Over the past million years, an ice age has occurred on Earth about every 100,000 years. This cycle actually exists, and different groups of scientists in different time tried to find the reason for its existence. True, there is no prevailing point of view on this issue yet.

Over a million years ago, the cycle was different. The ice age was replaced by climate warming about once every 40 thousand years. But then the periodicity of the onset of glaciers changed from 40 thousand years to 100 thousand years. Why did this happen?

Experts from Cardiff University offered their own explanation for this change. The results of the work of scientists were published in the authoritative publication Geology. According to experts, the main reason for the change in the frequency of the onset of ice ages is the oceans, or rather, their ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

By studying the sediments that make up the bottom of the oceans, the team found that the concentration of CO 2 varies from layer to layer of sediments with a period of just 100,000 years. It is likely, scientists say, that excess carbon dioxide was removed from the atmosphere by the surface of the ocean with further binding of this gas. As a result mean annual temperature gradually decreases, and the next ice age begins. And it so happened that the duration of the ice age more than a million years ago increased, and the cycle "heat-cold" became longer.

“It is likely that the oceans absorb and release carbon dioxide, and when there is more ice, the oceans absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, making the planet colder. When there is little ice, the oceans release carbon dioxide, so the climate gets warmer,” says Professor Carrie Lear. “By studying the concentration of carbon dioxide in the remains of tiny creatures (here we mean sedimentary rocks - ed.), we learned that during periods when the area of ​​\u200b\u200bglaciers increased, the oceans absorbed more carbon dioxide, so we can assume that there is less of it in the atmosphere.

Seaweed, according to experts, played a major role in the absorption of CO 2, since carbon dioxide is an essential component of the photosynthesis process.

Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere from the ocean through upwelling. Upwelling or upwelling is a process in which the deep waters of the ocean rise to the surface. It is most often observed at the western borders of the continents, where it moves colder, nutrient-rich waters from the depths of the ocean to the surface, replacing warmer, nutrient-poor surface waters. It can also be found in almost any area of ​​the oceans.

A layer of ice on the surface of the water prevents carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere, so if a large part of the ocean freezes, this prolongs the duration of the ice age. “If we believe that the oceans emit and absorb carbon dioxide, then we must understand that a large amount of ice prevents this process. It's like a lid on the surface of the ocean,” says Professor Liar.

With an increase in the area of ​​glaciers on the ice surface, not only does the concentration of “warming” CO 2 decrease, but the albedo of those regions that are covered with ice also increases. As a result, the planet receives less energy, which means it cools even faster.

Now the Earth is in the interglacial warm period. The last ice age ended about 11,000 years ago. Since then, the average annual temperature and sea level have been constantly rising, and the amount of ice on the surface of the oceans has been decreasing. As a result, according to scientists, a large amount of CO 2 enters the atmosphere. Plus, carbon dioxide is also produced by humans, and in huge quantities.

All this led to the fact that in September the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere increased to 400 parts per million. This figure has increased from 280 to 400 parts per million in just 200 years of industrial development. Most likely, CO 2 in the atmosphere will not decrease in the foreseeable future. All this should lead to an increase in the average annual temperature on Earth by about + 5 ° C in the next thousand years.

Specialists from the Department of Climate Studies at the Potsdam Observatory have recently built a model of the Earth's climate, taking into account the global carbon cycle. As the model showed, even with the minimum the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, the ice sheet of the Northern Hemisphere will not be able to increase. This means that the onset of the next ice age can move forward by at least 50-100 thousand years. So we have another change in the glacier-warm cycle ahead of us, this time man is responsible for it.

We are at the mercy of autumn and it's getting colder. Are we moving towards an ice age, one of the readers wonders.

The fleeting Danish summer is behind us. The leaves are falling from the trees, the birds are flying south, it's getting darker and, of course, colder too.

Our reader Lars Petersen from Copenhagen has begun to prepare for the cold days. And he wants to know how seriously he needs to prepare.

“When does the next ice age begin? I learned that glacial and interglacial periods alternate regularly. Since we live in an interglacial period, it is logical to assume that the next ice age is ahead of us, right? he writes in a letter to the Ask Science section (Spørg Videnskaben).

We in the editorial office shudder at the thought of cold winter, which lies in wait for us at that end of autumn. We, too, would love to know if we are on the verge of an ice age.

The next ice age is still far away

Therefore, we addressed the teacher of the Center fundamental research ice and climate at the University of Copenhagen to Sune Olander Rasmussen.

Sune Rasmussen studies the cold and gets information about past weather, storms, Greenland glaciers and icebergs. In addition, he can use his knowledge in order to fulfill the role of "foreteller of ice ages."

“In order for an ice age to occur, several conditions must coincide. We cannot accurately predict when the ice age will begin, but even if humanity did not further influence the climate, our forecast is that the conditions for it will develop in the best case in 40-50 thousand years,” Sune Rasmussen reassures us.

Since we are still talking to the “ice age predictor”, we can get some more information about what these “conditions” are in question in order to understand a little more about what the ice age actually is.

What is an ice age

Sune Rasmussen says that during the last ice age average temperature on the ground was a few degrees lower than today, and that the climate at higher latitudes was colder.

Much of the northern hemisphere was covered in massive ice sheets. For example, Scandinavia, Canada and some other parts North America were covered with a three-kilometer ice shell.

The huge weight of the ice cover pressed the earth's crust a kilometer into the Earth.

Ice ages are longer than interglacials

However, 19 thousand years ago, changes in the climate began to occur.

This meant that the Earth gradually became warmer, and over the next 7,000 years, freed itself from the cold grip of the Ice Age. After that, the interglacial period began, in which we are now.

Context

New ice age? Not soon

The New York Times June 10, 2004

ice Age

Ukrainian truth 25.12.2006 In Greenland, the last remnants of the shell came off very abruptly 11,700 years ago, or to be precise, 11,715 years ago. This is evidenced by the studies of Sune Rasmussen and his colleagues.

This means that 11,715 years have passed since the last ice age, and this is a completely normal interglacial length.

“It's funny that we usually think of the Ice Age as an 'event', when in fact it's just the opposite. The middle ice age lasts 100 thousand years, while the interglacial lasts from 10 to 30 thousand years. That is, the Earth is more often in an ice age than vice versa.

“The last couple of interglacials lasted only about 10,000 years each, which explains the widely held but erroneous belief that our current interglacial period is nearing its end,” says Sune Rasmussen.

Three Factors Influence the Possibility of an Ice Age

The fact that the Earth will plunge into a new ice age in 40-50 thousand years depends on the fact that there are small variations in the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. Variations determine how much sunlight hits which latitudes, and thereby affects how warm or cold it is.

This discovery was made by the Serbian geophysicist Milutin Milanković almost 100 years ago and is therefore known as the Milanković cycle.

Milankovitch cycles are:

1. The orbit of the Earth around the Sun, which changes cyclically about once every 100,000 years. The orbit changes from nearly circular to more elliptical, and then back again. Because of this, the distance to the Sun changes. The farther the Earth is from the Sun, the less solar radiation receives our planet. In addition, when the shape of the orbit changes, so does the length of the seasons.

2. The tilt of the earth's axis, which fluctuates between 22 and 24.5 degrees relative to the orbit of rotation around the sun. This cycle spans approximately 41,000 years. 22 or 24.5 degrees - it seems not such a significant difference, but the tilt of the axis greatly affects the severity of the different seasons. How more Earth tilted, the greater the difference between winter and summer. AT this moment the tilt of the earth's axis is 23.5 and it is decreasing, which means that the differences between winter and summer will decrease over the next thousand years.

3. The direction of the earth's axis relative to space. The direction changes cyclically with a period of 26 thousand years.

“The combination of these three factors determines whether there are prerequisites for the beginning of the ice age. It is almost impossible to imagine how these three factors interact, but with the help of mathematical models we can calculate how much solar radiation receives certain latitudes in certain time year, as well as received in the past and will receive in the future,” says Sune Rasmussen.

Snow in summer leads to ice age

Summer temperatures play a particularly important role in this context.

Milankovitch realized that for the ice age to start, summers in the northern hemisphere would have to be cold.

If winters are snowy and most of the northern hemisphere is covered in snow, then temperatures and hours of sunshine in summer determine whether snow is allowed to remain all summer.

“If the snow does not melt in the summer, then little sunlight penetrates the Earth. The rest is reflected back into space in a snow-white veil. This exacerbates the cooling that began due to a change in the orbit of the Earth around the Sun,” says Sune Rasmussen.

“Further cooling brings even more snow, which further reduces the amount of absorbed heat, and so on, until the ice age begins,” he continues.

Similarly, a period of hot summers leads to the end of the Ice Age. The hot sun then melts the ice enough so that sunlight can again reach dark surfaces like soil or the sea, which absorb it and warm the Earth.

Humans are delaying the next ice age

Another factor that is relevant to the possibility of an ice age is the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Just as snow that reflects light increases the formation of ice or accelerates its melting, the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 180 ppm to 280 ppm (parts per million) helped bring the Earth out of the last ice age.

However, ever since industrialization began, people have been pushing the CO2 share further all the time, so it's almost 400 ppm now.

“It took nature 7,000 years to raise the share of carbon dioxide by 100 ppm after the end of the ice age. Humans have managed to do the same in just 150 years. This is of great importance for whether the Earth can enter a new ice age. This is a very significant influence, which means not only that an ice age cannot begin at the moment,” says Sune Rasmussen.

We thank Lars Petersen for good question and send a winter gray T-shirt to Copenhagen. We also thank Sune Rasmussen for the good answer.

We also encourage our readers to submit more scientific questions to [email protected]

Did you know?

Scientists always talk about the ice age only in the northern hemisphere of the planet. The reason is that in southern hemisphere there is too little land on which a massive layer of snow and ice can lie.

With the exception of Antarctica, all southern part the southern hemisphere is covered with water, which does not provide good conditions for the formation of a thick ice shell.

The materials of InoSMI contain only assessments of foreign media and do not reflect the position of the editors of InoSMI.

The last ice age ended 12,000 years ago. In the most severe period, glaciation threatened man with extinction. However, after the glacier melted, he not only survived, but also created a civilization.

Glaciers in the history of the Earth

Last ice age in the history of the Earth - Cenozoic. It began 65 million years ago and continues to this day. Modern man is lucky: he lives in the interglacial, in one of the warmest periods of the planet's life. Far behind is the most severe ice age - the Late Proterozoic.

In spite of global warming scientists are predicting a new ice age. And if the real one comes only after millennia, then the Little Ice Age, which will reduce by 2-3 degrees annual temperatures, could come pretty soon.

The glacier became a real test for man, forcing him to invent means for his survival.

last ice age

The Würm or Vistula glaciation began about 110,000 years ago and ended in the tenth millennium BC. The peak of cold weather fell on the period of 26-20 thousand years ago, the final stage of the Stone Age, when the glacier was the largest.

Little Ice Ages

Even after the glaciers melted, history has known periods of noticeable cooling and warming. Or, in other words, climate pessimism and optima. Pessima are sometimes referred to as Little Ice Ages. In the XIV-XIX centuries, for example, the Little Ice Age began, and the time of the Great Migration of Peoples was the time of the early medieval pessimum.

Hunting and meat food

There is an opinion according to which the human ancestor was rather a scavenger, since he could not spontaneously occupy a higher ecological niche. And all known tools were used to butcher the remains of animals that were taken from predators. However, the question of when and why a person began to hunt is still debatable.

In any case, thanks to hunting and eating meat, the ancient man received a large supply of energy, which allowed him to better endure the cold. The skins of slaughtered animals were used as clothing, shoes and walls of the dwelling, which increased the chances of surviving in a harsh climate.

bipedalism

Bipedalism appeared millions of years ago, and its role was much more important than in the life of a modern office worker. Having freed his hands, a person could engage in intensive construction of a dwelling, the production of clothing, the processing of tools, the extraction and preservation of fire. Upright ancestors moved freely in open areas, and their life no longer depended on the collection of fruits. tropical trees. Already millions of years ago, they freely moved over long distances and obtained food in river flows.

Walking upright played an insidious role, but it became more of an advantage. Yes, man himself came to cold regions and adapted to life in them, but at the same time he could find both artificial and natural shelters from the glacier.

Fire

The fire in the life of an ancient person was originally an unpleasant surprise, not a boon. Despite this, the ancestor of man first learned to “extinguish” it, and only later to use it for his own purposes. Traces of the use of fire are found in sites that are 1.5 million years old. This made it possible to improve nutrition through the preparation of protein foods, as well as to remain active at night. This further increased the time to create conditions for survival.

Climate

The Cenozoic Ice Age was not a continuous glaciation. Every 40 thousand years, the ancestors of people had the right to a “respite” - temporary thaws. At this time, the glacier receded, and the climate became milder. During periods of harsh climate, natural shelters were caves or regions rich in flora and fauna. For example, the south of France and the Iberian Peninsula were home to many early cultures.

The Persian Gulf 20,000 years ago was a river valley rich in forests and herbaceous vegetation, a truly “antediluvian” landscape. Wide rivers flowed here, exceeding the size of the Tigris and Euphrates by one and a half times. Sahara in some periods became a wet savanna. Last time this happened 9000 years ago. This can be confirmed by cave drawings, which depicts the abundance of animals.

Fauna

Huge glacial mammals such as bison, woolly rhinoceros and mammoth became an important and unique source of food for ancient people. Hunting such large animals required a lot of coordination and brought people together noticeably. The effectiveness of "collective work" has shown itself more than once in the construction of parking lots and the manufacture of clothing. Deer and wild horses among ancient people enjoyed no less "honor".

Language and communication

Language was, perhaps, the main life hack of an ancient person. It was thanks to speech that important technologies for processing tools, mining and maintaining fire, as well as various human adaptations for everyday survival, were preserved and transmitted from generation to generation. Perhaps in the Paleolithic language, the details of the hunt for large animals and the direction of migration were discussed.

Allerd warming

Until now, scientists are arguing whether the extinction of mammoths and other glacial animals was the work of man or caused by natural causes - the Allerd warming and the disappearance of forage plants. As a result of the extermination of a large number of animal species, a person in harsh conditions was threatened with death from lack of food. There are known cases of the death of entire cultures simultaneously with the extinction of mammoths (for example, the Clovis culture in North America). Nevertheless, warming has become an important factor in the migration of people to regions whose climate has become suitable for the emergence of agriculture.

Consider such a phenomenon as periodic ice ages on Earth. In modern geology, it is generally accepted that our Earth periodically experiences Ice Ages in its history. During these epochs, the Earth's climate becomes sharply colder, and the Arctic and Antarctic polar caps monstrously increase in size. Not so many thousands of years ago, as we were taught, vast expanses of Europe and North America were covered with ice. Eternal ice lay not only on the slopes high mountains, but covered the continents with a thick layer even in temperate latitudes. Where the Hudson, the Elbe and the Upper Dnieper flow today, there was a frozen desert. All this was like an endless glacier, and now covers the island of Greenland. There are indications that the retreat of the glaciers has been halted by new ice masses and that their boundaries have varied over time. Geologists can determine the boundaries of glaciers. Traces of five or six successive movements of ice during the ice age, or five or six ice ages, have been found. Some force pushed the ice layer to temperate latitudes. Until now, neither the cause of the appearance of glaciers, nor the cause of the retreat of the ice desert is known; the timing of this retreat is also a matter of dispute. Many ideas and conjectures have been put forward to explain how the ice age began and why it ended. Some believed that the sun various eras radiated more or less heat, which explains periods of heat or cold on Earth; but we do not have sufficient evidence that the Sun is such a "changing star" to accept this hypothesis. The cause of the ice age is seen by individual scientists in a decrease in the initial high temperature planets. Warm periods between glacial periods have been associated with heat released from the supposed decomposition of organisms in layers close to the earth's surface. The increase and decrease in the activity of hot springs were also taken into account.

Many ideas and conjectures have been put forward to explain how the ice age began and why it ended. Some have thought that the Sun radiated more or less heat in different epochs, which explains the periods of heat or cold on the Earth; but we do not have sufficient evidence that the Sun is such a "changing star" to accept this hypothesis.

Others have argued that there are colder and more warm zones. As our solar system passes through regions of cold, the ice descends in latitude closer to the tropics. But no physical factors have been found to create similar cold and warm zones in space.

Some have wondered whether precession, or the slow reversal of the earth's axis, could cause periodic fluctuations climate. But it has been proven that this change alone cannot be so significant as to cause an ice age.

Also, scientists were looking for an answer in periodic variations in the eccentricity of the ecliptic (earth's orbit) with the phenomenon of glaciation at maximum eccentricity. Some researchers believed that winter in aphelion, the most distant part of the ecliptic, could lead to glaciation. And others believed that summer at aphelion could cause such an effect.

The reason for the Ice Age is seen by some scientists as a decrease in the initially high temperature of the planet. Warm periods between glacial periods have been associated with heat released from the supposed decomposition of organisms in layers close to the earth's surface. The increase and decrease in the activity of hot springs were also taken into account.

There is a point of view that dust of volcanic origin filled the earth's atmosphere and caused insulation, or, on the other hand, the increasing amount of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere prevented the reflection of heat rays from the surface of the planet. An increase in the amount of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere can cause a drop in temperature (Arrhenius), but calculations have shown that this could not be the real reason Ice Age (Angstrom).

All other theories are also hypothetical. The phenomenon that underlies all these changes has never been precisely defined, and those that were named could not produce a similar effect.

Not only are the reasons for the appearance and subsequent disappearance of ice sheets unknown, but the geographic relief of the area covered with ice remains a problem. Why did the ice cover in the southern hemisphere move from the tropical regions of Africa towards the South Pole, and not in the opposite direction? And why in the northern hemisphere did ice move into India from the equator towards the Himalayas and higher latitudes? Why did glaciers cover most North America and Europe, while North Asia was free from them?

In America, the ice plain extended to a latitude of 40° and even went beyond this line, in Europe it reached a latitude of 50°, and North-Eastern Siberia, above the Arctic Circle, even at a latitude of 75° was not covered by this eternal ice. All hypotheses regarding the increasing and decreasing isolation associated with the change of the sun or temperature fluctuations in outer space, and other similar hypotheses, cannot but encounter this problem.

Glaciers formed in permafrost regions. For this reason, they remained on the slopes of high mountains. The north of Siberia is the coldest place on Earth. Why did the ice age not touch this area, although it covered the Mississippi basin and all of Africa south of the equator? No satisfactory answer to this question has been offered.

During the Last Ice Age, at the peak of the glaciation, which was observed 18,000 years ago (on the eve of the Great Flood), the borders of the glacier in Eurasia passed along approximately 50 ° north latitude (latitude of Voronezh), and the border of the glacier in North America even along 40 ° (latitude New York). On the south pole glaciation captured the south of South America, and also, possibly, New Zealand and southern Australia.

The theory of ice ages was first presented in the work of the father of glaciology, Jean Louis Agassiz, "Etudes sur les glaciers" (1840). Over the past century and a half, glaciology has been replenished with a huge amount of new scientific data, and the maximum boundaries of the Quaternary glaciation were determined from a high degree accuracy.
However, for the entire time of the existence of glaciology, it failed to establish the most important thing - to determine the causes of the onset and retreat of ice ages. None of the hypotheses put forward so far has been approved. scientific community. And today, for example, in the Russian-language Wikipedia article “Ice Age” you will not find the section “Causes of Ice Ages”. And not because this section was forgotten to be placed here, but because no one knows these reasons. What are the real reasons?
Paradoxically, in fact, there have never been any ice ages in the history of the Earth. The temperature and climate regime of the Earth is set mainly by four factors: the intensity of the Sun's glow; orbital distance of the Earth from the Sun; the angle of inclination of the axial rotation of the Earth to the plane of the ecliptic; as well as the composition and density of the earth's atmosphere.

These factors, as science shows, have remained stable for at least the last Quaternary period. Therefore, no reason for abrupt change The climate of the Earth was not in the direction of cooling.

What is the reason for the monstrous growth of glaciers during the Last Ice Age? The answer is simple: in the periodic change in the location of the earth's poles. And here it should immediately be added: the monstrous growth of the Glacier during the Last Ice Age is an apparent phenomenon. In fact total area and the volume of the Arctic and Antarctic glaciers always remained approximately constant - while the North and South Poles changed their position with an interval of 3,600 years, which predetermined the wandering of polar glaciers (caps) on the Earth's surface. Exactly as much glacier formed around the new poles as it melted in those places where the poles left. In other words, the Ice Age is a very relative concept. When the North Pole was in North America, there was an ice age for its inhabitants. When the North Pole moved to Scandinavia, the Ice Age began in Europe, and when the North Pole “left” into the East Siberian Sea, the Ice Age “came” to Asia. An ice age is currently in full swing for the supposed inhabitants of Antarctica and the former inhabitants of Greenland, which is constantly melting in the south as the previous pole shift was not strong and moved Greenland a little closer to the equator.

Thus, there have never been ice ages in the history of the Earth, and at the same time they have always been. Such is the paradox.

The total area and volume of glaciation on the planet Earth has always been, is and will be generally constant as long as the four factors that determine the climate regime of the Earth are constant.
During the pole shift, there are several ice sheets on the Earth at the same time, usually two melting and two newly formed - this depends on the angle of crustal displacement.

Pole shifts on Earth occur at intervals of 3,600-3,700 years, corresponding to the orbital period of Planet X around the Sun. These pole shifts lead to a redistribution of heat and cold zones on Earth, which is reflected in modern academic science in the form of continuously replacing each other stadials (cooling periods) and interstadials (warming periods). Average duration both stadials and interstadials is defined in modern science in 3700 years, which correlates well with the period of revolution of Planet X around the Sun - 3600 years.

From academic literature:

It must be said that in the last 80,000 years the following periods were observed in Europe (years BC):
Stadial (cooling) 72500-68000
Interstadial (warming) 68000-66500
Stadial 66500-64000
Interstadial 64000-60500
Stadial 60500-48500
Interstadial 48500-40000
Stadial 40000-38000
Interstadial 38000-34000
Stadial 34000-32500
Interstadial 32500-24000
Stadial 24000-23000
Interstadial 23000-21500
Stadial 21500-17500
Interstadial 17500-16000
Stadial 16000-13000
Interstadial 13000-12500
Stadial 12500-10000

Thus, in the course of 62 thousand years, 9 stadials and 8 interstadials happened in Europe. The average duration of a stadial is 3700 years, and an interstadial is also 3700 years. The largest stadial lasted 12,000 years, and the interstadial lasted 8,500 years.

In the post-Flood history of the Earth, 5 pole shifts occurred and, accordingly, 5 polar ice sheets successively replaced each other in the Northern Hemisphere: the Laurentian ice sheet (the last antediluvian), the Scandinavian Barents-Kara ice sheet, the East Siberian ice sheet, the Greenland ice sheet and the modern Arctic ice sheet.

The modern Greenland Ice Sheet deserves special attention as the third major ice sheet coexisting simultaneously with the Arctic Ice Sheet and the Antarctic Ice Sheet. The presence of a third major ice sheet does not contradict the above theses, since it is a well-preserved remnant of the previous North Polar Ice Sheet, where the North Pole was located during 5200-1600 years. BC. Connected with this fact is the answer to the riddle why Far North Greenland today is not affected by glaciation - the North Pole was in the south of Greenland.

Accordingly, the location of the polar ice sheets in the southern hemisphere changed:

• 16,000 BCuh. (18,000 years ago) Recently, there has been a strong consensus in academic science regarding the fact that this year was both the peak of the maximum glaciation of the Earth and the beginning of the rapid melting of the Glacier. A clear explanation of neither one nor the other fact in modern science does not exist. What was this year famous for? 16,000 BC e. is the year of the 5th passage through solar system counting from now back (3600 x 5 = 18,000 years ago). This year, the North Pole was located on the territory of modern Canada in the Hudson Bay area. The South Pole was located in the ocean to the east of Antarctica, which suggested the glaciation of southern Australia and New Zealand. Bala's Eurasia is completely free of glaciers. “In the 6th year of K'an, the 11th day of Muluk, in the month of Sak, a terrible earthquake began and continued without interruption until 13 Kuen. The Land of the Clay Hills, the Land of Mu, was sacrificed. Having experienced two strong vibrations, she suddenly disappeared during the night;the soil was constantly shaking under the influence of underground forces, which raised and lowered it in many places, so that it settled; countries were separated from one another, then scattered. Unable to resist these terrible shudders, they failed, dragging the inhabitants with them. This happened 8050 years before this book was written.”("Code Troano" translated by Auguste Le Plongeon). The unprecedented magnitude of the catastrophe caused by the passage of Planet X has resulted in a very strong pole shift. The North Pole moves from Canada to Scandinavia, the South Pole to the ocean west of Antarctica. At the same time that the Laurentian Ice Sheet begins to melt rapidly, which coincides with the data of academic science about the end of the peak of glaciation and the beginning of the melting of the Glacier, the Scandinavian Ice Sheet is formed. At the same time, the Australian and South Zealand ice sheets are melting and the Patagonian ice sheet is forming in South America. These four ice sheets coexist for only a relatively short time, which is necessary for the two previous ice sheets to completely melt and two new ones to form.

• 12,400 BC The North Pole is moving from Scandinavia to the Barents Sea. In this regard, the Barents-Kara ice sheet is formed, but the Scandinavian ice sheet is melting only slightly, as the North Pole moves a relatively small distance. In academic science, this fact has found the following reflection: “The first signs of an interglacial period (which is still ongoing) appeared as early as 12,000 BC.”
• 8 800 BC The North Pole is moving out Barents Sea in the East Siberian, in connection with which the Scandinavian and Barents-Kara ice sheets are melting, and the East Siberian ice sheet is formed. This pole shift killed off most of the mammoths. Quote from an academic study: “About 8000 BC. e. a sharp warming led to the departure of the glacier from its last line - a wide strip of moraines stretching from central Sweden through the basin Baltic Sea southeast of Finland. Approximately at this time, the disintegration of a single and homogeneous periglacial zone occurs. In the temperate zone of Eurasia, forest vegetation predominates. To the south of it, forest-steppe and steppe zones are formed.
• 5 200 BC The North Pole is moving from the East Siberian Sea to Greenland, causing the East Siberian Ice Sheet to melt and the Greenland Ice Sheet to form. Hyperborea is freed from ice, and a wonderful temperate climate is established in the Trans-Urals and Siberia. Ariavarta, the country of the Aryans, flourishes here.
• 1600 BC Past shift. The North Pole is moving from Greenland to the Arctic Ocean in its current position. The Arctic Ice Sheet emerges, but the Greenland Ice Sheet remains at the same time. The last mammoths living in Siberia freeze very quickly with undigested green grass in their stomachs. Hyperborea is completely hidden under the modern Arctic ice sheet. Most of the Trans-Urals and Siberia become unsuitable for human existence, which is why the Aryans undertake their famous Exodus to India and Europe, and the Jews also make their exodus from Egypt.

"AT permafrost Alaska ... you can meet ... evidence of atmospheric disturbances of incomparable power. Mammoths and bison were torn apart and twisted as if some cosmic arms of the gods were acting in rage. In one place ... they found the front leg and shoulder of a mammoth; the blackened bones still held the remnants of soft tissues adjacent to the spine along with tendons and ligaments, and the chitinous sheath of the tusks was not damaged. There were no traces of dismemberment of carcasses with a knife or other tool (as would be the case if hunters were involved in the dismemberment). The animals were simply torn apart and scattered around the area like woven straw, although some of them weighed several tons. Mixed with clusters of bones are trees, also torn, twisted and tangled; all this is covered with fine-grained quicksand, subsequently tightly frozen” (G. Hancock, “Traces of the Gods”).

Frozen mammoths

Northeastern Siberia, which was not covered by glaciers, holds another mystery. Its climate has changed dramatically since the end of the ice age, and the average annual temperature has fallen many degrees below its previous level. The animals that once lived in the area could no longer live here, and the plants that used to grow there were no longer able to grow here. Such a change must have happened quite suddenly. The reason for this event is not explained. During this catastrophic climate change and under mysterious circumstances, all Siberian mammoths perished. And it happened only 13 thousand years ago, when the human race was already widespread throughout the planet. For comparison: Late Paleolithic rock paintings found in the caves of Southern France (Lascaux, Chauvet, Rouffignac, etc.) were made 17-13 thousand years ago.

Such an animal lived on earth - a mammoth. They reached a height of 5.5 meters and a body weight of 4-12 tons. Most mammoths died out about 11-12 thousand years ago during the last cooling of the Vistula Ice Age. This is what science tells us, and draws a picture like the one above. True, not very concerned about the question - what did these elementary people eat? woolly elephants weighing 4-5 tons on such a landscape. “Of course, since it’s written in books like that”- Allen nod. Reading very selectively, and considering the given picture. About the fact that during the life of mammoths a birch grew on the territory of the present tundra (which is written in the same book, and other deciduous forests– i.e. completely different climate) - somehow they do not notice. The diet of mammoths was mainly vegetable, and adult males daily ate about 180 kg of food.

While the number of woolly mammoths was truly impressive. For example, between 1750 and 1917, the mammoth ivory trade flourished over a wide area, and 96,000 mammoth tusks were discovered. According to various estimates, in a small part northern Siberia There were about 5 million mammoths.

Before their extinction, woolly mammoths inhabited vast parts of our planet. Their remains have been found throughout northern Europe, North Asia and North America.

Woolly mammoths were not a new species. They have inhabited our planet for six million years.

A biased interpretation of the hairy and fatty constitution of the mammoth, as well as a belief in unchanging climatic conditions, led scientists to the conclusion that the woolly mammoth was an inhabitant of the cold regions of our planet. But fur-bearing animals do not have to live in cold climates. Take for example desert animals like camels, kangaroos and phoenixes. They are furry but live in hot or temperate climates. In fact most fur-bearing animals would not be able to survive in arctic conditions.

For successful cold adaptation, it is not enough just to have a coat. For adequate thermal insulation from the cold, the coat should be in an elevated state. Unlike Antarctic fur seals, mammoths lacked raised fur.

Another factor of sufficient protection against cold and humidity is the presence of sebaceous glands, which secrete oils on the skin and fur, and thus protect against moisture.

Mammoths did not have sebaceous glands, and their dry hair allowed the snow to touch the skin, melt, and significantly increase heat loss (the thermal conductivity of water is about 12 times higher than that of snow).

As seen in the photo above, mammoth fur was not dense. In comparison, the fur of a yak (a cold-adapted Himalayan mammal) is about 10 times thicker.

In addition, mammoths had hair that hung down to their toes. But every arctic animal has hair on its toes or paws, not hair. Hair would collect snow on the ankle joint and interfere with walking.

The above clearly shows that fur and body fat are not proof of cold adaptation. The fat layer only indicates the abundance of food. A fat, overfed dog would not have been able to withstand an arctic blizzard and a temperature of -60°C. But arctic rabbits or caribou can, despite their relatively low fat content relative to total body weight.

As a rule, the remains of mammoths are found with the remains of other animals, such as: tigers, antelopes, camels, horses, reindeer, giant beavers, giant bulls, sheep, musk oxen, donkeys, badgers, alpine goats, woolly rhinos, foxes, giant bison, lynx, leopard, wolverine, hares, lions, elks, giant wolves, gophers, cave hyenas, bears, and many bird species. Most of these animals would not be able to survive in the arctic climate. This is additional evidence that woolly mammoths were not polar animals.

The French prehistoric expert, Henry Neville, made the most detailed study of mammoth skin and hair. At the end of his careful analysis, he wrote the following:

"It is not possible for me to find in the anatomical study of their skin and [hair] any argument in favor of adaptation to cold."

— G. Neville, On the Extinction of the Mammoth, Smithsonian Institution Annual Report, 1919, p. 332.

Finally, the diet of mammoths contradicts the diet of animals living in polar climates. How could a woolly mammoth maintain its vegetarian diet in an arctic region, and eat hundreds of pounds of greens every day when, in such a climate, most of the year there is none at all? How could woolly mammoths find liters of water for daily consumption?

To make matters worse, woolly mammoths lived during the Ice Age, when temperatures were cooler than they are today. Mammoths would not have been able to survive in the harsh climate of northern Siberia today, let alone 13,000 years ago, if the then climate had been much harsher.

The above facts indicate that the woolly mammoth was not a polar animal, but lived in a temperate climate. Consequently, at the beginning of the Younger Dryas, 13 thousand years ago, Siberia was not an arctic region, but a temperate one.

"A long time ago, however, they died"- the reindeer breeder agrees, cutting off a piece of meat from the found carcass in order to feed the dogs.

"Hard"- says a more vital geologist, chewing a piece of barbecue taken from a makeshift skewer.

Frozen mammoth meat initially looked absolutely fresh, dark red in color, with appetizing streaks of fat, and the expedition even wanted to try to eat it. But as it thawed, the meat became flabby, dark gray in color, with an unbearable smell of decomposition. However, the dogs happily ate the millennial ice cream delicacy, from time to time arranging internecine fights over the most tidbits.

One more moment. Mammoths are rightly called fossils. Because in our time they are simply dug. For the purpose of obtaining tusks for crafts.

It is estimated that for two and a half centuries in the north-east of Siberia, tusks belonging to at least forty-six thousand (!) mammoths were collected (the average weight of a pair of tusks is close to eight pounds - about one hundred and thirty kilograms).

Mammoth tusks are DIGGING. That is, they are mined from underground. Somehow, the question does not even arise - why have we forgotten how to see the obvious? Mammoths dug holes for themselves, lay down in them on hibernation, and then they fell asleep? But how did they end up underground? At a depth of 10 meters or more? Why are mammoth tusks dug from river banks? And, massively. So massive that State Duma a bill was introduced equating mammoths with minerals, as well as introducing a tax on their extraction.

But for some reason they are digging massively only here in the north. And now the question arises - what happened that whole mammoth cemeteries were formed here?

What caused such an almost instantaneous mass pestilence?

Over the past two centuries, numerous theories have been proposed that attempt to explain the sudden extinction of woolly mammoths. They got stuck in frozen rivers, were over-hunted, and fell into ice crevices at the height of the global glaciation. But none of the theories adequately explains this mass extinction.

Let's try to think for ourselves.

Then the following logical chain should line up:

1. There were a lot of mammoths.
2. Since there were a lot of them, they should have had a good food base - not the tundra, where they are now found.
3. If it was not the tundra, the climate in those places was somewhat different, much warmer.
4. A slightly different climate OUTSIDE the Arctic Circle could only be if it was not TRANSArctic at that time.
5. Mammoth tusks, and whole mammoths themselves, are found underground. They somehow got there, some event occurred that covered them with a layer of soil.
6. Taking it as an axiom that mammoths themselves did not dig holes, only water could bring this soil, first surging, and then descending.
7. The layer of this soil is thick - meters, and even tens of meters. And the amount of water that applied such a layer must have been very large.
8. Mammoth carcasses are found in a very well-preserved condition. Immediately after washing the corpses with sand, their freezing followed, which was very fast.

They almost instantly froze on giant glaciers, the thickness of which was many hundreds of meters, to which they were carried by a tidal wave caused by a change in the angle of the earth's axis. This gave rise to the unjustified assumption among scientists that animals middle lane in search of food they went deep into the North. All remains of mammoths were found in sands and clays deposited by mud flows.

Such powerful mudflows are possible only during extraordinary major disasters, because at that time dozens, and possibly hundreds and thousands of animal cemeteries were formed throughout the North, in which not only the inhabitants were washed away northern regions, but also animals from regions with temperate climate. And this allows us to believe that these gigantic animal cemeteries were formed by a tidal wave of incredible power and size, which literally rolled over the continents and retreating back into the ocean, carried away thousands of herds of large and small animals with it. And the most powerful mudflow “tongue”, containing giant accumulations of animals, reached the New Siberian Islands, which were literally covered with loess and countless bones of various animals.

A giant tidal wave washed away gigantic herds of animals from the face of the Earth. These huge herds drowned animals, lingering in natural barriers, terrain folds and floodplains, and formed countless animal cemeteries, in which they ended up, mixed animals of various climatic zones.

Scattered bones and molars of mammoths are often found in sediments and sedimentary rocks at the bottom of the oceans.

The most famous, but far from the largest cemetery of mammoths in Russia, is the Berelekh burial. Here is how N.K. describes the mammoth cemetery in Berelekh. Vereshchagin: “Yar is crowned with a melting edge of ice and mounds ... A kilometer later, an extensive scattering of huge gray bones appeared - long, flat, short. They protrude from the dark damp ground in the middle of the slope of the ravine. Sliding down to the water along a slightly turfed slope, the bones formed a spit-toe protecting the shore from erosion. There are thousands of them, the scattering stretches along the coast for about two hundred meters and goes into the water. The opposite, right bank is only eighty meters away, low, alluvial, behind it is an impenetrable willow growth ... everyone is silent, depressed by what they saw ".In the area of ​​the Berelekh cemetery there is a thick layer of clay-ash loess. Signs of an extremely large floodplain sediment are clearly traced. In this place, a huge mass of fragments of branches, roots, bone remains of animals has accumulated. The animal cemetery was washed away by the river, which, twelve millennia later, returned to its former course. Scientists who studied the Berelekh cemetery found among the remains of mammoths a large number of bones of other animals, herbivores and predators, which in normal conditions never found in huge clusters together: foxes, hares, deer, wolves, wolverines and other animals.

The theory of repeated catastrophes that destroy life on our planet and repeat the creation or restoration of life forms, proposed by Deluc and developed by Cuvier, did not convince the scientific world. Both Lamarck before Cuvier and Darwin after him believed that a progressive, slow, evolutionary process governs genetics and that there are no catastrophes that interrupt this process of infinitesimal changes. According to the theory of evolution, these minor changes are the result of adaptation to the conditions of life in the struggle of species for survival.

Darwin admitted that he was unable to explain the disappearance of the mammoth, an animal much better developed than the elephant, which survived. But in accordance with the theory of evolution, his followers believed that the gradual subsidence of the soil forced the mammoths to climb the hills, and they turned out to be swamps closed on all sides. However, if geological processes are slow, mammoths would not be trapped on isolated hills. Besides, this theory cannot be true, because the animals did not die of starvation. Undigested grass was found in their stomachs and between their teeth. This, by the way, also proves that they died suddenly. Further research showed that the branches and leaves found in their stomachs do not grow in the areas where the animals died, but further south, at a distance of more than a thousand miles. It seems that the climate has changed radically since the death of the mammoths. And since the bodies of the animals were found undecayed, but well preserved in ice blocks, a change in temperature must have followed immediately after their death.

Documentary

Risking their lives and being exposed great danger scientists in Siberia are looking for a single frozen mammoth cell. With the help of which it will be possible to clone and thereby bring back to life a long-extinct animal species.

It remains to be added that after storms in the Arctic, mammoth tusks are carried to the shores of the Arctic islands. This proves that the part of the land where the mammoths lived and drowned was heavily flooded.

For some reason, modern scientists do not take into account the facts of the presence of a geotectonic catastrophe in the recent past of the Earth. It is in the recent past.
Although for them it is already an indisputable fact of the catastrophe from which the dinosaurs died. But they attribute this event to the times of 60-65 million years ago.
There are no versions that would combine the temporary facts of the death of dinosaurs and mammoths - at the same time. Mammoths lived in temperate latitudes, dinosaurs - in the southern regions, but died at the same time.
But no, no attention is paid to the geographic attachment of animals of different climatic zones, but there is still a temporary separation.
The facts of the sudden death of a huge number of mammoths in different parts There is already plenty of light. But here the scientists again stray from the obvious conclusions.
Not only did the representatives of science age all the mammoths by 40 thousand years, but they also invent versions of the natural processes in which these giants died.

American, French and Russian scientists have performed the first CT scans of Luba and Khroma, the youngest and best preserved mammoths.

Computed tomography (CT) slices were presented in the new issue of the Journal of Paleontology, and a summary of the results of the work can be found on the website of the University of Michigan.

Reindeer herders found Lyuba in 2007, on the banks of the Yuribey River on the Yamal Peninsula. Her corpse reached the scientists with almost no damage (only the tail was bitten off by dogs).

Chrome (this is a "boy") was discovered in 2008 on the banks of the river of the same name in Yakutia - crows and arctic foxes ate his trunk and part of his neck. Mammoths have well-preserved soft tissues (muscles, fat, internal organs, skin). Chroma was even found to have clotted blood in intact vessels and undigested milk in her stomach. The chroma was scanned in a French hospital. And at the University of Michigan, scientists took CT scans of animal teeth.

Thanks to this, it turned out that Lyuba died at the age of 30-35 days, and Khroma - 52-57 days (both mammoths were born in the spring).

Both mammoths died, choking on silt. CT scans showed a dense mass of fine-grained deposits obstructing the airways in the trunk.

The same deposits are present in Lyuba's throat and bronchi - but not inside the lungs: this suggests that Lyuba did not drown in water (as was previously believed), but suffocated, inhaling liquid mud. Chroma had a broken spine and also had dirt in his airways.

So, scientists once again confirmed our version of a global mudflow that covered the current north of Siberia and destroyed everything living there, covering a vast territory with “fine-grained sediments that clogged the respiratory tract.”

After all, such finds are observed over a vast territory and it is absurd to assume that all the mammoths found at the same time and massively began to fall into rivers and swamps.

Plus, mammoths have typical injuries for those caught in a stormy mudflow - fractures of bones and spine.

Scientists have found very interesting detail- death occurred either in late spring or summer. After birth in the spring, mammoths lived until death for 30-50 days. That is, the time of the change of poles was probably in the summer.

Or here's another example:

A team of Russian and American paleontologists is studying a bison that has lain in permafrost in northeastern Yakutia for about 9,300 years.

The bison, found on the shores of Lake Chukchala, is unique in that it is the first representative of this species of bovids, found at such a venerable age in complete safety - with all parts of the body and internal organs.

He was found in a recumbent position with his legs bent under his belly, his neck outstretched, and his head lying on the ground. Usually in this position, ungulates rest or sleep, but in it they die a natural death.

The age of the body, determined using radiocarbon analysis, is 9310 years, that is, the bison lived in the early Holocene. Scientists also determined that his age before his death was about four years. The bison managed to grow up to 170 cm at the withers, the span of the horns reached an impressive 71 cm, and the weight was about 500 kg.

Researchers have already scanned the animal's brain, but the cause of his death is still a mystery. No injuries were found on the corpse, as well as no pathologies internal organs and dangerous bacteria.

Hello readers! I have prepared for you new article. I would like to talk about the ice age on Earth.Let's figure out how these ice ages come, what are the causes and consequences ...

Ice Age on Earth.

Imagine for a moment that the cold fettered our planet, and the landscape turned into icy desert(more about deserts), over which ferocious northern winds. Our Earth looked like this during the ice age - from 1.7 million to 10,000 years ago.

About the process of formation of the Earth keeps memories of almost every corner the globe. Hills running like a wave beyond the horizon, mountains touching the sky, a stone that was taken by man to build cities - each of them has his own story.

These clues, in the course of geological research, can tell us about a climate (about climate change) that was significantly different from today.

Our world was once bound by a thick sheet of ice that carved its way from the frozen poles to the equator.

Earth was a gloomy and gray planet in the grip of cold, carried by snowstorms from the north and south.

Frozen planet.

From the nature of the glacial deposits (deposited clastic material) and the surfaces worn away by the glacier, geologists concluded that in fact there were several periods.

Even in the Precambrian period, about 2300 million years ago, the first ice age began, and the last, and best studied, took place between 1.7 million years ago and 10,000 years ago in the so-called. Pleistocene epoch. It is simply called the Ice Age.

thaw.

These ruthless clutches were avoided by some lands, where it was usually also cold, but winter did not reign on the whole Earth.

Vast areas of deserts and tropical forests were located in the region of the equator. For the survival of many species of plants, reptiles and mammals, these warm oases played a significant role.

In general, the climate of the glacier was not always cold. Glaciers, before receding, crawled several times from north to south.

In some parts of the planet, the weather between ice advances was even warmer than today. For example, the climate in southern England was almost tropical.

Paleontologists, thanks to the fossilized remains, claim that elephants and hippos once roamed the banks of the Thames.

Such periods of thaw - also known as interglacial stages - lasted several hundred thousand years until the cold returned.

Ice streams moving south again left behind destruction, thanks to which geologists can accurately determine their path.

On the body of the Earth, the movement of these large masses of ice left "scars" of two types: sedimentation and erosion.

When a moving mass of ice wears away the soil along its path, erosion occurs. Entire valleys in the bedrock were hollowed out by rock fragments brought by the glacier.

Like a gigantic grinding machine that polished the ground beneath it and created large furrows called glacial shading, the movement of crushed stone and ice acted.

The valleys widened and deepened over time, acquiring a distinct U-shape.

When a glacier (about what glaciers are) dumped the rock fragments that it carried, deposits formed. This usually happened when the ice melted, leaving piles of coarse gravel, fine-grained clay and huge boulders scattered over a vast area.

Causes of glaciation.

What is called glaciation, scientists still do not know exactly. Some believe that the temperature at the Earth's poles, for the past millions of years, is lower than at any time in the history of the Earth.

Continental drift (more on continental drift) could be the cause. About 300 million million years ago there was only one giant supercontinent - Pangea.

The split of this supercontinent occurred gradually, and as a result, the movement of the continents left the Arctic Ocean almost completely surrounded by land.

Therefore, now, unlike in the past, there is only a slight mixing of the waters of the Northern Arctic Ocean With warm waters to the south.

It comes down to this situation: the ocean never warms up well in summer, and is constantly covered with ice.

Antarctica is located at the South Pole (more about this continent), which is very far from warm currents, which is why the mainland sleeps under the ice.

The cold is returning.

There are other reasons for global cooling. According to assumptions, one of the reasons is the degree of inclination of the earth's axis, which is constantly changing. Together with the irregular shape of the orbit, this means that the Earth is further from the Sun at some periods than at others.

And if the quantity changes even by a percentage solar heat, this can lead to a difference in temperature on Earth by a whole degree.

The interaction of these factors will be enough to start a new ice age. It is also believed that the ice age may cause the accumulation of dust in the atmosphere as a result of its pollution.

Some scientists believe that when a giant meteor collided with the Earth, the age of dinosaurs ended. This led to the fact that a huge cloud of dust and dirt rose into the air.

Such a catastrophe could block the receipt of the rays of the Sun (more about the Sun) through the atmosphere (more about the atmosphere) of the Earth and cause it to freeze. Similar factors may contribute to the beginning of a new ice age.

In about 5,000 years, some scientists predict a new ice age will begin, while others argue that the ice age never ended.

Considering that the last Pleistocene Ice Age stage ended 10,000 years ago, it is possible that we are now experiencing an interglacial stage, and the ice may return some time later.

On this note, I end this topic. I hope that the story about the ice age on Earth did not “freeze” you 🙂 And finally, I suggest you subscribe to the mailing list of fresh articles so as not to miss their release.