§51. The external structure of mammals. Living environments and habitats. Summary of the lesson "general characteristics and features of the external structure of mammals" Adaptations for the life of aquatic organisms

07.03.2020

Task 1. Study the external structure of a mammal.

1. Consider an animal (guinea pig, hamster). Find out what departments you can mentally divide the body of a mammal. Remember which studied vertebrates have the same parts of the body.

2. Write in what ways mammals differ from other animals.

1. Head, neck, tail, torso, limbs.

2. 7 cervical vertebrae; diaphragm, two generations of teeth and their differentiation, lips and cheeks, 4-chambered heart, left aortic arch, outer, middle and inner ear, three auditory ossicles, hairline, pelvic kidney, mammary glands, warm-bloodedness, live birth.

3. How does a mammal move? Consider the parts of the limbs. Count the number of toes on the front and back feet. What structures are found on the toes of mammals? Write down your observations.

Most often they move on 4 legs, but there are exceptions - humans, kangaroos, great apes can walk on 2 legs. There are nails on the toes.

4. Find out and write down whether the hairline is evenly distributed on the body of a mammal. Is the hairline uniform? Where is the hairline missing?

No, it is located unevenly and heterogeneously. Absent on the nose and paw pads. In all mammals, hair grows in different places, but mostly where the body is most vulnerable to cold.

5. Write what organs are located on the head of a mammal. Which of these organs do not exist in other vertebrates?

Ears, eyes, mustache.

6. Formulate a conclusion about the features of the external structure of mammals.

Mammals - a class of evolutionarily developed vertebrates with progressive features; they bear, give birth and feed their young.

Task 2. Fill in the table.

Task 3. In some mammals, both the awn and undercoat are well developed, in others, the awn or undercoat predominates. Explain why mammals have such differences in hairline.

Depends on lifestyle. The awn makes the fur durable, and the undercoat maintains body temperature.

Task 4. Write down the numbers of the correct statements.

Statements.

1. Hooves, wool, nails, claws are derivatives of the epidermis of the skin.

2. All mammals have one pair of mammary glands.

3. During molting, the color of the coat never changes.

4. Mammals have developed organs of touch and smell.

5. The scaly cover of reptiles and the fur of mammals are of different origin and are not a sign of the relationship of these classes.

6. All mammals have well developed vision.

7. Ear shells are available only in representatives of the class of mammals.

8. The eyes of mammals have eyelids with eyelashes.

9. In all mammals, the eyes are located on the sides of the head.

10. In all mammals, the mammary glands are located on the ventral side of the body.

Correct statements: 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10.

Task 5. Fill in the table.

it is necessary to determine according to the plan 1 habitat 2 features of the external structure 3 features of the internal structure 4 value in

nature and human life

proboscis

pinnipeds

equids

lagomorphs

artiodactyls

insectivores

cetaceans

each detachment is urgently needed to be described according to the plan (

Help me please. Exam questions. Preferably short and to the point. Thank you very much in advance!!!

Ticket 3
1) Zoology as a science. Signs and diversity of animals. The role of zoology in the life and practical activities of man.
2) Habitat and features of the external structure of fish. Adaptability of the external structure of fish to the environment.
3) Name the insects with incomplete transformation known to you, what role they play in nature.

1) Zoology as a science. Signs and diversity of animals. The role of zoology in the life and practical activities of man.

Habitat and features of the external structure of fish. Adaptability of the external structure of fish to the environment.
Name the insects with incomplete transformation known to you, what role they play in nature. 2) Living environments and habitats of animals. The relationship of animals in nature. Human influence on animals.
Features of the structure of the systems of internal organs of the body of fish and their functional significance.
Bird protection. List the birds listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan. can you answer these questions?

2. Habitat and features of the external structure of birds.

3. What are the differences in the external structure of representatives of different orders of reptiles? What is it connected with?

The environment belongs to:

natural - appeared on Earth regardless of human activity;
technogenic - created by people;
external - this is everything that is around the body, and also affects its functioning.

How do living organisms change their environment? They contribute to a change in the gas composition of the air (as a result of photosynthesis) and take part in the formation of relief, soil, and climate. Through the influence of living beings:

increased oxygen content;
the amount of carbon dioxide has decreased;
the composition of the ocean water has changed;
organic rocks appeared.

Thus, the relationship between living organisms and their environment is a strong circumstance that provokes various transformations. There are four distinct living environments.

Ground-Air Habitat

Includes air and ground parts and is great for the reproduction and development of living beings. This is a rather complex and diverse environment, which is characterized by a high degree of organization of all living things. Susceptibility of soil to erosion, pollution leads to a decrease in the number of living beings. In the terrestrial habitat, organisms have a fairly well-developed external and internal skeleton. This happened because the density of the atmosphere is much less than the density of water. One of the significant conditions for existence is the quality and structure of air masses. They are in continuous motion, so the air temperature can change quite quickly. Living creatures that live in this environment must adapt to its conditions, so they have developed an adaptability to sharp temperature fluctuations.

The air-terrestrial habitat is more diverse than the aquatic one. The pressure drops are not so pronounced here, but quite often there is a lack of moisture. For this reason, terrestrial living creatures have mechanisms to help them with the supply of water to the body, mainly in arid regions. Plants form a strong root system and a special waterproof layer on the surface of stems and leaves. Animals have an exceptional structure of external integuments. Their lifestyle helps to maintain water balance. An example would be migration to watering places. An important role is also played by the composition of the air for terrestrial living beings, which provides the chemical structure of life. The raw material for photosynthesis is carbon dioxide. Nitrogen is required to link nucleic acids and proteins.

Adaptation to the environment

The adaptation of organisms to their environment depends on their place of residence. In flying species, a certain body shape has formed, namely:

light limbs;
lightweight design;
streamlining;
having wings to fly.

In climbing animals:

long grasping limbs, as well as a tail;
thin long body;
strong muscles that allow you to pull up the body, as well as throw it from branch to branch;
sharp talons;
powerful grasping fingers.

Running living creatures have the following features:

strong limbs with low mass;
a reduced number of protective horny hooves on the fingers;
strong hind limbs and short forelimbs.

In some species of organisms, special adaptations allow them to combine the features of flight and climbing. For example, having climbed a tree, they are capable of long jumping-flights. Other types of living organisms can run fast as well as fly.

aquatic habitat

Initially, the life of creatures was associated with water. Its features are salinity, flow, food, oxygen, pressure, light and contribute to the systematization of organisms. Pollution of water bodies is very bad for living creatures. For example, due to the decrease in the water level in the Aral Sea, most of the representatives of flora and fauna, especially fish, disappeared. A huge variety of living organisms lives in the expanses of water. From the water, they extract everything necessary for the implementation of life, namely food, water and gases. For this reason, the entire diversity of aquatic living beings must adapt to the basic features of existence, which are formed by the chemical and physical properties of water. The salt composition of the environment is also of great importance for aquatic life.

A huge number of representatives of flora and fauna, which spend their lives in suspension, are regularly found in the water column. The ability to soar is provided by the physical characteristics of water, that is, by the force of expulsion, as well as by the special mechanisms of the creatures themselves. For example, multiple appendages, which significantly increase the surface of the body of a living organism compared to its mass, increase friction against water. The next example of inhabitants of aquatic habitats are jellyfish. Their ability to stay in a thick layer of water is due to the unusual shape of the body, which looks like a parachute. In addition, the density of water is very similar to the density of the body of a jellyfish.

Living organisms whose habitat is water have adapted to movement in various ways. For example, fish and dolphins have a streamlined body shape and fins. They are able to move quickly due to the unusual structure of the outer covers, as well as the presence of special mucus, which reduces friction against water. In some species of beetles living in the aquatic environment, the released exhaust air from the respiratory tract is retained between the elytra and the body, due to which they are able to rapidly rise to the surface, where air is released into the atmosphere. Most of the protozoa move with the help of cilia that vibrate, for example, ciliates or euglena.

Adaptations for the life of aquatic organisms

Different habitats of animals allow them to adapt and exist comfortably. The body of organisms is able to reduce friction against water due to the features of the cover:

hard, smooth surface;
the presence of a soft layer present on the outer surface of the hard body;
slime.

The limbs are represented by:

flippers;
membranes for swimming;
fins.

The shape of the body is streamlined and has a variety of variations:

flattened in the dorso-abdominal region;
round in cross section;
flattened laterally;
torpedo-shaped;
drop-shaped.

In the aquatic habitat, living organisms need to breathe, so they have developed:

gills;
air intakes;
breathing tubes;
blisters that replace the lung.

Features of habitat in reservoirs

Water is able to accumulate and retain heat, so this explains the absence of large temperature fluctuations, which are quite common on land. The most significant property of water is the ability to dissolve other substances in itself, which are later used both for respiration and for nutrition by organisms living in the water element. In order to breathe, the presence of oxygen is necessary, so its concentration in water is of great importance. The temperature of the water in the polar seas is close to freezing, but its stability has allowed the formation of certain adaptations that provide life even in such harsh conditions.

This environment is home to a huge variety of living organisms. Fish, amphibians, large mammals, insects, mollusks, and worms live here. The higher the temperature of the water, the less amount of diluted oxygen it contains, which dissolves better in fresh water than in sea water. Therefore, few organisms live in the waters of the tropical zone, while in the polar reservoirs there is a huge variety of plankton, which is used as food by representatives of the fauna, including large cetaceans and fish.

Breathing is realized by the entire surface of the body or by special organs - the gills. Prosperous breathing requires regular renewal of water, which is achieved by various fluctuations, primarily by the movement of the living organism itself or its adaptations, such as cilia or tentacles. Salt composition of water is also of great importance for life. For example, mollusks, as well as crustaceans, require calcium to build a shell or shell.

soil environment

It is located in the upper fertile layer of the earth's crust. This is a rather complex and very important component of the biosphere, which is closely connected with the rest of its parts. Some organisms are in the soil all their lives, others - half. Land plays a vital role for plants. What living organisms have mastered the soil habitat? It contains bacteria, animals, and fungi. Life in this environment is largely determined by climatic factors, such as temperature.

Adaptations for soil habitat

For a comfortable existence, organisms have special body parts:

small digging limbs;
long and thin body;
digging teeth;
streamlined body without protruding parts.

The soil may be lacking in air, as well as being dense and heavy, which in turn has led to the following anatomical and physiological adaptations:

strong muscles and bones;
resistance to lack of oxygen.

The integuments of the body of underground organisms must allow them to move both forward and backward in dense soil without problems, so the following signs have developed:

short coat, resistant to abrasion and able to be smoothed back and forth;
lack of hairline;
special secretions that allow the body to glide.

Developed specific sense organs:

auricles are small or completely absent;
no eyes or they are significantly reduced;
tactile sensitivity was highly developed.

It is difficult to imagine vegetation without land. A distinctive feature of the soil habitat of living organisms is that the creatures are associated with its substrate. One of the significant differences of this environment is the regular formation of organic substances, as a rule, due to the dying roots of plants and falling leaves, and this serves as a source of energy for organisms growing in it. The pressure on land resources and environmental pollution negatively affect the organisms living here. Some species are on the verge of extinction.

Organism environment

The practical human impact on the habitat affects the populations of animals and plants, thereby increasing or decreasing the number of species, and in some cases their death occurs. Environmental factors:

biotic - associated with the impact of organisms on each other;
anthropogenic - associated with human influence on the environment;
abiotic - refers to inanimate nature.

Industry is the largest industry, which plays an important role in the economy of modern society. It affects the environment at all stages of the industrial cycle, from the extraction of raw materials to the disposal of products due to further unsuitability. The main types of negative impact of leading industries on the environment for living organisms:

Energy is the basis for the development of industry, transport, and agriculture. The use of almost every fossil (coal, oil, natural gas, wood, nuclear fuel) negatively affects and pollutes natural complexes.
Metallurgy. One of the most dangerous aspects of its impact on the environment is the technogenic dispersion of metals. The most harmful pollutants are: cadmium, copper, lead, mercury. Metals enter the environment at almost all stages of production.
The chemical industry is one of the fastest growing industries in many countries. Petrochemical industries emit hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide into the atmosphere. During the production of alkalis, hydrogen chloride is produced. Substances such as nitrogen and carbon oxides, ammonia and others are also emitted in large volumes.

Finally

The habitat of living organisms affects them both directly and indirectly. Creatures constantly interact with the environment, getting food from it, but at the same time releasing the products of their metabolism. In the desert, a dry and hot climate limits the existence of most living organisms, just as in the polar regions, only the most hardy representatives can survive because of the cold. In addition, they not only adapt to a particular environment, but also evolve.

Plants, releasing oxygen, maintain its balance in the atmosphere. Living organisms affect the properties and structure of the earth. Tall plants shade the soil, thereby contributing to the creation of a special microclimate and the redistribution of moisture. Thus, on the one hand, the environment changes organisms, helping them to improve through natural selection, and on the other hand, species of living organisms change the environment.

Sections: Biology

This form has been tested in various biology courses and is suitable for all age groups of students. The methodological assistance of the teacher in this lesson is to control the transformation of educational cubes, the formulation and analysis of educational information on them. Lesson on the topic “General characteristics of the detachment mammals. Peculiarities of their structure depending on the habitat” is aimed at achieving the main goal: the formation of a culture of analysis of educational material about mammals and the identification of the dependences of their external structure on ecological habitats. As a result of a phased study, the main issues of the topic are considered: the general characteristics of animals, signs of the external structure of mammals, the study of body parts, practical observations and advice on the care, maintenance and diversity of mammals, ecological groups of animals and features of their external structure, consolidation of the material in the form of verification of statements . The practical part of the cubes is represented by instructional cards, which some students did at home in the form of research projects presented to their classmates. For clarity, high-quality toys and stuffed animals were used - fox, goat, wolf and wild boar. Part of the lesson was accompanied by a computer presentation with pictures and basic terms.

Topic:"General characteristics of mammals. Living environments, external structure and habitats.

Lesson Objectives:

Educational:
- to study the common features of the class mammals;
- to form knowledge of the features of the external structure of mammals and their habitats.
Educational:
- recall and consolidate students' knowledge of the ecological characteristics of various groups of mammals;
- repeat the sequence of work according to the algorithm of cubes.
educators:
- continue to work in a group
- develop a sense of collectivism and community, aesthetic perception of the world around.

Didactic and material equipment of the lesson: stuffed mammals, multimedia educational complex 1s-biology, a set of educational cubes, animal figurines.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment

1. Greeting students.
2. Familiarization with the topic of the lesson, setting educational goals and objectives for students.
3. Repetition of work with the algorithm of cubes: pointers (triangles) show the rows (horizontal or vertical), and the direction of the arrows and degrees - the angle of rotation of the rows of cubes. each side has its own color scheme to facilitate the work. in case of confusion of cubes, return to the beginning (Figure 1).

II. Actualization of supporting zun, motivational states

Warm-up - questions on side 1 ( Attachment 1 )

answers: 1. Goat; 2. Yak; 3. Bear; 4. Hedgehog; 5. Tiger; 6. Elephant and horse; 7. Boar; 8. Puma; 9. Gazelle; 10. Beaver; 11. Sable; 12. Chipmunk; 13. Cat; 14. Marten - kuna; 15. Whale.

III. Formation of new concepts, methods of action

1. "Theriology"- a branch of zoology that studies the features of the structure and behavior of mammals.

2. Exploring Side 2 - general characteristics of mammals.(together with the students, all points are spoken out and discussed ( Annex 2 ).

mammals have a second name "animals";
about 5000 modern species of animals are known;
distributed around the globe (students watch the video clip "the origin of mammals and distribution");
higher vertebrates;
warm-blooded (constant body temperature);
the body is covered with wool (hairline);
give birth to live cubs and feed them with milk;
sizes from 4 cm to 33 meters;
weight from 1.2 grams to 150 tons;
have a large brain with developed anterior hemispheres;
have diverse and complex behavior (instincts);
all organ systems reach the greatest differentiation;
high development of the nervous system allows you to quickly adapt to environmental conditions;
in the class of mammals there are 19 orders, 122 families, 1017 genera, 5237 animal species;

Students voice famous Russian teriologists (dice 16).

Project topics:

1. “We took a dog into the house” (examining the dog’s coat, vibrissae, behavior and habits when executing commands).
2. "Ruminants" (observation of cows, horses, goats during feeding, studying the diversity of ungulates in Kazan).
3. "My cat" (observation of the behavior of a cat during pregnancy, caring for offspring, the behavior of kittens).
4. "Mastering imitation in monkeys as evidence of the development of the psyche" (research work)

IV. Application of new concepts, methods of action

1. Application of knowledge about the structure of mammals in the field of animal ecology (Party 5, Appendix 5 )

- What phenomenon allowed mammals to populate all environments of life? (Fitness)

Students are again divided into groups in order to recall from the ecology course the signs of the external structure of various ecological groups of animals:

Group 1 characterizes chthonobionts and edaphobionts;
Group 2 determines the signs of jumpers and aviators;
Group 3 characterizes dendrobionts and hydrobionts.

At the end of all the characteristics, students draw a general conclusion about the adaptability of mammals to various conditions of existence and living environments.

2. Consolidate knowledge(Side 6, Appendix 6 )

Choose the correct statements:

Mammals are the highest warm-blooded vertebrates. (Yes)
The external structure of mammals does not depend on the habitat (Not)
The skin of mammals is elastic, durable, has hairline (Yes)
Care for offspring is especially pronounced in animals giving birth to helpless cubs. (Yes)
The life of mammals does not depend on the seasons of the year (Not)
The embryo develops outside the mother's body (Not)
Mammals move on the ground, under the ground, through trees, in water, in the air (Yes)
Aquatic mammals evolved from land ancestors (Yes)
Horny formations of the skin can change (Yes)
There are many mammary glands, they develop regardless of the number of cubs (Yes)
Mammals react to loud sounds with their whole body. (Yes)
The limbs of mammals can be modified or lost altogether. (Yes)
The wool of mammals protects against temperature extremes.
The tail acts as a rudder or support.
Animals inhabited all environments of life on the planet

3. Mystery animal: Determine by what signs can Cheburashka be attributed to mammals?

The environments (habitats) in which organisms live are different. There are four habitats - ground-air, water, soil and organismic (bodies of other organisms).

Water environment associated with water bodies: oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, etc. The waters in them are different, somewhere stagnant, somewhere with fairly strong currents, salty and fresh. Many waters lack oxygen and sunlight. With depth comes twilight, and after 200 m of depth there is no light at all.

Therefore, plants in water can grow only at a shallow depth, where light still penetrates. The temperature in the aquatic environment does not change so dramatically throughout the year and day. There is no negative water temperature, so even in the coldest places it is +4 °C.

Most aquatic plants are algae. However, among aquatic plants there are also higher plants.

AT ground-air habitat the vast majority of plants and almost all higher plants grow. Land plants form forests and meadows, steppes and tundras and other plant communities. The features of the ground-air environment are a large amount of air and light, the presence of wind, in many places a strong fluctuation in temperature and humidity depending on the time of year and day.

The ground-air environment is very diverse. Plants are adapted to certain environmental conditions. Some grow in well-lit areas, others in shaded areas. Some plants do not tolerate cold and live only in warm latitudes, while others are adapted to seasonal temperature fluctuations. Because of this variety of environments, plants in the ground-air environment are distinguished by many different forms.

soil habitat located in the soil - the upper fertile layer of the earth's crust. The soil is formed as a mixture of particles of decayed rocks and the remains of living organisms (humus). There is almost no light here, so only small algae can live in the soil. However, there are seeds and spores of plants, as well as roots. The soil habitat is inhabited mainly by bacteria, animals and fungi.

Plants can only live in the environments to which they are adapted. If you move the plant to another environment, it may die.

Therefore, when a person grows cultivated plants, he creates the necessary conditions for their normal growth and development - watering them, fertilizing the soil, and eliminating pests. Wild plants are adapted to specific environmental conditions.