Quantitative numerals denoting fractional numbers. Numerals of a quantitative category - integer, fractional, collective
They denote the number of parts into which a whole is divided, and the number of parts taken from this whole. Fractional numbers in the language cannot be counted, because each whole part can be divided into any number of parts. A fractional number is formed by combining a quantitative and ordinal number (five-eighths). In indirect cases, both components of the fractional numeral appear in grammatically consistent forms, and in I.p. and V.p. two structural varieties of fractional numbers are distinguished, conciliation and control. A consensual one is if the numerator is expressed by the word “one” (one fifth). Control - if the numerator contains the remaining numerals (two fifths).
Fractional numerals have a number of grammatical features:
1. Having consonant feminine forms, fractional numerals such as one-fifth, two-fifths cease to respond to the gender of nouns (one-fifth of lemon, pear, apple).
2. Governing a dependent noun, a fractional numeral allows any numerical form of the noun (both R.p. singular and R.p. plural) - read two-thirds of books, read two-thirds of books.
3. When declining fractional numbers, both parts of them change, but the noun does not change in cases (two-fifths of an apple, two-fifths of an apple, etc.).
In Russian, the meaning of fractionality can be expressed in such words as half, third, quarter, eighth, tithe, and the like. In each of these words, both the meanings of the numerator and the denominator are combined. However, these words are nouns, since they have a constant gender, number and change in numbers, they also have a substantive declension, they can be combined with agreed definitions (the remaining third, equal halves).
A special place is occupied by the word one and a half / one and a half. In terms of meaning, this word is adjacent to fractional numbers, and in terms of morphological and syntactic features it is close to cardinal numbers. In general, it is usually defined as a quantitative fractional number. This word has generic differences, there is no number, in I.p. and V.p. it governs a noun in the form of P.p.s.h., in oblique cases it has a single form of one and a half and is consistent with the plural noun.
I. one and a half meters
R. one and a half meters
D. one and a half meters
V. one and a half meters
T. one and a half meters
P. about one and a half meters
Sometimes the word one and a half hundred is referred to fractional numerals. It denotes whole, not fractional quantities, so it should be considered a special cardinal number.
Words denoting an indefinite amount approach quantitative numerals in meaning and grammatical features: how many, several, many, few, few.
All of them in a sentence can act both in the meaning of numerals and in the meaning of adverbs; moreover, the first four words, acting in the meaning of numerals, change in cases, and the word acts little as a numeral only when, together with a noun, it is a subject or object.
Consider examples: 1) There are several (many, few, few) books on the shelf. 2) I bought several (many, few, few) books. 3) How many books are on the table? 4) How many books did you buy for the library? In these sentences, the words several, many, few, few, how many control the word of books (in the genitive case), form whole combinations with this word. 5) He talked about several (many, few) books. 6) How many books did he talk about? 7) He was interested in several (many, few) books. 8) How many books was he interested in? In these sentences, the words several, many, few, how many agree with the noun of the book, but do not merge with it into whole combinations.
In all the analyzed sentences, the words how many, several, many, few, little in meaning and in connection with nouns are similar to cardinal numbers. Compare: I) There are five books on the shelf. 2) I bought five books. 3) There are five books on the table. 4) He spoke about five books. 5) He was interested in five books.
That is why the words how many, several, many, few, few are sometimes called indefinitely quantitative numbers.
But the listed words are different from the numerals. Words how many and several have pronominal roots, pronominal meaning (interrogative and indefinite), therefore they are pronouns-numerals and are discussed in the chapter "Pronouns".
All of the above words can act as adverbs. In this case, they are adjacent to verbs and are circumstances of measure or degree, for example: 1) She has changed somewhat (little, little) this year. 2) As much bold as resourceful. 3) Poor! How little she lived! How much she loved! (N.)
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Parts of speech as grammatical classes of words. Principles of classification ch.R. Ch.R. system In russian language
Parts of speech grammatical classes of words characterized by a set the following signs the presence of a common categorical meaning .. categorical meaning the general meaning of the words of each group which they have .. morphological categories gender number case type tense inflection and so on sample inflection model ..
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§one. general characteristics numeral
The numeral is an independent significant part of speech. Numerals are different in meaning, grammatical features, structure.
1. Grammatical meaning- "number, quantity, order in counting."
Numerals are words that answer the questions: How much? Which one?
2. Morphological features:
- constants - quantitative / ordinal, simple / compound
- changeable - case for all numerals, gender and number for ordinal ones, and also, in addition, individual numerals have signs that do not fit into the general scheme:
some quantitative ones: gender, for example, one-one-one, two-two,
number, for example, one-one, thousand-thousands, million-millions.
Numerals decline, changing in cases, and some - in cases, numbers and genders in singular. On this basis, they refer to names.
3. Syntactic role in a sentence:
- cardinal numbers, together with the noun that depends on them, make up a single member of the sentence, for example:
Three magazines lay on the table.
I bought three magazines.
The story was published in three magazines.
Cardinal numbers are part of those members of the sentence, which can be nouns.
- ordinal numbers are in a sentence a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.
Our place is in the tenth row.
The boy was third.
§2. Rank by value
By value, numerals are divided into two categories: quantitative and ordinal.
quantitative means "number" or "quantity". Number is an abstract mathematical concept. Quantity is the number of items. Quantitative numerals, in turn, are divided into subcategories:
- whole denote integers and quantities in integers, for example: five, twenty-five, one hundred and twenty-five
- fractional denote fractional numbers and quantities, for example: one second, two thirds
- collective express the value of the aggregate: both, three, seven
All subcategories of cardinal numbers have their own characteristics. Integers with fractions can form mixed numbers, for example: five point and three tenths (or: five point three tenths).
Ordinal numerals indicate the order in counting: first, one hundred and first, two thousand and eleven.
§3. Number structure
By structure, numerals are divided into simple and compound.
- Simple numerals are those that are written in one word: three, thirteen, three hundred, third, three hundredth
- Composite- these are numerals made up of several words written separately: thirty-three, three hundred thirty-three, three hundred and thirty-third .
What happens?
- Whole quantitative
- Fractional quantitative- composite.
- Collective quantitative- simple.
- Ordinal Numerals can be both simple and compound.
§four. Cardinal numbers. Morphological features
Whole numbers
Whole numbers change in cases. If these are composite integer numerals, then when declining, all parts change. For example:
I.p. eight hundred five ten six (books)
R.p. eight hundred and fifty six (books)
D.p. eight hundred fifty-six (books), etc.
It can be seen from the examples that for derivatives of numerals formed by adding bases, both parts change with declination.
Of great interest are numerals, which have not only case forms, but also gender or gender and number.
These are numerals: one, two, one and a half, a thousand, a million, a billion and others like that.
One
Word one varies by birth and number: one boy - m.r., one girl - f.r., one state - cf. r., one - pl. This numeral does not have one set of forms, like most integer cardinal numbers, but four: for each gender in the singular and for the plural.
The numeral two changes not only by cases, like all numerals, but also by gender: two boys, two girls, two windows (the forms cf. and m.r. coincide).
Thousand, million, billion
These numbers are similar to nouns. They have constant feature gender and change in numbers and cases.
I.p. thousand, thousands
R.p. thousands, thousands
D.p. thousand, thousands, etc.
Fractional Cardinal Numbers
In addition to numerals one and a half, one and a half, all fractional components: the first part is an integer cardinal number, and the second is ordinal: two thirds, five eighths. Declension changes both parts, for example:
I.p. five eighths
R.p. five eighths
D.p. five-eighth
one and a half
numeral one and a half varies not only by cases, but also by gender: one and a half - one and a half, for example:
a day and a half, a week and a half.
(The form cf. is the same as the form m.r.)
One two in the composition of fractional genders they do not change, but are used in the form of a f.r., for example:
one eighth, two thirds.
Collective numbers
Collective numerals change in cases. Only the word is special both, which has genus forms:
both brothers, both sisters, both states
(Forms m. and cf. are the same)
§5. Ordinals. Morphological features
Ordinal numbers are closest to relative adjectives. They change by number, in the singular by gender and by case, and have endings like those of adjectives. In compound ordinal numbers, only the final word changes, for example:
I.p. one thousand nine hundred eighty-four
R.p. one thousand nine hundred eighty-four
D.p. one thousand nine hundred and eighty-fourth, etc.
§6. Syntactic compatibility of numerals with nouns
At cardinal numbers there are features in syntactic compatibility with the nouns to which they refer.
In I.p. and V.p. they require after themselves nouns in the form R.p., for example:
eight books, fifteen roses, twenty people.
At the same time, the numbers one and a half, two, three, four require a noun in singular. hours, and the rest - in many. h.
Two windows - five windows, three roses - thirty roses, four boys - forty boys.
This kind of syntactic compatibility is called control, because the case of the noun is controlled by the numeral.
In all other forms, the type of connection is different, namely: agreement, i.e. numerals agree with nouns in the case.
R.p. five windows, three roses
D.p. five windows, three roses
etc. five windows, three roses
P.p. (o) five windows, three roses
The exception is the numeral one. It agrees with the noun in all cases.
Fractional numbers have simple one and a half, one and a half combine with nouns as wholes.
The rest of the fractions govern R.p. It is possible to use nouns both in the singular and in plural, for example: two-thirds apples (part of the subject) and two-thirds apples (part total items).
Collective numbers combine with nouns in the same way as whole cardinal numbers. In I.p. and V.p. they run R.p. noun, and in all other cases they agree with the noun in the case. With all collective numbers except both, the noun is used in the plural form, for example, seven kids. And only with both nouns are used in the singular: both brother both sisters.
Ordinals agree with nouns, i.e. act like adjectives. For example:
the first day, seventh a week, eighths day.
Remember:
in compound numerals, only the final word changes:
one hundred and twenty third paragraph (T.p., singular, m.r.),
second hand (T.p., sing., f.r.),
fourth window (T.p., singular, cf.).
test of strength
Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.
Final test
What is the grammatical meaning of the numerals?
- Number, quantity, order in counting
- Item attribute
- indication
What numerals indicate the order in counting and answer the question Which the?
- quantitative
- Ordinal
Is it possible in Russian to combine whole numbers with fractional ones?
Can collective numbers be compound?
Does the numeral change by gender? both?
Can a numeral be a definition?
What kind of syntactic connection does the collective numeral have in the example: Seven kids were waiting for their mother. ?
- Coordination
- Control
In what forms do ordinal numbers agree with a noun in case?
- In all
- In all, except I.p. and V.p.
- In I.p. and V.p.
How do collective numbers change?
- By cases
- By cases and numbers
- By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender
Which numerals have subranks by value?
- Quantitative
- Ordinal
Denoting the quantity or quantitative attribute, the order of the subject when counting, answers the questions “which?”, “How much?”.
The numeral is an independent part of speech denoting a quantity and expressing this value in the morphological categories of case (consistently) and gender (inconsistently) (for numerals that have a morphological meaning of gender, see below). Numerals are divided into two lexical grammatical category: quantitative ( two, five, twenty, fifty, two hundred, three hundred fifty one) and collective ( both, two, five). Cardinal numbers include definite-quantitative and indefinite-quantitative numerals. The former denote a certain number of units ( two, four, fifteen, a hundred and fifty, two hundred), the second - an indefinite number of units; these include the words few, quite a few, a lot of, a little, as well as pronominal numerals several, How many, any, some, so many, so much.
Cardinal number
Cardinal number- a numeral that answers the question "how much?", "how much?" etc.
Cardinal numbers have two meanings.
- Both definite-quantitative and indefinite-quantitative numerals have a quantitative-numerical value, represented by two particular values -
- quantitative (quantity as a sign of an object: five heads, three chairs, ten days, some years) and
- numerical (abstract quantity, or number: four is divisible by two, three times ten is thirty; several is not any indefinite quantity: it can be three, five, ten, generally a little; oral speech).
- Only definite quantitative numbers have a counting ordinal value: they name the ordinal place of an object, which, when counting stops, turns out to be the last in a series of homogeneous ones: house three(house, third in a row of houses, when the count is stopped, limited to three); wagon eight, place thirty five(place, last in the row, when the score is stopped, limited to 35 places).
Spelling of cardinal numbers in Russian
- Complex (consisting of two bases) cardinal numbers are written together, for example: eighteen (18), eighty (80), eight hundred (800).
- Compound (consisting of several words) cardinal numbers are written separately: eighty eight thousand eight hundred and eighty eight (88888).
Declension of cardinal numbers in Russian
In compound numerals denoting tens and hundreds, both parts decline:
- 80 - eighty, genus. eighty, tv. eighty and eighty.
- 800 - eight hundred, genus. eight hundred, date eight hundred, tv. eight hundred and eight hundred, etc. about eight hundred.
Other types of numerals
Declension of nouns
Notes
Links
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In most cases, fractional numbers consist of several words. There are certain rules for writing them, which are given in this article. Examples are attached to each rule for better assimilation of the material.
Spelling of fractional numbers
Numbers are whole and fractional, each of these groups in writing is conveyed by numerals. Fractional numbers in Russian, as a rule, are expressed by a combination of several words. Among all fractional numbers, words stand out one and a half (s), one and a half hundred: These are numerals.
Fractional numbers in words
The words of this group are written in the same way as quantitative and ordinal numbers similar to them: one whole two hundredths, two thirds, three fourths, seven eighths, twelve fifteenths etc.
Ordinal numbers in the notation of fractional numbers are used in the form R. p. pl. h.
Nouns in phrases with fractional numbers are used in the form of R. p. units. h, for example: three hundredths of a gram, five ninths of the area.
TOP 2 articleswho read along with this
Separately, there are fractional numbers, expressed in one word. When they change, especially when they are combined with nouns, many have difficulty. For example:
AND. One and a half bags, one and a half mugs, one and a half hundred bottles;
R. One and a half bags, one and a half mugs, one and a half hundred bottles;
D. One and a half bags, one and a half mugs, one and a half hundred bottles;
AT. Just like in I.;
T. One and a half bags, one and a half mugs, one and a half hundred bottles;
P. (O) one and a half bags, one and a half mugs, one and a half hundred bottles.
Using fractional numbers
Fractional numbers are used in writing very rarely. Their specificity lies in the fact that they serve to express complex numerical concepts that are typical for such areas as economics, accounting, and mathematics. As a rule, in reports, estimates, reports, etc., numbers are written in numbers. Only in documents where it is required to certify a certain amount of money, numerals are written in words.
Fractional numbers are used in oral speech most often when it is necessary to read a report or other document aloud.
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