Pied dolphins. Where do dolphins live

The Commerson's dolphin is also known to the world of ichthyologists as the piebald dolphin, due to its unusual color. This mammal belongs to the genus colorful dolphins.

This breed got its name thanks to the explorer Philliber Commerson, who back in 1767 first described and classified this species.

Appearance of a spotted dolphin

Outwardly, Commerson's dolphins are very difficult to confuse with other breeds due to their specific form body. Their head seems to be tilted forward relative to the rest of the body. Also characteristic is the color of these mammals, which accurately identifies them.

The head of the piebald dolphin is black, the back from the upper fin to the tail, and the tail itself, also have a dark color. Still dark marks are located on the throat, and on the front lower fins. The rest of the body of this animal is white, which makes it clearly visible in the sea waves. It is worth noting that the border between the two colors is very clear, which gave the second name of the breed - a motley dolphin. Their dorsal fin is quite long, with a curved tip, but the hind fins are concave, but they cannot be called sickle-shaped.

Commerson's dolphins are one of the most small breeds cetaceans, whose body length rarely exceeds 1.7 m, and their weight adult is about 35 - 60 kg.

The Commerson's Dolphin has a distinctive body shape with a black head, white throat and body, and a dorsal fin.

Females differ from males very simply: males have black spot in the form of a tear, but in females this spot is round and does not have sharp corners. Individuals of both sexes have 28-30 incisors in each row of teeth.

Habitat of Commerson's dolphin

In nature, Commerson's dolphins are found in only two places. The first habitat is the southern end of the mainland South America, or rather, along the entire coast of modern Patagonia, in the waters surrounding Cape Horn, and also east of the central Strait of Magellan. There are also many of them in the waters of the Falkland Islands. Another population of piebald dolphins lives at a distance of 8500 km from South America in the Indian Ocean, near Kerguelen Island. In other places, this species of dolphins in wild nature was not observed.

Pied dolphins are very active mammals, they love to swim quickly on the surface and jump out of the water.

Lifestyle and nutrition of colorful dolphins

Commerson's dolphins can be safely called curious and active animals. It has been noted many times that these mammals are happy to accompany ships, diving and jumping out of the water right next to the side. The characteristic manner of swimming of these animals is called the “up-down” style, when an individual abruptly changes the depth of swimming. This technique helps them hunt and track prey. Usually piebald dolphins live in groups of 3-7 individuals, but you can often meet 12-15 animals in one flock.

As for nutrition, here piebald dolphins are not very different from their counterparts of other species - they eat fish with pleasure. different types, as well as cephalopods, like cuttlefish and squid.

It is also known that a significant part of the diet of South American dolphins consists of various crustaceans, which they eat with great pleasure. In addition, the diet of these animals often contains greens, in particular green algae, which they eat to obtain the necessary vitamins and minerals.

Reproduction of Commerson's dolphins

Unfortunately, the breeding process of Commerson's dolphin has not been studied in the smallest detail - only the basic facts are known. The age limit for breeding is 6 to 9 years. The time of onset of puberty is 1-1.5 years. mating games pied dolphins usually take place in the spring or summer, and last approximately a few weeks. Babies are born after 11 months of pregnancy, while the female bears only 1 cub.

The dolphin is a representative of the suborder of toothed whales, the order of cetaceans, the dolphin family (Delphinidae). The graceful body of the dolphin has a spindle-shaped streamlined shape, which allows these mammals to quickly cut through the water surface. The speed of the dolphin reaches 50 km/h.

Humans and Dolphins

People have known about the extraordinary mind and quick wit of dolphins for a long time. These charming animals rescue people from ships in distress, preventing them from drowning. You could even say that dolphins are the smartest animals on the planet. Many trainers believe that the intelligence of dolphins can be equated to a human, these animals behave so intelligently and unusually.

There is a joke about dolphins, which tells that if a person had not overtaken the dolphins and had not climbed down from the tree before, they would come out of the water and now would be the kings of nature, replacing us.

Dolphin is smart, kind, beautiful, he is an excellent student, analyzes, remembers.

Dolphins are directly related to formidable inhabitants oceans, killer whales and. There are about 50 species of dolphins. These include the porpoise, black dolphin, gray dolphin, white-faced dolphin, Atlantic white-sided dolphin.

The most popular bottlenose dolphin ( big dolphin), which people basically have in mind when talking about meetings with representatives of this species. They are well studied and tamed. Bottlenose dolphins are filmed in films, they participate in programs for the rehabilitation of children suffering from various neurological ailments.

Dolphin - description and photos. What does a dolphin look like?

A dolphin is not a fish, but a mammal. Common to all species is an elongated streamlined body, which is crowned by a small dolphin head with a beak-shaped mouth. Each jaw contains 80-100 small conical teeth. The dolphin's teeth are slightly tilted inwards. The transition between the muzzle and the frontal part is well defined. Almost all members of the dolphin class have a prominent dorsal fin. The skin is supple and smooth to the touch. The length of the dolphin can reach 4.5 meters depending on the species.

Dolphins in the water move very easily, they practically do not feel its resistance due to special fatty secretions on the skin that facilitate gliding. Interestingly, the dolphin's skin is quickly erased from the friction of water. Therefore, in the deep skin layers they have a significant supply of regenerating cells. The dolphin constantly sheds, changing up to 25 layers of skin per day!

The eyes of dolphins are small, vision is poor. This is due to the fact that animals practically do not use them for hunting. The nostrils are transformed into a blowhole located on the crown of the head.

How do dolphins breathe?

Whales and dolphins are related and can stay under water for a long time without surfacing. The drawbar is closed during such periods. But, like other cetaceans, dolphins still need air underwater and periodically rise to the surface to breathe.

Do dolphins have ears?

Dolphins have no ears. But that doesn't mean they don't have hearing. There is! True, it functions differently from other mammals. Sounds are perceived by the inner ear, and the air cushions located in the frontal part serve as resonators. But these animals are fluent in echolocation. They accurately determine the location and dimensions of the object by the reflected sound, and by the wavelength - the distance to it.

How Do Dolphins Sleep?

Dolphins also have another interesting physiological feature A: They never sleep. Animals hang in the water column, periodically rising to the surface for breathing. During rest, they are able to alternately turn off either the left or the right hemisphere of the brain, that is, only one half of the dolphin's brain sleeps, while the other is awake.

Where do dolphins live?

The habitat of the dolphin is exclusively water bodies. The dolphin lives in almost all places on our planet, with the exception of the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Dolphins live in the sea, in the ocean, as well as in large freshwater rivers(Amazonian river dolphin). These mammals love space and move freely over long distances.

Dolphin language

Dolphins are animals social, live in packs, in which there can be from 10 to 100 (sometimes more) individuals, fighting off enemies with common efforts. Inside the pack, there is practically no competition or fights between them; fellow tribesmen coexist peacefully with each other. Dolphins communicate using sounds and signals. Dolphin language extraordinarily varied. The "talk" of these mammals includes clicking, whistling, barking, and chirping. The dolphin voice spectrum extends from the lowest frequencies to ultrasonic. Moreover, they can combine simple sounds into words and sentences, passing information to each other.

What do dolphins eat?

The diet of dolphins includes only fish, preference is given to anchovies. The method of hunting used by animals is also interesting. A flock of dolphins finds a school of fish and with special sounds forces it to huddle into a dense group. As a result of this hunting most of the school becomes prey for dolphins. This feature is often used when attacking frightened fish from the air. There are known facts when dolphins helped fishermen by driving a joint to them in the net.

Sharks and dolphins

An interesting fact is that dolphins live in symbiosis. They often hunt together without showing any aggression towards each other.

Dolphin species

There are 17 genera in the dolphin family. Most interesting varieties dolphins:

• White-bellied dolphin (black dolphin, Chilean dolphin) ( Cephalorhynchus eutropia)

lives exclusively on the coast of Chile. An animal with a rather modest size - the length of the stocky and rather thick body of this cetacean does not exceed 170 cm. The back and sides of the white-bellied dolphin have grey colour, while the throat, belly area and parts of the flippers adjacent to the body are absolutely white. The flippers and dorsal fin of the white-bellied dolphin are smaller than those of other dolphin species. This type close to extinction, protected by the Chilean authorities.

• Common Dolphin ( common dolphin) (Delphinus delphis)

The length of a marine animal often reaches 2.4 meters, the weight of a dolphin varies between 60-80 kilograms. In the back area, an ordinary dolphin is painted dark blue or almost black, the belly is white, and a spectacular yellowish-gray stripe runs along the light sides. This species of dolphins lives in the waters of the Mediterranean and Black Seas, feels at ease in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. There is a common dolphin on east coast South America, along the coasts of New Zealand and South Africa, in the seas of Japan and Korea.

• white-faced dolphin ( Lagenorhynchus albirostris)

a large representative of cetaceans with a body length reaching 3 meters and weighing up to 275 kg. A distinctive feature of the white-faced dolphin is a very light, sometimes snow-white muzzle. The habitat of this mammal includes the waters of the North Atlantic, the coast of Portugal and Turkey. The dolphin feeds on fish such as navaga, flounder, herring, whiting, as well as mollusks and crustaceans.

• Large-toothed dolphin ( Steno bredanensis)

The body length of this marine mammal 2-2.6 meters, weight varies from 90 to 155 kg. Height dorsal fin is 18-28 cm. The color of the dolphin is dominated by gray, over which whitish spots are “scattered”. This species of dolphin is common off the coast of Brazil, in the Gulf of Mexico and California, lives in warm waters Caribbean and Red Seas.

• bottlenose dolphin (large dolphin or bottlenose dolphin) ( Tursiops truncatus)

The length of the animal can vary from 2.3 to 3.6 meters, and weight from 150 to 300 kg. The body color of the bottlenose dolphin depends on the habitat, but basically the species has a dark brown upper part body and grayish-white belly. Sometimes there is a weakly pronounced pattern in the form of fuzzy stripes or spots on the sides. The bottlenose dolphin lives in the Mediterranean, Red, Baltic and Black Seas, and is often found in the Pacific Ocean along the coasts of Japan, Argentina and New Zealand.

• Broad-faced dolphin (beakless dolphin) ( Peponocephala electra)

common in the waters of countries with tropical climate, especially mass populations live along the coast of the Hawaiian Islands. The torpedo-shaped, light gray body of the animal is crowned with a cone-shaped dark gray head. The length of a mammal often reaches 3 meters, and an adult individual weighs more than 200 kg.

• Chinese dolphin (sousa chinensis)

This representative of the genus of humpback dolphins lives in the waters along the coast. South-East Asia, but migrates during the breeding season, therefore it is found in bays, quiet sea lagoons and even rivers washing Australia and the countries of South Africa. The length of the animal can be 2-3.5 meters with a weight of 150-230 kg. Surprisingly, although dolphins are born absolutely black, as they grow, the body color changes first to light gray, with slightly pinkish spots, and adults become almost white. The Chinese dolphin feeds on fish and shellfish.

• Irrawaddy dolphin ( Orcaella brevirostris)

A distinctive feature of this species of dolphins is the complete absence of a beak on the muzzle and a flexible neck, which received mobility due to several skin and muscle folds behind the head. The color of the body of the Irrawaddy dolphin can be either light gray with a blue tint or dark gray, while the belly of the animal is always a tone lighter. In length it aquatic mammal reaches 1.5-2.8 meters with a weight of 115-145 kg. The habitat of the dolphin covers the waters of warm indian ocean, starting from the Bay of Bengal and up to the northern coast of Australia.

• Cruciform Dolphin ( Lagenorhynchus cruciger)

lives exclusively in the waters of the Antarctic and subantarctic. The color of the dolphin is black and white, less often - dark gray. Spectacular mark white color, covering the sides of the mammal, stretches to its muzzle, framing the eye area. The second mark runs along the back of the body, intersecting with the first and forming a pattern in the form hourglass. An adult cruciform dolphin has a body length of about 2 meters in length, the weight of a dolphin varies between 90-120 kilograms.

• Killer whale (killer whale) ( Orcinus orca)

a mammal that belongs to the dolphin family, a genus of killer whales. The male killer whale has a length of about 10 meters and a weight of around 8 tons. Females are smaller: their length reaches 8.7 meters. Pectoral flippers of killer whales have a wide oval shape. Killer whale teeth are quite long - up to 13 cm in length. The sides and back of the mammal are black, the throat is white, and on the belly is white stripe. There are white spots above the eyes. Sometimes there are completely black or white individuals in the waters Pacific Ocean. The killer whale lives in all waters of the oceans, except Sea of ​​Azov, Black Sea, Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea.

colorful dolphins
scientific classification
International scientific name
Cephalorhynchus (Gray , )
Kinds

colorful dolphins(lat. Cephalorhynchus) - genus sea ​​dolphins. Includes 4 types. They live in the southern hemisphere.

The generic name comes from the Greek. κεφαλή - "head" and Greek. ρυγχος - "mouth, snout".

Body length 110-180 cm, pectoral fin 15-30 cm long, dorsal fin 7-15 cm high, tail 21-41 cm. Females are slightly larger than males. Weight 26-86 kg. The coloration is strongly contrasting black with white. Chin, sides, belly and fore-back are white, the rest is black. Sometimes the back is completely black. The nose is blunt. There are 24-35 teeth on each side of each jaw.

Usually playful. They live in packs of 2-8 individuals in shallow waters. They feed mainly on benthic invertebrates, as well as fish.

Cubs begin to take solid food at the age of 6 months, stay with their mother for 2 years; puberty occurs at 6-9 years. The maximum observed lifespan is 20 years.

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Literature

An excerpt characterizing the Spotted Dolphins

In the middle of the road, Nikolai let the coachman hold the horses, ran up to Natasha's sleigh for a minute and stood to the side.
“Natasha,” he said to her in a whisper in French, “you know, I made up my mind about Sonya.
- Did you tell her? Natasha asked, all of a sudden beaming with joy.
- Oh, how strange you are with those mustaches and eyebrows, Natasha! Are you happy?
- I'm so glad, so glad! I've been angry with you. I didn't tell you, but you did bad things to her. It's such a heart, Nicolas. I am so glad! I can be ugly, but I was ashamed to be alone happy without Sonya, Natasha continued. - Now I'm so glad, well, run to her.
- No, wait, oh, how funny you are! - said Nikolai, still peering into her, and in his sister, too, finding something new, unusual and charmingly tender, which he had not seen in her before. - Natasha, something magical. BUT?
“Yes,” she answered, “you did well.
“If I had seen her the way she is now,” Nikolai thought, “I would have asked a long time ago what to do and would have done whatever she ordered, and everything would have been fine.”
“So you’re happy, and I did well?”
– Oh, so good! I recently got into a fight with my mom about this. Mom said she's catching you. How can this be said? I almost got into a fight with my mom. And I will never allow anyone to say or think anything bad about her, because there is only good in her.

Stenella attenuata (Pantropical Spotted Dolphin)

Order Cetaceans - Cetacea

Suborder Toothed whales (Odontoceti)

Dolphin family - Delphinidae

Genus Prodolphins (Stenella)

Two subspecies of the genus are officially recognized Stenella, differing in habitat: Stenella attenuata and stenella graffmani.

general information

• View status- widespread.
• habitation - tropical seas and oceans.
• Group size- 100-1000.
• The location of the dorsal fin is in the center.
• The length of the newborn is 0.80-0.85 m.
• The length of an adult is 1.66-2.57 m.
• Adult weight - 60-119 kg, males are larger than females.
• The weight of the newborn is about 11.
• Life expectancy is over 20 years.
• Food - small fish, squids and octopuses.

area

Pantropical Spotted Dolphin widespread species (second only to ), found in all oceans from 40" N to 40" S. The distribution range extends to some closed seas: the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Not seen in the Mediterranean.

stenella graffmani found only in a narrow strip (less than 200 km wide) along the coast of Latin America, from southern Mexico to northern Peru.

Number and status

In the Eastern Pacific, there were an estimated 228,038 pantropical dolphins (2000). There are about 737,000 animals in the northeastern part (2003), which is 76% less than the 1959 population. There are no signs of recovery, despite a sharp decline in dolphin mortality in last years(2005):

• Eastern Pacific - 228,038
• northeast Pacific - 737,000
• western-south Pacific - 876,075
• Hawaiian waters - 8,978
• Japanese waters - 438,000
• north Gulf of Mexico - 34 067
• east coast of the United States - 4,439
• eastern sea Sulu - 14,930
• the strait between the islands of Negros and Cebu - 640

Status in the International Red Book ( LC) - least threat.

Appearance

Most distinctive feature Pantropical Spotted Dolphin are spots that are absent in newborn calves. Dark spots appear from below at the time of growing up. In adults, the abdominal spots merge and disappear, and the dorsal light spots sometimes increase to such an extent that the back of the animal seems completely white. The intensity and place of coloration vary by region.

The dorsal fin is narrow, sickle-shaped. The long, thin beak is separated from the head by folds. In most adults, the tip of the beak is white. The blowhole is located on the top of the head.

The pantropical dolphin has a very thin layer of subcutaneous fat, which is why the energy supply is very small. He is forced to compensate for this disadvantage by taking high-calorie foods with a high protein content.

Males 1.5-2.6 meters long are slightly larger than females (1.7-2.5 m), weighing up to 119 kg.

• newborns without spots
• narrow, crescent-shaped dorsal fin
• long thin beak with a white tip
• slender body
• males are larger than females
• thin layer of subcutaneous fat
• great swimmer
• acrobat

Subspecies stenella graffmani distinguished by its larger stocky body, thick bill and more extensive spots.

Lifestyle and nutrition

Pantropical Spotted Dolphin most common at depths of less than 50 m and with surface water temperatures over 25 degrees Celsius. These conditions are met all year round in the region north of the Equator in the Eastern Pacific.

Herds of pantropical dolphins, from 100 to 1000 individuals, often coexist with herds of tuna. This may be due to the same diet, as well as an increase in the level of protection against predators.

Excellent swimmer and acrobat. Juveniles strike with high vertical jumps from the water. A 2.5 meter male jumps about 7 meters into the air, which is equivalent to a two-story building.

Stenella attenuata feed mainly at night small fish, squids and crustaceans, which rise almost to the surface at dusk. The food of coastal forms is believed to consist mainly of large bottom-dwelling fish.

cubs

Every two or three years, the female gives birth to 1 cub, 0.8-0.85 cm long, without spots. The duration of pregnancy is about 11-11.5 months. The lactation period is from 1 to 2 years. Lactating females consume significantly more fish than adult or pregnant females. More Protein, and accordingly more energy reserves, obtained by eating fish, and not squid of the same mass. Fish contains more calcium and phosphorus, which promote lactation.

Pantropical dolphins begin to take solid food (squid) at about the age of 6 months (with a height of 115 cm), but continue to suckle up to two years.

Females become sexually mature at 9-11 years old, males at the age of 12 to 15 years.

Pantropical dolphin and human

A sharp decrease in the population (by 76%) was due to the fact that fishermen, in order to more effectively catch tuna, deliberately captured dolphins along with tuna, with the expectation of then releasing the dolphins from the nets. But many dolphins died in the nets or got caught in the nets many times, which led to internal injuries, stress, hyperthermia, separation of calves from females. Several million dolphins have been killed since 1960.

In Japan, the Solomon Islands, and the Philippines, pantropical dolphins continue to be captured for human consumption. The meat is also used to lure sharks in fisheries.

In the 1970s, the United States developed laws and measures to reduce dolphin by-catch by improving fishing practices. In 1999 international agreement for the Conservation of Dolphins came into force. The main tuna fisheries in the Eastern Pacific have been bound by certain measures, such as the presence of observers on boats and limiting the death rate of dolphins. Thanks to these measures, there was hope for the restoration of this population. Since 1986, dolphin mortality has decreased by 97%.