Why doesn't the ship sink? A simple explanation of a difficult question. Why don't ships sink

16.10.2019

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Introduction

I like traveling very much. Last summer I went to rest on the Black Sea. One day I saw a huge tanker sailing in the sea. Modern tankers that transport oil are the largest ships in the world - their length reaches five hundred meters, and their tanks can hold up to half a million tons of oil!

Upon arrival home, I made my boat out of paper, but in the water it turned over and soon drowned. And then I thought about the question: why don't real ships sink? After all, they are made of iron and much heavier than my boat.

I wanted to understand this myself with the help of experiments and independently find the answer to the question “Why don’t ships sink?” After all, I so want my boat to sail!

For this reason, we have chosen the theme of our research work Why don't ships sink?

Objective: find out the reasons why ships do not sink or capsize.

To achieve the goal, the following tasks:

1. Find information about the first means of transportation on water, the history of shipbuilding, learn about modern designers who glorified Russia and the basic principles of the ship;

2. Carry out a series of experiments that allow you to find out step by step the conditions under which bodies float in water.

3. Try to make your own boats (sailing and mechanical), taking into account the buoyancy properties of bodies;

4. Conduct a survey of 5th grade students in order to find out what my peers know about the buoyancy of bodies and analyze the results of the research; aaa

5. Spend a class hour on the topic: “Why ships don’t sink” with a demonstration of experiments that allow you to find out the conditions under which bodies float in water. aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

The research is based on hypothesis: suppose a ship has structural features that allow it not to sink if:

1. The material from which the ship is made prevents it from sinking.

2. The ship does not sink because it has special form

3. A ship does not sink because the air inside it keeps it afloat.

4. Secrets of the structure of ships. aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

Object of study- ship

Subject of study- features of the structure of the ship.

During the work, we used methods:

Information retrieval method (analysis and synthesis of literature on the research topic) ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа

Observation;

Questioning.

Theoretical significance: systematization and generalization of material on the research topic.

Practical significance: practical use of the received material in the classroom, classroom hours in extracurricular activities.

On a ship through the ages

I.1. History of shipbuilding development

To collect information, we used the Internet, as well as books and other printed publications. In the search for knowledge about the ancient courts, to a greater extent, we used the Internet, because it was there that one could find more detailed and varied information with drawings, photographs and diagrams. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

In search of food, people often settled along the banks of rivers and seas. These places were very convenient for catching fish and hunting for animals that came to drink. Living here, a person has learned to overcome water spaces. The first simple means of transportation on water appeared: rafts and shuttles hollowed out of wood. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

One of the oldest vessels discovered on the territory of Russia dates back to about the 5th century. BC.

In all Slavic languages there is a word ship. Its root - "bark" - underlies such words as "basket". The most ancient Russian courts were made of flexible rods, like a basket, and sheathed with bark (later - with skins). It is known that already in the 8th c. our compatriots sailed the Caspian Sea. In the 9th and first half of the 10th c. The Russians were the full masters of the Black Sea, and it was not for nothing that at that time the Eastern peoples called it the "Russian Sea".

In the 12th century for the first time deck ships were built in Russia. The decks designed to accommodate the warriors also served as protection for the rowers. The Slavs were skilled shipbuilders and built ships of various designs.

Due to this, during the compression of the ice, among which it was necessary to navigate, the ship was "squeezed" to the surface without being deformed and again plunged into the water when the ice diverges.

Organized maritime shipbuilding in Russia began at the end of the 15th century, when a shipyard for the construction of fishing vessels was founded in the Solovets Compmonastyr.

Later already in the 16-17 centuries. a step forward was taken by the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, who carried out raids on the Turks on their "Seagulls". The construction technique was the same as in the manufacture of Kiev lashed boats (in order to increase the size of the vessel to the dugout and the middle, several rows of boards were nailed from the sides).

In 1552, after the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, and then the conquest of Astrakhan in 1556, these cities became centers for the construction of ships for the Caspian Sea.

Under Boris Godunov, unsuccessful attempts were made to establish a navy in Russia.

The first in Russia marine vessel of foreign design "Friderik" was built in 1634 in Nizhny Novgorod by Russian craftsmen.

In June 1693, Peter I laid the foundation stone for the first state-owned shipyard in Arkhangelsk for the construction of military ships. A year later, Peter again visited Arkhangelsk. By this time, the 24-gun ship "Apostol Paul", the frigate "Holy Prophecy", the galley and the transport ship "Flamov" formed the first Russian military flotilla on the White Sea. The creation of a regular navy.

In 1702, two frigates were launched in Arkhangelsk: "Holy Spirit" and "Mercury". In 1703 St. Petersburg was founded, the center of which was the Admiralty - the largest shipyard in the country. The first large ship that left the slipway of the Admiralty Shipyard was the 54-gun ship "Poltava" built by Fedosy Sklyaev and Peter the Great in 1712. By 1714 Russia had its own sailing fleet. ……………

The largest ship of the time of Peter the Great was the 90-gun ship "Lesnoye" (1718).

Under Peter Ir., the following courts were introduced:

Ships - 40-55 m long, three-masted with 44-90 guns;

Frigates - up to 35 m long, three-masted with 28-44 guns;

Shnavy - 25-35 m long, two-masted with 10-18 guns;

Parmas, boats, flutes, etc. up to 30 m long.

In 1782 Kulibin's "navigable vessel" was built. At the beginning of the 19th century master Durbazhev invented a successful "machine" using horse-drawn horses.

The first scheduled steamship on the St. Petersburg-Kronstadt line was built in 1815. On what has come down to us, it can be seen that its chimney is made of brick. In a later figure, the pipe is iron.

In 1830, in St. Petersburg, the cargo-passenger ship "Neva" was launched, which, in addition to two steam engines, also had sailing equipment. In 1838, the world's first electric ship was tested on the Neva in St. Petersburg. In 1848 Amosov built the first propeller frigate "Archimedes" in Russia.

The shipping industry on the Volga and other rivers began to develop especially rapidly after the abolition of serfdom in 1861.

The Sormovsky plant, founded in 1849, became the main shipbuilding enterprise. The first iron barges in Russia and the first passenger-and-commodity steamer were built here. The world's first use of the Diesel engine on river ships was also carried out in Russia in 1903.

In the second half of the 19th century wooden ships were replaced by iron ones. It is curious that in Russia the first military metal ships were two submarines in 1834.

In 1835, the semi-submarine vessel "Brave" was built. It sank below sea level leaving only a river chimney above the water. At the beginning of the 19th century steam engines appeared on ships, and the use of wrought iron first, and then rolled steel as structural material in the construction of ships led in 1850-60. revolution in shipbuilding.

The transition to the construction of iron ships required the introduction of a new technological process and complete transformation of factories.

In 1864, the first armored floating battery in Russia was built. In 1870, the Baltic Fleet already had 23 armored ships. In 1872, about. the battleship "Peter the Great" was built - one of the strongest ships in the world at that time.

For Black Sea Fleet A. Popova developed the design of the coastal defense battleship Novgorod in 1871.

In 1877, the Makarovs designed the first torpedo boats in the world. In the same year, the world's first seaworthy destroyer "Explosion" was launched.

Russian transport shipbuilding of the late 19th century. far behind the military. In 1864, the first icebreaking ship "Pilot" was built. Ltd

In 1899 the icebreaker "Ermak" was built (floated until 1964). iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

I.2. Modern designers who glorified Russia

The achievements of domestic scientists and designers in the field of shipbuilding are widely known. In the middle of the 19th century, the transition from the construction of wooden sailing ships to steam ships began throughout the world, ships made of metal appeared. The domestic Navy becomes armored.

History has left us the names of the most famous shipbuilders who were ahead of their time. Particularly interesting is the fate of Petr Akindinovich Titov, who became the chief engineer of the largest shipbuilding society and did not even have a certificate of graduation from a rural school. The famous Soviet shipbuilder Academician A.N. Krylov considered himself a student of Titov.rrrrrrrrrrrrrr

In 1834, when the fleet did not have a single metal ship, a submarine made of metal was built at the Alexander foundry. Her armament consisted of a pole with a harpoon, a powder mine and four launchers for launching rockets.

In 1904, according to the project of I.G. Bubnov - the famous builder of battleships - the construction of submarines began. The boats "Akula" and "Bars" created by our craftsmen turned out to be more advanced than the submarines of all the countries that fought in the First World War.

an important role in improving the domestic submarine fleet played by the Soviet shipbuilder and inventor doctor technical sciences, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Sergey Nikitich Kovalev (1919). Since 1955, he worked as chief designer of the Leningrad Central Design Bureau "Rubin". Kovalev is the author of over 100 scientific papers and many inventions. Under his leadership, nuclear-powered missile-carrying submarines were created, known abroad under the code "Yankee", "Delta" and "Typhoon".

The Russian fleet was far ahead of foreign fleets in the development of mine weapons. Effective amines were developed by our compatriots I.I. Fitztum, P.L. Schilling, B.S. Yakobson, N.N. Azarov. The anti-submarine deep bomb was created by our scientist B.Yu. Averkiev.rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr

In 1913, the Russian designer D.P. Grigorovich built the world's first seaplane. Since then, work has been carried out in the Russian Navy to equip ships as carriers for naval aviation. The air transports created on the Chernomor Sea, which could receive up to seven seaplanes, took part in the hostilities during the First World War. TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTDD

Boris Izrailevich Kupensky (1916-1982) is a prominent representative of domestic shipbuilders. He was the chief designer patrol ships of the Ermine class (1954-1958), the first anti-submarine ships in the Soviet Navy with anti-aircraft missile systems and a gas turbine all-mode power plant (1962-1967), the first combat surface ship in the USSR Navy with a nuclear power plant and the lead in a series of nuclear missile cruisers "Kirov" (1968-1982) with powerful strike and anti-aircraft weapons, practically unlimited cruising range. oooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

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I.3. How the ship works

The hold part of the ship displaces a mass of water equal to its own mass. Trying to return to its place, the displaced water pushes the ship up. ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp

The blades of the ship's propeller installed at an angle, rotating, create a force that pushes the propeller and, accordingly, the ship forward. Some modern high speed ferries use water jet propulsion; sea water is sucked into it and then released by a high-speed jet. ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp

The rudder, hinged at the stern of the vessel, is connected to the steering wheel or tiller. If the helmsman moves the tiller to the left, the rudder and stern move to the right. If it is necessary to make a turn to the right, he takes the tiller to the left. rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr

In the era of sailing ships, a sail setting was developed that allowed you to move against the wind. Making turns in different directions (going on tacks), the ship moved forward, even when there was no favorable wind. ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp

Chapter I Conclusions

In this chapter, we have collected and studied the literature on this topic. We found information about the first means of transportation on water, the history of shipbuilding, learned about modern designers who glorified Russia and about the basic principles of the ship.

We learned that shipbuilding is one of the oldest industries. Its beginning is separated from us by ten millennia.

The history of shipbuilding begins from the appearance of the first rafts and boats, hollowed out from a whole wooden trunk, to modern handsome liners and missile ships, has its roots in antiquity. It is as multifaceted and has as many centuries as the history of mankind itself.

The main stimulus for the emergence of navigation, as well as the shipbuilding associated with it, was the development of trade between peoples separated by sea and ocean expanses. The first ships moved with the help of oars, only occasionally using a sail as an auxiliary force. Then, approximately in the X-XI centuries, along with rowing ships, purely sailing ships appeared.

The shipbuilding industry, being one of the most important industries National economy and possessing scientific, technical and production potential, it has a decisive influence on many other related industries and on the country's economy as a whole, as well as on its defense capability and political position in the world. It is the state of shipbuilding that is an indicator of the scientific and technical level of the country and its military-industrial potential, accumulating in its products the achievements of metallurgy, mechanical engineering, electronics and the latest technologies.

We wondered why huge ships float and don't sink. To answer this question, we have carried out research work.

Chapter II. Research work

Having studied the literature, we decided to carry out practical work in order to find out the conditions under which ships do not sink. Based on this, we have set ourselves the following tasks:

Conduct a survey to find out what my peers know about the buoyancy of bodies and analyze the results;

Carry out a series of experiments, allowing step by step to find out the conditions under which bodies float in water;

Try to make boats (sailing and mechanical), taking into account the buoyancy properties of bodies;

Spend a class hour on the topic: “Why ships don’t sink” with a demonstration of experiments that allow you to find out the conditions under which bodies float in water.

II.1. Questionnaire for fifth grade students

We conducted a survey to find out what my peers know about the buoyancy of bodies. 37 people participated in this survey. We asked the guys one question: “Why don’t ships sink?” and offered several answers:

Material;

Structure.

The results are suggested in the diagram (Appendix 1). Most children (20 (54%) out of 37 respondents) believe that special structure ship affects its buoyancy. We decided to deal with this in a practical way.

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II.2. Conducting experimental experiments

Experience number 1. Does the material a ship is made of affect its buoyancy?

We alternately immerse objects made of wood, glass, plastic, metal in water. We saw that objects made of glass and metal sank, but those made of wood and plastic did not (Appendix 2).

All objects and substances around us are made up of tiny, invisible particles - molecules. Those bodies in which the molecules are located very close to each other have a higher density and sink faster. And bodies in which the molecules are located far from each other have a lower density, so they remain floating on the surface of the water. Iron and glass have a density greater than that of water, and so they sank. Bodies whose density is less than the density of water float freely on its surface. Modern ships are made of metal. rr

Conclusion: The buoyancy of a ship is independent of the material from which it is made. Therefore, hypothesis #1 is not true.

Experience number 2. Does the shape affect the buoyancy of the ship?

We took plasticine, immersed him in water and saw that he drowned. We decided to give the plasticine the shape of a ship, plunged it back into the water and saw that it did not sink, but floated! The magic happened - sinking material floats on the surface! (Annex 2)

Conclusion: The ship does not sink because it has a special shape, hence hypothesis #2 is correct. ppppppppppppppppppppppp

Experience 3. Building secrets.

ships they are built so that they do not sink in the water. Even a fully loaded ship does not sink. Because its control-mark - the load waterline - is always above the water. The bottom of the ship is specially made in such a shape that when the ship leans to the side, she willy-nilly seeks to straighten up again. The decks on the ship close it inside like good covers. Therefore, water does not get into it, and even into the very heavy storm the ship does not become noticeably heavier. Of course, if deck hatches are securely battened down. ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp

I have one last question... Why don't ships capsize under the influence of waves? ppppppp

I remembered how my brother's favorite toy was Tumbler. I decided to use empty plastic bottle. She swam in the water. Then I filled the bottom with coins, and the bottle stood up ... .. (Appendix 2)

Conclusion: The center of gravity is below the main part of the bottle, and therefore, with any pitching, the ship will not roll over.

Experience number 4. Effect of air on the buoyancy of a ship.

We took two balloons, one of which was inflated, and immersed in water. Water got inside an uninflated balloon, and it began to gradually sink into the water. The inflated balloon does not sink, even if you press on it from above with your hand. (Annex 2)

Conclusion : The ship does not sink because the air inside it keeps it afloat, hence Hypothesis #3 is correct. ppppppppppppppppppp

It turns out that once upon a time, the ancient Greek scientist Archimedes investigated the problem of buoyancy of bodies and formulated the law: any body immersed in a liquid is subject to an upward buoyancy force and equal to weight the fluid it displaced, which is now known as the Law of Archimedes. Thus, in our experiment, the ball from below, from the pelvis, was affected by the Archimedes force, which pushed the ball to the surface.

Thus, an atelo will not sink if the Archimedean force is equal to or more weight body. Iron ships are designed and built in such a way that, when submerged, they displace a huge amount of water, the weight of which is equal to their weight when loaded (this is called the displacement of the ship). In this case, the buoyant Archimedean force of the corresponding magnitude will act on them. This is one of the reasons why ships don't sink. The ship inside has many empty, air-filled rooms and its average density is much less than the density of water. That is why he keeps the ship on the surface of the water and prevents it from sinking. And a ship, even with a very large cargo on board, will sail on the waters of the seas and oceans. ppppppppppppppppppppp

So the ships don't sink because they are affected by a force, the action of which was first described by the ancient Greek scientist Archimedes. According to the conclusions of Archimedes, any body immersed in a liquid is constantly affected by a buoyant force and its magnitude is equal to the weight of the water displaced by this body. If this Archimedean force is greater than or equal to the weight of the body, then it will not sink. a

If a piece of iron does not have a single hole where air would get in, then it will immediately sink in water ... And if you make a boat according to all the rules of science, it will calmly stay afloat. ppppppppppppppppppp

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II.3. Manufacture of boats (sailing and mechanical)

We decided to make our boats, adhering to the basic rules derived from the experiments. As a result, we made a sailing boat and a mechanical one. To do this, we took a block of wood, marked out the shapes of future ships on it, while at the same time we adhered to strict symmetry and precise calculations so that the edges of our ships were as smooth and uniform as possible with respect to the sides. With the help of files, we sawed out the shape and got two blanks. We varnished the sailboat, made small holes with a drill to strengthen the mast and sails, and made the sides. Later we strengthened the mast and hung the sails on them. We installed a motor on a mechanical boat, made a mast at the ship with a file, covered our workpiece with gouache paint, and painted it (Appendix 3). From the experiments we carried out on the boats, we saw that they do not sink and do not lean on their sides, they sail evenly and smoothly. (Appendix 4). After we conducted a series of experiments that allow step by step to find out the conditions under which bodies float in water, we made the boats themselves, we will spend a class hour on the topic: “Why ships don’t sink”, where we introduced the guys to the basic rules for designing ships ( Appendix 5).

Chapter II Conclusions

Thus, we have carried out research work in order to find out the conditions under which ships do not sink. Based on this, we conducted a survey among fifth grade students in order to find out what my peers know about the buoyancy of bodies. It turned out that 54% of respondents believe that the special structure of the ship affects its buoyancy. We decided to deal with this in a practical way. To this end, we conducted a series of experiments, where it turned out that the buoyancy of the ship does not depend on the material from which it is made, the ship does not sink, because it has a special shape. We have drawn the main conclusion - ships don't sink because they are affected by a force, the action of which was first described by the ancient Greek scientist Archimedes. According to the conclusion of Archimedes, any body immersed in a liquid is constantly affected by a buoyant force and its magnitude is equal to the weight of the water displaced by this body. If this Archimedean force is greater than or equal to the weight of the body, then it will not sink. We made boats (sailing and mechanical) and made sure that if we take into account the properties of the buoyancy of bodies, the boat will not sink. We presented all our practical conclusion at the class hour, where we once again showed the children experiments proving the properties of buoyancy of bodies and demonstrated the boats we made.

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Conclusion

Based on the main goal of our work - to find out the reasons that allow ships not to sink or capsize, we:

1. Picked up and studied the literature on this topic.

We learned about the first means of transportation on water, the history of shipbuilding, learned about modern designers who glorified Russia and about the basic principles of the ship.

2. Conducted a survey to find out what my peers know about the buoyancy of bodies and analyzed the results;

3. A series of experiments were carried out, allowing step by step to find out the conditions under which bodies float in water;

4. We made boats (sailing and mechanical), taking into account the buoyancy properties of bodies;

5. We spent a class hour on the topic: “Why ships don’t sink” with a demonstration of experiments that allow us to find out the conditions under which bodies float in water.

We have found the answer to our question “Why don't ships sink?”. Our first hypothesis was not confirmed, the second and third were confirmed, but we learned a lot about shipbuilding, about the properties of water, about the law of Archimedes.

Of course, there are still many things that we do not understand, for example, physical concepts, laws, formulas, but we think that in high school we will be able to understand these issues in more detail.

The shipbuilding industry, being one of the most important branches of the national economy and possessing scientific, technical and production potential, has a decisive influence on many other related industries and on the country's economy as a whole, as well as on its defense capability and political position in the world. It is the state of shipbuilding that is an indicator of the scientific and technical level of the country and its military-industrial potential, accumulating in its products the achievements of metallurgy, mechanical engineering, electronics and the latest technologies.

1. Big book of experiments for schoolchildren / Ed. Antonella Meyani; Per. with it. E.I. Motyleva. - M.: CJSC "ROSMEN-PRESS", 2012. -

2. Planes. Cars. Ships. / ed. text by Nicholas Harris; ill. Peter Dennis; [per. from English. A.V.aBankrashkova]. - Moscow: Astrel, 2013.

3. encyclopedic Dictionary young physicist. Moscow: Pedagogy Press, 2005

4. Young explorer. M.: "ROSMEN", 2015

5. Ushakov S. Z. Swimming of bodies / S. Z. Ushakov: children's encyclopedia, volume 3 "Numbers and figures, matter and energy." - Moscow: "Publishing House of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR", 1961.

6. citaty.su› kratkaya-biografiya-arximeda/

7. http://ru.wikipedia.org

8. http://dreamworlds.ru

9. http://planeta.rambler.ru

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Thesaurus

nuclear missile cruiser- a subclass of missile cruisers, which differs from other ships of this class by the presence of a nuclear power plant(YaEU). The first nuclear cruisers appeared in the 1960s. Due to their considerable complexity and extremely high cost, they were available only in the navies of the superpowers - the USA and the USSR. AT this moment nuclear missile cruisers are operated only by the Russian Navy.

brig ( English brig) - a two-masted vessel with a direct sailing armament of the foremast and mainmast, but with a single-sided gaff sail on the mainsail - a mainsail-gaf-trysel

Battleship- a heavy artillery ship designed to destroy ships of all types and establish dominance at sea.

Gunboat(from German Kanonenboot) - a class of small warships with a powerful artillery weapons, intended for combat operations on rivers, lakes and coastal sea areas, protection of harbors.

Karbas- equipped with two masts carrying straight rake or sprit sails.

Corvette- a class of warships.

Cruiser- (Dutch kruiser, pl. cruisers or cruisers, from kruisen - to cruise, sail along a certain route) - a class of combat surface ships capable of performing tasks independently of the main fleet, among which may be the fight against light fleet forces and merchant ships enemy, defense of formations of warships and convoys of ships, fire support seasideflanks ground forces and ensuring the landing of amphibious assault forces, setting minefields and others. Since the second half of the 20th century, the trend towards the enlargement of military formations to provide protection from enemy aircraft and the specialization of ships to perform specific tasks has led to the virtual disappearance of ships. general purpose, which are cruisers, from the fleets of many countries. Only naval forces The USA, Russia and Peru use them at present.

Icebreaker- self-propelled specialized vessel designed for various kinds icebreaking operations in order to maintain navigation in freezing basins. Icebreaking operations include: escorting ships in ice, overcoming ice barriers, laying a channel, towing, slinging, salvage operations.

Battleship- a sailing wooden warship, with a displacement of 1 to 6 thousand tons, which had 2-3 rows of guns in the sides.

Monitor- a class of low-sided armored artillery ships, mainly coastal action.

Destroyer- a surface seaworthy ship of small displacement, the main armament of which is a torpedo.

Packebots- (from German Pack - a bale and Boot - a boat or through the Netherlands. rakket-boot) - a two-masted ship, with the help of which mail and passengers were transported in some countries in the 18th-19th centuries. Steam packet boats were also used in the 19th century.

Steam frigate- a frigate that, in addition to sailing weapons, had a steam engine and paddle wheels as a mover.

Sailing ship A ship that uses sail and wind power to propel itself. The first sailing and sailing-rowing vessels appeared several thousand years ago in the era ancient civilizations. Sailing ships are capable of reaching speeds that exceed the speed of the wind.

Submarine- a class of ships capable of diving and operating underwater for a long time. The main armament of the submarine forces of the navy (forces) armed forces many states of the world. The most important tactical property of a submarine is stealth.

Pomeranian boat- had three masts carrying a straight sail.

Anti-submarine cruiser- a type of anti-submarine ships specialized for carrying anti-submarine helicopters.

Ranshina- a ship where the hull in the underwater part had an egg-shaped shape.

torpedo boat- a class of high-speed small-sized warships, the main weapon of which is a torpedo.

By different sources, torpedo boats originate either from the invention of sea mines in general, or from self-propelled mines, later called torpedoes (with the advent of a mine, the question arises of its use, and hence the carrier).

Minesweeper- a special-purpose ship whose task is to search for, detect and destroy sea mines and escort ships (vessels) through minefields.

Three-masted warship of the 17th-19th centuries. with direct sailing weapons and 18 - 30 guns on the upper deck, it was used for reconnaissance and messenger service. Displacement 460 tons and more. From the 40s. 19th century there were wheeled, and later - aparusno-screw corvettes.

Frigate- a military three-masted ship with full sailing weapons with one or two (open and closed) gun decks. The frigate differed from the sailing battleships in its smaller size and artillery armament and was intended both for long-range reconnaissance, that is, actions in the interests of the linear fleet, and cruising service - independent military operations on sea and ocean communications in order to protect trade or capture and destroy merchant ships enemy.

Shitik- a flat-bottomed vessel with a hinged rudder, equipped with a mast with a direct sail and oars.

escort ship special construction, which appeared in the US and British Navy during the Second World War. Displacement 500-1600 tons, speed 16-20 knots (30-37 km/h). Armament: artillery mounts caliber 76-102 mm and anti-aircraft guns caliber 20-40 mm, bombers and depth charges, equipped with radar and hydroacoustic means of air and underwater surveillance. With development missile weapons equipped with rocket launchers.

Attachment 1

Questionnaire for fifth grade students

The ability to stay on the surface of the water is characteristic not only of ships, but also of some animals. Take at least a water meter. This insect from the Hemiptera family feels confident on the water surface, moving along it with sliding movements. Such buoyancy is achieved due to the fact that the tips of the legs are covered with hard hairs that are not wetted by water.

Scientists and inventors hope that in the future man will be able to create vehicle, which will move through the water according to the principle of a water strider.

But the principles of bionics do not apply to traditional ships. Any child familiar with the basics of physics can explain the buoyancy of a ship made of metal parts. According to the law of Archimedes, a buoyant force begins to act on a body that is immersed in a liquid. Its value is equal to the weight of water displaced by the body during immersion. The body will fail if the Archimedes force is greater than or equal to the weight of the body. For this reason, the ship remains afloat.

The larger the body, the more water he displaces. An iron ball immersed in water immediately sinks. But if you roll it out to the state of a thin sheet and make a ball hollow inside it, then such a three-dimensional structure will float on water, only slightly immersed in it.

Ships with metal sheathing are built in such a way that, at the time of immersion, the hull displaces very a large number of water. Inside the ship's hull there are many empty areas filled with air. Therefore, the average density of the ship turns out to be much less than the density of the liquid.

How to keep the ship buoyant?

A ship stays afloat as long as its hull is intact and undamaged. But the ship will be in danger, as soon as it gets a hole. Through a hole in the skin, water begins to flow into the vessel, filling its internal cavities. And then the ship may well sink.

In order to maintain the buoyancy of the vessel when a hole was received, its internal space began to be divided by partitions. Then a small hole in one of the compartments did not threaten the overall survivability of the vessel. From the compartment, which was flooded, water was pumped out with the help of pumps, and they tried to close up the hole.

Worse, if several compartments were damaged at once. In this case, the ship could sink due to loss of balance.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Professor Krylov proposed deliberately flooding compartments located in the part of the ship that is opposite to those cavities that were flooded. At the same time, the ship somewhat settled into the water, but remained in a horizontal position and could not sink as a result of capsizing.

The proposal of a marine engineer was so unusual that he for a long time didn't pay attention. Only after defeat Russian fleet in the war with Japan, his idea was adopted.

Modern ocean liners, in their characteristics, compare favorably with those sailing ships that plowed the seas several centuries ago. It would seem that current technologies should provide ships with high survivability and unsinkability. However, even now ships sink from time to time. The causes of maritime disasters can be very different.

Instruction

Modern ships are equipped with the most advanced navigation systems. The materials from which ship hulls are made are distinguished by high strength, resistance to wear and damage. But from time to time, sad reports about the death of ships appear in the press. These troubles happened at sea many centuries ago, it is impossible to completely exclude sea disasters in the 21st century.

The most common cause of accidents occurring with ships is the crew's neglect of the rules of navigation. Experienced sailors know that the safest place for a ship is dry land. In the sea or ocean, the ship always faces numerous troubles. Swimming near the coastal strip is especially dangerous. It is here that strong currents, shallows and rocks are most often found, which can damage the ship.

Indeed, very often the ship receives irreparable damage when it hits an obstacle at full speed. The casing of the hull is quite strong, but it also has a tensile strength. If the ship has received a serious one, water begins to flow into the hold, which fills the compartments. For this reason, the vessel loses stability and may well capsize.

To reduce the chance of flooding, the interior space modern ships they try to divide it into sealed compartments, inside which they install powerful pumps that can pump out water. Worst of all, when the hole is so large that the pumps cannot handle the load. It is almost impossible to repair a large hole in the hull at sea. The crew can only rely on rescue equipment.

Any ship is designed so that it has a certain margin of safety and buoyancy. If a damaged ship finds itself in the open ocean in conditions of heavy seas or even a real storm, the chances that the ship will stay afloat are reduced. In conditions of powerful waves, some vessels with a narrow and long hull may well break in half. The result is the inevitable immersion of the ship under water.

Another reason for the sinking of the ship is improperly placed and carelessly secured cargo. During a storm, the contents of the hold may well move to the side, which often leads to a strong roll. If the load on one of the sides becomes critical, the ship is able to tip over on its side and even turn upside down, after which the ship may go to the bottom.

It is impossible to fully guarantee safety when a ship moves through the expanses of water. But you can reduce the likelihood of a tragedy if you strictly follow all the rules for driving ships developed by many generations of sailors, and with utmost attention to the changing conditions in which navigation takes place.

Since ancient times, mankind has sought to explore the river and sea expanses of the planet. The first areas of human settlement were formed on the banks of rivers, lakes, and seas. River and sea routes- these are the first highways used by man. For development water resources developed a whole science - shipbuilding. The construction of ships is based on a whole complex of sciences and crafts, the experience of specialists and technical achievements.

History of shipbuilding

Historical science cannot determine exact dates start building ships. But many written sources mention ships and the existence trade routes that linked human settlements. These testimonies confirm the high achievements of ancient shipbuilding technologies. The first simplest ships long before the wheeled cart.

In mythology, detailed descriptions of the construction of ships are given. Already about 2500 years ago, ships differed in their purpose - for the transport of goods and for the transport of passengers. The ships were powered by poles, oars, sails. Later they began to build ships for the recreation of rich people. The main material for building ships was wood. Modern ships are built of metal, and the thickness of the frame can be such that it is almost impossible to break through.

How does a ship stay on the water?

The ability of a ship to float in a certain position is defined by the term "buoyancy".

Buoyancy - the property of a body immersed in a liquid to remain in balance without leaving the water and without plunging further, that is, to float.

The buoyancy of the vessel is justified by the fact that the force of gravity of the vessel is balanced by the buoyant forces of water, which arise in the process of hydrostatic pressure on the ship's hull. This relationship was brought out in his law by the ancient Greek scientist Archimedes. The buoyant forces of water depend on the density of the liquid and the volume of the ship's hull. Under the influence of these forces, the ship can move.

Hydrostatic pressure is the ratio of forces to the area of a body inside any liquid, due to the weight of the liquid.

There are several conditions for the navigation of the ship: if the ship's gravity is greater than the hydrostatic pressure, then the ship will be; if the ship's gravity is equal to the hydrostatic pressure, then the ship will be in equilibrium at any point in the fluid, will float inside the fluid; if gravity is less than hydrostatic forces, then the ship will float on the surface.

The ships are really heavy by their mass, but they have a sufficient supply of air inside the hull and high sides. The force of gravity of any ship is less than the hydrostatic forces of water, so the ships stay on the water. If the ship's carrying capacity is exceeded, then gravity will be greater than the effect of hydrostatic forces, and the ship will sink. A similar situation will arise if the ship has received a hole. The hull will fill with water, gravity increases, the ship sinks.

If you throw a small pebble or a copper coin into the water, they immediately go to the bottom. Why, then, does a massive and heavy wooden log not sink, but only slightly sink into the water? This is where the laws of physics come into play. The ability of objects to float on the surface of a liquid is explained by differences in the density of substances.

What is density

Under the density of matter in imply a physical quantity in which the mass and volume of a body are related to each other. Density - significant and relatively constant sign a substance that is widely used to recognize various materials, the nature of which is not determined by eye.

Knowing the density of a substance, you can determine the mass of the body.

Any bodies that surround a person in Everyday life are made up of a variety of materials or substances. people at home and production activities often you have to deal with metals, wood, plastics, stone and so on. Each material has its own density. For this reason, the mass of two different objects having the same volume, shape and dimensions, but made from different substances, will be different.

Why does the log not sink

Differences in the density of water and wood just allow a heavy and massive log not to sink, but to stay confidently on the surface. The point is that at normal conditions the density of water is equal to unity. But in a tree, this figure is much lower. Therefore, a weighty piece of dry wood is held on the surface of the liquid, plunging into it very slightly.

However, under certain conditions, a tree is also capable of drowning. If the log has been in water for a long time, it gradually becomes saturated with moisture and swells. In this case, the density of the log changes and may exceed the density of the liquid. This phenomenon was often observed during the industrial floating of logs on water, when they were distilled to the place of processing in a natural way, without the use of transport.

On the rivers, in places of increased rafting of the forest, so-called driftwoods can still be found. These are logs that have completely or partially sunk, lay on the bottom or hung in a slightly flooded state. Drifters cause a lot of trouble for amateur fishermen. They also pose a hazard to ships moving at high speed.

At present, shipbuilding is well developed. Huge steel and iron ships ply the ocean. However, many people have a question: why does the ship not sink? After all, its mass is huge, and it should sink as soon as it is on the water.

Why doesn't the ship sink? Physics in shipbuilding

In order to explain such an interesting phenomenon, it is necessary to refer to the law of the great scientist Archimedes. The law is as follows: a liquid pushes out any body with a force equal to the weight of the liquid in the volume of the part of the body immersed in it. In simpler terms, it sounds something like this: the larger the area of the ship, the heavier it can be without sinking. This means that a large area allows the use of such heavy materials as steel or reinforced concrete, which the United States used for shipbuilding in the early 20th century.

In addition, a large area makes it possible to load the ship with cargo. The buoyancy of the ship is maintained by the volume of air, which is enclosed in the volume of the entire ship. It is worth noting that air is 825 times lighter than water. This is also the answer to the question why the ship does not sink. After all, it is precisely because of the formation of the so-called air cushion and when using the law of Archimedes that it is possible to build steel ships that do not go under water.

Why doesn't the ship sink? Engineering

In addition to the Archimedes principle and the air cushion principle, shipbuilding engineers use something else. This is called the principle of leverage. It provides the ship's buoyancy, as well as its ability to resist wind and waves. The design of the ship can be viewed on an ordinary basin floating in the bathroom. If you leave an object in a small amount of water, then it will float all the time, but if you transfer it to a river and let it float on the water, then after a certain period the basin will fill with liquid due to wind and waves and, naturally, will sink.

The same principle will work on a huge steel ship, if it is characterized by low stability. It is called the ability of the ship to maintain a stable position on the water. The dependence of this indicator comes from the place where the center of gravity of the vessel is located. The higher this center rises, the easier it will be for the wind and waves to overturn the ship.

This means that stability is low. It is for this reason that all modern ships are built with the expectation that all heavy parts like propulsion engines, etc. are located at the bottom of the ship. The construction of ships also takes place with a slight nuance. To increase stability and reduce the risk of sinking the ship, the designers equip the bottom of the ship with special lead plates that act as weights.

Sailor's rules

Currently, it is quite common to use computer programs when loading products onto a ship. The program takes care of the calculations of cargo placement. The basic rule that the computer follows is to maintain the buoyancy of the ship. That is, loading should be carried out evenly so as not to overload one of the sides, which will shift the center of gravity and sink the ship.

There is a person responsible for loading on the ship. Most often this is the chief assistant to the captain. The distribution of weight on the ship should be in such a way that the heaviest cargoes are placed in the hold, and lighter ones - on the deck of the ship. Another one of essential rules is the closure of the compartments during the penetration of the side of the ship. In the normal state, each of the compartments is open, however, in the event of a breakdown, the compartment is sealed by closing the door. The design of the ship is carried out in such a way as not to create too large compartments, but to break the entire space into several small ones.

Ship management

If you more fully answer the question why the ship does not sink, then it is worth noting that the professional management of the ship is also an important factor. One of the basic rules for managing it is that you can not turn the ship "beam to the wave." This rule applies to emergency situations, such as getting into a storm. Lag is a side. In other words, you can not turn the ship sideways, otherwise the likelihood that a strong wave will overturn it is very high. It is important to understand that the only thing that keeps the ship on the water is stability and buoyancy, and therefore it is strictly necessary to follow all the rules for managing, loading, etc.

Grunisty Alexey

research project on this topic: " Why don't ships sink?»

Educational institution: MBOU "Gymnasium No. 12"
Main subject: the world
Scientific adviser: Bassarab Svetlana Nikolaevna, primary school teacher

1. Relevance
I glued the model of the boat, but it turned over in the water and soon drowned. And then I thought about the question: Why don't real ships sink? After all, they are made of iron and much heavier than my wooden boat.

2. Problem.
I wanted to understand this myself with the help of experiments and independently find the answer to the question “Why don’t ships sink?” After all, I so want my boat to sail!

3. Target
Find out the reasons why ships do not sink or capsize.

4. An object
5. Subject
6. Tasks-Develop a series of experiments that allow you to find out step by step the conditions under which bodies float in water.
-Prepare descriptions of experiments so that everyone can easily repeat them and gain knowledge to understand many natural phenomena.

Collect and analyze information about the buoyancy of bodies.

7. Hypothesis: Suppose the ship has structural features that allow not drown :

1. The material from which the ship is made does not allow it to sink.

2. The ship does not sink because it has a special shape

3. A ship does not sink because the air inside it keeps it afloat.

4. Secrets of the structure.
8 . Research methods:

Conversations with adults;

Questioning classmates

Study of scientific literature;

Work with computer;

observations;

Conducting trials and experiments.

So, you can start researching.

First, I asked my classmates. The responses were:……………..

Experiment No. 1 “Does the material from which the ship is made affect its buoyancy?

We alternately immerse objects made of metal, wood, glass and plastic in water. As you can see, objects made of glass and metal sank, but those made of wood and plastic did not.

Explanation: I knew that all the objects and substances around us are made up of tiny, invisible particles - molecules. Those bodies in which the molecules are located very close to each other - have a greater density and sink faster. And bodies in which the molecules are located far from each other have a lower density, so they remain floating on the surface of the water. Iron and glass have a density greater than that of water, and so they sank. Bodies whose density is less than the density of water float freely on its surface.

Modern ships are made of metal.

Conclusion: The "buoyancy" of the ship does not depend on the material from which it is made. Therefore, hypothesis #1 is not true.

Experience No. 2 The influence of the form on the buoyancy of the ship

We take plasticine, immerse it in water and see that it has drowned.

We give the plasticine the shape of a ship, immerse it in water and see that it did not drown, but floated. Hooray! The magic happened, sinking material floats on the surface!

Conclusion: The ship does not sink because it has a special shape, hypothesis No. 3 is correct

Experiment No. 3. The effect of air on the ship's buoyancy.

We take two balloons, one of which is inflated, and immersed in water.

Water got inside an uninflated balloon, and it began to gradually sink into the water. The inflated balloon does not sink, even if you press on it from above with your hand.

Conclusion : The ship does not sink, because the air inside it keeps it afloat, hypothesis No. 3 is correct. It turns out that once upon a time, the ancient Greek scientist Archimedes studied the problem of buoyancy of bodies and formulated the law: any body immersed in a liquid is subject to a buoyant force directed up and equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by it, which is now known as the Law of Archimedes. Thus, in our experiment, the ball from below, from the pelvis, was affected by the Archimedes force, which pushed the ball to the surface.

RESULT: The body will not sink if the Archimedean force is equal to or greater than the weight of the body. Iron ships are designed and built in such a way that, when submerged, they displace a huge amount of water, the weight of which is equal to their weight when loaded (this is called the displacement of the ship). In this case, the buoyant Archimedean force of the corresponding magnitude will act on them. This is one of the reasons why ships don't sink. The ship inside has many empty, air-filled rooms and its average density is much less than the density of water. That is why he keeps the ship on the surface of the water and prevents it from sinking. And the ship, even with a very large cargo on board, will sail on the waters of the seas and oceans

4. Secrets of the structure.

From the encyclopedia I learned: Ships they are built so that they do not sink in the water

Even a fully loaded ship does not sink. Because its control mark - the load waterline - is always above the water.

The bottom of the ship is specially made in such a shape that when the ship leans to the side, it willy-nilly seeks to straighten up again.

The decks on the ship close it inside like good covers. Therefore, water does not get into it, and even in the strongest storm the ship does not become noticeably heavier. Of course, if deck hatches are securely battened down.

I have one last question “Why don’t ships capsize under the influence of waves?”

Experience No. 4

I remembered how my little sister's favorite toy was Vanka-Vstanka. I decided to use an empty plastic bottle. She swam in the water. Then I filled the bottom with coins, and the bottle stood up…..

Conclusion: The center of gravity is below the main part of the bottle, and therefore, with any pitching, the ship will not roll over.

CONCLUSION: Ships don't sink because they are affected by a force, the action of which was first described by the ancient Greek scientist Archimedes.

According to the conclusions of Archimedes, any body immersed in a liquid is constantly affected by a buoyant force and its magnitude is equal to the weight of the water displaced by this body. If this Archimedean force is greater than or equal to the weight of the body, then it will not sink.

10. Results presentation form
Illustrated text presentation and preparation of a booklet describing the experiments

11. Bibliography

Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Physicist. Moscow: Pedagogy Press, 1995
Young researcher. M.: "ROSMEN", 1995

3. Ushakov S. Z. Swimming of bodies / S. Z. Ushakov: children's encyclopedia, volume 3 "Numbers and figures, matter and energy." - Moscow: "Publishing House of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR", 1961. - S. 279-288.

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Slides captions:

Completed by: Grunisty Alexey, student of class 3 "B" Purpose of the study: To find out the reasons that allow ships not to sink and not to capsize.
Research objectives: 1) Develop a series of experiments explaining what allows ships to stay on the water; 2) Prepare descriptions of experiments so that everyone can easily repeat them and gain knowledge to understand many natural phenomena; 3) Collect and analyze information on the topic.
Methods: 1) Conversations with adults; 2) Questioning; 3) Studying scientific literature; 4) Working with a computer; 5) Observations; 6) Conducting experiments; 7) Comparison and generalization.

The material from which the ship is made does not allow it to sink.2. The ship does not sink because it has a special shape and structure. 3. The air inside it keeps the ship afloat.4. A force acts on ships in the water, allowing them to stay afloat.
Hypotheses:
To the question "Why don't ships sink?" the guys gave the most votes to the answer "an unknown force pushes the ship out of the water." And also the guys believe that the special structure of the ship affects its buoyancy.
I decided to figure this out in a practical way.
Questioning classmates: Experience 4.5. Air. The power of water Conclusion: the ship keeps afloat until the weight of the liquid displaced by it is greater than or equal to the weight of the ship
Experience 1. MaterialConclusion: The "buoyancy" of the ship does not depend on the material from which it is made.
Experience 2. Volume.
Conclusion: The ship does not sink, because it has a large volume
Experience 3. Structure. Conclusion: The “unsinkability” of a ship depends on its structure
Experience 3. The density of water. Conclusion: the density of water affects the buoyancy of water
My experiences Even a fully laden ship does not sink. Because the waterline is always above the water.
The ship has an oblong shape, somewhat reminiscent of a deep plate. The decks on the ship close it like covers.
ship structure
Load waterline-control-mark to which the ship can be loaded
From the encyclopedia I learned
It turns out that once upon a time, the ancient Greek scientist Archimedes investigated the problem of buoyancy of bodies and formulated the law: any body immersed in a liquid is subjected to an upward buoyancy force equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by it.
MY OBSERVATIONS I go to the pool and notice a strange thing. When I try to dive and stay at the bottom, nothing happens. Some kind of force pushes me up. What kind of force is this? We take a plastic glass and put it in a full basin of water, then gradually add coins to the glass, and observe how the glass floats, and water gradually pours out of the basin. When adding 13 coins, the glass sank. We weigh the glass with coins and the glass with displaced water and see that the weight of the glass with coins is greater.
Buoyancy force of water
The weight of the glass is greater than the weight of the buoyant force of the water
The weight of the glass is less than the weight of the buoyant force of the water
Less than 12 coins
More than 12 coins
.
CONCLUSIONS:
2. The ship will stay afloat until its weight is less than or equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by it, which is achieved, among other things, by the presence of an air layer in the ship's compartments.
3. The buoyant (lifting) force depends on the density of the liquid. Therefore, in the sea, where the water is salty (with a higher density), the buoyancy force acting on the ship is greater than in a river or lake, where the water is fresh.
4. Ships are specially built in such a shape and structure so that they do not sink.
1. Ships do not sink, because they are affected by a buoyant (lifting) force, according to the law of Archimedes, directed upwards and equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the ship.

Yana Venikova
Why don't ships sink?

Research theme work: « Why ; ships don't sink?»

scientific adviser: Yana Alexandrovna Venikova, teacher.

Once at home I was playing with water, throwing various items. Imagine my surprise when I saw that one of them drown while others float on the surface! « Why is this happening?» - I thought and ran with this question to my parents. They explained to me that there are bodies and substances lighter than water, and there are heavier than water, so some drown, others do not. "Clear!" I answered and went to bed.

Morning on the way to Kindergarten I kept thinking about my little one opening: "It can't be that simple!" I decided to tell about this teacher and conduct my own research to get an answer to the question. "On what does the buoyancy of objects depend?"

The purpose of the research work: to analyze the behavior of various bodies in water, to identify the nature of buoyancy and its relationship with the densities of submerged objects.

Tasks: 1. Collect and analyze information about the buoyancy of bodies.

2. Conduct experiments explaining why do some things sink, while others do not.

3. Learn from adults why don't big iron ships sink?

Hypotheses: 1. Plasticine is a heavy material, but if you give it a certain shape, it will not sink in water.

2. Large ships don't sink because they are lighter than water because they have air in them.

Research methods:

Conversations with adults;

The study of cognitive literature;

Work with computer;

observations;

Study;

Conducting trials and experiments.

So, you can start researching.

Yana Alexandrovna told me that all the objects and substances around us are made up of tiny, invisible particles - molecules.

Those bodies in which the molecules are located very close to each other - they are friends and hold tightly to the handles - have a greater density and sink faster.

And bodies in which the molecules are located far from each other have a lower density, so they remain floating on the surface of the water.

Let's check this statement experimentally. 1 : "Sinking, not sinking"

Item Material Sinking Not sinking

Conclusion: The density of wooden bodies is less, so water pushes them out, while metal and glass ones do not.

Let's do another experiment 2 : "Doesn't sink no matter how hard you try"

We will need a basin and air ball: we collect water in a basin, and inflate the balloon.

Now we try to drown Balloon in a bowl of water. Once again, again and again.

Nothing comes out. Probably, again, it's all about density. “And what is the force pushing the ball to the surface?” I asked the teacher. And she explained everything to me very well.

It turns out that once upon a time the ancient Greek scientist Archimedes investigated the problem of buoyancy of bodies and formulated law: any body immersed in a liquid is subjected to a buoyant force directed upwards and equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by it, which is now known as the Law of Archimedes. Thus, in our experiment, the ball from below, from the basin, was affected by the Archimedes force, which pushed the ball to the surface.

So, we have already seen that objects made of different materials behave differently in water. But that's not all. The water has another secret: on its surface can float and « sinking» material, the main thing is to give it the desired shape.

It's time to test the correctness of my hypothesis that plasticine will not sink in water if you give it a certain shape.

Experience 3: « Why doesn't he drown, or does it all depend on the form?

We need a piece of plasticine and a bowl of water.

1) lower the plasticine into the water - it naturally sinks;

2) now let's try to make a bowl out of this piece and lower it into the water.

Hooray! The magic happened sinking material floats on the surface!

The hypothesis was confirmed!

The same thing happens with big ones. ships, which are not drown and continue to surf the oceans.

From our observations, we know that metal sinks, and if you build a huge ship, then it will float freely on the water. Steel the ship does not sink because it displaces a lot of water. And we know that the more an object displaces water, the more it pushes it out. Hey Archimedes!

Conclusion.

1. I found the answer to my question « Why ships don't sink»

2. My hypotheses were confirmed.

3. I learned a lot about the properties of water, about the law of Archimedes, about molecules.

4. Of course, there is still a lot that I do not understand, for example, physical concepts, laws, formulas, but I think that at school I will be able to understand this issue in more detail.

And now, I will definitely tell my friends and acquaintances about my discoveries.

Bibliography:

1. Ushakov S. Z. Swimming of bodies / S. Z. Ushakov . – Moscow: , 1961. - S. 279-288.

2. Perlya Z. N. Ships / Z. N. pearl: children's encyclopedia, volume 3 "Numbers and figures, matter and energy". – Moscow: "Publishing House of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR", 1960. - S. 443-459.

3. Sakharnov S. V. Sailing on the seas ships / S. V. Sakharnov, K. D. Aron // "Let's go, swim, fly". – Moscow: "Children's literature", 1993. - S. 7-36.

4. Tugusheva G. P., Chistyakova A. E. Experimental activity

children of middle and senior preschool age: Toolkit. - St. Petersburg: CHILDHOOD-PRESS, 2009. -S. 68-70.

5. Use of the Internet resource.