Adaptive features of the structure of color and behavior. Adaptive features of the structure of body color and behavior of animals. Shared lesson goal setting

Question 1. Give examples of the adaptability of organisms to the conditions of existence based on your own observations.

In the course of evolution, organisms acquire various properties that allow them to more successfully adapt to living conditions. For example, the fur of northern animals (arctic foxes, bears) is white, making them almost invisible against the background of snow. Insects that feed on flower nectar have a proboscis structure and length that is ideal for this. The seal flippers, modified from the paws of their land ancestors, are perfectly adapted to movement in the water. Giraffes live in the savannah and eat the leaves of trees at high altitudes, with the help of their long necks.

There are many such examples, since each living creature has a large number of features acquired in the process of adapting to specific living conditions.

Question 2. Why do some animals have a bright, unmasking color, while others, on the contrary, have a protective one?

Two types of coloring correspond to two variants of the strategy of behavior. In one of them, the animal tends to go unnoticed, trying to avoid a meeting with a predator or sneaking up on a prey. For this, a protective coloration is used to blend in with the background. On the other hand, animals that are dangerous or poisonous often emphasize this in every possible way. They use bright, unmasking coloration, warning "don't eat me." In addition to poisonous organisms, this strategy is used by harmless species mimicking under them. Organisms can have unmasking coloration for a completely different reason - in connection with the desire to attract a partner for reproduction (the bright color of many male birds, fish, reptiles, butterflies, etc.). In this case, the task of procreation comes into conflict with the instinct of self-preservation, but it turns out to be more significant for the organism.

Question 3. What is the essence of mimicry? Compare mimicry and disguise. What are their fundamental differences? How are they similar?

The essence of mimicry (from the Greek mimikos - imitative) lies in the fact that harmless animals in the process of evolution become similar to dangerous (poisonous) species. This allows them to avoid predation. Some non-venomous snakes serve as an example: there is a species of snake that is similar in color to the deadly asp and differs from it only in the alternation of stripes. In addition to color, mimic animals have a characteristic behavior: hoverfly flies behave like wasps, imitating aggression.

Question 4. Does the action of natural selection extend to the behavior of animals? Give examples.

Natural selection affects not only the external signs of the organism, but also behavior. This applies, first of all, to innate (instinctive) forms of behavior. Such forms are very diverse: ways of obtaining food, manifestations of fear and aggression, sexual behavior, parental behavior, etc. The spider weaves a web, the bee builds honeycombs, the cat assumes a threatening posture at the moment of danger, chipmunks stock up and hibernate for the winter and etc. Very complex mating rituals, strict adherence to which is for animals one of the ways to prevent interspecific crossing.

Question 5. What are the biological mechanisms for the emergence of adaptive (concealing and warning) coloration in animals?

The biological mechanism that ensures the emergence of adaptive coloration is natural selection. In the process of evolution, in a population that, due to the diversity of the gene pool, was distinguished by a very wide range of colors, those individuals that were less noticeable against the background of the environment mainly survived and left offspring. As a result, the proportion of corresponding genotypes has steadily increased. Subsequently, this phenotype, and hence the genotype, was fixed in the population with the help of stabilizing selection. In the case of warning coloration, similar processes occurred. For example, birds initially find and eat bright insects more easily. If these insects turn out to be poisonous, then birds quickly learn not to touch them and prefer more modestly colored prey. Thus, individuals with a bright color, which is easy to identify as poisonous, are preserved and leave offspring. Over time, this trait is fixed in the population.

Question 6. Are there living organisms that do not have adaptive structural features? Justify the answer.

Adaptation is a set of features of the structure, physiology and behavior of living organisms to specific conditions in which they can normally exist and leave offspring.

The emergence of adaptability to the environment is the main result of evolution. Therefore, evolution can be seen as a process of adaptations or adaptations.

Organisms that failed to adapt to the environment died out.

Adaptive features of the structure, color of the body and behavior of animals (accompanying material for a lesson in general biology according to the textbook by N. I. Sonin V. B. Zakharova. Grade 9).

Fitness. Body shape. TYPES OF ADAPTABILITY VALUE EXAMPLES Body shape: - torpedo-shaped - knot-shaped, leaf-shaped - bizarre Helps to avoid the formation of eddies Sharks, dolphins of water flows when moving Makes the body invisible among certain objects Stick insects, caterpillars of moths of the environment Hides among algae, coral polyps Seahorses, anglerfish

Body shape - Torpedo-shaped form Promotes the formation of turbulence in water flows during movement. sharks dolphins

Streamlined body shape Peregrine Falcon The streamlined body shape facilitates rapid movement in the air. eagle penguin Duck swan woodpecker Birds: peregrine falcon, eagle, penguin, duck, swan, woodpecker.

Body shape Stick insects cricket cicada filly - Knot-shaped and leaf-shaped body shape makes the organism invisible among environmental objects.

Body shape - Bizarre clownfish angler sea needle body shape Hides representatives of the deep sea among algae, coral polyps. toad fish.

Fitness. Body coloration. TYPES OF ADAPTABILITY SIGNIFICANCE EXAMPLES Body color: - protective Hides against the background of the environment Hare, white partridge, green grasshopper, aphids - dismembering The same against the background of stripes of light and shadow Zebras, tigers - warning Preservation of the number of species that have poisonous, burning, stinging properties Bees, wasps, blister beetles, caterpillars, ladybugs Mimicry (imitation of defenseless animals is good Protection from extermination protected and having a warning color) Needles, spines, crystals of potassium oxalate, Protection from eating herbivores accumulating in thorns or animal leaves of plants Hard integuments of the body Protection from being eaten by carnivores Wasps, bees, bumblebees; cuckoo eggs Cacti, wild rose, hawthorn, nettle Beetles, crabs, bivalves, turtles, armadillos

Color changing and dissected tigers chameleon octopus Zebras squid flounder - Changing protective color Hides against the background of the environment. - Dismembering Hides in the environment against the background of stripes of light and shadow.

Monochromatic coloration green grasshopper Nest of small plover aphid antelope lion Monochromatic protective coloration Hides against the background of the environment.

Adaptive color changing protective color Hides against the background of the environment, changes depending on the season. arctic fox ermine hare

Warning coloration Preservation of the number of species with poisonous, burning, stinging properties. bees ladybug beetles bugs caterpillars bug-soldier

Mimicry Protection against extermination Wasp - wasp bee bumblebee

Fitness. Protective devices TYPES OF ADAPTABILITY VALUE EXAMPLES Protective devices: Needles, thorns, crystals of potassium oxalate, Protection from being eaten by herbivores Cacti, wild rose, accumulating in thorns or animals hawthorn, nettle leaves of plants Hard integuments of the body Needles Beetles, crabs, bivalves Protection from being eaten by carnivorous mollusks, turtles, armadillos Protection from eating carnivores Echidnas, porcupines, hedgehogs

Protective devices Cacti wild rose nettle hawthorn - Needles, spines, crystals of potassium oxalate accumulating in the spines or leaves of plants Serve as protection against eating by herbivores.

Protective devices. Needles. hedgehogs porcupines Echidna Fish-hedgehog - Needles, spines, often accumulating poisonous substances. Protection from being eaten by carnivores.

Hard integuments Hard integuments of the body Protection from being eaten by carnivores. Beetles crabs turtles bivalves armadillos

Fitness. Adaptive behavior TYPES OF ADAPTABILITY VALUE EXAMPLES Adaptive behavior: - freezing - threatening posture - storing food Protection from being eaten by herbivores The same Experience of starvation Opossums, some beetles, amphibians, birds Bearded lizard, round-eared nutcracker Nutcracker, jay, chipmunk, squirrel, pika )

Freezing posture Opossum beetles - Freezing is an imitation of injury or death. gray toad newt crested bittern bustard

Threatening Posture Bearded Round-Eared Lizard Skunk Praying Mantis - Threatening posture is a frightening behavior, often very characteristic of venomous and stinging forms.

Fitness. Caring for offspring. TYPES OF ADAPTABILITY VALUE EXAMPLES Caring for offspring: - gestation of eggs in the mouth, Preservation of offspring in a fold of skin on the abdomen Male tilapia, sea catfish, seahorse - building a nest and breeding in it Preservation of offspring Some fish (stickleback, betta, macropods), birds , squirrels, baby mice - rearing offspring, Preservation of offspring providing future offspring with food Birds, mammals, scarab beetles, riders.

Bearing offspring - Bearing eggs in the oral cavity, in a fold of skin on the abdomen Preservation of offspring sea catfish Male tilapia sea horse

Breeding Oriole cockerel - Building a nest and breeding offspring in it. Preservation of offspring. stickleback wagtail stork squirrels baby mice

Feeding offspring lions swan - Feeding offspring, providing future offspring with food. Raccoon-poloskun Scarab beetles. flamingo riders.

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The presentation on the topic "The fitness of organisms" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Biology. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 33 slide(s).

Presentation slides

slide 1

The adaptation of organisms to environmental conditions as a result of natural selection

Compiled by Bolshakov S.V.

slide 2

Species of plants and animals are remarkably adapted to the conditions of the environment in which they live. A huge number of the most diverse features of the structure are known, providing a high level of adaptability of the species to the environment. The concept of “fitness of a species” includes not only external signs, but also the correspondence of the structure of internal organs to the functions they perform, for example, the long and complex digestive tract of animals that eat plant foods (ruminants). Correspondence of the physiological functions of the organism to the living conditions, their complexity and diversity are also included in the concept of fitness.

slide 3

Adaptive features of the structure, body color and behavior of animals. In animals, body shape is adaptive. The appearance of the aquatic mammal dolphin is well known. His movements are light and precise. Independent speed in water reaches 40 km / h. Often, cases are described of how dolphins accompany high-speed sea vessels, for example, destroyers moving at a speed of 65 km / h.

http://www.botik.ru/~yz/rrp/puzlyary/prize/index.koi8.html

slide 4

This is explained by the fact that dolphins attach themselves to the bow of the ship and use the hydrodynamic force of the ship's waves. But this is not their natural speed. The density of water is 800 times that of air. How does the dolphin manage to overcome it? In addition to other structural features, the ideal adaptability of the dolphin to the environment and lifestyle is facilitated by the shape of the body. The torpedo-shaped body shape avoids the formation of a swirl of water flows around the dolphin.

http://desktop.kazansoft.ru/preview/cat1-117.html

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The streamlined shape of the body contributes to the rapid movement of animals in the air. Flight and contour feathers covering the bird's body completely smooth its shape. Birds are deprived of protruding auricles, in flight they usually retract their legs. As a result, birds are far superior in speed to all other animals. For example, a peregrine falcon dives on its prey at speeds up to 290 km/h.

Slide 7

Birds move quickly even in water. A chinstrap penguin has been observed swimming underwater at about 35 km/h.

Adelie penguin

Slide 8

In animals leading a secretive, hiding way of life, adaptations are useful that give them a resemblance to environmental objects. The bizarre body shape of fish living in thickets of algae helps them successfully hide from enemies.

http://forum.allgaz.ru/showthread.php?t=10009&page=4

Slide 9

Resemblance to objects of the environment is widespread in insects. Beetles are known, their appearance resembling lichens, cicadas, similar to the types of those shrubs among which they live. Stick insects look like a small brown or green twig, while orthopterous insects imitate a leaf.

Stick insects http://macroid.ru/showphoto.php?photo=11879

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Protective coloring also serves as a means of protection from enemies. Birds that incubate eggs on the ground merge with the surrounding background. Little noticeable are their eggs, which have a pigmented shell, and the chicks hatching from them. The protective nature of egg pigmentation is confirmed by the fact that in species whose eggs are inaccessible to enemies - large predators, or in birds that lay eggs on rocks or bury them in the ground, the protective color of the shell does not develop.

http://kizhi.karelia.ru/gallery/life_moment/index_e.php?i=16

slide 12

Protective coloration is widespread among a wide variety of animals. Butterfly caterpillars are often green, the color of the leaves, or dark, the color of the bark or earth. Bottom fish are usually painted to match the color of the sandy bottom (stingrays and flounders). At the same time, flounders are also able to change color depending on the color of the surrounding background.

flounder polar

slide 13

The ability to change color by redistributing the pigment in the integument of the body is also known in terrestrial animals (chameleon).

Chameleons http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleons

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Desert animals are usually yellow-brown or sandy-yellow in color.

Desert king snake (Lampropeltis getula... http://www.terrariy.ru/Anim/Snake/Desert_p.htm

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If the background of the environment does not remain constant depending on the season, many animals change color. For example, inhabitants of middle and high latitudes (arctic fox, hare, ermine, ptarmigan) are white in winter, which makes them invisible in the snow.

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However, often in animals there is a body color that does not hide, but, on the contrary, attracts attention, unmasks. This coloration is characteristic of poisonous, burning or stinging insects: bees, wasps, blister beetles.

honey bee

Slide 18

A ladybug, very noticeable, is never pecked by birds because of the poisonous secret secreted by insects.

Photos of ladybugs photo 14 http://basik.ru/macro/1778/

Slide 19

Inedible caterpillars, many poisonous snakes have a bright warning color. Bright coloring warns the predator in advance about the futility and danger of the attack. Through trial and error, predators quickly learn to avoid attacking prey with warning coloration.

Poisonous cobra snake. http://900igr.net/Detskie_prezentatsii/Biologija.Morskie_zhiteli/Zmei_1.files/detskie_kartinki_zhivotnykh_020_JAdovitaja_zmeja_kobra_vsta.html

Slide 20

The protective effect of a protective or warning coloration is enhanced when combined with the appropriate behavior. For example, the bittern nests in the reeds. In moments of danger, she stretches her neck, raises her head up and freezes. In this position, it is difficult to detect even at close range.

Big bittern

slide 21

Many other animals that do not have means of active protection, in case of danger, take a resting position and freeze (insects, fish, amphibians, birds). The warning coloration in animals, on the contrary, is combined with a demonstrative behavior that frightens off a predator. The effectiveness of warning coloring was the cause of a very interesting phenomenon - imitation, or mimicry. Mimicry refers to the resemblance of a defenseless or edible species to one or more unrelated species that are well protected and have a warning coloration. One of the species of cockroaches is very similar to the ladybug in size, body shape and distribution of age spots.

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Some edible butterflies imitate the body shape and coloration of poisonous butterflies, flies - wasps. The emergence of mimicry is associated with the accumulation under the control of natural selection of small successful mutations in edible species in the conditions of their cohabitation with inedible ones.

An example of mimicry: a fly of the hoverfly family... http://www.enci.ru/Mimicry

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It is clear that the imitation of some species by others is justified: a much smaller part of the individuals of both the species that served as a model and the imitator species are exterminated. It is necessary, however, that the number of the imitator species be significantly less than the number of the model. Otherwise, mimicry is of no use: the predator will not develop a strong conditioned reflex to a shape or color that should be avoided. How is the abundance of the mimic species kept at a low level? It turned out that the gene pool of these species is saturated with lethal mutations. In the homozygous state, these mutations cause the death of insects, as a result of which a high percentage of individuals do not survive to sexual maturity.

Cuckoo egg in blue nightingale clutch. http://kniiekotija.ucoz.ru/forum/58-145-3

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In addition to protective coloration, other means of protection are observed in animals and plants. Plants often form needles and spines that protect them from being eaten by herbivores (cacti, wild rose, hawthorn, sea buckthorn, etc.).

http://www.tiensmed.ru/news/shipovnik-wkti/

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The same role is played by poisonous substances that burn hairs, for example, in nettles. Calcium oxalate crystals that accumulate in the thorns of some plants protect them from being eaten by caterpillars, snails and even rodents.

Stinging nettle

Slide 27

Formations in the form of a hard chitinous cover in arthropods (beetles, crabs), shells in mollusks, scales in crocodiles, shells in armadillos and turtles protect them well from many enemies. The quills of the hedgehog and porcupine serve the same. All these adaptations could have appeared only as a result of natural selection, i.e., the preferential survival of better protected individuals.

Elephant turtle

Slide 28

Adaptive behavior is of great importance for the survival of organisms in the struggle for existence. In addition to hiding or demonstrative, frightening behavior when an enemy approaches, there are many other options for adaptive behavior that ensures the survival of adults or juveniles. This includes storing food for the unfavorable season of the year. This is especially true for rodents. For example, the housekeeper vole, common in the taiga zone, collects grains of cereals, dry grass, roots - up to 10 kg in total.

Housekeeper vole - Microtus oeconomus (Pallas http://www.apus.ru/site.xp/049051056048124053054050052.html

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Burrowing rodents (mole rats, etc.) accumulate pieces of oak roots, acorns, potatoes, steppe peas - up to 14 kg.

thread. skajazz. mole rats. http://fon-shcmal.livejournal.com/1840.html

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A large gerbil living in the deserts of Central Asia cuts grass at the beginning of summer and drags it into holes or leaves it on the surface in the form of stacks. This food is used in the second half of summer, autumn and winter.

Large gerbils are typical desert dwellers. http://elementy.ru/news/430180

Slide 31

The river beaver collects stumps of trees, branches, etc., which he puts into the water near his dwelling. These warehouses can reach a volume of 20 cubic meters.

Beavers are the most famous "builders" of dams in rivers and streams, and... http://www.ff18.ru/bobry/bobry.html

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Plants and animals are adapted to the environment in which they live. The concept of "fitness of a species" includes not only external signs, but also the correspondence of the structure of internal organs to the functions they perform ( for example, long and complex digestive tract of ruminants that feed on plant foods). The correspondence of the physiological functions of the organism to the conditions of their habitat, their complexity and diversity are also included in the concept of fitness.

There is no doubt about the consistency of the activity of individual parts and systems within the body itself. For a long time, such expediency of the structure served as an argument in favor of the divine origin of wildlife. But Darwin's theory of evolution was able to explain this from a materialistic standpoint. At present, the evolutionary approach to the consideration of biological patterns serves as a natural scientific basis for explaining the expediency of the structure of living organisms and their adaptability to living conditions.

Adaptive features of the structure, body color and behavior of animals

Streamlined body shape- adaptation to overcome the resistance of air (for birds) and water (for aquatic animals) when moving in these environments. This form allows you to develop a high speed of movement and save energy at the same time.

Protective coloration and body shape- the color and shape of the animal's body, contributing to the preservation of its life in the struggle for existence. Protective coloration and body shape are very diverse and are found among many groups of invertebrates and vertebrates. There are 3 types of protective coloration and body shape: disguise , demonstration and mimicry .

Disguise- an adaptation in which the shape of the body and color of the animal merge with the surrounding objects. For example, the caterpillars of some butterflies resemble twigs in body shape and color.

Animals that live in the grass are green in color: lizards, grasshoppers, caterpillars, desert dwellers - yellow or brown: desert locust, round-eared locust, saiga.

Some animals change color during ontogenesis (baby and adult seals), in different seasons of the year ( arctic fox, white hare, squirrel and many others).

Some animals are able to change color in accordance with the background, which is achieved by the redistribution of pigments in the chromatophores of the body integument ( cuttlefish, flounder, agamas and etc.). Camouflage coloring is usually combined with a resting posture.

Disguise contributes to success in the struggle for existence.

Dissecting coloration(disruptive coloration) - coloration with the presence of contrasting stripes or spots that break the contour of the body into separate sections, due to which the animal becomes invisible against the surrounding background.

Dissecting coloration is often combined with imitative surface and background and is found in many animals: giraffe, zebra, chipmunks, in some fish, amphibians, reptiles, from insects - in locusts, many butterflies and their caterpillars.

Concealing coloration is based on the countershading effect: the most brightly illuminated parts of the body are colored darker than the less illuminated ones: in this case, the coloring seems to be more monotonous, and the outlines of the animal merge with the background. This coloration (dark back - light belly) is typical for most fish and other inhabitants of the water column, for many birds and some mammals ( deer, hares).

Warning coloration- a type of patronizing color and shape in which inedible animals have a bright, catchy, sometimes variegated color. These animals are clearly visible in contrasting combinations of colors (black, red, white; orange, white, black, etc.). Many insects have warning coloration, such as soldier bugs, ladybugs, bronzovki, leaf beetles, blisters, various butterflies - minnows, bears and etc.

Among vertebrates, warning coloration is observed in fish, salamanders, toads, toads, and some birds ( drongo), and among mammals - for example, in american skunk. The conspicuousness of animals with warning coloration is their advantage, as they are unrecognizable and are not attacked by predators. Warning coloration contributes to the survival of the species in the struggle for existence and is the result of natural selection.

Mimicry(gr. mimicos- imitative) - imitative similarity of an unprotected organism with a protected or inedible one.

In animals, mimicry promotes survival in the struggle for existence. Mimicry can be not only aimed at passive protection, but also serve as an attack tool, luring prey.

Demonstrative behavioris one of the means of communication in animals. Performing various body movements, for example, birds during the mating season show each other certain areas of plumage, with a bright signal color that carries information.

Demonstrative behavior is used to attract mating partners, in courtship, conflicts with rivals, protecting nests, communicating with chicks, capturing and defending territories, and also as a means of warning of danger.

important for the survival of organisms adaptive behavior. Seasonal animal migrations are an example of adaptive behavior.

seasonal moltassociated with seasonal changes in the living conditions of animals.In animals that do not hibernate, autumn and spring molt is observed annually.

During the autumn molt, the heat-conducting hairline is replaced by thick, warm fur. During the spring molt, simultaneously with the replacement of the cover, in many animals, the upper part of the stratum corneum of the epidermis is desquamated.

Animal feed storage- an important instinct, most developed among the inhabitants of cold and temperate latitudes with sharp seasonal changes in food conditions. It is observed in many invertebrates, in some birds, and especially often in mammals. Of the invertebrates, some spiders, crabs, crayfish and many insects store food.

Of the birds, only wintering ones store food. Most birds use stocks in winter as additional food.

Of the mammals, some predators, pikas and many rodents store food. Stocks are used in winter or spring after waking up from hibernation or winter sleep.

steppe polecat puts gophers in a hole, ermine- water rats, mice, frogs, weasel- small rodents. Many pikas prepare hay by stacking it in piles or in cracks between stones. Squirrel stores mushrooms, nuts and acorns. Chipmunk drags nuts, grains into its hole, a wood mouse - seeds, river beaver- branches and rhizomes, immersing them in water near the entrance to the hole.

Summary of a lesson in biology Grade 9

Topic: "Adaptive features of the structure, body color and behavior of animals"

Target: to get acquainted with different types of adaptability of living organisms to the environment, to understand the relative nature of fitness.

Tasks:

Tutorials:

To form the concept of the mechanisms of the emergence of fitness as a result of evolution;

Continue the development of skills to use knowledge of theoretical laws to explain the phenomena observed in wildlife;

To form specific knowledge about the adaptive features of the structure, body color and behavior of animals, to reveal the relative nature of adaptations

Developing:

Develop interest in the study of biology, broaden your horizons about patterns in nature through situational communication;

To develop the creative abilities of students by independently creating a computer presentation using illustrative material found on the Internet.

develop the intellectual sphere: attention, memory, speech, thinking;

Educational:

to continue the formation of ecological culture among schoolchildren, the belief in the need to preserve the species diversity of plants and animals.

draw conclusions about the natural causes of the formation of adaptations, using the doctrine of the driving forces of evolution;

broaden the horizons of students.

during the classes

1. Actualization of previous knowledge

K.O.Z.

What forces of evolution have we met?

What force of evolution did Charles Darwin consider to be the main one?

Which organisms survive and reproduce as a result of natural selection?

2. Learning new material.

Currently, our planet is inhabited by several million species of living organisms, each of which is unique in its own way. Let's find out what is the adaptability of organisms to the environment.

Shared lesson goal setting

During the conversation, we find out the concept of fitness, it appears in the classroom, the guys write it down in a notebook (the same definition on the information card)

The fitness of organisms, or adaptations (from Latin adaptatio - adaptation, adaptation), are a combination of those features of the structure, physiology and behavior that provide for a given species the possibility of a specific lifestyle in certain environmental conditions.

K.O.Z.

What do you think can be done to adapt to the environment?

In animals, body shape is adaptive. The appearance of the aquatic mammal dolphin is well known. Its movements are light and precise, the speed of movement in water reaches 40 km/h. The density of water is 800 times that of air. How does the dolphin manage to overcome it? The torpedo-shaped streamlined shape of the body, the absence of auricles make it possible to avoid the turbulence of water flows surrounding the dolphin, and reduce friction. A similar body shape in many aquatic animals: sharks, whales, seals. The streamlined shape of the body contributes to the rapid movement of animals in the air. Flight and contour feathers covering the bird's body completely smooth its shape. Birds are deprived of protruding auricles, in flight they usually retract their legs. As a result, birds are far superior in speed to all other animals. Birds move quickly even in water. An Arctic penguin was observed swimming underwater at a speed of 35 km/h.

Organismal adaptations - entry in a notebook.

K.O.Z. Even Ch. Darwin emphasized that all adaptations, no matter how perfect they are, are relative in nature, i.e. useful only in a typical habitat.

For example, a woodpecker easily moves along tree trunks, but its limbs are poorly adapted to move along the soil surface.

Waterfowl do not move well on land.

K.O.Z.

Let's remember such a force of evolution as the struggle for existence. What forms of struggle for existence do you know?

What is the peculiarity of the interspecies struggle for existence, between whom does it take place?

how should predators and their prey adapt?

SLIDES No.

students write down definitions, draw conclusions about the relative nature of any adaptation.

protective coloration

solid

broken

change in body color

warning coloration

However, often in animals there is a body color that does not hide, but, on the contrary, attracts attention, unmasks. This form of adaptation is called warning coloring. It is characteristic of most stinging, poisonous, foul-smelling, or disgusting-tasting animals. Like stoplights, these patterns and color combinations should be easily recognized by the animals. They mean: "Dangerous!", "Don't come near!", "It's better not to mess with me!". A ladybug, very noticeable, is never pecked by birds because of the poisonous secret secreted by insects. Inedible caterpillars, many poisonous snakes have a bright warning color. Among amphibians there are real dandies. They are spectacularly coloured, often slow, diurnal, and do not even try to hide from predators, unlike their more numerous camouflaged relatives, who go in search of food at night, when they are less visible. The most peculiar among amphibian dandies are, perhaps, poison dart frogs, inhabitants of Central and South America. Their skin glands produce powerful paralyzing poisons, so that a predator that has tried to eat such a frog and survived, associates the experienced unpleasant moments with its bright colors and in the future diligently avoids its like. Among the approximately one hundred thousand species that make up the order of Lepidoptera, or butterflies, bears belong not only to the most familiar, but also to the most beautiful. She has an extremely effective warning coloration - orange-black and yellow-black with patterns of spots and stripes. The bear is very pretty, but poisonous. Special glands produce strong toxins that enter the butterfly's bloodstream. Other glands contain a liquid with an unpleasant warning odor. In the tropical coastal waters of Australia, New Guinea, Indonesia and the Philippines, a small (up to 20 cm long with tentacles) blue-ringed octopus lives. Bright orange round spots are bordered by characteristic blue rings. Like all representatives of the genus, the blue-ringed octopus has an amazing ability to regenerate, and, having lost one or more of its eight tentacles in battle, it can quickly grow new ones. As beautiful as this octopus is, it is also poisonous. Animal saliva contains the strongest neurotoxin. The bite of the blue-ringed octopus is deadly. The poison almost instantly paralyzes the nervous system of any living creature, and there is no antidote for it.

mimicry

The effectiveness of warning coloring was the cause of a very interesting phenomenon - imitation, or mimicry. Mimicry is the imitation of a less protected organism of one species to a more protected organism of another species. This imitation can manifest itself in body shape, coloration, and so on. Covered with warning stripes, but completely harmless, the hoverfly fly extracts nectar from the flower, as do honey bees, which have a formidable sting. Hoverfly mimicry is not limited to coloration, but includes behavior as well. Hoverflies imitate the sounds made by bees and wasps and, if disturbed, buzz menacingly. All this together guarantees immunity to the hoverfly. The beautiful butterfly danaid owes its inedibility to the fact that its caterpillars feed on the leaves of poisonous lettuce, which is dangerous for livestock and other vertebrates. Winged predators quickly learned not to touch the danaids, and at the same time their imitator, one of the nymphalids - only slightly tasteless. The glass butterfly is surprisingly similar to a wasp. Its wings are completely transparent, since it does not have scales covering the wings of butterflies. When flying, it buzzes like wasps, and flies as swiftly and restlessly as they do. Already imitates the color of the viper, it is given out only by yellow spots on the head. Many imitators have acquired venomous coral snakes. For example, the Arizona king snake, which is not venomous.

disguise

In animals leading a hidden, hiding way of life, adaptations are useful that give them a resemblance to environmental objects - disguise. For example, moth butterfly caterpillars resemble knots in body shape and color. Stick insects look like a small brown or green twig, some butterflies look like dried leaves, and spiders look like thorns. The great masters of disguise owe much of their success to their ability to freeze at the moment when they are threatened with an attack or they themselves are preparing to seize the prey. Among animals, those who in one way or another imitate flowers are especially diverse. For example, flower praying mantises are so similar to one or another part of the plant that other insects, deceived by the similarity, descend directly on them and fall into the arms of a predator.

Students write definitions and draw conclusions about the relative nature of any adaptation..

K.O.Z. How do such perfect adaptations come about?

The clue lies in the complex process of natural selection. For example, the distant ancestor of a butterfly, now almost indistinguishable from a dry leaf, was born with a random set of genes that made it look a little more like a dry leaf. Therefore, it was somewhat more difficult for the birds to find this butterfly among the dry leaves, and as a result, she and her like individuals survived in greater numbers. Consequently, they left more offspring. And the sign of “dry leaf” became more and more clear and common. All traits are the result of mutations. One large mutation can occur, or a huge number of small ones, which happens much more often. Those that increase vitality are passed on to subsequent generations, fixed and become adaptations. Each adaptation is developed on the basis of hereditary variability in the process of struggle for existence and selection in a number of generations.

What conclusions can be drawn from all of the above?

1. The general adaptability of organisms to environmental conditions consists of many individual adaptations of very different scales.

2. All adaptations arise in the course of evolution as a result of natural selection.

3.Any fit is relative.

Thus, fitness is the relative expediency of the structure and functions of an organism, which is the result of natural selection.