cashier, doctor, elevator attendant;

Yag(s): poor man, handsome man, mongrel, hard worker;

Their(s): janitor, doctor, cook;

K(a): buckwheat, semolina, overnight stay, candle,

including abbreviated words with -k(a): soda, reading room, dryer, locker room, gradebook;ride, "Literature";

N(i), -rel(i): running around, fussing, squabbling, cooking, jostling;

Yatin(a): bullshit, bullshit, vulgarity;

For verbs: -icha(t), -nicha(t): to be greedy, to be greedy, to be greedy;

Well (th): say, spin, grab;

2) prefixed-suffixal verbal formations of the colloquial type:

to run, to chat, to sit;

talk, shout, look;

get sick, dream, play out;

3) suffixes of subjective assessment:

magnifying: house, beards, hands;

diminutives: house, beard, cunning, quietly, quietly;

diminutives: daughter, daughter, son, son; Sun, sweetie;

disparaging: little thing, little house, old man, farce, redneck, beard;

4) half names ( Vanka, Lenka), petting ( Masha, Sasha) and babbling names ( Nicky - Nikolai, Zizi - Suzanne).

5) doubling words to enhance expression: big-very big, black-black;

6) the formation of adjectives with an estimated value: big-eyed, skinny.

AT morphology :

the predominance of verbs over nouns (the verbal nature of speech), the predominant activity of verbs of motion ( jump, jump), actions ( take, give, go) and states ( hurt, cry); cf. in NS and ODS, the most common verbs of obligation ( must, must) and linking verbs ( is, is);

a high percentage of the use of personal ( I, you, he, we, you, they) and index ( that one, this one etc.) pronouns;

the presence of interjections ( ah, ooh, ooh, ooh etc.) and particles ( here, well, she is- that, he de he said they say saw);

the presence of verbal interjections ( jump, lope, bang, grab);

widespread use of possessive adjectives ( Petya's sister, Fedorova wife);

colloquial case forms of nouns: genitive singular on -y ( from the forest, from home), prepositional singular in -y ( at the airport, on vacation), nominative plural ending in -a ( bunker, year, inspector, anchor, huntsman);

participles are rare and short forms adjectives, gerunds are not used.

On the syntactic level:

simple sentences, participial and participle constructions are not used, complex sentences are not used, except for attributive clauses with an allied word which the;

free word order in a sentence: I was at the market yesterday;

omission of words (ellipsis), especially in dialogue:

Have you been to the store? - I'm at the institute. Are you home?

lexical repetitions: I tell him, I tell him, but he does not listen;

syntactic repetitions (sentences constructed in the same way): I went to him, I told him ...;

phrases of the type “Well, well done!”, “Well, you’re a scoundrel!”, “What kind of blockhead is that!”, “Well, you!”;

structures like " You have than to write? (i.e. pencil, pen); " Give me how to hide!" (i.e. blanket, blanket, sheet);

"non-smooth" phrases, i.e. sentences without clear boundaries, which are obtained as a result of the interpenetration of two sentences: In autumn, such storms begin, there, on the sea ...;

frequent restructuring of structures in the course of the dialogue, amendments, repetitions, clarifications;

rhetorical questions: Will he listen to me?

interrogative, exclamatory and incentive sentences;

in “non-smooth” phrases, the nominative theme is used, when the first part of the sentence contains a noun in the nominative case, and the second part contains information about it, while both parts are grammatically independent: Grandma - she will talk to everyone. Flowers, they are never superfluous.

An important role in the implementation of RS is played by non-verbal means of communication - gesture and facial expressions, which can accompany the speaker's words, indicating the shape, size and other characteristics of the subject of speech: I bought a round(gesture) hat, but they can also act at the place of a pause, as an independent means of communication, in the function of individual replicas of a dialogue, as an answer to a question, a request: nod your head with the meaning “yes”, shrug your shoulders - express bewilderment.

Conversational speech style concept. Conversational style and its features

Language features of conversational style

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